LWTech Psychology 100 Test 3 Review
True False - People who lack the words for our shapes and colors also seem to perceive these features differently
False
True False - Punishment regardless of form has little effect on long term behavior
False
True False - The babbling of a 3 month old makes it clear whether that child is French, Korean, or Ethiopian
False
True False - The study of inner thoughts, feelings and motives has always occupied a central place in psychology
False
True False - There doesn't appear to be any difference in the average IQs of the various racial groups in the US
False
True False - Using generic pronoun "he" instead of "he or she," has no effect on the thoughts of the adult listener
False
True False - We are limited in the number of permanent memories we can form
False
True False - When presented with evidence that contradicts our beliefs, we quickly revise our beliefs to match the new evidence
False
True False - With sufficient prompting most people can recall experience from the first two years of life
False
Skinner's Definition of Discrimination
Learning that some responses, but not others, will be reinforced
Severe Mental Retardation IQ Limit
20 - 34
Moderate Mental Retardation IQ Limit
35 - 49
Mild Mental Retardation IQ Limit
50 - 70
Superior Autobiographical Memory
A phenomenon in which an individual is able to retrieve any memory they have experienced
WAIS-R
Ages 16 - Adult Most widely used intelligence test, contains verbal and performance sub tests
WPPSI-R
Ages 2 - 4 Years, 11 Months
Stanford-Binet Intelligence Test
Ages 2 - Sup. Adult American revision of Binet's original intelligence test
WISC-R
Ages 5 - 15 Years, 11 Months
Skinner's Definition of Aquisition
Associate a response with a consequence (positive reinforcement or punishment)
True False - Only a few people have any type of photographic memory
False
Hawthorne Effect
Behavior changes when we are studied. Work harder when watched
Profound Mental Retardation IQ Limit
Below 20
Ivan Pavlov
Classical Conditioning: Acquisition, extinction, spontaneous recovery, generalization, and discrimination
Pavlov's Definition of Aquisition
Conditioned Stimulus + Unconditioned Stimulus -> Unconditioned Response Conditioned Stimulus -> Conditioned Response
Standardization
Defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested "standardization group"
Operational Definition
Defining something so that someone may learn it
True False - Only humans seem capable of insight (the sudden realization of a problem's solution)
False
True False - A high level of intelligence is all that is necessary for creativity
False
True False - After we have learned material, additional rehearsal or overlearning can actually decrease our ability to recall it later
False
True False - Animals can learn to make virtually any response if consistently rewarded for it
False
True False - Animals only learn when rewards are given
False
True False - Children model/imitate antisocial models more readlily than positive, helpful ones
False
True False - Children typically will repress any memory of having seen their parents being murdered
False
True False - Humans are the only animals that can learn behaviors merely by observing others perform them
False
True False - In general, people underestimate how much they really know
False
True False - Lowly animals, like sea snails, behave by instinct and are incapable of learning
False
True False - Memory aids that use imagery and device for organizations are no more useful than simple rehearsal of information
False
True False - Memory is similar to etching grooves on a tape, which receives and retains messages
False
True False - Memory storage is never automatic, it always takes effort
False
True False - Negative reinforcement is another name for punishment
False
Pavlov's Definition of Spontaneous Recovery
Follows extinction, Conditioned Stimulus -> Conditioned Response
Rosenthal Effect
If a teacher thinks the kids are smart, this somehow conveyed and the kids start to believe it
IQ
Intelligence Quotient - Test is fine but score# does not mean a thing
Retroactive Interference
Learn A, Learn B, Recall A - How did learning B interfere with recalling A
Proactive Interference
Learn A, Learn B, Recall B - How did learning A interfere with recalling B
Error of measurement
Margin of Error
Mnemonics
Memory Aids, techniques using vivid imagery and organizational devices
Echoic Memory
Memory of sounds
Iconic Memory
Memory of visuals or images
Do you anticipate regularly supplying positive reinforcement to those you might manage in the future?
No
B.F. Skinner
Operant Conditioning: Based on E. Thorndike's law of effect, behavior control, and concept of reinforcement
Chunking
Organizing items into familiar, manageable units
Halo Effect
Person being tested may have characteristics that are pre-judged. Creates expectations
Another word or phrase for negative reinforcement
Positive reinforcement or Strengthen the behavior
Variable Ratio (VR)
Reinforce behaviors after a random number of responses
Fixed Ratio (FR)
Reinforce behaviors after a set number of responses
Variable Interval (VI)
Reinforce behaviors after random time periods
Fixed Interval (FI)
Reinforce behaviors after set time periods
Pavlov's Definition of Extinction
Repeated Conditioned Stimulus -> until no Conditioned Response
Skinner's Definition of Extinction
Responding decreases when reinforcement stops
Skinner's Definition of Generalization
Response to similar stimuli are also reinforced
Skinner - A reinforcement increases the probability that a response will occur again
Skinner - A reinforcement increases the probability that a response will occur again
State Dependent Memory
Something learned in a certain state may be more easily recalled when in that state again
Positive Reinforcement
Strengthen a response by presenting a pleasurable stimulus after a response
Punishment
Strengthen a response by presenting a unpleasant stimulus after a response
Negative Reinforcement
Strengthen a response by reducing or removing undesirable or unpleasant stimulus
When you supply negative reinforcement,it usually results in:
Strengthening a response you want strengthened
Mood Congruent Memory
Tendency to recall events that fit our mood
Ziegarnik Effect
Tendency to recall things that are left in error or incomplete better than those left correct
Achievement (Test)
Tests assigned to assess what a person has learned
Aptitude (Test)
Tests designed to predict a person's future performance (Aptitude: capacity to learn)
Reliability
The extent of which a test yields consistent results, as assessed by the consistency of scores on two halves of the test on alternate forms of the test
Validity
The extent to which a test measures or predicts what it is supposed to
Memory
The persistence of learning over time through the encoding, storage, and retrieval over time
Learning
The process of acquiring, through experience, new + relatively enduring information or behaviors
Encoding
The process of getting information into the memory system
Retrieval
The process of getting information out of memory storage
Storage
The process of retaining encoded information over time
Skinner's Definition of Spontaneous Recovery
The reappearance, after a rest period, of an extinguished response
Pavlov's Definition of Discrimination
Training Conditioned Stimulus + ONLY Training Conditioned Stimulus -> Conditioned Response
Pavlov's Definition of Generalization
Training Conditioned Stimulus + Other/Similar Conditioned Stimulus -> Conditioned Response
True False - A child can more readily be conditioned to fear snakes than to fear flowers
True
True False - Apes are capable of communication through the use of symbols
True
True False - Pigeons can be taught to discriminate between msuic by Bach and music by Stravinsky
True
True False - The hour before sleep is a good time to commit information to memory
True
True False - The intelligence scores of adopted children are more similar to those of their biological parents than those of the adoptive parents
True
True False - When people learn something while intoxicated, they recall it best when they are intoxicated
True
Self-Fulfilling Prophecy
When a person's belief about others leads that person to act in ways that induce the others to appear to confirm the belief
Do people usually look forward to receiving negative reinforcement?
Yes
Do you anticipate regularly supplying negative reinforcement to those you might manage in the future?
Yes
Pygmalion Effect
You are treated in the manner in which people define so see you