M 1. Female reproductive system and pelvic anatomy (M 1 quizzes)
HPO axis (Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian axis), via negative and positive feed back mechanisms.
Activities of the female ovarian and uterine cycle are regulated by hormones of what axis and how?
mitosis
Begins 6 weeks gestation (in utero) Completes 7 months gestation (in utero) A woman will have made all the primary oocytes she is ever going to have before birth
1. Luteal 2. Follicular 3. Follicular and Luteal 4. Luteal 5. Follicular 6. Follicular 7. Luteal 8. Follicular
For each of the actions of the ovarian cycle listed in the column on the right, identify in which phase they occur- Follicular phase or Luteal phase?
Oocyte, zona pellucida and corona radiata
From days 6-13 of the follicular phases, the secondary follicle develops into a mature (graffian follicle) when ovulation occurs and it is released into the oviduct/fallopian tube what does the ovum consist of?
From the hypothalamus via a portal blood system to the anterior pituitary gland where it interacts with specific cell receptors to cause the release of gonadotrophins FSH and LH.
How is GnRH- gonadotrophin-releasing factor transferred?
a. they have the same number of chromosomes each egg and sperm are haploid cells, containing half the number of chromosomes (23) of all other cells in the body. When a sperm fertilizes an egg, the two sets of 23 chromosomes combine to form a single diploid (46 chromosome) cell called the zygote
Human egg and sperm are similar in that: Select one or more: a. they have the same number of chromosomes b. they are about the same size c. about the same number of each is produced per month d. they have the same degree of motility
corpus albicans on days 26-28 of the ovarian cycle.
If fertilisation does not occur, the corpus luteum degenerates into ________________________ on days _____________ of the ovarian cycle.
body of the uterus
Major portion of the organ containing a thick wall and a cavity. The wall of the body will also provide muscular force during contractions and the cavity is the space that will accommodate the amniotic sac with the growing/developing embryo and fetus inside it.
Uterine cycle phases, activities and hormones involved
Menstrual phase- endometrium (stratum functionalis shedding)- due to drop in E & P Proliferative phase- growth of endometrial tissue, blood vessels and glands- due to Estrogens! Secretory- further endometrial growth, coiling of arteries and secetion of glycogen- due to E & P
1. Vulva - collective term for the external genitalia of the female which is found within the urogenital triangle of the perineum. . 2. Anus- is part of the anal triangle of the perineum 3. Superficial perineal muscles- they underlie many of the structures of the vulva within the urogential triangle of the perineum. 4. Erectile tissue - the erectile tissue of the clitoris is part of the external genitalia found within the urogenital triangle of the perineum
Name 4 structures that are part of the perineum? Hint: VASE
in utero... before ovulation.... upon fertilization
Oogenesis begins __ ____, halts twice- once before birth (7 months gestation) and then again ______ __________, and only completes ____ _________.
c. Degeneration of the corpus luteum
Question Which of the following does NOT occur during the proliferative phase of the menstrual cycle? Select one: a. Ovulation b. Growth of endometrial glands c. Degeneration of the corpus luteum d. Cervical mucus becomes thin
fundus
Rounded region superior to the entrance of the fallopian tubes. The greatest mass of smooth muscle is found here, therefore this region provides the greatest contractile strength.
perimetrium
Superficial layer which is part of the serous peritoneum that lines the abdominal cavity.
True, the following nerves are identified: Bladder & urethra, Internal urethral and anal sphincters, pelvic blood vessels, reproductive tract, rectum and anal canal, erectile tissue of clitoris & vestibule glands
T or F, The hypogastric plexus is innervated by the automatic nerves.
True
T or F, interactions between Estrogens and Progesterone lead to alterations in endometrial tissues.
menstrual and proliferative (of the uterine cycle) luteal phase of the ovarian cycle
The ___________ and ___________ phase of the uterine cycle coincide with the follicular phase of the ovarian cycle and the secretory phase of the ovarian cycle coincides with the ________________ of the ovarian cycle
bulbospongiosus... labia majora... vestibule... urethral & vaginal openings
The ______________ muscle lies deep to the ___________ which encloses the labia minora surrounding the ___________ containing the ______________ and the _______________ openings.
ishium, ilium, and pubis
The acetabulum consists of what 3 bones?
Internal os: opening between the uterine body and cervical canal Cervical canal: cavity of the cervix External os: opening between the cervical canal and the vagina
The cervix is composed of what three main parts:
A) the ruptured follicle following the ejection of an oocyte from the ovary (what is left of the follicle after ovulation- remaining cells of the granulosa and theca interna)
The corpus luteum is ________. A) the ruptured follicle following the ejection of an oocyte from the ovary B) the ovarian ligament that anchors the ovary medially to the uterus C) the mesovarium D) part of the uterine tube
perineum
The diamond-shaped area between the anus and the clitoris of the female
progesterone
The thickening of the uterine wall that occurs in anticipation of a fertilised egg becoming implantated is due primarily to the hormone __________________________.
connection between blood vessels, such as that between the uterine and ovarian arteries
The uterine arteries divide into a number of branches within the uterus and also form anastomoses. What are anastomoses?
myometrium
Thick, middle layer composed of smooth muscle. This smooth muscle is capable of growth, stretch (it can stretch up to 10 times its resting length!) and massive contraction. This layer can undergo both hyperplasia and hypertrophy and contains receptors for a variety of hormones and chemicals (e.g. oxytocin) that can excite or inhibit the muscle cells. Muscular contraction of this middle layer is coordinated through pacemaker cells in the fundus and gap junctions between cells allow rapid transmission of action potentials throughout it.
True- the uterus is the structure in which implantation of a zygote occurs and if no zygote is present the inner lining of the uterus (the stratum functionalis) is shed. (it also protects the developing fetus, and expels- fetus, placenta and membranes)
True or False: The primary function of the uterus is to receive, retain and nourish a fertilised ovum.
False: the radial arteries supply the myometrium- the spiral supply the stratum functionalis of the endometrium and grow during the uterine cycle.
True or False? The radial arteries of the uterus supply the stratum functionalis of the endometrium and lengthen and coil during the proliferative and secretory phases of the uterine cycle.
Stratum basalis: superficial (against myometrium) basal layer of endometrium that initiates the rebuild of the stratum functionalis. Stratum functionalis: innermost layer (against uterine cavity) which undergoes cyclical changes ( of the uterine cycle) in response to the ovarian hormones.
What 2 strata make up the endometrium of the uterine wall?
Sacrospinous ligament Sacrotuberous ligament and there's also the Inguinal ligament (from anterior superior iliac spine to the
What 3 ligaments surround and support the bones and joints of the pelvic girdle?
Ilium- superior most aspect of the hip bone with the large ala (wing) Ischium- is the inferior-posterior aspect of the hip bone Pubis- makes up the inferior-anterior most part of the hip bone
What bones make up the hip bone?
-Deep perineal pouch muscles -Superficial perineal muscles -Pelvic diaphragm -External urethral and anal sphincters
What do pudendal and sacral plexus nerve branches innervate? (somatic)
The bladder, uterus and rectum all are housed within the pelvic cavity and surrounded by the pelvic girdle
What does the pelvic cavity contain?
Estrogen levels peak, stimulating LH surge (estrogens positively feedback to the HAP)
What happens to the hormones on day 14?
GnRH, LH and FSH levels are rising
What happens to the hormones on days 1-5?
Progesterone levels rise, estrogen levels remain high, progesterone and estrogen negatively feedback to HAP- negatively feeding back to GnRH, LH and FSH
What happens to the hormones on days 15-25?
Estrogen and progesterone levels are falling
What happens to the hormones on days 26-28?
Estrogen levels rise and negatively feedback to HAP (hypothalmaic anterior pituitary glands) GnRH, LH and FSH
What happens to the hormones on days 6-13?
Perimetrium Myometrium Endometrium
What is the order of the 3 uterine wall layers, from the part that lines the abdominal cavity to the inner most layer?
the coccygeus and levator ani muscles- these 2 muscles make up the pelvic diaphragm and form the muscular sling of the pelvic floor
What is the pelvic diaphragm (muscular sling), that forms the floor of the pelvic cavity is composed of?
Vesicouterine pouch, it is formed by folding of the peritoneum between the uterus and the bladder
What lies anterior to the uterus in the pelvic cavity?
Ovarian cycle-- luteal phase: Remaining follicular tissue becomes the corpus luteum Uterine cycle -- secretory phase (thickening of the stratum functionalis while the spiral arteries elaborate coiling more)
What occurs just after ovulation? (days 15-25 of the ovarian and the uterine cycle)
Begins 4 months gestation Halts 7 months gestation Restarts and Completes During follicular phase of ovarian cycle
When does meiosis I begin, halt and complete?
Begins during follicular phase (ovarian cycle) Halts prior to ovulation (ovarian cycle) Completes ONLY upon fertilization
When does meiosis II begin, halt and complete?
During the luteal phase (it degenerates if fertilization does not occur)
When does the degeneration of the corpus luteum take place?
The spiral arteries
Which arteries supply the stratum functionalis of the endometrium and lengthen and coil during the proliferative and secretory phases of the uterine cycle?
FSH- follicle stimulating hormone, LH-luteinising hormone, Adrenocorticotrophic hormone, and Prolactin
Which hormones that have to do with reproduction are are found in the anterior lobe of pituitary gland (which is regulated by the hypothalamus)?
d. Deep perineal muscles- including the external urethral sphincter are found with in the deep perineal pouch
Which of the following are found within the deep perineal pouch? Select one: a. Urogenital triangle b. Pelvic diaphragm c. Superficial perineal muscles d. Deep perineal muscles e. Perineal body
b. rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin- Prolactin is NOT involved in the actions of the uterus, it is a hormones related exclusively to breastfeeding. What hormone does stimulate he rebuilding if the endometrium? Estrogen (in which rebuilding occurs in the proliferative phase of the uterine cycle)
Which of the following statements about female reproductive processes is NOT true? Select one: a. fertilization usually occurs in the fallopian tube b. rebuilding the endometrium is under the control of prolactin c. ovulation usually occurs 14 days after the beginning of menses d. the monthly discharge of the uterus (menses) is initiated by the fall in secretion of female hormones
a. the endometrium (uterine cycle) enters its secretory phase- after day 14, when ovulation occurs, the uterine cycle enters the secretory phase in preparation for implantation of a blastocyst.
Which of the following will occur just after ovulation? Select one: a. the endometrium enters its secretory phase b. the corpus luteum prepares to become a mature follicle c. the corpus luteum stops secreting oestrogens d. the secretion of anterior pituitary gonadotropins is enhanced
Regression of the corpus luteum and a decrease in ovarian progesterone secretion Regression of the corpus luteum results in it producing decreased amounts of estrogens and progesterone. As the corpus luteum degenerates into the corpus albican, estrogen and progesterone levels fall drastically.
Which process in the monthly reproductive cycles of the female occurs simultaneously?
perineal body
a connective tissue structure into which the muscles of the pelvic floor and perineum attach
urogenital hiatus
anterior half of the levator ani muscle (between the two puborectalis muscles)allows for passage of the urethra and vagina which are then surrounded by skeletal muscles within the deep perineal pouch
anterior pituitary gland
at least 5 groups of hormone producing cells are found here; their function is regulated by neuronal substances from the hypothalamus
Pelvic girdle
bony structure which attaches the lower limbs to the axial skeleton and which surrounds and protects the structures of the pelvic cavity. contains bones and joints as well as a number of ligaments that help to support and stabilize the pelvis
endometrium
inner mucosal layer composed of simple columnar epithelium, epithelial glands and a thick lamina propria (connective tissue). This is a functional layer composed of two strata
Perineum
lies below (superficial to) the pelvic floor and includes the external genitalia, superficial muscles, urogenital openings and anal opening. It is divided into two triangles: the urogenital triangle and the anal triangle (which together form a diamond)
This table summarizes the events of the ovarian and uterine cycles in relation to the days of the cycles and hormones involved.
see table, starting with; Days 1-5 (GnRH, LH and FSH rising) and 6-13 (E levels rise cause neg feedback to GnRH, LH and FSH) Ovarian cycle in follicular phase, primary follicle>secondary>mature graafian follicle
Pelvic floor
separates the pelvic cavity from the perineum and supports the structures of the pelvic cavity
peritoneum
serous membrane lining of the abdominopelvic cavity; fascia and this lining form folds and ligaments that support and stabilize structures of the pelvic cavity
The pelvic cavity
surrounded by the pelvic girdle and supported by the pelvic floor
radial arteries
the arcuate arteries give rise to these and they penetrate and supply the layers of the myometrium. From these arteries, arise the straight- supply the stratum basalis and spiral arteries- stratum functionalis of the endometrium
cervix
the inferior 'neck' of the uterus that mostly separates the body of the uterus from the external environment. It provides a narrow outlet that allows menstrual flow to exit the uterus, but during labour & birth it undergoes effacement and dilation, opening up wide enough to permit passage of the baby.
arcuate arteries
the uterine artery gives rise to these arteries which are in the myometrium, and they give rise to the radial arteries.
radial arteries
these arteries supply the myometrium of the uterus from them arise the (straight and spiral arteries)
uterine cycle
this cycle involves the proliferation & growth of the endometrium, including it's blood vessels and endometrial glands, it the process of preparation for implantation each month and is divided into 3 phases
fourchette
where the labia minora come together at posterior aspect of the vestibule (this is where the perineal body ends)
Pelvic vascular/blood supply
List where blood supply comes from for the ovary, bladder, rectum, perinium, & uterus/tubes/vagina
