MA&P Chapter 25, Practice test
For each glucose molecule processed during aerobic cellular respiration, the cell gains __________.
36 molecules of ATP
The efficiency rate for the complete catabolism of glucose is about __________.
42%
Most pathways of lipogenesis begin with __________.
acetyl coenzyme A
Metabolism refers to __________.
all the chemical reactions in the body
The attachment of an amine group in the synthesis of an amino acid is called __________.
amination
High-density lipoproteins __________.
are sometimes called "good cholesterol"
The synthesis of glucose from noncarbohydrates is __________.
gluconeogenesis
The synthesis of glucose from nonglucose precursors is known as __________.
gluconeogenesis
The lipoprotein that transports cholesterol to the liver is __________.
high-density lipoprotein
The most important factors in good nutrition are to obtain nutrients __________.
in sufficient quantity and quality
Which type of lipid is linked to cholesterol deposition in arterial walls and may require a change in diet to control?
low-density lipoproteins (LDLs)
Which of the following foods are DEFICIENT in dietary fiber?
milk and meat
Which of the following carries lipids from the digestive tract to the circulatory system?
chylomicrons
The first step in a sequence of enzymatic reactions in the tricarboxylic acid cycle is the formation of __________.
citric acid
What is the term for the direct transfer of heat energy through physical contact?
conduction
A cell with excess carbohydrates, lipids, and amino acids will break down carbohydrates to __________.
obtain energy
In terms of the movement of electrons, the gain of electrons is called reduction, whereas the loss is called __________.
oxidation
In glycolysis, six-carbon glucose molecules are broken down into two three-carbon molecules of
pyruvic acid
The four processes involved in heat exchange with the environment are __________.
radiation, conduction, convection, and evaporation
LDLs are absorbed by cells through the process of __________.
receptor-mediated endocytosis
A person who consumes very low amounts of vitamin C over a long period of time is at risk for developing __________.
scurvy
Although small quantities of lipids are normally stored in the liver, most of the synthesized triglycerides are bound to __________.
transport proteins
What is the primary function of very low-density lipoproteins (VLDLs)?
transporting the triglycerides to peripheral tissues
Neurons must be provided with a reliable supply of glucose because they are __________.
usually unable to metabolize other molecules
Glycolysis occurs __________.
whether or not oxygen is present
Which of the following has been implicated in plaque buildup and cardiovascular disease?
low density lipoproteins
Amino acids are deaminated and the amine group is ultimately excreted as __________.
urea
Which of the following is a fat-soluble vitamin necessary for synthesis of visual pigments?
vitamin A
Which vitamin is required for the synthesis of visual pigments?
vitamin A
Why are minerals, vitamins, and water classified as essential nutrients?
The body cannot synthesize the nutrients in sufficient quantities.
When blood glucose concentrations are elevated, the glucose molecules are __________.
elevated for energy
Which process in the aerobic metabolism of glucose takes place in the cytosol?
glycolysis
During open-heart surgery, which of the following thermoregulatory changes will be induced on the patient's body?
hypothermia
The flow and transformation of energy is called __________.
energetics
In the beta-oxidation of an 18-carbon fatty acid molecule, the cell gains __________.
144 ATP
Glycolysis produces a net gain of __________ ATP molecules from each glucose molecule.
2
For each glucose molecule converted to two pyruvates, the anaerobic reaction sequence in glycolysis provides a net gain of __________.
2 ATP for the cell
The minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person is the __________.
basal metabolic rate
The breakdown of fatty acid molecules into two carbon fragments is called __________.
beta-oxidation
The process in which fatty acids are broken down into two-carbon fragments is __________.
beta-oxidation
Amino groups can be removed from amino acids by __________.
both deamination and transamination
Catabolism __________.
both produces ATP and heat and breaks down organic molecules
To examine the metabolic state of an individual, results may be expressed as __________.
calories per hour, calories per day, and calories per unit of body weight per day
Essential amino acids __________.
cannot be synthesized in the human body and cannot be synthesized in sufficient amounts for children
The removal of the amine group from an amino acid, resulting in the formation of an ammonium ion, is __________.
deamination
The enzyme lipoprotein lipase __________.
digests lipid complexes into free fatty acids and monoglycerides
Before the large vitamin B12 molecule can be absorbed, it must be bound to __________.
intrinsic factor
The trace minerals found in extremely small quantities in the body include __________.
iron, zinc, copper, and manganese
The synthesis of lipids is called __________.
lipogenesis
Which of the following enables infants to produce or conserve heat?
lipolysis of brown fat
Lipids circulate through the bloodstream as __________.
lipoproteins and free fatty acids
The period following a meal when nutrient absorption is underway is __________.
the absorptive state
An individual's basal metabolic rate ideally represents __________.
the minimum resting energy expenditure of an awake, alert person
Under normal circumstances, if you eat three meals a day, the body will spend approximately 12 hours in the __________.
absorptive state
The process that breaks down organic substrates, releasing energy that can be used to synthesize ATP or other high-energy compounds, is __________.
catabolism
In resting skeletal muscles, a significant portion of the metabolic demand is met through the __________.
catabolism of fatty acids
The actual process of ATP formation associated with the electron transport system is called __________.
chemiosmosis
A diet deficient in essential fatty acids would __________.
slow growth, alter the appearance of the skin, and cause a decrease in the production of prostaglandins