Macro Final
What is Gate-Keeping?
The required authorization by a designated PRIMARY CARE PHYSICIAN to make all decisions about prescriptions, referrals to specialists, and hospital care
What are the two categories of social services?
1. INSTITUTIONAL-provided by the major public service systems 2. PERSONAL Social Services-address more individual needs
What are some reasons for poor time management?
1. Inability to delegate 2. Perfectionism 3. Taking on too many tasks 4. Insufficient support 5. Unhealthy lifestyle 6. Failure to prioritize 7. Anxiety
What are the hallmarks of 6. Political Economy Theory?
-Adaptation to external environment -Effect of resources and power -Dependence on external environment -Power struggles
What are the hallmarks of Systems Theories?
-All parts of organization related to all other parts -Emphasis on the organization's interaction with its environment -Constant assessment and adjustment of the organizational system's operation -Input and Output
What is ACOSA? IASSW? IFSW? ICSW?
-Association for Community Organization and Social Administration (enhancing macro practice) -International Association of Schools of Social Work (develop excellence in social work education, research, and scholarship) -International Federation of Social Workers (promote SW and advocate for social justice) -International Council on Social Welfare (advance social welfare, social development and social justice).
What is Burnout?
-Burnout is a STATE of physical, emotional, and mental EXHAUSTION that results FROM CONSTANT OR REPEATED emotional PRESSURE associated with an INTENSE, LONG-TERM INVOLVEMENT with people. -Characterized by feelings of helplessness and hopelessness, and by a negative view of self, and negative attitudes toward work, life and others
What is Capitation?
-Capitation is the provision of fixed payments made on a per-member-per-month basis regardless of the use of services -Physician's receive the same amount of money regardless of whether members seek care every day or never
What is Co-optation? Cooperation?
-Co-optation: ELIMINATING OPPOSITION to a cause, plan or organization by ASSIMILATING OPPONENTS into the group favoring the cause, plan, or organization -Cooperation: different factions working together to achieve some mutually agreed-upon goal without either faction losing its own identity
What is a conflict of interest? Stigmatization?
-Conflict of Interest: Situation in which persona gain conflicts with professional objectivity -Stigmatization: identifying or describing someone or something in disgraceful, contemptuous or reproachful terms
What is procrastination? What are 5 causes of procrastination?
-Procrastination: the avoidance of doing a task that needs to be accomplished -Causes: 1. Quest for flawlessness 2. Fear of failure 3. Feeling overwhelmed 4. Non-assertive acceptance of responsibilities 5. Idling away time with useless busyness
What is DESCRIPTIVE Statistics? INFERENTIAL Statistics? STATISTICAL SIGNIFICANCE? CHI-SQUARE TEST?
-Descriptive Statistics: The AVERAGE AGE of a group of delinquent youth, for example. -Inferential Statistics: Statistics USED TO DRAW CONCLUSIONS about a population based on a sample of that population. -Statistical Significance: The RISK involved GENERALIZING from a sample to the population as a whole. -Chi-Square Test: A statistical PROCEDURE for COMPARING EXPECTED and OBSERVED frequencies.
What are the hallmarks of Culture-Quality Theories?
-Development of a strong organizational culture -Relationship between high-quality production and high employee commitment -Greater employee participation in decision making
What are the characteristics of Effectiveness vs Efficiency Evaluations?
-Effectiveness: does the intervention produce a desirable end product? Most evaluations are effectiveness evaluations. -Efficiency: concerned with whether a program achieves outcomes in the least expensive manner.
What are hallmarks of 3. Human Relations Theories?
-Employee morale and productivity -Motivation and leadership -Cooperation in immediate work groups
What is Ethical Absolutism? Ethical Relativism? Which one should social workers follow?
-Ethical Absolutism: assumes moral laws exist to govern ethical decision making in any situation. Decision making is not necessary because the answer should be clear. ONE CORRECT WAY -Ethical relativisim: requires thoughtful review of many variable involved to determine the most advantageous outcome. Emphasis on RESULTS not principles -SW requires a blend of absolutism and relativism to arrive at an ethical decision
What are the hallmarks of 1. Classical Organizational Theory?
-Formal Structure, Close Supervision of Employees, Efficiency
What are SATISFACTION Surveys? GAS? TARGET PROBLEM SCALING?
-GAS: Goal Attainment Scale: design used to monitor the progress of individual clients and then aggregate the data on a weekly, monthly, or yearly basis. -Target Problem Scaling: method of monitoring changes in a client's behavior. Primarily qualitative in simple evaluations.
What is GAS?
-General Adaptation Syndrome: body responds to negative and positive stress the same way -3-Phase Reaction to Stress: 1. ALARM Phase (body recognizes the stressor and responds by preparing for fight or flight. Burst of energy, better vision and hearing, increased strength). 2. RESISTANCE Phase (aka REPAIR phase. Bodily processes seek to return to homeostasis) 3. EXHAUSTION Phase (occurs only when the body remains in a state of high stress for an extended period of time. Develop stress-related illness)
What are Group Comparisons? Quality Assurance Reviews?
-Group Comparisons: Compare outcomes between two or more groups(one of which is the treatment group and the other the control group). -Quality Assurance Review: involves determining COMPLIANCE with an ESTABLISHED SET of STANDARDS and using the findings to correct shortcomings or deficiencies
What are HMOs?
-HMOs: Health Maintenance Organizations. One type of managed care. Prepaid group plans in which a person pays a monthly premium for comprehensive health care services -HMOs: Emphasize preventive health care
What are the hallmarks of 2. Neoclassical Theories?
-Incentives in exchange for contributions -Motivation to participate -Motivation to perform
What is MEAN? MODE? MEDIAN? STANDARD DEVIATION?
-MEAN: The arithmetic average of group numbers -MODE: The most frequent observed score in a group of scores -MEDIAN: The middle figure in a distribution of figures listed from highest to lowest or vice versa -STANDARD DEVIATION: A measure of the variability of a group of scores around a mean
What is Managed Care?
-Managed Care is any medical insurance plan (private of public) that controls costs through monitoring and controlling decisions of healthcare providers Set limits on individual medical visits or treatment. -Is a form of human services organization
What are some sources of environmental stress?
-Natural disaster, war, errorism -Holocaust, Native Americans extermination, AA slavery, refugees of ethnic cleansing
What are the hallmarks of 7. Contingency Theory?
-No one best way to accomplish goals -Uniqueness of each organization -Different means to solve different problems -Flexibility in management approaches depending on situation
What are the hallmarks of the 5. Cultural Perspective?
-Organizational Culture a a context for work -Organization's unique mixture of values, standards, presumptions about how things should be done
What are Social Service Agencies (Social Agency, Social Service Organization)?
-Organizations providing social services. -Serve a DESIGNATED CLIENT population experiencing some DEFINED NEED -Public or Private -Nonprofit, Proprietary or For-Profit, and Hybrid
What are PPOs?
-PPOs: Preferred Provider Organizations. Are health care organizations in which employers who purchase group health insurance agree to send their employees to certain health care providers in return for discounts. -PPOs: healthcare providers obtain more patients but charge lower fees to buyers of group insurance
What are the 3 sources or types of stress?
-Physiological -Psychological difficulties: Anxiety (a mood state wherein the person anticipates future danger or misfortune with apprehension) and Depressive Disorder -Behavioral stress-related problems that affect behavior
What are the characteristics of Policy Changes?
-Policies are RULES or sets of rules that TELL US which ACTIONS among a multitude of options WE MAY TAKE and WHICH WE MAY NOT. -Formal: written down and clearly specified -Informal: policies that are not overtly stated but still guide agency staff's behavior. Informal agency policies and practice procedures (techniques practitioners use with clients)
Examples of ETHICAL PRINCIPLES SCREEN?
-Principle 2 FAIR and EQUAL TREATMENT: Landlord does not have the right to evict welfare tenants because his rights of ownership do not supersede the tenants' right to fair and equal treatment -Principle 4 LEAST HARM: Police have to have juvenile detention centers because being locked up with adults expose juveniles to a greater degree of harm -Principle 7 TRUTHFULNESS: SW might withhold that they really will not press charges if an adversary does not make changes toward social justice for clients
What are the characteristics of a Project?
-Project change: TIME LIMITED, planned undertaking with SPECIFIED GOALS to accomplish a DESIGNATED PURPOSE. Less than a year. Temporary. -2 Types: Service Projects require some new untried approach, and Support Project that involves short term endeavors that support some other agency activity
What 2 variables are important in conducting your professional life effectively and efficiently?
-Stress and Time
What is Stress?
-Stress is the comprehensive PROCESS by which EXTERNAL PRESSURES AFFECT individuals emotionally and physically, producing some INTERNAL TENSION -Positive and Negative events can be stressful -Environment can create stress
What are Threats to Validity? Creaming? Maturation?
-Threats to validity: possible alternative explanations for observed outcomes -Creaming: selecting only the most likely candidates to validate your experiment -Maturation: an internal process in which time itself affects the client
What are the cost of administrative care in US vs Canada? Why?
-US: 31 percent vs. Canada: 16.7 -Due to health care providers hiring staff to argue with managed care and managed care hiring staff to deny payouts
What are Values? What are the 6 NASW Core VALUES of the Code of Ethics? What are Ethics?
-Values: are what is considered DESIRABLE AND GOOD. Underlie judgments and decisions about relative worth. -Ethics: designate what is RIGHT AND CORRECT. Sets of principles that GUIDE BEHAVIOR of professionals. Based on values and are IDEALS SW should endeavor to reach. -NASW Core Values (SSDIIC): 1. Service 2. Social Justice 3. Dignity and Worth of a person 4. Importance of human relationships 5. Integrity 6. Competence
What is Vicarious Trauma?
-Vicarious Trauma is secondary trauma that occurs when those who were not directly exposed to the trauma events acquire knowledge of it and are negatively affected -SW assisting those at the World Trade Center Attack 2001
What are the hallmarks of 4. Feminist Theory?
-Women's fair treatment and self-determination -Using a gender filter -Empowerment -The person is political -The important of process -Diversity as strength
What are the International social work ethical principles?
-the IFSW/IASSW Ethics in social work statement of principles consists of 5 sections. Stresses two principles : HUMAN RIGHTS and SOCIAL JUSTICE
What is a political diagnosis? A coalition?
1. A political diagnosis is an ASSESSMENT of the LOCATION of POWER in an organization and the TYPE of political behavior that is likely to happen. 2. A coalition is an ALLIANCE of individuals who share a common goal. Also interest groups.
What is a Baseline? Control Group? Experimental Group? Outcome?
1. Baseline: The ORIGINAL AMOUNT or occurrence of a behavior or event 2. Control Group: A group USED FOR COMPARISON purposes 3. Experimental Group: The group RECEIVING INTERVENTIONS 4. Outcome: A QUALITY OF LIFE CHANGE resulting from social work intervention
How to battle procrastination?
1. Breaking up tasks into smaller more manageable ones 2. Doing worst jobs first 3. Completing whatever you started 4. Doing things immediately
What are the 3 ways managed care controls costs?
1. Capitation 2. Gate-keepers 3. Utilization Management
What are 3 approaches to Stress management?
1. Change the way you think about the stressful event 2. Change the stressful event 3. Adopt strategies to help control your level of stress
What are the 10 Organizational theories?
1. Classical, 2. Neoclassical, 3. Human relations, 4. Feminist, 5. Cultural Perspective, 6. Political-Economy, 7. Institutional Perspective, 8. Contingency, 9. Culture-Quality, 10. Systems
What are the 7 Steps in Evaluation?
1. Conceptualization and Goal Setting 2. Measurement 3. Sampling 4. Design 5. Data Gathering 6. Data Analysis 7. Data Presentation
What are the sub-steps to P: Problem Identification in PREPARE?
1. Decide to evaluate the potential for macro-level intervention 2. Define and prioritize problems 3. Translate problems into needs 4. Determine which needs you will address
What is DEPENDENT variable? INDEPENDENT variable? SAMPLING? RANDOM Sample?
1. Dependent Variable: The BEHAVIOR intervention is intended TO CHANGE 2. Independent variable: A social work INTERVENTION is an example of this type of variable 3. Sampling: Using a SUBSET of all clients seen by an agency rather than surveying the entire group 4. Random Sample: A SUBSET chosen so that ALL members of the population have an EQUAL CHANCE of being SELECTED
What are the 6 ethical behavior guidelines within organizational contexts?
1. Don't engage in BACKSTABBING (pretending to be nice to someone while planning their demise) 2. Don't SET UP a person for failure 3. Don't DIVIDE AND CONQUER 4. Don't EXCLUDE the opposition 5. Don't GO OVER your SUPERVISOR'S HEAD without first exhausting all other options 6. Don't throw a TEMPER TANTRUM
What are the 7 steps of the macro-change process?
1. Engagement 2. Assessment 3. Planning 4. Implementation 5. Evaluation 6. Termination 7. Follow-Up
What are the sub-steps to R: Reality in PREPARE?
1. Evaluate macro variables for and against you-resources and funding, regulations, internal and external political climate 2. Review personal realities
What is EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN? QUASI-EXPERIMENTAL DESIGN? RELIABILITY? VALIDITY?
1. Experimental Design: An elaborate method for EVALUATING AN INTERVENTION that includes control groups, experimental groups, and random assignment of clients 2. Quasi-Experimental Design: A design using control and experimental groups but NOT RANDOM ASSIGNMENT. 3. Reliability: Likelihood that a measurement will YIELD THE SAME RESULTS at subsequent times 4. Validity: Ability of an instrument to measure WHAT IT IS SUPPOSED TO measure
What are the 6 common problems and barriers to Program Evaluation?
1. FAILURE TO PLAN for evaluation. 2. LACK of program STABILITY (longer the evaluation process, the more changes likely to occur) 3. RELATIONSHIPS between evaluators (focus on the effectiveness of service) and practitioners (focus on delivering service) 4. Evaluation RESULTS are UNCLEAR 5. Evaluation RESULTS are NOT ACCEPTED 6. Evaluation is NOT WORTH THE EFFORT (e.g. One-time special event)
What are the 4 steps in Planning Your Time?
1. Figure out where the Time is Currently going 2.Establish goals for yourself 3. Prioritize your goals 4. Specify Tasks for each Goal
What are the characteristics of Formative Evaluation? Summative?
1. Formative: focus more on the PROCESS than the outcome of an intervention. Occur during IMPLEMENTATION STAGE to improve the change effort. 2. Summative: measures the CONSEQUENSES of the services provided. Conducted in FOLOW-UP and focus on CHANGES in the target population
What are Human Rights? Social Justice? The 3 areas of rights?
1. Human Rights involve the premise that ALL people regardless of race, culture, national origin are ENTITLED TO BASIC RIGHTS and TREATMENT 2. Social Justice is the PHILOSOPHICAL PERSPECTIVE that ALL people have the right to enjoy EQUAL opportunities in ECONOMIC, POLITICAL, and SOCIAL RELMS
What are the NASW Ethical consideration for evaluators?
1. Individual's RIGHT TO CHOOSE to participate (volunteers) 2. Clear EXPLANATION OF RISKS inherent in the research 3. PROTECTION of participants rights through use of HUMAN SUBJECT REVIEW panels 4. AVOIDANCE OF HARM to those who participate 5. Security designed to PROTECT CLIENT-IDENTIFIABLE information from unauthorized individuals 6. Clients BEST INTEREST foremost in evaluators' minds
What is Interface? Differentiation? Entropy? Equifinality?
1. Interface-the CONTACT POINT between various systems where interaction and COMMUNICATION may TAKE PLACE 2. Differentiation-system's TENDENCY to move from a MORE SIMPLIFIED to a MORE COMPLEX EXISTENCE. 3.Entropy-natural tendency of a system to progress TOWARD DISORGANIZATION, DEPLETION, disintegration, and DEATH 4. Negative Entropy-progress of a system TOWARD ORGANIZATION, GROWTH and DEVELOPMENT 5. Equifinality-means there are MANY DIFFERENT MEANS to the SAME END
What are the 6 sections of the final evaluation report?
1. Introduction, 2. Literature Review, 3. Methodology, 4. Results, 5. Discussion, 6. References and Appendices -Communicate data accurately and clearly. No jargon
What are the 5 types of power?
1. LEGITIMATE-obtained because of one's position and vested authority 2. REWARD-held because of the ability to provide positive reinforcement and rewards to others 3. COERCIVE-capability of dispensing punishment or harm in order to influence others' behavior 4. REFERENT- held as a result of other group members' respect and high esteem 5. EXPERT-based on control of information or special expertise in a particular domain
What are 5 themes that often characterize irrational belief systems?
1. Life isn't fair 2. It's awful 3. I can't stand it 4. I must get what I want 5. I'm incompetent
What 3 personal characteristics can magnify stress?
1. Perfectionism 2. Rigid authoritarian attitudes (Type A) personalities 3. Irrational thinking
What are the 3 Approaches to time management?
1. Planning 2. Controlling your own behavior 3. Dealing with procrastination
The UN's 3 areas of Human Rights?
1. Political and Civil Rights (Negative): require government to refrain from overuse of power, ie speech and fair trial 2. Social, Economic, and Cultural Rights (Positive): government to take action eg, right to education, fair wages 3. Collective Rights: rights for groups, religion, peace, development
What is the proposed change? The action plan? The change agent? The action system?
1. Proposed change: IDEA you want to implement 2. Action Plan: BLUEPRINT for how to go about the desired change 3. Change Agent: PERSON who INITIATES the change (SW) 4. Action System: people and RESOURCES EMPLOYED to make needed change
What are QUANTITATIVE Methods? QUALITATIVE Methods? ONE-GROUP POST TEST? PRETEST/POST-TEST?
1. Quantitative: use OBJECTIVE (numerical) criteria to learn whether change has taken place. Specificity in research methods. Advantage: can aggregate data from different studies=meta-analysis 2. Qualitative:reveal the EXPERIENCES of a particular group. Understanding the human condition. 3. One-Group Post-Test: look at a SINGLE TARGET GROUP, focusing only on CHANGES that have occurred FOLLOWING INTERVENTIONS 4. Pretest/Post-test: Called A-B, allow us to SHOW CHANGES OVER TIME. Compare situations before and after intervention
What are the 8 Steps in Ethical Dilemma Decision-Making?
1. Recognize the PROBLEM 2. INVESTIGATE variables involves 3. Get FEEDBACK from o thers 4. APPRAISE the VALUES that apply to the dilemma 5. EVALUATE dilemma (establish a hierarchy of principles based on values 6. Identify and think about POSSIBLE ALTERNATIVES 7. Weigh PROS and CONS of each alternative 8. Make your DECISON
What are the 2 main principles promoted by managed care?
1. Retention of Quality and Access 2. Controlling costs
What are the sub-steps in E: Evaluate in PREPARE?
1. Review and weigh the pros and cons of proceeding 2. Identify possible macro approaches to use and estimate effectiveness and select most appropriate one
What are REAMER's 6 Ethical Guidelines?
1. Rules about BASIC SURVIVAL supersedes rules governing LESSER ACTION 2.One person's right to WELL-BEING superseds another person' right to SELF-DETERMINATION 3. One person's right to SELF-DETERMINATION supersedes that SAME PERSON'S right to WELL-BEING 4. Obeying RULES you have agreed to support supersedes the right to FREELY BREAK these rules 5. People's right to WELL-BEING supersedes ADHERENCE to RULES you have agreed to support 6. PREVENTING HARM and FULFILLING BASIC NEEDS supersedes WITHHOLDING your own PROPERTY
What are systems? Boundaries? Sub-sytems? Homeostasis? Role?
1. Systems-Set of orderly and INTERRELATED ELEMENTS that form a functional whole 2. Boundaries-BORDERS that SEPARATE one entity from another 3. Sub-sytems-secondary, subordinate system that is a SMALLER SYSTEM within a larger system 4. Homeostasis-tendency of a system to MAINTAIN a relatively STABLE, constant state of BALANCE 5. Role-CULTURALLY established SOCIAL BEHAVIOR and conduct expected of a person having a DESIGNATED STATUS in society
What are 3 types of Classical Organizational Theory?
1.SCIENTIFIC Management: scientifically established, standardized jobs and tasks, management high profits vs. employees' high wages 2. ADMINISTRATIVE Theory of Management: division of labor, authority, centralization, delegation of authority, unity of command and direction. 3. BUREAUCRACY: specialized units, minimal employee discretion, numerous specific rules
What are the 16 categories the NASW CODE OF ETHICS first section (CLIENT) is divided into?
1.SW ethical responsibility to CLIENTS 1.1 COMMITMENTt to clients 1.2 SELF-Determination 1.3 Informed CONSENT 1.4 COMPETENCE 1.5 CULTURAL COMPETENCE and social diversity 1.6 CONFLICTS of interest 1.7 Privacy and CONFIDENTIALITY 1.8 Access to RECORDS 1.9 SEXUAL Relationships 1.10 PHYSICAL contact 1.11 SEXUAL HARASSMENT 1.12 Derogatory LANGUAGE 1.13 PAYMENT for services 1.14 Clients who LACK DECISION-MAKING Capacity 1.15 INTERRUPTION of services 1.16 TERMINATION of services
What are the 11 categories the NASW CODE OF ETHICS second section (COLLEAGUE) is divided into?
2. SW ethical responsibility to COLLEAGUES 2.1 RESPECT 2.2 CONFIDENTIALITY 2.3 Interdisciplinary COLLABORATION 2.4 DISPUTES involving colleagues 2.5 CONSULTATION 2.6 REFERRAL for services 2.7 SEXUAL relationships 2.8 SEXUAL Harassment 2.9 IMPAIRMENT of colleagues 2.10 INCOMPETENCE of colleagues 2.11 UNETHICAL CONDUCT of colleagues
What are the 10 categories the NASW CODE OF ETHICS third section (AGENCY) is divided into?
3. SW ethical responsibilities in Practice Setting 3.1 SUPERVISION and consultation 3.2 EDUCATION and training 3.3 Performance EVALUATION 3.4 CLIENT RECORDS 3.5 BILLING 3.6 CLIENT TRANSFER 3.7 ADMINISTRATION 3.8 Continuing EDUCATION and STAFF DEVELOPMENT 3.9 Commitment to EMPLOYERS 3.10 Labor-management DISPUTES
What are the 8 categories the NASW CODE OF ETHICS fourth (PROFESSIONALS) section is divided into?
4. SW ethical responsibilities as Professionals 4.1 COMPETENCE 4.2 DISCRIMINATION 4.3 PRIVATE conduct 4.4 DISHONESTY, FRAUD, deception 4.5 IMPAIRMENT 4.6 MISREPRESENTATION 4.7 SOLICITATIONS 4.8 Acknowledging CREDIT
What are the 2 categories the NASW CODE OF ETHICS fifth (SW Profession) section is divided into?
5. SW ethical responsibilities to the SW Profession 5.1 INTEGRITY of the profession 5.2 EVALUATION and RESEARCH
What are the 4 categories the NASW CODE OF ETHICS sixth (Broader Society) section is divided into?
6. SW ethical responsibilities to the broader society 6.1 SOCIAL WELFARE 6.2 Public PARTICIPATION 6.3 Public EMERGENCIES 6.4 SOCIAL and POLITICAL ACTION
What are the characteristics of Programs?
A program is an ONGOING CONFIGURATION of services and service provisions intended to meet the needs of a designated group of clients. Identified goals. More PERMANENT than project. To fill a GAP in services.
What is the ABCDE theory of irrational thinking?
A: Activating event B: Belief system (identify rational and irrational beliefs) C: Consequences (mental, physical, behavioral) D: Dispute irrational beliefs E: Effect (change consequences)
What are some characteristics of Depressive Disorder?
Disheartened mood, unhappiness, lack of interest in daily activities, inability to experience pleasure, pessimism, significant weight loss not related to dieting, weight gain, low energy, feelings of hopelessness and worthlessness, decreased capacity to focus and make decisions, preoccupation with thoughts of suicide
What can SW do to avoid Burnout?
Good stress and time management skills
What are the other terms for social services?
Human services or Social Welfare
How can evaluation be classified?
I. Formative (monitoring) or Summative (impact) II. Effectiveness or Efficiency
What is Legitimation?
Is the appropriate status or AUTHORIZATION to PERFORM agency FUNCTIONS and PURSUE GOALS that is granted by external entities (eg. local government).
What are Dolgoff, Lowenberg, and Harrington's ETHICAL PRINCIPLES SCREEN?
LFFHQPT 1. Right to LIVE 2. Right to FAIR and EQUAL TREATMENT 3. Right to FREEEDOM and AUTONOMY 4. Right to LEAST HARM 5. Right to QUALITY of LIFE 6. Right to PRIVACY and CONFIDENTIALITY 7. Right to TRUTHFULNESS and FULL DISCLOSURE
What are organizations? (p. 115)
Organizations are SOCIAL ENTITIES that are GOAL DIRECTED, designed as DELIBERATELY STRUCTURED and COORDINATED ACTIVITY SYSTEMS, and are LINKED to the external environment
What is the PREPARE model?
P: Problem R: Reality (personal and macro) E: Establish Goals P: People of influence A: Assess potential financial costs and benefits R: Risks (personal and Professional) E: Evaluate potential success of macro-change process
What are the Pros and Cons of Managed Care?
PROS: 1. decrease costs of health care 2. emphasizes prevention. Research mixed. Physician's say quality of health care has decreased CONS: 1. Pressure primary physicians to limit referrals 2. Limits visits to specialists to one or two 3. Reluctant to cover costly procedure or experimental treatments, especially those relate to cancer 4. Refuse to pay for care received out of state
What are ethical dilemmas?
Problematic situations for which the possible solutions all offer imperfect answers. Ethical guidelines conflict. Always involves VALUES.
What are relationships? Input? Output? Feedback?
Relationships-are DYNAMIC INTERPERSONAL CONNECTIONS between two or more persons in a system that involve how they THINK, FEEL, and BEHAVE toward each other Input-the ENERGY, INFORMATION, or COMMUNICATION RECEIVED from other systems Output-what happens to INPUT AFTER it has been PROCESSED by a system. NOT Outcomes (specified variables for the purpose of evaluation) Feedback-a special FORM OF INPUT where a system receives info about that system's OWN PERFORMANCE (positive and negative)
What are the 6 Main Ethical Standards in the NASW Code of Ethics?
SW Ethical Responsibilities to: 1. Client 2. Colleagues 3. Practice Setting 4. As Professionals 5. SW Profession 6. Broader Society
What are social services?
Social services include the TASKS social workers and other helping professionals PERFORM to improve people's HEALTH, enhance their QUALITY OF LIFE, increase SELF-SUFFICIENCY, support families, and help people and larger systems IMPROVE their SOCIAL FUNCTIONING in the larger environment.
What are the three types of macro changes?
Specific PROJECTS, PROGRAMS, POLICY Changes
What is whistle-blowing?
The act of informing another or making public an individual's, group's, or organization's corrupt, illegal, inefficient or hazardous behavior
Ethical decisions supersede all other aspects of practice? True or false?
True
What fraction of Americans are currently enrolled in managed care networks?
Two thirds
What is Utilization Management?
Where health providers must apply to a utilization manager for approval to initiate a particular treatment regime. -Diminishes professionals' autonomy and erodes clients confidentiality -Utilization managers are only required to have a high school education or associate degree
