magoosh words

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amiable

A friendly, pleasant person could be described as amiable. Airline flight attendants tend to be amiable. The people monitoring the school's cafeteria? Maybe not. An amiable person is good-natured and easy to get along with

tirade

A tirade is a speech, usually consisting of a long string of violent, emotionally charged words. Borrow and lose your roommate's clothes one too many times, and you can bet you'll be treated to a heated tirade. noun سخنرانی دراز وشدیداللحن

lagniappe

something given as a bonus or extra gift.

telltale

adjective: revealing The many telltale signs of chronic smoking include yellow teeth, and a persistent, hacking cough. آشکار مشهود خبرچین

check

lessen the intensity of; temper; hold in restraint; hold or keep within limits

run-of-the-mill

ordinary

chastise

Chastise is a fancy word for telling someone that something they did was really bad. If you pick your nose, your mom will probably yell at you. If you pick your nose in front of the Queen of England, your mom will chastise you. توبیخ و ملامت کردن chastise تنبیه کردن to punish severely

Overweening

Overweening is a negative term meaning arrogant or excessive. People can be described as having overweening pride or overweening ambition. It's too much and not good.

venality

Venality is the quality of being open to bribery or overly motivated by money. A government worker's venality might lead him to exchange state secrets for cash. خود فروشی ostentation, splurge, braggadocio, bribery, fanfaronade, venality زرپرستی venality رشوه گیری

enervate

verb: to sap energy from John preferred to avoid equatorial countries; the intense sun would always leave him enervated after he'd spent the day sightseeing. is to weaken, wear down, or even bum out. A three-hour lecture on the history of socks might thrill someone, it would enervate most people. So would a too-long soak in a hot tub. With your parents.بی اثر کردن undo, nullify, deactivate, enervate, foil, counteract بی رگ کردن enervate بی حال کردن enervate جسما ضعیف کردن

acknowledge

اذعان کردن تصدیق کردن

give over

دست کشیدن از knock off, discard, quit, leave, disaccustom, give over ترک کردن leave, relinquish, give up, pull out, disuse, give over واگذار کردن

preposterous

مسخره

benighted

Being called benighted is much like being called naive. It means lacking in knowledge or understanding—the kind you might have if you were older or more .ناخوداگاه بی تجربه بی تکلف و ساده

recondite

I found Ulysses recondite and never finished the book, waiting instead to read it with someone else so we could penetrate its meaning together. adjective: difficult to penetrate; incomprehensible to one of ordinary understanding or knowledge پیچیده complex, intricate, wrapped, twisted, involved, recondite پوشیده secret, overcast, covert, private, latent, recondite مرموز mysterious, cryptic, enigmatic, secretive, inscrutable, recondite نهان

slapdash

If you just slapped something together and then dashed when you were done, it was slapdash. The paint job was slapdash: it looked like they did it in an hour, without brushes done too hurriedly and carelessly.

defray

If your mother says she will defray the cost of your next move, say thank you. She means she will take on some of the expenses for you. provide money to pay (a cost or expense).

beg

To beg is to ask for something in an earnest, pleading way. You might beg your roommates to be quiet if you're desperately trying to get some sleep.خواهش کردنbeg, beg, ask, pray, requestخواستن want, ask, desire, solicit, wish, begگدایی کردن

peruse

Traditionally, peruse has meant to read or examine something carefully. But informally, it can have the opposite meaning, to read something casually and quickly. مطالعه کردن peruse, study بررسی کردن investigate, check, peruse, survey, study بدقت خواندن

calumny

Use the noun calumny to characterize verbal attacks that are meant to destroy reputations or friendships. You've probably seen political ads during election time that rely on calumny to move voters. رسوایی ignominy, scandal, disgrace, infamy, notoriety, calumny بهتان افترا calumny بد نامی

harangue

a lengthy and aggressive speech. A harangue is more than a speech, louder than a discussion, and nastier than a lecture. It is a verbal attack that doesn't let up, delivered as a verb or received as a noun. Either way, it's pretty unpleasant. noun: a long pompous speech; a tirade verb: to deliver a long pompous speech or tirade با صدای بلند نطق کردن

slapdash

adjective: carelessly and hastily put together The office building had been constructed in a slapdash manner, so it did not surprise officials when, during a small earthquake, a large crack emerged on the façade of the building If you just slapped something together and then dashed when you were done, it was slapdash. The paint job was slapdash: it looked like they did it in an hour, without brushes. done too hurriedly and carelessly.

illicit

adjective: contrary to or forbidden by law Though Al Capone was engaged in many illicit activities, he was finally arrested for income tax evasion, a relatively minor offense. adjective forbidden by law, rules, or custom. adjective قاچاق illicit نا مشروع illicit, unsavory, illegal, unallowed, unsavoury مخالف مقررات illicit Illicit means not allowed by law or custom. It's illegal to kill endangered elephants, but many poachers still engage in the Illicit ivory trade. Illicit usually refers to something that is not morally proper or acceptable, such as an illicit love affair. Illicit is from Latin illicitus, from the prefix in- "not" plus licitus "lawful."

implausible

adjective: describing a statement that is not believable The teacher found it implausible that the student was late to school because he had been kidnapped by outlaws on horseback. Something that's implausible is farfetched or unlikely. If it's 3pm and you still have to study for three exams and write an essay before midnight, it's implausible that you'll also have time to watch a movie. adjective غیر محتمل unlikely, improbable, implausible, unapt unlikely; unbelievable

ignoble

adjective: dishonorable In 1919, the World Series was rigged--an ignoble act which baseball took decades to recover from. adjective فرومایه ghoulish, base, ignoble, abject, vile, poor پست inferior, lowly, despicable, mean, vile, ignoble بد گوهر ignoble, lowborn خسیس stingy, miserly, abject, mean, parsimonious, ignoble ناکس ignoble, coward نا اصل ignoble, underbred

derogative

adjective: expressed as worthless or in negative terms Never before have we seen a debate between two political candidates that was so derogative and filthy. disparage توهین آمیز غیر محترمانه

deleterious

adjective: harmful to living things The BP oil spill in the Gulf of Mexico was deleterious to the fishing industry in the southern states. adjective causing harm or damage. زیان آور آسیب رسان harmful

avid

adjective: marked by active interest and enthusiasm Martin is an avid birdwatcher, often taking long hikes into remote mountains to see some rare eagle. مشتاق eager, keen, enthusiastic, aspiring, avid, willing حریص greedy, voracious, eager, avaricious, hungry, avid متمایل bowed, inclined, amenable, disposed, prone, avid ازمند having or showing a keen interest in or enthusiasm for something.

inviolate

adjective: must be kept sacred While the literary critic subjected most of the classics to the harshest reviews, he regarded Cervantes as inviolate, and had nothing but praise for him. adjective free or safe from injury or violation. an international memorial which must remain inviolate synonyms: untouchable, inviolable, safe from harm, untouched, undamaged, unhurt, تجاوز نشده inviolate غصب نشدنی inviolate ملزوم به حفظ حرمت

equivocal

adjective: open to more than one interpretation The coach told his team, "Move towards that side of the field"; because he did not point, his directions were ambiguous, and the team had no idea to which side he was referring. Try to remember that uncertain means equivocal and certain means unequivocal. That's a tricky movement the un- is making, and a lot of people get stumped دو پهلو ambiguous, equivocal, two-sided دارای ابهام equivocal دارای دو معنی

profuse

adjective: plentiful; pouring out in abundance During mile 20 of the Hawaii Marathon, Dwayne was sweating so profusely that he stopped to take off his shirt, and ran the remaining six miles wearing nothing more than skimpy shorts. Profuse is a word for a lot of something or even way too much — a profuse rainfall is a serious amount of rain. فراوان سرشار لبریز

restive

adjective: restless The crowd grew restive as the comedian's opening jokes fell flat. To be restive is to be impatient or on edge — it's an edgy state. When you feel like your skin is too tight and your nerves are ready to snap, when you feel ready to explode, you are restive. بی تاب بی قرار impatient سرکش rebellious, disobedient, indomitable, rebel, recalcitrant, restive کله شق stubborn, pertinacious, bull-headed, obstinate, mulish, restive رام نشو

diffident

adjective: showing modest reserve; lacking self-confidence As a young girl she was diffident and reserved, but now as an adult, she is confident and assertive.

treacherous

adjective: tending to betray Even though Jesse James was an outlaw, his killer, Robert Ford, is remembered more for his treacherous actions than for eliminating a criminal and murderer. adjective: dangerously unstable and unpredictable The bridge built from twine and vine is treacherous to walk across, and so I think I will stay put right here. adjective خیانت امیز treacherous, traitorous, treasonable, treasonous dangerous

retiring

adjective: to be shy, and to be inclined to retract from company Nelson was always the first to leave soirees—rather than mill about with "fashionable" folk, he was retiring, and preferred the solitude of his garret. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study If you are a retiring person, you avoid being at the center of attention. You can often be found in the library and other quiet places, and if someone compliments you, you're likely to blush and change the subject. کناره گیر

veracious

adjective: truthful While we elect our leaders in the hope that every word they speak will be veracious, history has shown that such a hope is naive. راستگو truthful, sooth, true, veracious, veridical, candid درست right, correct, true, just, accurate, veracious واقعی

disparate

amply

adverb: more than is adequate The boat was amply supplied for its year at sea—no man would go hungry or thirsty. "the evidence amply (or fully) confirms our suspicions" "they were fully (or amply) fed" adverb بطور بیش از حد amply بطور فراوان amply

askance

adverb: with a look of suspicion or disapproval The old couple looked askance on the teenagers seated next to them, whispering to each other, "They've got rings through their noses and purple hair!" You may have trouble looking directly at the human specimens onstage at the freak show, but you also won't be able to look away. Find a happy medium by looking askance, or subtly out of the corner of your eye. adverb با چشم حقارت askance چپ چپ awry, askew, askance کج awry, askew, acock, askance از گوشهء چشم askance با نگاه رشگامیز askance

kafkaesque

characterized by surreal distortion and a sense of impending danger حسی ازیک خطر در حال وقوع بودن

sangfroid

composure or coolness, sometimes excessive, as shown in danger or under trying circumstances.If you have sang-froid, you can keep your cool, even under stress. Your feathers aren't easily ruffled. This foreign-sounding word is another way of saying "poise under pressure." We borrowed it from French, where it literally means "cold blood." Great athletes who do well in the last two minutes of a game have sang-froid. James Bond definitely has sang-froid. You better have sang-froid when you're taking the SATs. If you're worried, nervous and starting to crack, you've pretty much lost your sang-froid.

profuse

is a word for a lot of something or even way too much — a profuse rainfall is a serious amount of rain.abundant, many, great, plenty, plentiful, profuse full

wanting

lacking adjective: lacking She did not think her vocabulary was wanting, yet there were so many words that inevitably she found a few she didn't know. If something's wanting, there's not enough of something necessary in it. If your essay is wanting, it's missing something important and won't get an A. Try adding body paragraphs. کمیتش لنگ زدن یا چیزی کم داشتن If you forget the sugar in your chocolate chip cookies, you'll find them wanting when you taste them. Likewise, if your favorite team's defense is wanting, they're likely to lose the basketball game. Wanting, which was originally wantand, comes from the verb want, "to be lacking." This definition pre-dated the now more common "to wish for" by 500 years.

raft

noun: a large number of something Despite a raft of city ordinances passed by an overzealous council, noise pollution continued unabated in the megalopolis. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study مقدار زیاد

culpability

noun: a state of guilt Since John had left his banana peel at the top of the stairwell, he accepted culpability for Martha's broken leg. Culpability is a state of guilt or responsibility. A lot of lawsuits are about who has culpability for something that went wrong. noun مجرمیت guilt, culpability قابلیت مجازات culpability, punishability

broadside

noun: a strong verbal attack Political broadsides are usually strongest in the weeks leading up to a national election. a speech of violent denunciation خشونت کلامی

intimation

noun: an indirect suggestion At first the hostess tried intimation, praising the benefits of cutlery; when Cecil continued eating with his hands, the hostess told him to use a fork at dinner. The noun intimation means a hint or an indirect suggestion. Your teacher's intimation that there could be a quiz the next day might send you into a panic, while your friend sitting beside you might not even notice. Intimation comes from the Latin word intimationem, which means an announcement. In English, intimation refers to a less direct form of communication. It's a suggestion or hint, rather than a blatant statement of fact. Your first intimation that your brother had a girlfriend was the amount of time he spent whispering into the phone. The second intimation was when he asked your parents for money for two movie tickets. noun an indication or hint. the first intimations of trouble synonyms: suggestion, hint, indication, sign, signal, inkling, suspicion, impression, clue, علامت نشانه اشاره

jingoism

noun: fanatical patriotism North Korea maintains intense control over its population through a combination of jingoism and cult of personality. noun وطنپرستی با تعصب jingoism

exiguity

noun: the quality of being meager After two months at sea, the exiguity of the ship's supplies forced them to search for fresh water and food. ""an exiguity of cloth that would only allow of miniature capes"-George Eliot" Synonyms: leanness, meagerness, meagreness, poorness, scantiness, scantness کمی خردی ناچیزی

tenacious

tenacious adjective: stubbornly unyielding Even the most tenacious advocates for gun ownership must admit some of the dangers that firearms present. adjective سر سخت tenacious, stubborn, dogged, tough, recalcitrant, hardy محکم sturdy, strong, firm, solid, tight, tenacious سفت stiff, horny, firm, hard, rigid, tenacious استوار firm, solid, consistent, stable, steadfast, tenacious مستحکم strong, solid, firm, fortified, tenacious, well-appointed چسبنده sticky, adhesive, gummy, gooey, viscid, tenacious

desecrate

treat (a sacred place or thing) with violent disrespect; violate.To desecrate means to treat a sacred place or thing with violent disrespect. The news sometimes reports on vandals who have desecrated tombstones or places of worship.

tout

verb: advertize in strongly positive terms; show off At the conference, the CEO touted the extraordinary success of his company's Research & Development division. verb مشتری جلب کردن tout, accost خریدار پیدا کردن tout صدای نکره ایجاد کردن tout بلند جار زدن tout با صدای بلند انتشار دادن tout Sometimes parents will get into bragging wars about their children, each touting the accomplishments of his or her child. Sometimes the word means more of "to claim." The company touted the lotion as a solution to wrinkles. Broccoli has been touted as the cancer-fighting vegetable. In England, a tout is a person who gives advice about gambling. If you're looking to play some money on the ponies, go see the tout who hangs out at Jackie's bar for a tip. verb خود نمایی کردن

assail

verb: attack in speech or writing In the weekly paper, the editor assailed the governor for wasting hundreds of thousands of dollars in public projects that quickly failed. verb حمله کردن attack, assail, impinge, lay on, aggress, set on هجوم اوردن بر assail

eschew

verb: avoid and stay away from deliberately; stay clear of Politicians are the masters of eschewing morals; academics are the masters of eschewing clarity. If you eschew something, you deliberately avoid it. If you live the bohemian life in the city, then most likely you eschew the suburbs. اجتناب کردن avoid, eschew, pass

placate

verb: cause to be more favorably inclined; gain the good will of I was able to placate the angry mob of students by promising to bring cookies on Monday. verb ارام کردن calm, assuage, conciliate, appease, soothe, placate تسکین دادن soothe, mitigate, propitiate, pacify, quell, placate اشتی کردن placate

circumvent

verb: cleverly find a way out of one's duties or obligations One way of circumventing the GRE is to apply to a grad school that does not require GRE scores. احیله پیش دستی کردن circumvent گیر انداختن دور زدن

lambast

verb: criticize severely or angrily Showing no patience, the manager utterly lambasted the sales team that lost the big account. call on the carpet:سرزنش کردن تازیانه زدن lick, scourge, lambaste, flagellate, flog, lambast زخم زبان زدن

disenfranchise

verb: deprive of voting rights The U.S. Constitution disenfranchised women until 1920 when they were given the right to vote. disenfranchise verb: deprive of voting rights The U.S. Constitution disenfranchised women until 1920 when they were given the right to vote.

hail

verb: enthusiastically acclaim or celebrate something Many college superstar athletes are hailed as the next big thing, but then flop at the professional level. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study با هیجان تشویق کردن و کف زدن مانند بارش تگرگ تشویق کردن

embroiled

verb: involved in argument or contention When you're embroiled in something, you're tangled or mired in it — in other words, you're involved so completely that it's hard to get away from it. You might be embroiled in an argument between two friends, unable to step back and be neutral. These days we are never short of a D.C. politician embroiled in scandal—a welcome phenomenon for those who, having barely finished feasting on the sordid details of one imbroglio, can sink their teeth into a fresh one. involve (someone) deeply in an argument, conflict, or difficult situation به نزاع انداختن دچار کردن به چالش افتادن

ameliorate

verb: make something bad better "Three Cups of Tea" tells the story of western man who hopes to ameliorate poverty and the lack of education in Afghanistan.بهتر شدن better, ameliorate, meliorate بهتر کردن improve, better, ameliorate, amend, meliorate اصلاح کردن improve, reclaim, modify, correct, rectify, ameliorate چاره کردن ameliorate بهبودی یافتن

degrade

verb: reduce in worth or character, usually verbally Jesse had mockingly pointed out all of Nancy's faults in front of their friends, publicly degrading the poor girl. تنزل دادن reduce, degrade, lower, play down تنزل کردن decline, decay, degrade, fall پست کردن

behoove

verb: to be one's duty or obligation The teacher looked down at the student and said, "It would behoove you to be in class on time and complete your homework, so that you don't repeat freshman English for a third straight year." To behoove someone to do something is to make it advisable or necessary to do so, for their own good or that of others. It would behoove you to study hard and work for the future you desire. It would behoove the legislature to pass a law behooving citizens to pay their taxes earlier. Behoove comes from the Old English word behofian, which means "to be of use." verb واجب بودن behoove, behove فرض بودن behoove, behove

fleece

verb: to deceive Many people have been fleeced by Internet scams and never received their money back. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study

mollify

verb: to make someone angry less angry; placate In the morning, Janine was unable to mollify Harry, if he happened to become angry, unless he'd had his cup of coffee. To mollify is to calm someone down, talk them off the ledge, make amends, maybe even apologize.

hound

verb: to pursue relentlessly An implacable foe of corruption, Eliot Ness hounded out graft in all forms—he even helped nab Al Capone. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study با سگ تازی دنبال کردن پاپی شدن

byzantine

وابسته به امپراتوری روم شرقی

lascivious

(of a person, manner, or gesture) feeling or revealing an overt and often offensive sexual desire. adjective شهوت انگیز sexy, lusty, lascivious, voluptuous, luscious, obscene شهوانی lustful, sensual, carnal, lecherous, passionate, lascivious هرزه lewd, dissolute, harlot, bawdy, licentious, lascivious

screed

A screed is a long, boring speech or piece of writing with a bad attitude, like a rant. If you've had enough and you're not going to take it anymore, go ahead and write an angry screed. سخن یا نامه دراز وخسته کننده. درد دل screed, chat, confabulation, collywobbles نوار strip, tape, band, ribbon, braid, screed تکه پاره screed دریدگی screed, abscission, laceration, rift باریکه زمین

sedulous

A sedulous person is someone who works hard and doesn't give up easily. If you make repeated and sedulous attempts to fix a leaky pipe and it only makes things worse, it might be time to go online and find the number of a plumber. adjective کوشا diligent, industrious, studious, trying, sedulous ساعی industrious, diligent, studious, assiduous, active, sedulous

recrudesce

verb: to break out or happen again After years of gamblers anonymous, Tony thought he'd broken his compulsive slot machine playing, but it took only one trip to the Atlantic City for a full recrudescence--he lost $5k on the one armed bandit. verb برگشتن rebound, return, come back, remount, reverse, recrudesce عود کردن relapse, recur, recrudesce, return

mulct

verb: to defraud or swindle The so-called magical diet cure simply ended up mulcting Maria out of hundreds of dollars, but did nothing for her weight. The meaning of mulct is as nasty as it sounds; it means to fine someone or the money you collect as a result of a fine. No one wants to pay an extra mulct to the city, when it's the city who mismanaged the budget. Got mulct? Then somebody took your money. They "milked" you by mulcting you. And the money that they took? That's called mulct, too. Some people believe that there's no difference between being mulcted by the state and being shaken down by the mob. In fact, the word mulct is often used to mean having your money taken unfairly or as a kind of punishment or as extortion. verb گوش بری کردن تلکه کردن جریمه کردن penalize, fine, assess, mulct, sconce

truculent

If you are quick to argue, always looking for a fight, and hard to please, you are truculent. You can also write a truculent essay, and fans upset by a loss can become truculent. eager or quick to argue or fight; aggressively defiant.

fell

Something that has been felled has been brought down, like a tree that has been felled by a powerful storm. verb انداختن drop, throw, cast, put, launch, fell قطع کردن cut off, cut, disconnect, interrupt, intercept, fell بریدن و انداختن fell

pugnacious

Pugnacious means ready for a fight. If you're pugnacious, you might find it hard to make friends. On the other hand, you might be a very successful professional boxer one day.

castigate

auspicious

Use the adjective auspicious for a favorable situation or set of conditions. If you start a marathon by falling flat on your face, that's not an auspicious start. favorable, the opposite of sinister فرخنده auspicious, happy, jubilant, all right مبارک blessed, auspicious, happy, blest خجسته auspicious, happy, lucky, benedict فرخ

betray

When you betray someone or something, you provide information whether you mean to do it or not, like the loud growling of your stomach that betrays your hunger or the secret you tell about your friend that betrays her trust. to reveal or make known something, usually unintentionally

docile

adjective: easily handled or managed; willing to be taught or led or supervised or directed Barnyard animals are considerably more docile than the wild animals. adjective مطیع docile, obedient, submissive, subject, subordinate, conformable رام tame, docile, meek, domestic, manageable, amenable سر براه docile, tractable, arranged, obedient, polite سربزیر docile, tractable, obedient تعلیم بردار docile, treatable

impartial

adjective: free from undue bias or preconceived opinions The judge was not impartial since he had been bribed by the witness's family. If you're in a contest you'd better hope the judges are impartial, that is, that they aren't biased toward one competitor over another. When someone's partial to something they take its part. Impartial means no part has yet been taken. In most high school elections, teachers strive to create an impartial atmosphere, to keep it from appearing to be a popularity contest. بی طرف

amiable

adjective: friendly Amy's name was very apt: she was so amiable that she was twice voted class president.

incongruous

adjective: lacking in harmony or compatibility or appropriateness The vast economic inequality of modern society is incongruous with America's ideals. not in harmony or keeping with the surroundings or other aspects of something.

affable

adjective: likeable; easy to talk to For all his surface affability, Marco was remarkably glum when he wasn't around other people. دوستانه دلجو خو برخورد

elaborate

adjective: marked by complexity and richness of detail Thomas, on returning from Morocco, replaced his dirty gray carpet with an elaborate one he'd brought back with him. verb: explain in more detail Most high school physics teachers find themselves elaborating the same point over and over again, since many concepts confuse students. استادانه درست شده elaborate بزحمت درست شده elaborate دارای جزئیات مبسوط توضیح دادن

indecorous

adjective: not in keeping with accepted standards of what is right or proper in polite society Eating with elbows on the table is considered indecorous in refined circles. Indecorous behavior isn't proper or socially acceptable. It would be indecorous to publish your sister's diary in the newspaper or to tell your extended family an offensive joke at Thanksgiving dinner. adjective not in keeping with good taste and propriety; improper. ناهنجار نادرست بی نزاکت بی ادب

immaterial

adjective: not relevant The judge found the defendant's comments immaterial to the trial, and summarily dismissed him from the witness stand. Things that are immaterial have no physical form (like a ghost) or are unimportant (like most ghost stories). غیر مادی immaterial, spiritual, non-material, incorporeal مجرد single, immaterial, abstract, solitary, celibate, incorporeal بی اهمیت

aboveboard

adjective: open and honest The mayor, despite his avuncular face plastered about the city, was hardly aboveboard - some concluded that it was his ingratiating smile that allowed him to engage in corrupt behavior and get away with it. If something is aboveboard, it's done in a completely honest, straightforward way. When a company's business dealings are aboveboard, they act in an honorable, open manner. پوست کنده راست خالصانه

bucolic

adjective: relating to the pleasant aspects of the country The noble families of England once owned vast expanses of beautiful, bucolic land.

banal

adjective: repeated too often; overfamiliar through overuse The professor used such banal expression that many students in the class either fell asleep from boredom or stayed awake to complete his sentences and humor friends . If something is boring and unoriginal, it's banal. Banal things are dull as dishwater. adjective پیش پا افتاده banal, commonplace, common, ordinary, quotidian, well-known مبتذل vulgar, banal, trite, trivial, stale, commonplace معمولی usual, ordinary, normal, common, commonplace, banal همه جایی banal, commonplace بی مزه

exacting

adjective: requiring and demanding accuracy Though his childhood piano teacher was so exacting, Max is thankful now, as a professional pianist. Use the adjective exacting to describe something or someone very precise or strict in its requirements. If your teacher has exacting standards about spelling and punctuation, you better carefully check your final paper. adjective سخت hard, difficult, tough, strict, rigid, exacting سخت گیر strict, intransigent, stern, exacting, squeamish, hard مبرم urgent, pressing, emergent, exacting, demanding, importunate مصر insistent, persistent, unrepentant, demanding, urging, exacting خواستار demanding, asking, wishing, willing, requesting, exacting demanding

contemptuous

adjective: scornful, looking down at others with a sneering attitude Always on the forefront of fashion, Vanessa looked contemptuously at anyone wearing dated clothing. If you insult someone or dismiss them in a hateful way, you're being contemptuous. The difference between being hateful and contemptuous is subtle. It involves disdain. اهانت امیز

telling

adjective: significant and revealing of another factor Her unbecoming dress was very telling when it came to her sense of fashion. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study فاش آشکار

prodigious

adjective: so great in size or force or extent as to elicit awe After the relatively small homerun totals in the "dead ball" era, Babe Ruth's homerun totals were truly prodigious: every year, he set a new all-time record. adjective شگرف tremendous, wonderful, wondrous, prodigious, excellent, fine حیرت اور marvelous, wondrous, prodigious, problematic, problematical, stupendous خارق العاده

martial

adjective: suggesting war or military life Americans tend to remember Abraham Lincoln as kindly and wise, not at all martial, despite the fact that he was involved in the fiercest war America has even fought. of or appropriate to war; warlike. adjective نظامی military, martial جنگی military, martial, warlike, bristly لشکری martial

remiss

adjective: to be negligent in one's duty Remiss in his duty to keep the school functioning efficiently, the principal was relieved of his position after only three months.

harried

adjective: troubled persistently especially with petty annoyances With a team of new hires to train, Martha was constantly harried with little questions and could not focus on her projects. troubled persistently especially with petty annoyances آزرده شدن با ناراحتی های کوچک

laconic

an adjective that describes a style of speaking or writing that uses only a few words, often to express complex thoughts and ideas. A more laconic way to write that last sentence might be this: laconic means brief.

miser

noun: a person who doesn't like to spend money (because they are greedy) Monte was no miser, but was simply frugal, wisely spending the little that he earned.

decorum

noun: propriety in manners and conduct "You will obey the rules of decorum for this courtroom or spend the night in a jail cell," said the judge to the prosecutor. proper behavior Decorum is proper and polite behavior. If you let out a big belch at a fancy dinner party, you're not showing much decorum noun ادب politeness, decorum, manner, politesse, complaisance, curtsey اداب دانی decorum, preciosity رفتاربجا decorum آداب معاشرت

misanthrope

someone who dislikes people in generel.A misanthrope is a person who hates or mistrusts other people. Your great aunt Edna who lashes out at anyone who approaches, convinced they'll steal the jewelry she keeps in her handbag on her lap? A misanthrope indeed.

extent

still in existence وسعت حد اندازه The extent is the area something covers. That could be physical space or something like being prosecuted to the full extent of the law.

venerate

To venerate is to worship, adore, be in awe of. You probably don't venerate your teacher or boss; however, you may act like you do! to respect deeply

execrable

adjective مکروه abominable, detestable, execrable, abhorrent زشت ugly, hideous, bad, obscene, bawdy, execrable نفرت انگیز odious, detestable, obnoxious, horrid, loathsome, execrable

forthcoming

adjective: available when required or as promised به زودی می آید پیش رو The President announced that the senators were about to reach a compromise, and that he was eager to read the forthcoming details of the bill. adjective: at ease in talking to others به راحتی با دیگران هم صحبت شدن As a husband, Larry was not forthcoming: if Jill didn't demand to know details, Larry would never share them with her. happening in the near future; ready; willing to help; Ex. No answer was forthcoming.

pugnacious

adjective: eager to fight or argue; verbally combative The comedian told one flat joke after another, and when the audience started booing, he pugnaciously spat back at them, "Hey, you think this is easy - why don't you buffoons give it a shot?" Pugnacious means ready for a fight. If you're pugnacious, you might find it hard to make friends. On the other hand, you might be a very successful professional boxer one day. eager or quick to argue, quarrel, or fight. جنگجو combatant, belligerent, combative, bellicose, pugnacious, martial ستیزه گر

jubilant

adjective: full of high-spirited delight because of triumph or success My hardwork paid off, and I was jubilant to receive a perfect score on the GRE. adjective فیروز jubilant, victorious, triumphant شادمان هلهله کننده jubilant فرخنده auspicious, happy, jubilant, all right

bleak

adjective: having a depressing or gloomy outlook Unremitting overcast skies tend to lead people to create bleak literature and lugubrious music — compare England's band Radiohead to any band from Southern California. Something that is bleak is gloomy and depressing. If it's raining and dark, you might describe the night as bleak. If you have looked for work and no one will hire you, you could describe your prospects as bleak.

phantasmagorical

adjective: illusive; unreal Those suffering from malaria fall into a feverish sleep, their world a whirligig of phantasmagoria; if they recover, they are unsure of what actually took place and what was simply a product of their febrile imaginations. phantasmagorical غیرواقعی adjective غیر واقعی unrealistic, unreal, untrue, illusory, illusive, insubstantial گمراه کننده illusory, deceptive, seductive, sinister, sinuous, illusive

fickle

adjective: liable to sudden unpredictable change, esp. in affections or attachments She was so fickle in her politics, it was hard to pinpoint her beliefs; one week she would embrace a side, and the next week she would denounce it. adjective بی ثبات unstable, instable, fickle, impermanent, slippery, shifting بی وفا unfaithful, disloyal, faithless, untrue, fickle, variable capricious

tortuous

adjective: marked by repeated turns and bends; not straightforward Because the logic behind McMahon's side of the debate was so tortuous, his audience came out either completely confused or, worse, feeling they'd been tricked. Tortuous means twisting or complicated. "James Bond drove his custom BMW 120 mph on the road that was tortuous in its twists and turns. He had to stop the evil madman's plan for world domination that was so tortuous even 007 could not understand it." adjective غیر مستقیم indirect, devious, oblique, tortuous, sinuous, backstairs پیچ وخم دار labyrinthine, tortuous, flexuous درشکن tortuous پیچاپیچ winding, convoluted, flexuous, meandrous, spiral, tortuous

banality

noun: a trite or obvious remark Herbert regarded the minister's remark as a mere banality until Sharon pointed out profound implications to the seemingly obvious words. A banality is a trite, boring, or overused remark. That includes clichés like "life is short" and your basic small talk about the weather. تکراری و خسته کننده کلیشه ای

aesthete

noun: one who professes great sensitivity to the beauty of art and nature A true aesthete, Marty would spend hours at the Guggenheim Museum, staring at the same Picasso. Someone who claims to be concerned only with matters of art and beauty is known as an aesthete. Depending on the way he goes about it, he might also be known as a snob. noun جمال پرست esthete, aesthete طرفدار صنایع زیبا

venality

noun: the condition of being susceptible to bribes or corruption Even some of the most sacred sporting events are not immune to venality, as many of the officials have received substantial bribes to make biased calls. Venality is the quality of being open to bribery or overly motivated by money. A government worker's venality might lead him to exchange state secrets for cash.خود فروشی ostentation, splurge, braggadocio, bribery, fanfaronade, venality زرپرستی venality رشوه گیری venality, bribery صفت ادم پولکی venality پول بگیری

pinnacle

noun: the highest point At its pinnacle, the Roman Empire extended across most of the landmass of Eurasia, a feat not paralleled to the rise of the British Empire in the 18th and 19th century. Going as far into the sky as you can go on foot, you'll reach the highest point, or pinnacle, of the Himalayas. A successful climb like that might also become the pinnacle, or peak, of your success. اوج

ingenuity

noun: the power of creative imagination Daedalus was famous for his ingenuity; he was able to fashion his son Icarus with a pair of wings, using wax to hold them together. Ingenuity is the ability to think creatively about a situation or to solve problems in a clever way. If you want to build a boat out of toothpicks and yarn, you'll need a lot of ingenuity. نبوغ genius, ingenuity قوه ابتکار

variance

noun: the quality of being different The cynic quipped, "There is not much variance in politicians; they all seem to lie". A change to the norm is called a variance. It suggests a difference or shifting away from the expected or usual, an example being snow in July, which is a variance in the weather of the United States, even in Minnesota. ناسازگاری مغایرت

quandary

noun: state of uncertainty or perplexity especially as requiring a choice between equally unfavorable options Steve certainly is in a quandary: if he doesn't call Elaine, she will blame him for everything, but if he does call her, the evidence of where he currently is could cost him his job مسئله problem, question, moot point, quandary حیرت perplexity, astonishment, wonder, amazement, surprise, quandary گیجی confusion, bewilderment, stupor, distraction, stun, quandary تحیر How to define the word quandary? Wow, this is quite a dilemma. What to do, what to do? Hmmm. Looks like this moment itself is a quandary: a tough situation that will be really hard to resolve. If you're uncertain what to do because all of your options seem unpleasant, you're probably in a quandary. Some voters find themselves in a quandary when they dislike all of the candidates. A more common quandary is when you plan two events at the same time and can't decide which one to attend. Some synonyms are predicament, dilemma, plight, and pickle — and choosing which word to use is a quandary in itself.

transmute

verb: change or alter in form, appearance, or nature One of the goals of alchemy was to find the substance or process that would transmute lead into gold. verb change in form, nature, or substance. the raw material of his experience was transmuted into stories synonyms: change, alter, adapt, transform, convert, metamorphose, morph, تبدیل کردن turn, convert, transform, transmute, change, commute کیمیاگری کردن transmute تغییر هیئت دادن transmute مسخ کردن

exacerbate

verb: make worse Her sleeplessness exacerbated her cold--when she woke up the next day, her sinuses were completely blocked. For a formal-sounding verb that means to make worse, try exacerbate. If you're in trouble, complaining about it will only exacerbate the problem. to make worse

approbatory

adjective: expressing praise or approval Although it might not be her best work, Hunter's new novel has received generally approbatory reviews. Synonyms: affirmative, approbative, approving, plausive favorable, favourable تایید کننده پذیرش شده تصویب شده

intrepid

adjective: fearless Captain Ahab was an intrepid captain whose reckless and fearless style ultimately lead to his downfall. fearless

imponderable

adjective: impossible to estimate or figure out According to many lawmakers, the huge variety of factors affecting society make devising an efficient healthcare system an imponderable task. Imponderable describes a situation that isn't able to be completely explained. "What is the meaning of life?" is one of those imponderable questions that defies humans' ability for understanding غیر قابل فکر غیر قابل پاسخ

hackneyed

adjective: lacking significance through having been overused Cheryl rolled her eyes when she heard the lecturer's hackneyed advice to "be true to yourself." verb مبتذل کردن hackney, stale, trivialize, vulgarize overused, cliched

furtive

adjective: marked by quiet and caution and secrecy; taking pains to avoid being observed While at work, George and his boss Regina felt the need to be as furtive as possible about their romantic relationship. If you're looking for a formal adjective to describe something sly or secret, sneak in furtive. Let's hope the teacher doesn't see your furtive attempts to pass notes in class! adjective دزدکی furtive, slinky, privy, stealthy, snoopy پنهان hidden, secret, latent, back-door, surreptitious, furtive رمزی coded, symbolic, secret, encoded, cryptic, furtive secret, stealthy

adamant

adjective: refusing to change one's mind Civil rights icon Rosa Parks will forever be remembered for adamantly refusing to give up her seat on a public bus--even after the bus driver insisted, she remained rooted in place. If you stubbornly refuse to change your mind about something, you are adamant about it. noun جسم جامد و سخت adamant adjective تزلزل ناپذیر imperturbable, adamant یک دنده dogged, obstinate, adamant

flux

noun: a state of uncertainty about what should be done (usually following some important event) Ever since Elvira resigned as the head of marketing, everything about our sales strategy has been in a state of flux. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study The noun flux describes something that constantly changes. If your likes, dislikes, attitudes, dreams, and even friends are changing all the time, you may be in flux. continuous change. دائم التغیر

iconoclastic

adjective: defying tradition or convention Jackson Pollock was an iconoclastic artist, totally breaking with tradition by splashing paint on a blank canvas. attacking cherished traditions The word iconoclastic is an adjective referring to a breaking of established rules or destruction of accepted beliefs. It might refer to an artist with an unorthodox style, or an iconoclastic attack, either physical or verbal, on a religious doctrine or image. attacking cherished traditions

amalgam

noun: a mixture of multiple things The band's music was an amalgam of hip-hop, flamenco and jazz, blending the three styles with surprising results. In science, when you mix a metal with mercury to soften it, you create an amalgam. Otherwise, an amalgam is simply a combination of two or more unlike things into one. a mixture of multiple things Mix composition a mixture of multiple things

bastardization

noun: an act that debases or corrupts The movie World War Z is a complete bastardization of the book with little more in common than zombies and a title. an act that debases or corrupts Synonyms: bastardisation Type of: debasement, degradation changing to a lower state (a less respected state) نامشروعی

bastardization

credence

noun: belief in something He placed no credence in psychics, claiming that they offered no special powers beyond the ability to make people part with their money. Credence means truthfulness, or believability. A video of a funnel cloud entering Central Park would give credence to rumors of a tornado in Manhattan. Generally, credence is given to an idea or topic by something else. You'll see it often coming after words like lend, give, and impart. When something is given credence, it is made more believable. But it can also be used like this: Mary talked a lot about the poltergeist in her house. To most, her story had little credence, but I like a good ghost story, and so, decided to believe. باور belief, faith, credence اعتماد confidence, trust, faith, reliance, belief, credence اعتقاد

paucity

adj,not enough of something. If you've got a paucity of good cheer, for example, you'd better cheer up noun اندک paucity, modicum, pinch, whit, drib, scantling قلت paucity, tenuity

impending

adjective: close in time; about to occur The impending doom of our world has been discussed and debated for 2000 years—maybe even longer. قریب الوقوع g If something is impending, it is about to happen. If you hear thunder in the distance, you might go inside to escape the impending storm. The word impending often refers to something threatening or frightening: impending doom, impending disaster. Something that is impending hangs over you — you might say, "I was so distracted by thoughts of my impending failure in my exams, I couldn't study." A synonym is imminent.

prolific

adjective: intellectually productive Schubert was the most prolific composer, producing hundreds of hours of music before he died at the age of 31. Someone or something that is prolific is fruitful or highly productive. A prolific songwriter can churn out five hit tunes before breakfast. productive

appreciable

adjective: large enough to be noticed (usu. refers to an amount) There is an appreciable difference between those who say they can get the job done and those who actually get the job done. Movie theater popcorn tastes much better than microwave popcorn. The difference between them is appreciable — that is, you notice it. محسوس tangible, sensible, perceptible, appreciable, phenomenal قابل تحسین admirable, appreciable قابل ارزیابی large or important enough to be noticed.

parochial

adjective: narrowly restricted in scope or outlook Jasmine was sad to admit it, but her fledgling relationship with Jacob did not work out because his culinary tastes were simply too parochial; "After all," she quipped on her blog, "he considered Chef Boyardee ethnic food." If an issue or a matter is parochial, it is trivial or only concerns a local area. Likewise, a person with a parochial mentality is narrow-minded, or not open to new ideas. محدود limited, finite, confined, narrow, bounded, parochial کوته نظر

cardinal

adjective: of primary importance; fundamental Most cultures consider gambling a cardinal sin and thus have outlawed its practice. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study A cardinal rule is one that is central and should not be broken. اصلی بنیادی اساسی

celerity

noun: speed, rapidity We aim to respond to customers' questions with celerity and accuracy, with no longer than a 24 hour wait time. While it looks a lot like celery, celerity means something that vegetables are not — fast moving. Gossip often travels with celerity, as do children trying to get to a big plate of cookies. When you see the word celerity, think accelerate, like a car when you step on the gas. Both words share the Latin root celer which means swift. You may want to study for exams with celerity, but using a slower, more methodical approach will often yield better results. تندی سرعت شتاب

misconstrue

verb: interpret in the wrong way The politician never trusted journalists because he thought that they would misconstrue his words and misrepresent his positions. interpret (something, especially a person's words or actions) wrongly. interpret (something, especially a person's words or actions) wrongly. interpret (something, especially a person's words or actions) wrongly تعبیر سو کردن برداشت غلط کردن

inundate

زیر سیل پوشاندنinundateسیل زده کردنinundateاز اب پوشانیدن inundateاشباع کردنsaturate, glut, imbue, imbibe, imbrue, inundateTo inundate means to quickly fill up or overwhelm, just like a flood. Your bathroom could be inundated with water if the pipes burst, and hopefully your inbox is inundated with nice emails on your birthday.

construe

verb: interpreted in a particular way The author's inability to take a side on the issue was construed by both his opponents and supporters as a sign of weakness. verb تفسیر کردن interpret, translate, expound, construe, explicate, gloss تعبیر کردن comment, construe, explain, phrase, put, read استنباط کردن infer, deduce, construe, divine, educe, elicit If you interpret something or make sense of it, you construe its meaning. If the new girl in your class asks to sit with you at lunch, you could construe that she wants to be friends. You can never have too many friends! to interpret

refute

verb: prove to be false or incorrect No one could refute his theories or propositions, and that is why he was esteemed by all his colleagues in the philosophy department. The verb refute is to prove that something is wrong. When the kids you're babysitting swear they brushed their teeth, you can refute their claim by presenting the dry toothbrushes. verb رد کردن reject, throw down, refuse, deny, decline, refute تکذیب کردن disprove, deny, impugn, rebut, refute اشتباه کسی را اثبات کردن refute

mesmerize

شیفته کردن اسیر کردن مجذوب کردن verb: to spellbind or enthrall The plot and the characters were so well developed that many viewers were mesmerized, unable to move their eyes from the screen for even a single second.

aboveboard

If something is aboveboard, it's done in a completely honest, straightforward way. When a company's business dealings are aboveboard, they act in an honorable, open manner

auspicious

Use the adjective auspicious for a favorable situation or set of conditions. If you start a marathon by falling flat on your face, that's not an auspicious start. bright, hopeful, adjective فرخنده auspicious, happy, jubilant, all right مبارک blessed, auspicious, happy,

fleece

A fleece is a sheep's coat. Or a goat's. Or a yak's. A person's coat can be called a fleece, too, if it comes from a sheep or goat or a yak or even if it just looks like it did.

quisling

A quisling is a traitor, especially one who collaborates with an enemy occupying force for personal gain.

Magoosh Video Lessons

noun: A resource available to students to help them study for the GRE. Learn more at http://gre.magoosh.com Chris did well on the GRE after learning from over 200 Magoosh video lessons.

artlessness

noun: the quality of innocence I, personally, found the artlessness of her speech charming. ingenuousness, innocence, naturalness سادگی بی ریایی

inanity

noun: total lack of meaning or ideas Bill's poem was nothing more than a list of impressive sounding words, so there was no point in trying to take meaning from the inanity. mindlessness, pointlessness, senselessness, vacuity پوچی absurdity, vanity, futility, frivolity, nullity, inanity کار بیهوده farce, inanity, fribble بی مغزی inanity بیهودگی frivolity, inanity, idleness, vanity, inaction, inefficacy بطالت vanity, idleness, idlesse, inanity

rebuke

verb: criticize severely or angrily; censure The police chief rebuked the two officers whose irresponsible decisions almost led to the deaths of seven innocent by-standers. سرزنش کردن عتاب کردن سرکوفت دادن

telling

"a telling smile"revealing, telltale,"a telling gesture",impressive effective, effectual, efficacious.فاش کردن. تشخیص دادن نقل کردن.

laconic

(describes a person, speech, or style of writing) using very few words While Martha always swooned over the hunky, laconic types in romantic comedies, her boyfriends inevitably were very talkative—and not very hunky.

factious

A factious group is one that breaks away, or wants to. It's often used in politics, where people separate into smaller like-minded groups. The Confederacy was factious — they wanted out of the Union, but we know how that turned out.

acrimony

Acrimony is bitterness, or ill will. Acrimony is a spiteful word. It sounds bitter, like acid. رنجش acrimony, resentment, pique, offense, annoyance, irritation تندی

Animosity

Animosity is hatred. If your (supposed) best buddy embarrasses you in front of a big crowd, your friendship could turn into animosity. دشمنی enmity, hatred, animosity, hate, ill will, repulsion خصومت hostility, animosity, antagonism, enmity, ill will, virulence عداوت

thoroughgoing

Anything thoroughgoing is comprehensive — it pays extremely careful attention to details. Your thoroughgoing research most likely involved endless hours of sifting through multiple sources.

choleric

Are you easy to tick off? Known to have a short fuse? Then, you could be described as choleric. Don't worry; it's not a disease related to cholera. Choleric just means you're testy and irritable.بد خلق grumpy, choleric, grouchy, ornery, cantankerous, dyspeptic سودایی مزاج choleric, bilious عصبانی

blinkered

As any horse-cab driver in downtown Cairo knows, a horse must be blinkered to navigate the streets, or else the traffic will cause it to shy. See also noun فلاشر blinker, winker چشم بند اسب blinder, blinker, winker چراغ راهنمای اتومبیل blinker

avarice

Avarice is a fancy word for good old-fashioned greed. It's one of what some call "the seven deadly sins." Do you want more and more money? Or cookies? Or video games? Or anything? Then your heart is full of avarice, which you probably know better as greed. When people talk about greed, it's clearly not a good thing, but avarice has an even worse flavor to it. Avarice is often looked upon as a sin, and it's always considered despicable and evil.حرص

cadaverous

Cadaverous means looking corpse-like, from being sick or too skinny, like an aging rock star or a Halloween ghoul. لاشه مانند cadaverous جسدوار cadaverous دارای رنگ پریده و مرده

censure

Censure is a noun referring to very strong criticism; the verb means to criticize very strongly. If you take your dad's car without telling him, you can expect him to censure you severely, and maybe even ground you as well.اد محکومیت انتق to express strong disapproval

chastise

Chastise is a fancy word for telling someone that something they did was really bad. If you pick your nose, your mom will probably yell at you. If you pick your nose in front of the Queen of England, your mom will chastise you. توبیخ کردن chastise تنبیه کردن to reprimand harshly

diabolical

Diabolical means "evil." This is a strong word. Too much math homework might seem unfair, but it probably isn't diabolical. شیطانی Satanic, sinister, diabolical, fiendish, diabolic, demoniac اهریمنی

disabuse

Disabuse means to free someone of a belief that is not true. Many teachers of health find that when they teach, they spend as much energy disabusing kids of false beliefs as they do giving them the facts. از حقیقت اگاه کردن disabuse از اشتباه دراوردن

exhort

French roots for the word exhort mean "thoroughly encourage," so to exhort is to fill up with encouragement! "When he heard the crowd exhort him with stomping and cheers, he knew that he could finish the marathon." تشویق و ترغیب کردن

bilious

If an unpleasant meal has left you feeling grumpy and looking green, you're bilious in several senses of the word. This adjective can mean both "troubled by indigestion" and "irritable," and it can also be used to suggest a sickly green shade.

sartorial

If it's the day before a big event and you have no idea what to wear and nothing in your closet is going to cut it, you are facing a sartorial dilemma — one that pertains to clothing, fashion, or dressing.

mettlesome

If you're spirited and brave, you're mettlesome. It takes a mettlesome person to hike the Appalachian Trail all alone.

demur

If your mother asks you to clean your room and you refuse, you demur. And if your friend invites you to the Death Metal Forever concert but you hesitate, you demur. Whether you object, politely disagree, or hesitate, you demur. verb: to object or show reluctance Wallace disliked the cold, so he demurred when his friends suggested they go skiing in the Alps. the action or process of objecting to or hesitating over something. درنگ کردن نشان دادن اعتراض یا اکراه

invective

Invective is harsh, language, like, "you dirty rotten scoundrel." I'm sure you can think of harsher and more obscene examples, but we won't get into them here. زبان پر توپ و تشر

diatribe

It's pretty overwhelming when you ask your friend a seemingly innocuous question, like "Do you like hot dogs?" and she unleashes a diatribe about the evils of eating meat. A diatribe is an angry, critical speech. زخم زبان diatribe, rebuke, nip, brickbat, rap سخن سخت diatribe انتقاد تلخ This noun has its roots in the Greek diatribē, "pastime or lecture," from diatrībein, "to waste time or wear away," combining dia-, "thoroughly," and trībein, "to rub." So the origin of the word diatribe is connected to both serious study and the spending or wasting of time. With most diatribes, the speaker thinks he's well informed and knows something the listener doesn't, while to most listeners the diatribe is so angry and unhinged that it's just a waste of time.

saturnine

Medieval alchemists ascribed to the planet Saturn a gloomy and slow character. When people are called saturnine, it means they are like the planet--gloomy, mean, scowling. Not exactly the life of the party.عبوس sullen, stern, grim, morose, sulky, saturnine افسرده

telltale

Something that's telltale accidentally relays important information. A wise parent can tell who ate the last of the birthday cake by the telltale chocolate smudges on the culprit's face. a person, especially a child, who reports others' wrongdoings or reveals their secrets.

checkered

The author who sells a million copies of her first book, four of the second, wins a prize for the third and dies at the ceremony has had a checkered career: it's got bright spots and dark ones, like a checkerboard. adjective شطرنجی checkered, plaid, checked, chequered پیچازی chequered دارای تحولات chequered

base

The base of something is usually the foundation, starting point, or main ingredient of something. A soup base is the flavoring or broth you use to get your soup started.

mulct

The meaning of mulct is as nasty as it sounds; it means to fine someone or the money you collect as a result of a fine. No one wants to pay an extra mulct to the city, when it's the city who mismanaged the budget.غرامت

catholic

When capitalized, Catholic refers to the Catholic Church. With a lower-case "c," catholic means "universal" and "inclusive." If you listen to anything from hip-hop to Baroque, you have catholic taste in music.

aberration

aberration noun: a deviation from what is normal or expected Aberrations in climate have become the norm: rarely a week goes by without some meteorological phenomenon making headlines. An aberration is something strange that rarely occurs. An example of an aberration is when the temperature hits 90 degrees in January — it's nice and warm, but it's really strange. نحراف deviation, deflection, departure, aberration, perversion, deviance گمراهی

stringent

morose

adjective: ill-tempered and not inclined to talk; gloomy After Stanley found out he was no longer able to go on vacation with his friends, he sat in his room morosely. A morose person is sullen, gloomy, sad, glum, and depressed — not a happy camper. عبوس

propitious

adjective: presenting favorable circumstances; likely to result in or show signs of success The child's heartbeat is still weak, but I am seeing many propitious signs and I think that she may be healing. adjective مساعد favorable, conducive, friendly, propitious, auspicious, fortunate مناسب suitable, appropriate, proper, convenient, adequate, propitious خوش یمن lucky, propitious خیر خواه gracious, propitious, well-wishing When the timing of something is propitious, it's likely to turn out well. A propitious time for taking a big test is when you've studied hard and had a good night's sleep.

candid

adjective: straightforward and honest Even with a perfect stranger, Charles was always candid and would rarely hold anything back. بی ریا بی پرده

myriad

noun: a large indefinite number There are a myriad of internet sites hawking pills that claim to boost energy for hours on end. adjective بی شمار numerous, countless, myriad, innumerable, multitudinous, uncounted If you've got myriad problems it doesn't mean you should call a myriad exterminator, it means you've got countless problems; loads of them; too many to count. Welcome to the club.

galvanize

simulate(muscels) by administering a shock

provincial

adjective: characteristic of a limited perspective; not fashionable or sophisticated Maggie's enthusiasm about her high school teams seemed provincial to her college classmates, all of whom were following a nationally ranked college team. A provincial person comes from the backwaters. Someone from a small province outside of Provence, France, might seem a little more provincial and less worldly than someone from, say, Paris. lacking sophistication, narrow-minded adjective کوتاه نظر narrow-minded کوته فکر narrow, illiberal, dogmatic, provincial, low-minded, narrow-minded بدون سعه نظر narrow-minded دهاتی Doric, rustic, boorish, narrow-minded

belligerent

adjective: characteristic of one eager to fight Tom said that he was arguing the matter purely for philosophical reasons, but his belligerent tone indicated an underlying anger about the issue. If someone is belligerent, they're eager to fight. It's a good idea to avoid hardcore hockey fans after their team loses — they tend to be belligerent. adjective متخاصم hostile, belligerent, antagonistic, adversary جنگجو combatant, belligerent, combative, bellicose, pugnacious, martial متحارب waging war, belligerent noun داخل در جنگ belligerent

egregious

standing out in a negative way; shockingly bad Something that is egregious stands out, but not in a good way — it means "really bad or offensive." If you make an egregious error during a championship soccer match, your coach might bench you for the rest of the game. فاحش egregious, tremendous, inordinate, exorbitant انگشت نما conspicuous, egregious, flagrant نمایان

economical

adjective: avoiding waste, efficient Journalists favor an economical style of writing, in which no unnecessary words are used and every sentence is as short as possible. Someone who is economical avoids wasting things, like money or food. So if someone sees you wrapping up a bite of food that could be part of tomorrow's lunch, don't let him call you "cheap." Tell him you are economical. adjective مقرون بصرفه economical

chortle

A chortle is a joyful, partly muffled laugh. If you have a toddler, you will recognize the sound of a delighted chortle, sort of louder and a bit more raucous than a giggle. verb: to chuckle, laugh merrily, often in a breathy, muffled way Walking into the cafe, I could hear happy, chortling people and smell the rich aroma of roasted coffee beans. صدای خرخر کردن chortle سرود وتسبیح خواندن chortle صدای خرناس کردن chortle خندیدن laugh, chuckle, laugh at, titter, giggle, chortle خنده کردن

parvenu

A parvenu is an upstart, somebody who's suddenly rich but doesn't fit into his new social status. If you're a parvenu, people might also describe you as "nouveau-riche" or an "arriviste." Maybe it's not quite so insulting in French.

thrifty

Being thrifty means being careful of your money and how you spend it. Think twice before you spend, but if you must shop, hitting the sales and using coupons are good ways to be thrifty.مقتصد

parochial

If an issue or a matter is parochial, it is trivial or only concerns a local area. Likewise, a person with a parochial mentality is narrow-minded, or not open to new ideas.

upbraid

No, upbraid isn't what girls get done at a salon before prom. When you upbraid people, you scold them, tell them off, and criticize them. (You could, however, upbraid your stylist after a bad haircut.)find fault with (someone); scold.

ingenuous

conciliate

The verb conciliate means to placate, appease, or pacify. If you are eating at a restaurant and the waiter accidentally spills a drink on you, the manager may try to conciliate you by picking up the tab for your meal. ساکت کردن silence, pacify, appease, soothe, quiet, conciliate ارام کردن

contention

There is nothing "content," or satisfying, about being in contention, and that's probably because the word contention means being in a competition that ends with one side, usually the winning one, being content.مشاجره contention, dispute, argument, controversy, scuffle, contest مجادله

vituperation

Vituperation is a noun that refers to critical, abusive language. It's always a messy scene when a political debate slips into vituperation. bitter and abusive language.

schadenfreude

When another person's bad luck secretly makes you feel good, that's Schadenfreude. Your brother's rejection from a college that also rejected you might give you a twinge of Schadenfreude. If you're fired from your difficult job, no one can blame you for a bit of Schadenfreude as you watch your replacement struggle with your old tasks. This German word perfectly captures that satisfied feeling everyone gets at times when someone else runs into misfortune. In German, Schadenfreude literally means "damage-joy," and it's always spelled with a capital S. The word came into English use in the 1920's, and you can spell it with a small s if you prefer.

reprobate

a person without moral scruples.There's no way around it, a reprobate is a bad egg. The black sheep of the family, missing a moral compass — a reprobate's been called everything from a deviant to an evildoer to a scoundrel.

derelict

adjective: (of a person) not doing one's duties The teacher was derelict in her duties because she hadn't graded a single student paper in three weeks. noun: (of a building) abandoned At one time the waterfront factories were busy and productive, but now they stand derelict and will be torn down. If something has been abandoned, you can call it derelict. Even if a person has abandoned his responsibilities, you can say that he is derelict in his duties. But don't call a lost child derelict — unless, of course, he has neglected his chores. As an adjective, derelict describes something that is rundown, neglected, or in deplorable condition, but the word can also mean "negligent in duty." The politician was so busy using his office for personal gain that he was derelict in his duty to the people who voted for him; he hadn't been present at a vote in months. As a noun, a derelict means a homeless person. *** متروکه ترک شده *** شخص سهل انگار سهل انگار ادم فقیر وبی سرپناه

Mercurial

adjective: (of a person) prone to unexpected and unpredictable changes in mood The fact that Ella's moods were as mercurial as the weather was problematic for her relationships—it didn't help that she lived in Chicago. Mercurial describes someone whose mood or behavior is changeable and unpredictable, or someone who is clever, lively, and quick. With a mercurial teacher, you never know where you stand. تند spicy, steep, fast, sharp, harsh, mercurial چالاک غیرقابل پیش بینی مودی

unruly

adjective: (of persons) noisy and lacking in restraint or discipline; unwilling to submit to authority Walk in to any preschool and I am sure that you will find an unruly and chaotic scene—unless it's nap time. adjective متمرد wayward, unruly, rebellious, disobedient, fractious, intractable یاغی lawless, unruly, turbulent, mutinous, froward, contumacious متلاطم jumpy, flustered, unruly, tempestuous, stormy, agitated disorderly and disruptive and not amenable to discipline or control. complaints about unruly behavior

serene

adjective: calm and peaceful I'd never seen him so serene; usually, he was a knot of stress and anxiety from hours of trading on the stock exchange. Choose the adjective serene to describe someone who is calm and untroubled. If you tell someone horrible news and they remain serene, you might wonder if they heard you! Related to the Latin word serenus "peaceful, calm, clear," serene was originally used in English, as in Latin, to describe calm weather. By the mid 1600s, however, it was used figuratively to describe a calm, untroubled person as well. Though people show their emotions pretty openly today, Victorian novels are full of characters who remain serene no matter how terrible the news. adjective بی سر و صدا serene, slumbrous, slumberous, slumbery متین placid, sedate, sober, serene, steady, firm ساکت quiet, silent, mute, soothed, calm, serene صاف smooth, clear, flat, plain, slick, serene ارام quiet, calm, peaceful, placid, gentle, serene

malleable

adjective: capable of being shaped or bent or drawn out The clay became malleable and easy to work with after a little water was added. adjective: easily influenced My little brother is so malleable that I can convince him to sneak cookies from the cupboard for me. A malleable personality is capable of being changed or trained, and a malleable metal is able to be pounded or pressed into various shapes. It's easier to learn when you're young and malleable. Similarly, there are ductile metals that can be hammered out into wire or thread; gold, silver, and platinum are examples. The adjective malleable dates back to Middle English, from Old French, from Medieval Latin malleābilis, from malleāre "to hammer," from Latin malleus "a hammer." نرم و قابل انعطاف malleable چکش خور

maladroit

adjective: clumsy As a child she was quite maladroit, but as an adult, she has become an adept dancer. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study clumsy ناآزموده دست و پا چلفتی If you are clumsy, you are maladroit. But the word can mean all kinds of clumsy. Trip over your words? You are verbally maladroit. Stumble in social situations? You're socially maladroit.

humdrum

adjective: dull and lacking excitement Having grown up in a humdrum suburb, Jacob relished life in New York City after moving. That class on 18th century feminist zoologists and their favorite poets? Surprisingly humdrum, or dull, tedious, and totally boring. Anything that you can call humdrum is so severely lacking in variety and excitement that it's sure to make you hum and drum your fingers out of boredom. Humdrum is an adjective to describe the unglamorous monotony of everyday routines. It's the same old thing, again and again, over and over. Humdrum can also mean predictable, mind-numbing and not very challenging — hopefully the complete opposite of your social life. adjective یک نواختی humdrum, stereotypy مبتذل vulgar, banal, trite, trivial, stale, humdrum noun ملالت boredom, ennui, humdrum, tedium, gloom adjective lacking excitement or variety; dull; monotonous.

dictatorial

adjective: expecting unquestioning obedience; characteristic of an absolute ruler The coach was dictatorial in his approach: no players could ever argue or question his approach. مربوط به دیکتاتور dictatorial

unprecedented

adjective: having never been done or known before; novel When America first created its national parks, the idea of setting aside the most beautiful land in a country was unprecedented in the history of mankind. adjective بی سابقه unprecedented, unheard, unexampled بی نظیر unique, inimitable, unparalleled, unrivaled, unbeatable, unprecedented بی مانند unique, unparalleled, unprecedented, inimitable, incomparable, inapproachable جدید

erudite

adjective: having or showing profound knowledge Before the Internet, the library was typically where you would find erudite readers. adjective having or showing great knowledge or learning. If you call someone erudite, that means they show great learning. After you've earned your second Ph.D., you will be truly erudite. متبحر دانشمندانه فاضل

impregnable

adjective: immune to attack; incapable of being tampered with As a child, Amy would build pillow castles and pretend they were impregnable fortresses When something is impregnable it is not easily taken by force and can stand up to any attack. We usually use it in reference to some form of protection, like a fort or a solid defensive line in football. The genealogy of the adjective impregnable includes the Middle French word prenable, meaning "vulnerable, easily conquered," which itself came from the verb prendre, which meant "to take." The addition of the negative prefix im- flipped the meaning. Impregnable can be used to describe anything that cannot be entered or successfully attacked. Seventeenth-century theater critic Jeremy Collier once said, "True courage is a result of reasoning. A brave mind is always impregnable." آسیب ناپذیر

irrevocable

adjective: incapable of being retracted or revoked Once you enter your plea to the court, it is irrevocable so think carefully about what you will say. Translate irrevocable 11/5000 ˌiˈrevəkəbəl غیرقابل برگشت Suggest an edit Definitions of irrevocable adjective not able to be changed, reversed, or recovered; final. adjective غیر قابل فسخ irrevocable قطعی decisive, definite, definitive, certain, final, irrevocable لازم necessary, incumbent, needful, intransitive, obligatory, irrevocable

apathetic

adjective: marked by a lack of interest Apathetic is an adjective that describes the feeling of being bored with what's going on around you. If you don't care one way or another, you're apathetic. بی تفاوت apathetic, incurious, apathetical بی احساس apathetic, apathetical, impercipient, thick-skinned بی روح

punctilious

adjective: marked by precise accordance with details The colonel was so punctilious about enforcing regulations that men feel compelled to polish even the soles of their shoes. punctilious A punctilious person pays attention to details. Are you always precisely on time? Is your room perfectly neat? Do you never forget a birthday or a library book's due date? Then you are one of the punctilious people. The adjective punctilious, pronounced "punk-TIL-ee-us," is related to the Italian word puntiglio, meaning "fine point." For someone who is punctilious no point is too fine, no detail too small, to be overlooked. The word is often used to describe people, but it can be used more broadly to apply to observations, behavior, or anything else that is characterized by close attention to detail. ادم های ژاپنی مثال بارز هستن ادم قانون مدار ومبادی اداب نکته سنج punctilious دقیق precise, accurate, exact, detailed, careful, punctilious بسیار مبادی اداب punctilious

frugal

adjective: not spending much money (but spending wisely) Monte was no miser, but was simply frugal, wisely spending the little that he earned. مقتصد با صرفه

moot

adjective: open to argument or debate; undecidable in a meaningless or irrelevant way Since the Board just terminated Steve as the CEO, what the finance committee might have thought of his proposed marketing plan for next year is now a moot point. When a point is moot, it's too trivial to think about. If your basketball team loses by 40 points, the bad call by the official in the first quarter is moot: it isn't important. Though moot can mean to debate endlessly without any clear decision or to think about something carefully, it most often describes ideas and arguments that don't really matter. If your plane is crashing, whether or not your socks match is a moot point. When someone accuses you of making a moot point, he's basically saying, "Come on! Let's talk about what's important." As with so many things, people don't always agree on what's moot and what's not. نقطه بحث برانگیز نقطه ابهام نقط عطف

maudlin

adjective: overly emotional and sad Just as those who were alive during the 70's are mortified that they once cavorted about in bellbottoms, many who lived during the 80's are now aghast at the maudlin pop songs they used to enjoy—really, just what exactly is a total eclipse of the heart? You can use maudlin to describe something that brings tears to your eyes, or makes you feel very emotional. Tearjerkers like "Forrest Gump" and "Titanic" can be described as maudlin. Maudlin was a form of the name Mary Magdalene, a character from the Bible represented in paintings as a weeping sinner asking forgiveness from Jesus. Maudlin is often paired with sentimental, or even schlocky, to describe cry-fests, as in "I can't watch another second of that overly-sentimental, maudlin soap opera. Turn that schlock off." غمناک و اشک اور adjective ضعیف وخیلی احساساتی maudlin

austere

adjective: practicing self-denial His lifestyle of revelry and luxurious excess could hardly be called austere. adjective: unadorned in style or appearance Late Soviet architecture, although remaining largely austere, moved into experimental territory that employed previously unused shapes and structures. adjective: harsh in manner of temperament The principal of my elementary school was a cold, austere woman; I could never understand why she chose to work with children. ریاضت کش ساده و رک در ظاهر و سبک سخت گیر severe or stern in appearance; undecorated Austere is not usually a positive word because it means that a person or a thing isn't pleasurable. For example, if you go on an austere diet, it's likely you wouldn't ever get to have candy. The adjective comes into English by way of French, Latin, and Greek, meaning "harsh" and "dry." It's pronounced as "ah-STEER," with an emphasis on the second syllable.

factious

adjective: produced by, or characterized by internal dissension The controversial bill proved factious, as dissension even within parties resulted A factious group is one that breaks away, or wants to. It's often used in politics, where people separate into smaller like-minded groups. The Confederacy was factious — they wanted out of the Union, but we know how that turned out. The word factious looks a lot like its cousin faction, which is a small, sometimes rebellious group. Factious, then, is easy to remember, as the adjectival form of the noun faction. To be factious is to act like a faction. Among bakers, almost all agree that you have to be precise when measuring ingredients. The Brooklyn Faction, though, disagrees. This factious bunch never uses measuring cups or spoons and has called for them to be abolished. noun فرقه نفاق و حذب sect, faction, party, addiction adjective نفاق افکن disruptive, factious

protean

adjective: readily taking on different roles; versatile Peter Sellers was truly a protean actor—in Doctor Strangelove he played three very different roles: a jingoist general, a sedate President and a deranged scientist. When Picasso is described as a protean genius, it means that not only was he brilliant, but he changed the way he worked many times. Protean means able to change shape. Proteus was a Greek god who could tell the future, but when he was asked a question he didn't want to answer, he would change shapes. With someone or something protean, you get all the power of shape-shifting, plus some of the menace of a god you cannot control. adjective گوناگون diverse, various, multiple, varied, miscellaneous, protean شکل پذیر protean, shapeable متلون mercurial, erratic, fickle, freakish, instable, protean هزار چهره

sartorial

adjective: related to fashion or clothes Monte was astute at navigating the world of finance; sartorially, however, he was found wanting—he typically would attempt to complement his beige tie with a gray suit and white pants. If it's the day before a big event and you have no idea what to wear and nothing in your closet is going to cut it, you are facing a sartorial dilemma — one that pertains to clothing, fashion, or dressing. Sartorial comes from the Modern Latin word sartor which means "tailor," literally "one who patches and mends." In English the adjectives sartorial and sartorially are used to refer to any matter pertaining to the consideration of clothing or fashion. The root word sartor has also made its way into the field of biology. The sartorius — a muscle in the leg and the longest muscle in the human body — gets its name because it is used when crossing the legs, also known as the "tailor's position." adjective مربوط به خیاطی sartorial مربوط بلباس مردانه sartorial

apposite

adjective: remarkably appropriate For a writer with such quick wit, Jonathan Swift has a rather apposite name.

aphoristic

adjective: something that is concise and instructive of a general truth or principle Sometimes I can't stand Nathan because he tries to impress everyone by being aphoristic, but he just states the obvious. adjective وابسته به موجزنویسی یا پندنویسی aphoristic

thrifty

adjective: spending money wisely He was economical, spending his money thriftily and on items considered essential مقتصد Being thrifty means being careful of your money and how you spend it. Think twice before you spend, but if you must shop, hitting the sales and using coupons are good ways to be thrifty.

egregious

adjective: standing out in a negative way; shockingly bad"really bad or offensive." If you make an egregious error during a championship soccer match, your coach might bench you for the rest of the game.فاحش egregious, tremendous, inordinate, exorbitant انگشت نما conspicuous, egregious, flagrant نمایان visible, ostensible, seeming, dominant, egregious برجسته outstanding, prominent, leading, distinguished, eminent, egregious بزرگ

extant

adjective: still in existence (usually refers to documents). Despite many bookstores closing, experts predict that some form of book dealing will still be extant generations from now. to describe old things that are still around, like your extant diary from third grade or the only extant piece of pottery from certain craftspeople who lived hundreds of years ago.موجود available, existing, stock, existent, present, extant باقی مانده

unstinting

adjective: very generous Helen is unstinting with her time, often spending hours at the house of a sick friend. given or giving without restraint; unsparing. he was unstinting in his praise synonyms: ungrudging, unsparing, free, ready, benevolent, big-hearted, kind-hearted, lavish, munificent, overgenerous, too-generous, unsparing, unstinted بسیار بخشنده و خوش قلب

quixotic

adjective: wildly idealistic; impractical For every thousand startups with quixotic plans to be the next big name in e-commerce, only a handful ever become profitable. Use quixotic for someone or something that is romantic and unrealistic, or possessed by almost impossible hopes. Your quixotic task is easy to understand, if difficult to achieve: establish world peace. adjective وابسته به دان کیشوت Quixotic ارمان گرای Quixotic

erratic

adjectve, describes things that are unpredictable, unusual, and that deviate from the norm. An erratic quarterback might completely confuse his receivers waiting for a pass.نامنظم erratic, disordered دمدمی مزاج

amorphous

amorphous adjective: shapeless His study plan for the GRE was at best amorphous; he would do questions from random pages in any one of seven test prep books. In a scientific sense amorphous means lacking a crystalline structure, something without solid form. In a broader sense, the word describes anything that lacks a distinct shape or organizing theme, be it a work of art, a political movement, or even someone's direction in life بی نظم disordered, chaotic, amorphous, tumultuous بی شکل

egotist

noun: a conceited and self-centered person An egotist, Natasha had few friends because of her inability to talk about anything except her dream of becoming the next American Idol. An egotist is an extremely self-absorbed, bragging person. If you share some bad news with an egotist, he'll be most concerned with how it affects him. Egotists believe that the world revolves around them — when an egotist reads the newspaper, the stories that concern her most are the ones that involve her own interests. You might have a hint that a new acquaintance is an egotist if he uses the word I constantly during your conversations. Egotist was first used in the 1700s, and it initially meant specifically "talking too much about one's self," from the Latin ego, or "I." خود پرست a person who is excessively conceited or self-absorbed; self-seeker. خودشیفته egoist خودخواه

melancholy

noun: a deep, long-lasting sadness Hamlet is a figure of tremendous melancholy: he doesn't have a truly cheerful scene throughout the entire play. Melancholy is beyond sad: as a noun or an adjective, it's a word for the gloomiest of spirits. Being melancholy means that you're overcome in sorrow, wrapped up in sorrowful thoughts. The word started off as a noun for deep sadness, from a rather disgusting source. Back in medieval times, people thought that secretions of the body called "humors" determined their feelings, so a depressed person was thought to have too much of the humor known as melancholy — literally "black bile" secreted from the spleen. Fortunately, we no longer think we're ruled by our spleens, and that black bile has been replaced by another color of sorrow: the "blues." noun سودا soda, soda, melancholy, soda water, trade, bargain مالیخولیا melancholy, melancholia, hypochondria, hyp, hypo سودا زدگی melancholy

canard

noun: a deliberately misleading fabrication The public will always be fooled by the media's canards. During a political campaign, you will often hear on TV commercials some canard about the opponent. This is a false, deluding statement designed to confuse the voters, as it presents the other candidate in a bad light by spreading an untruth. The Old French word quanart, "duck," morphed into canard, as in "vendre un canard à moitié," which refers to "half-selling" a duck, or cheating someone, and the word came to mean something meant to fool someone deliberately. Poet James Whitcomb Riley said, "When I see a bird that walks like a duck and swims like a duck and quacks like a duck, I call that bird a duck." Not always the case with canard. خبر دروغ ساختگی شایعات

mendicant

noun: a pauper who lives by begging Tolstoy was an aristocrat, but he strove to understand the Christianity of the Russian peasants by wandering among them as a mendicant. People who live off begging can be called mendicants. However, you probably wouldn't call your kids mendicants, even though they beg you for stuff, because the word mendicant also implies extreme poverty. The noun mendicant can also refer to a man belonging to a religious order, such as the Franciscan Friars — who do not own personal property but live together in a monastery and survive off alms donated by others. As an adjective, mendicant describes someone who lives such an existence. noun a beggar. I thought of Dorothy Wordsworth who coined the phrase, 'the rant and cant of the staled beggar', as she complained of the mendicants she encountered in England's beautiful Lake District. سائل درویش گدا

perquisite

enmity

noun: a state of deep-seated ill-will The rude remark Charles made toward Sarah yesterday was due to his illness, not due to any real enmity toward Sarah. Enmity means intense hostility. If you're a football fanatic, you feel enmity for your opposing team. Enmity comes from the same Latin root as enemy, and means the state of being an enemy. If you have always hated someone, you have a history of enmity with that person. Enmity is stronger than antagonism or animosity, which imply competitive feeling but don't go all the way to enemy status. Hopefully you are a peacemaker and don't experience too much enmity in your life. خصومت hostility, animosity, antagonism, enmity, ill will, virulence عداوت

recapitulation

noun: a summary (think of recap) Every point of the professors lesson was so clear that the students felt his concluding recapitulation was not necessary. خلاصه نت برداری A recapitulation is a short summary. At the end of an hour-long speech, you should probably give a recapitulation if you want your audience to remember anything you've just said. A recapitulation, or "recap," is a summary, review, or restatement. The purpose of a recapitulation is to remind your reader or audience of your main points. There's no new information in a recapitulation, just the same information in a smaller, more condensed form. The prefix re- is a signal that a recapitulation involves repeating something.

dilettante

aplomb

noun: great coolness and composure under strain Nancy acted with aplomb during dangerous situations--she once calmly climbed up an oak tree to save a cat. noun self-confidence or assurance, especially when in a demanding situation. Diana passed the test with aplomb آرامش تحت فشار راست و استوار اعتماد به نفس

cupidity

noun: greed for money Some people believe that amassing as much wealth as possible is the meaning to life—yet they often realize that cupidity brings anything but happiness. noun طمع greed, covetousness, avarice, cupidity, avidity حرص واز برای بدست اوردن مال cupidity

spendthrift

noun: one who spends money extravagantly Taking weekly trips to Vegas, Megan was a spendthrift whose excesses eventually caught up to her. A spendthrift person is reckless and wasteful with his money. If you're a spendthrift, you might find yourself in debt. However, it might be fun to have a spendthrift friend who likes to treat you to expensive lunches and lavish gifts. آدم ولخرج

subterfuge

noun: something intended to misrepresent the true nature of an activity Finally deciding to abandon all subterfuge, Arthur revealed to Cindy everything about his secret affair over the past two years. noun deceit used in order to achieve one's goal. Jonson's plays challenged the audience to examine the impact of a society governed by deceit and subterfuge . synonyms: trickery, intrigue, deviousness, deceit, deception, dishonesty, cheating, duplicity If you want to surprise your mom with a sweatshirt, but don't know her size, it might take an act of subterfuge, like going through her closet, to find it out. Subterfuge is the use of tricky actions to hide or get something. It's pronounced "SUB-ter-fyooj." As a countable noun, a subterfuge is a tricky action or device: She employed a very clever subterfuge to get the information she needed. Subterfuge is from French, from Old French suterfuge, from Late Latin subterfugium, from Latin subterfugere "to escape," from subter "secretly, under" plus fugere "to flee." طفره حقه تدبیر حیله زرنگ بازی گریز

acme

noun: the highest point of achievement The new Cessna airplanes will be the acme of comfort, offering reclining seats and ample legroom. the point at which someone or something is best, perfect, or most successful. اوج نقطه

galvanize

shock or excite (someone), typically into taking action.The verb galvanize refers to stimulating muscles with an electrical current, and this word is also used to suggest stimulating someone into action. We advise not using electricity in galvanizing children to do their homework.

demur

to object or show reluctance If your mother asks you to clean your room and you refuse, you demur. And if your friend invites you to the Death Metal Forever concert but you hesitate, you demur. Whether you object, politely disagree, or hesitate, you demur. to object the action or process of objecting to or hesitating over something.

gerrymander

verb: to manipulate voting districts in order to favor a particular political party Years ago, savvy politicians had gerrymandered the city center to ensure their re-election. دستکاری در ارای انتخابات به نفع یک حزی verb بطور غیر عادلانه تقسیم کردن gerrymander Some politicians change the boundaries of their voting districts in order to benefit themselves or their political party. To manipulate the boundaries like this — often viewed as unfair — is to gerrymander. The verb gerrymander first appeared in 1812 when Massachusetts governor Elbridge Gerry redrew district boundaries, hoping it would help his party in an upcoming senate election. Then somebody noticed that the new district looked like a salamander, so they combined Gerry and -mander to create the new word gerrymander. And then a newspaper printed a cartoon with a giant salamander making fun of Gerry, which is what happens to politicians who don't behave.

dog

verb: to pursue relentlessly; to hound Throughout his life, he was dogged by insecurities that inhibited personal growth. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study بی وقفه دنبال کردن

deride

verb: treat or speak of with contempt The nun derided the students for trying to sneak insects and worms into the classroom. The verb deride means to show a low opinion of someone or something. The jerk would deride the other kids on the bus by calling them names or pulling their hair until the driver decided to de-ride him by kicking him off the bus. To "ride" people is to get on their case or give them a hard time, and to deride is to do the same with insulting language or poor treatment. Deride comes from the Latin root dērīdēre, meaning "to ridicule, to scorn," and it's often used to express dislike or even hatred. Criticizing something with words is a common way to deride, and politicians often deride each other in their speeches during election campaigns. verb استهزاء کردن jest, deride, flout, scorn, sneer, fleer تمسخر کردن scoff, deride, fleer, jest, ridicule بکسی خندیدن deride

vociferous

vociferous adjective: conspicuously and offensively loud; given to vehement outcry In giving Marcia a particular vociferous response, Paul caused people at every other table in the restaurant to turn around and look at them angrily. Vociferous describes loudmouths, such as the vociferous mob at the soccer game. adjective پر سر و صدا noisy, piercing, tumultuous, deafening, loud, vociferous بلند vociferous response Vociferous is from the Latin vociferari meaning "to shout, yell." If you break it down to the first part, take vox meaning "voice" and add it to ferre meaning "to carry," then vociferous describes voices that carry; you can hear a vociferous person from across the room at a dance party. Vociferous isn't just loud, but annoying, too, like when the vociferous fans of the opposing team chant insults in unison. Try yanking a cookie out of a little kid's hand if you want to hear a vociferous reaction.

anomalous

غیر عادی unusual, abnormal, uncommon, eccentric, eccentric, anomalous بی شباهت Something that deviates from the norm is anomalous. Something anomalous can be good, such as an exciting new direction in music or art. But that anomalously low score on your math test? Not so good

antithetical

adjective: sharply contrasted in character or purpose His deep emotional involvement with these ideas is, in fact, antithetical to the detachment Buddhism preaches. adjective متضاد antithetical, polar, antithetic پادگذارهای antithetic, antithetical دارای ضد و نقیض antithetic, antithetical

diabolical

adjective: to be extremely wicked like the devil The conspirators, willing to dispatch anyone who stood in their way, hatched a diabolical plan to take over the city. شیطانی اهریمنی Diabolical means "evil." This is a strong word. Too much math homework might seem unfair, but it probably isn't diabolical.

artless

adjective: without cunning or deceit Despite the president's seemingly artless speeches, he was a skilled and ruthless negotiator. adjective بی هنر artless, inartistic ساده لوح naive, unsophisticated, artless, dewy-eyed, simple-hearted ساده دل naive, unsophisticated, artless, onefold, dewy-eyed, simple-hearted ساده simple, easy, plain, naive, modest, artless بی صنعت artless بی تزویر guileless, artless, candid, simple, single-minded ساده ضمیر

autonomously

adverb: Acting independently; self-governing (of a country) Many of the factory workers are worried about being replaced by machines and computers that will work completely autonomously. Autonomous describes things that function separately or independently. Once you move out of your parents' house and get your own job, you will be an autonomous member of the family. بصورت خودگردان مستقل

brusquely

adverb: in a blunt, direct manner Not one for social pleasantries, the Chief of Staff would brusquely ask his subordinates for anything he wanted, even coffee. When something is done brusquely it is done in a flat out, no-nonsense or crude manner. If you try to talk a teacher into changing your grade from a "C" to an "A," your request will probably be dismissed brusquely. Brusquely often signifies rudeness; it implies that the action is a little too blunt, direct, or curt. This adverb is basically the opposite of tactfully or gently. A political candidate might brusquely reject the position of his or her opponent, or a baseball coach might brusquely challenge an umpire's call. بی نزاکت به دور از آداب معاشرت گستاخ

magoosh blog

noun: A place to find valuable information including study schedules and GRE tips. Learn more at

mollify

verb نرم کردن soften, loosen, fluff, pulverize, mollify, intenerate فرو نشاندن quench, quell, suppress, tranquilize, curb, mollify تسکین دادن soothe, mitigate, propitiate, pacify, quell, mollify خواباندن pacify, appease, put to sleep, lull to sleep, suppress, mollify ارام کردن calm, assuage, conciliate, appease, soothe, mollify

imbroglio

An imbroglio is a complicated or confusing personal situation. To rephrase the J. Geils band song, "Love Stinks," if you love her and she loves him and he loves somebody else, you've got quite an imbroglio. Although an imbroglio is a tangled situation or a messy complicated misunderstanding, its history is just the opposite, clear as a bell. Imbroglio is just a borrowed word from Italian meaning "entanglement." If something embarrassing happens at a public event, such as a mishap during the musical performances at the Super Bowl, it is sometimes called an imbroglio.درهم و برهم an extremely confused, complicated, or embarrassing situation.

affable

Affable means friendly, pleasant, and easy to talk to. An affable host offers you something to drink and makes you feel at home.

obscure

If something is obscure, it's vague and hard to see. Be careful if you're driving in heavy rain — the painted lines can be obscure. adjective مبهم vague, ambiguous, obscure, enigmatic, opaque, misty گمنام unknown, obscure, scrubby, inglorious تیره dark, black, murky, dim, gloomy, obscure نامفهوم obscure, unclear, dubious, obscurant, unmeaning difficult to understand; partially hidden

sybarite

If you know someone who's totally addicted to luxurious things and all of life's pleasures, call her a sybarite. Unless she's inviting you over for champagne brunches and showering you with gifts — in which case you should keep your mouth shut.

tender

If you're tender, it means you're fragile, sensitive, easily bruised or gentle. Young, easily cut beef and a sentimental heart can both be called tender.شکننده fragile, brittle, frangible, friable, frail, refringent

amenable

If your friends want to try sky diving and you're amenable to the idea, sounds like you're going to be jumping out of a plane. If a person or thing is amenable to something, they are ready, willing, or responsive. easily persuaded تمایل bowed, inclined, amenable, disposed, prone, apt تابع dependent, subordinate, subservient, amenable, subsidiary, passive رام نرم شدنی

jaundice

Jaundice is a medical condition that causes a slight yellowing of the skin. Many newborn babies are diagnosed with slight jaundice and need to spend time in the sunlight every day for a few weeks. A patient with jaundice looks a little yellow, a condition that's caused by excess pigmentation due to deficiencies in the liver or bile duct. One common medical cause of jaundice is hepatitis, a liver condition. Another meaning of jaundice is the distortion of opinions due especially to envy or resentment: "I hope my winning another acting award won't jaundice your feelings about being in plays." The Latin root is galbinus, "greenish yellow," a color once associated with bitterness and envy. زردی به حسد افتادن

curmudgeon

Old, cranky, and more than a little stubborn, a curmudgeon is the gruff, grey-haired neighbor who refuses to hand out candy at Halloween and shoos away holiday carolers with a "bah humbug!"

insolvent

Piggy bank empty? Nothing but lint in your pockets? Then you're probably unable to meet any financial obligations. In other words, you are insolvent. Being insolvent isn't just about being poor. A person or business that's insolvent has no resources, no assets and no way to pay any of the bills. This adjective insolvent is a synonym for bankrupt, and surely the last thing anyone wants to be. The only way to solve the problem of insolvency? Start saving your pennies again from scratch.

Profligate

Profligate, as a noun or as an adjective, implies recklessly wasting your money on extravagant luxury. Profligate behavior is a lot of fun, but you'll regret it later — when you get your charge card bill. adjective: spending resources recklessly or wastefully noun: someone who spends resources recklessly or wastefully

juxtapose

See the word "pose" in juxtapose? When you juxtapose, you are "posing" or positioning things side by side. verb: place side by side for contrast The appeal of her paintings comes from a classical style which is juxtaposed with modern themes. verb پهلوی هم گذاشتن juxtapose پیش هم گذاشتن

complaisant

Something ethereal is airy and insubstantial, such as a ghostly figure at the top of the stairs. It might also be something delicate and light, like a singer's ethereal voice. Ethereal comes from the Greek word for ether, which is a drug that makes you feel light headed and, in larger doses, causes you to lose consciousness. An ethereal substance or sound is one that carries the feeling of ether--something you might see in a vision, that might strike you as heavenly or supernatural. مهربان خوش معاشرت اماده به خدمت مهر طلب اماده به خدمت برای دیگران برای جلب رضایت دیگران

inflammable

Something that is inflammable can be set on fire easily. You dared not light a match after you accidentally spilled gasoline on yourself because you knew you were inflammable. اتشگیر flammable, fulminating, fulminant, inflammable, piceous شعله ور flaring, alight, garish, aflame, afire, inflammable التهاب پذیر

becoming

Something that's becoming is charming, or looks good. It's a compliment — or a sales tactic — if a salesperson gushes, "That dress is so becoming on you!"زیبندهbecoming, seemlyشایسته worthy, good, competent, qualified, proper,becoming در خور

stem

Sometimes stem means to originate; other times it means to stop something at its source. You stem the flow of a river, but you can also observe that a river's flow stems from a spring. ساقه stem, stalk, shank, peduncle, pedicle, rachis ریشه root, root, base, stem, radical, background اصل origin, principle, axiom, maxim, element, stem تنه

commensurate

The word commensurate has to do with things that are similar in size and therefore appropriate. Many people think the death penalty is a commensurate punishment for murder. In other words, the penalty fits the crime. to be in proportion or corresponding in degree or amount متناسب

denote

To denote is to draw attention to something or to show what it means. All of the googly-eyed looks that a girl gives to a boy might do more to denote her feelings for him than leaving a note in his locker. (v) be a name or symbol for نماد چیزی بودن

martinet

Use the noun martinet to describe someone who is a stickler when it comes to following rules, such as the teacher who won't accept homework if it is written in a color other than blue. noun سخت گیردرانضباط خشک martinet منجنیق سنگ انداز martinet, mangonel ادم با انضباط وسخت گیر martinet

betray

When you betray someone or something, you provide information whether you mean to do it or not, like the loud growling of your stomach that betrays your hunger or the secret you tell about your friend that betrays her trust. خیانت کردن betray, sell out تسلیم دشمن کردن betray فاش کردن

civilian

adjective غیر نظامی civilian, civil noun شخص غیر نظامی civilian

scintillating

adjective: describes someone who is brilliant and lively Richard Feynman was renowned for his scintillating lectures—the arcana of quantum physics was made lucid as he wrote animatedly on the chalkboard. Something scintillating is flashing briefly and sharply with light. Scintillating conversations are smart and captivating. adjective جرقه زننده scintillating, sparkling, scintillant بارقه دار sparkling or shining brightly.

reticent

adjective: disinclined to talk, not revealing one's thoughts When asked about her father, Helen lost her outward enthusiasm and became rather reticent. Reticent means either quiet or restrained. If you're reticent about your feelings, you like to keep them to yourself, and you're probably quiet in rowdy groups where everyone is talking over each other. ساکت quiet, silent, mute, soothed, calm, reticent محتاط در سخن reticent کم گو

precipitous

adjective: done with very great haste and without due deliberation Instead of calling his financial advisor, Harold acted precipitously, buying 4,000 shares of the latest "hot" stock, only to find out that the company had a history of inflating its year end numbers. adjective dangerously high or steep. adjective بی مهابا precipitous, slaphappy شتابناک precipitous عجول hasty, rash, hurried, precipitous, fast, hasteful از روی عجله expeditious, precipitous, sketchy

venial

adjective: easily excused or forgiven; pardonable His traffic violations ran the gamut from the venial to the egregious—on one occasion he simply did not come to a complete stop; another time he tried to escape across state lines at speeds in excess of 140 mph. Some crimes are unforgivable. Others are venial — venial crimes and sins are excusable. They're not a big deal. adjective قابل اغماض venial قابل عفو forgivable, venial بخشیدنی forgivable, excusable, venial گناه صغیر venial

hagiographic

adjective: excessively flattering toward someone's life or work Most accounts of Tiger Woods's life were hagiographic, until, that is, his affairs made headlines. شرح زندگی اولیاء و مقدسین hagiography تقدیر بیش از حد از کار و زندگی کسی

parsimonious

adjective: extremely frugal; miserly Katie is so parsimonious that she only buys a pair of socks if all of her other socks have holes in them. صرفه جو thrifty, frugal, parsimonious, sparing, providential, inexpensive خسیس

entrenched

adjective: fixed firmly or securely By the time we reach 60-years old, most of our habits are so entrenched that it is difficult for us to change. When you're entrenched, you're dug in. Sometimes that means you're literally in a trench, but usually it means you just won't budge from a position or belief. تثبیت کردن جا پا سفت کردن

guileless

adjective: free of deceit At first I thought my niece was guileless, but I then found myself buying her ice cream every time we passed a shop. If you are guileless, you are not a liar; you are innocent, and you might be a touch on the gullible side. adjective بی تزویر guileless, artless, candid, simple, single-minded without deceit

exorbitant

adjective: greatly exceeding bounds of reason or moderation Shelley made one exorbitant purchase after another, buying new clothes and taking vacations even though she earned a limited salary. exorbitant Use the adjective exorbitant when you want to describe something that is really just too much! You'll often hear people griping about exorbitant bank fees or exorbitant interest rates. The adjective exorbitant was originally a legal term to describe a case that was outside the bounds of the law. It comes from the Latin roots — the prefix ex, meaning "out of," and orbita, meaning "wheel track." You can see how the word now has come to be described as something that has gone way off the beaten track, especially in terms of price and value. adjective (of a price or amount charged) unreasonably high. the exorbitant price of tickets synonyms: extortionate, excessively high, excessive, prohibitive, outrageous, unreasonable گزاف زیاد مفرط فوق العاده

percipient

adjective: highly perceptive Even the most percipient editor will make an occasional error when proofreading. adj: characterized by ease and quickness in perceiving بادرک و شعور توانایی درک و دریافت بالا n :a person who becomes aware (of things or events) through the senses حساس درک adjective (of a person) having a good understanding of things; perceptive. he is a percipient interpreter of the public mood noun (especially in philosophy or with reference to psychic phenomena) a person who is able to perceive things. Results indicated that one of the percipients ' reports should be evaluated with special caution.

inexorable

adjective: impossible to stop or prevent The rise of the computer was an inexorable shift in technology and culture When a person is inexorable, they're stubborn. When a thing or process is inexorable, it can't be stopped. اجتناب ناپذیر بی وقفه بی شفقت inexorable سخت hard, difficult, tough, strict, rigid, inexorable تسلیم نشدنی inexorable, irrefragable, unrelenting نرم نشدنی inexorable, unrelenting سنگ دل

didactic

adjective: instructive (especially excessively) Tolstoy's The Death of Ivan Ilyich is a didactic novel, instructing the reader on how to live a good life. When people are didactic, they're teaching or instructing. This word is often used negatively for when someone is acting too much like a teacher adjective تعلیمی didactic, doctrinal ادبی literary, didactic, belletristic اموزشی didactic یاد دهنده

gauche

adjective: lacking social polish Sylvester says the most gauche things, such as telling a girl he liked that she was much prettier when she wore makeup. Use the word gauche when you want to call something tacky, graceless, tactless, rude, boorish, or awkward and foolish. Have you just pointed out someone's misuse of this word? Oh dear, how gauche! بی کلاس بدون زرق وبرق اجتماعی

ornate

adjective: marked by elaborate rhetoric and elaborated with decorative details The ornate Victorian and Edwardian homes spread throughout San Francisco are my favorite part of the city. If something is ornate — whether it's a ball gown, a set of dishes, or a poem — it seems to be covered in ornaments. It's lavish, flowery, or heavily adorned. پرآب و تاب پر زرق و برق

forlorn

adjective: marked by or showing hopelessness After her third pet dog died, Marcia was simply forlorn: this time even the possibility of buying a new dog no longer held any joy. Sniff, sniff, boo-hoo... use the adjective forlorn to express loneliness and feeling left out. adjective بی کس forlorn, lonely درمانده helpless, forlorn بی چاره hapless, poor, forlorn, helpless, incurable, desperate متروک abandoned, desolate, obsolete, derelict, lonely, forlorn متروکه abandoned, obsolete, left, forlorn

furtive

magnanimous

adjective: noble and generous in spirit, especially towards a rival or someone less powerful He was a great sportsman: in defeat he was complimentary and in victory he was magnanimous. A magnanimous person has a generous spirit. Letting your little sister have the last of the cookies, even though you hadn't eaten since breakfast, would be considered a magnanimous act. adjective سخاوتمند lavish, bounteous, magnanimous, munificent, charitable, noble generous

efficacious

adjective: producing the intended result Since Maggie's cough syrup, which had expired five years back, was no longer efficacious, she coughed through the night. When you really want to do something right, really nail it, really get at what you were going for — you're trying to be efficacious, or produce the effect you intended. ایجاد نتایج دلخواه سریع الاثر

insolent

adjective: rude and arrogant Lilian could not help herself from being insolent, commenting that the Queen's shoes were showing too much toe. Someone who's insolent is either really doing her own thing, even if it goes against what everyone else is doing, or she's mildly disrespectful. adjective گستاخ خیره جسور daring, bold, defiant, cocky, hardy, insolent غراب insolent, arrogant, haughty خیره چشم cocksy, cocky, cynic, cynical, defiant,

evanescent

adjective: tending to vanish like vapor The storm flashed into existence above us and lasted only a short time—an evanescent turbulence of wind and cloud. A beautiful sunset, a rainbow, a wonderful dream right before your alarm clock goes off — all of these could be described as evanescent, which means "fleeting" or "temporary." Evanescent comes from the Latin ex, meaning "out of," and vanescere, meaning "to vanish." When pronouncing this word, emphasize the third syllable and note that the c is silent. You might want to practice saying evanescent a few times right now; if you stumble over pronunciation when you need this word the most, whatever you're describing — be it a shooting star or a whiff of fragrant perfume — will be gone. محو شونده ناپدید شونده ناپایدار و زود گذر

flush

adjective: to be in abundance The exam's passage is flush with difficult words, words that you may have learned only yesterday. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study با فشارآب شستن فراوان

demure

adjective: to be modest and shy The portrait of her in a simple white blouse was sweet and demure. A demure person can be described as polite and a little shy. A demure outfit is a modest one--think high neckline and low hem. (of a woman or her behavior) reserved, modest, and shy. متین و محجوب فروتن

retiring

vindictive

adjective: to have a very strong desire for revenge Though the other girl had only lightly poked fun of Vanessa's choice in attire, Vanessa was so vindictive that she waited for an entire semester to get the perfect revenge. کینه جو

insolvent

adjective: unable to pay one's bills; bankrupt With credit card bills skyrocketing, a shockingly large number of Americans are truly insolvent. Piggy bank empty? Nothing but lint in your pockets? Then you're probably unable to meet any financial obligations. In other words, you are insolvent. معسر ورشکسته

dispassionate

adjective: unaffected by strong emotion or prejudice A good scientist should be dispassionate, focusing purely on what the evidence says, without personal attachment. Dispassionate describes someone who is not getting carried away by—or maybe not even having—feelings. It's something you'd want to see in a surgeon, who keeps cool under pressure, but not in a romantic partner. not influenced by strong emotion, and so able to be rational and impartial. adjective خونسرد cool, composed, dispassionate, imperturbable, cold-blooded, cold-livered بی غرض

predilection

noun: a strong liking Monte had a predilection for the fine things in life: Cuban cigars, 200 dollar bottles of wine, and trips to the French Riviera. A predilection is a preference for or bias toward something. If you have a predilection for wool clothing, you should take up knitting. predilection for music علاقه شدید به چیزی leaning, predilection, partiality, propensity میل desire, liking, tendency, will, shaft, predilection برگزیدگی

melee

noun: a wild, confusing fight or struggle After enduring daily taunts about my name, I became enraged and pummeled the schoolyard bully and his sycophantic friends in a brutal melee. A melee is a noisy free-for-all or rowdy fight — a no holds barred, battle royal, if you will. It's what pro wrestlers engage in every night, and shoppers endure at the toy store every holiday season. If you think melee sounds like a fancy French way to say "crazy bar brawl," you're right: It comes from the French mêlée which means "confused fight or mixture." What makes a melee different than any other fight is that element of chaos or confusion — so don't jump into a brewing melee unless you're really ready to bring the ruckus. a confused fight, skirmish, or scuffle. غوغا نزاع دیوانه وار

vitriol

noun: abusive or venomous language used to express blame or bitter deep-seated ill will His vitriol spewed forth from a deep-seated racism that consumed his whole life. Vitriol is harsh, nasty criticism. You may have deserved some blame when the cake didn't rise, but the head chef's stream of vitriol was unnecessary. Back in the day, vitriol was the name for sulfuric acid, which burns through just about anything. So think of vitriol as language so mean-spirited and bitter that it could eat through metal: "As a divorce lawyer, you were familiar with vitriol, but nothing prepared you for the time you wore a Red Sox cap at Yankee Stadium." noun cruel and bitter criticism. her mother's sudden gush of fury and vitriol سخن تند vitriol سولفوریک اسید

travesty

noun: an absurd presentation of something; a mockery What I expected to be an intelligent, nuanced historical documentary turned out to be a poorly-produced travesty of the form. A travesty is a cheap mockery, usually of something or someone serious, such as a travesty of justice. verb تقلید مسخره امیز کردن travesty, parody noun تعبیر هجو امیز travesty

cornucopia

noun: an abundant supply of something good The International Food Expo was a cornucopia of culinary delights: gourmet foods from every continent were under one roof. a symbol of plenty consisting of a goat's horn overflowing with flowers, fruit, and corn. A grocery store with a large selection of fruits and vegetables could be said to have a cornucopia of produce. A cornucopia is a lot of good stuff. Around Thanksgiving in the United States, you'll often see cornucopias or horn-shaped baskets filled with fruit and other goodies as centerpieces. Originally, a cornucopia was a goat's horn filled with corn and fruit to symbolize plenty. Nowadays, a cornucopia is probably made of some kind of plaster or wicker, but it still symbolizes the same thing — a good harvest season.

duress

noun: compulsory force or threat The witness said he signed the contract under duress and argued that the court should cancel the agreement. Let's hope you're never denied food and sleep and forced to sign a confession, but if you are, that's called being under duress. Threats and harsh treatment meant to make you do something you don't want to do is duress. اجبار تهدید

anomaly

noun: something that is not normal, standard, or expected After finding an anomaly in the data, she knew that she would have to conduct her experiment again. غیر معمول غیر مترقبه غیرعادی

galvanize

to excite or inspire (someone) to action The verb galvanize refers to stimulating muscles with an electrical current, and this word is also used to suggest stimulating someone into action. We advise not using electricity in galvanizing children to do their homework. shock or excite (someone), typically into taking action.

posit

verb: assume as fact Initially, Einstein posited a repulsive force to balance Gravity, but then rejected that idea as a blunder. To posit something is to assume or suggest that it is true. You can posit an idea or opinion. assume as a fact; put forward as a basis of argument. فرض کردن انگاشتن قرار دادن

besmirch

verb: damage the good name and reputation of someone The prince's distasteful choice of words besmirched not only his own name, but the reputation of the entire royal family. To besmirch means to dirty or tarnish, particularly someone's reputation — like when you call Billy a cheater at kickball (even though you know he's just better at bunting than you). Besmirch may sound kind of funny, but it goes hand in hand with other hurtful words like defame and slander. It can also mean to literally stain something. So that time you tracked mud all over the new white carpet and then blamed it on your little brother? That was a double besmirching — dirtying the rug and then falsely accusing a sibling. verb لکه دار کردن blemish, tarnish, foul, taint, smear, besmirch ناپاک کردن besmirch, foul

ostracize

verb: exclude from a community or group Later in his life, Leo Tolstoy was ostracized from the Russian Orthodox Church for his writings that contradicted church doctrine. verb از وجهه عمومی انداختن ostracize با اراء عمومی تبعید کردن ostracize If you banish someone or ignore him, you ostracize him. When the Iranian president claimed that the Holocaust was a hoax, he was ostracized by the international community.

coalesce

verb: fuse or cause to grow together Over time, the various tribes coalesced into a single common culture with one universal language. Waiting for a plan to come together? You're waiting for it to coalesce. Coalesce is when different elements of something join together and become one. In coalesce, you see co-, which should tell you the word means "together." The other half of the word comes from alescere, a Latin verb meaning "to grow up." So if you are trying to start up a photography club at school, once you have an advisor, some interested students and support from the administration, things will be coalescing or growing together. Another way to remember that? An adolescent is one who is growing. A lot! verb come together and form one mass or whole. verb یکی شدن coalesce, unify ائتلاف کردن coalesce, colligate, federalize, pool یکی شدن

rankle

verb: gnaw into; make resentful or angry His constant whistling would rankle her, sometimes causing her to leave in a huff. چرک جمع کردن rankle جان گداز بودن rankle جانسوز بودن دل کسی را به درد آوردن Rankle is a cranky-sounding verb that means to eat away at or aggravate to the point of causing anger. If you want to rankle a cat, try splashing it with water and then putting it in the bathtub. Rankle goes back to the French verb rancler, which comes from an old word for "festering sore," which paints a pretty negative picture of what it means to rankle. A sore that festers gets worse and worse, or more infected, and if you rankle someone, they will get more and more angry. "Ankle" rhymes with rankle, and if you were to prank a friend and hold him by his ankles over a trash can every day for a week, it would definitely rankle him. کسی را عصبانی گردن

hamstrung

verb: made ineffective or powerless The FBI has made so many restrictions on the local police that they are absolutely hamstrung, unable to accomplish anything. بی قدرت کردن verb زانوی کسی را بریدن hamstring غیر موثر ساختن فلج کردن

assuage

verb: make something intense less severe Her fear that the new college would be filled with unknown faces was assuaged when she recognized her childhood friend standing in line.ن make (an unpleasant feeling) less intense. کم کردن تخفیف دادن آرام کرد If you assuage an unpleasant feeling, you make it go away. Assuaging your hunger by eating a bag of marshmallows may cause you other unpleasant feelings. The most common things that we assuage are fears, concerns, guilt, grief, anxiety, and anger. That makes a lot of sense — these are all things we seek relief from. The word comes from Old French assouagier, from the Latin root suavis, "sweet" — think of adding a bit of honey to something unpleasant. A word with a similar meaning is mollify.

advocate

verb: speak, plead, or argue in favor of While the senator privately approved of gay marriage, he was unwilling to advocate for the cause in a public venue. noun: a person who pleads for a cause or propounds an idea Martin Luther King Jr. was a tireless advocate for the rights of African-Americans in the United States. This word has other definitions, but these are the most important ones to study مدافع advocate, defendant, lawyer, barrister حامی sponsor, advocate, supporter, patron, protector, backer طرفدار advocate, adherent, sympathizer, aficionado, partisan, bigot وکیل مدافع attorney, advocate, counselor, barrister, counsellor verb دفاع کردن advocate, bield, ward off, answer, buckler

bolster

verb: support and strengthen The case for the suspect's innocence was bolstered considerably by the fact that neither fingerprints nor DNA were found at the scene. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study When you cheer up a friend who's feeling down, you bolster them. To bolster is to offer support or strengthen. verb support or strengthen; prop up. the fall in interest rates is starting to bolster confidence verb تقویت کردن reinforce, augment, amplify, bolster, amplify, fortify

supplant

verb: take the place or move into the position of For many, a cell phone has supplanted a traditional phone; in fact, most 20-somethings don't even have a traditional phone anymore. to take the place of verb از ریشه کندن supplant, uproot جای چیزی را گرفتن supplant جابجا شدن supplant جابجا کردن replace, displace, dislocate, translocate, heave, supplant تعویض کردن replace, change, put, shift, substitute, supplant

maintain

verb: to assert The scientist maintained that the extinction of dinosaurs was most likely brought about by a drastic change in climate. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study نگه داشتن hold, maintain, retain, sustain, impound, preserve حفظ کردن

eradicate

verb: to completely destroy I tried eradicating the mosquitos in my apartment with a rolled up newspaper, but there were too many of them. to wipe out; to destroy verb از بین بردن destroy, eradicate, spoil, put down, swoop, annihilate ریشه کن کردن eradicate, root out, uproot, root, root up, extirpate

censor

verb: to examine and remove objectionable material Every fall, high school English teachers are inundated by requests to censor their curriculum by removing The Catcher in the Rye and Scarlet Letter from their reading lists. noun: an official who censors material The censor insisted that every reference to drugs should be removed from the manuscript.

indict

verb: to formally charge or accuse of wrong-doing The bankrobber was indicted on several major charges, including possession of a firearm. formally accuse of or charge with a serious crime. متهم کردن تعقیب قانونی کردن

stem

demean

verb: to insult; to cause someone to lose dignity or respect At first the soccer players bantered back and forth, but as soon as one of the players became demeaning, calling the other's mother a water buffalo, the ref whipped out a red card To demean someone is to insult them. To demean is to degrade or put down a person or thing. تحقیر کردن پست کردن

err

verb: to make an error He erred in thinking that "indigent" and "indignant" were synonyms. اشتباه کردن

unnerve

verb: to make nervous or upset At one time unnerved by math problems, she began avidly "Magoosh-ing", and soon became adept at even combinations and permutations questions. make (someone) lose courage or confidence. enervate مرعوب کردن دلسرد کردن

expurgate

verb: to remove objectionable material The censor expurgated every reference to sex and drugs, converting the rapper's raunchy flow into a series of bleeps. To expurgate is to censor. Usually, people talk about expurgating bad words from something written or on TV. On TV, if you hear some words bleeped out, those words have been expurgated. In print, we can expurgate by using dashes ( — — ) or random characters like %&$#. Sometimes we can expurgate just by rewriting something so that the entire sentence with the naughty parts is gone, or by putting it into mild words. When it comes to things children read or watch, there's often the difficult question of what to expurgate and what to leave alone.

start

verb: to suddenly move in a particular direction All alone in the mansion, Henrietta started when she heard a sound. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study

admonish

verb: to warn strongly, even to the point of reprimanding Before the concert began, security personnel admonished the crowd not to come up on stage during the performance. To admonish is to scold. If you want to show someone you're not happy with his behavior, admonish him. It sounds better than "scolding," and it's less painful than spanking. تذکر دادن نصحیت کردن verb نصیحت کردن advise, admonish, exhort, preach پند دادن advise, admonish, counsel اگاه کردن inform, acquaint, admonish, intuit, warn وعظ کردن homily, admonish, preach, sermonize موعظه کردن preach, sermon, admonish, sermonize

undermine

verb: to weaken (usually paired with an abstract term) The student undermined the teacher's authority by questioning the teacher's judgment on numerous occasions. To weaken

chauvinist

A chauvinist is someone who blindly and enthusiastically believes in the superiority of his cause or people. If you grew up in New York and refuse to eat at any pizzeria beyond a five-mile radius of the Empire State Building, you could be described as a New York pizza chauvinist. The word chauvinist comes from Nicholas Chauvin, a French soldier — probably fictional — who was so devoted to Napoleon that he continued to zealously support the emperor even after Napoleon rejected him. The put-down "male chauvinist pig" describes a man who believes that women are not as intelligent or worthy of respect as men. Often when we hear the word chauvinist, we think of arrogant men.میهن پرست متعصب

churlish

A churlish person is one whose middle name might as well be Rude. He's the one who was never taught to mind his manners and avoid telling vulgar jokes at the dinner table. Churlish has its origins in late Old English, but its modern-day meaning of "deliberately rude" developed in the 14th century. It's a fitting adjective to describe boorish or surly behavior. It can also describe a material that is difficult to work with, such as hard wood that's resistant to quick whittling. Our prolific pal Shakespeare coined the phrase, "as valiant as the lion, churlish as the bear." خشن rough, harsh, bearish, tough, coarse, churlish زمخت rough, crude, clumsy, coarse, gross, churlish بی تربیت

contentious

A contentious issue is one that people are likely to argue about, and a contentious person is someone who likes to argue or fight. ستیزه جو militant, contentious, quarrelsome, stubborn, antagonistic, intractable متنازع فیه contentious دعوایی

contentious

disguise

A disguise is something you put on so no one recognizes you. It also can be used as a verb. You can disguise yourself with a wig and mustache; that's a great disguise. noun لباس مبدل disguise, masquerade, guise تغییر قیافه disguise, masquerade, guise verb پنهان کردن hide, conceal, disguise, mask, cover, dissemble Disguise can be used anytime you're talking about concealing or hiding something. Most of the time we think of a disguise as something you wear, but you can also disguise your feelings. Criminals might disguise their intentions. You can also use the word to describe something that seems to be one thing, but turns out to be another. You missed the plane, but then the plane crashed. That's a blessing in disguise.

dupe

A dupe is a furry, ceremonial hat occasionally worn during ancient pagan rituals... or not. Dupe actually means "trick or deceive." We're sorry we tried to dupe you into believing the wrong definition. Dupe can also refer to the victim of a trick or hoax, and — used in this sense — it sometimes conveys the idea that the victim is easily fooled. Dupe comes from the French word for a type of bird called the hoopoe, which has an extravagant crest and a reputation for being dim-witted. (And no, that's not another attempt to dupe you; it's the truth!) a victim of deception

fleece

A fleece is a sheep's coat. Or a goat's. Or a yak's. A person's coat can be called a fleece, too, if it comes from a sheep or goat or a yak or even if it just looks like it did.پشم گوسفند وجانوران دیگر fleece پارچه خوابدار

harangue

A harangue is more than a speech, louder than a discussion, and nastier than a lecture. It is a verbal attack that doesn't let up, delivered as a verb or received as a noun. Either way, it's pretty unpleasant. noisy, attacking speech noun: a long pompous speech; a tirade Dinner at Billy's was more a punishment than a reward, since anyone who sat at the dinner table would have to listen to Billy's father's interminable harangues against the government. verb: to deliver a long pompous speech or tirade Tired of his parents haranguing him about his laziness and lack of initiative, Tyler finally moved out of home at the age of thirty-five.

hedge

A hedge is a living fence made of closely planted bushes, which, as they grow and get trimmed and shaped, form a wall of green. پرچین

heyday

A heyday is a peak of popularity or success. If you hear someone say "Hey! Back in the day, I was the best boxer in the city! No one could beat me!" he might be remembering his heyday as a fighter. اوج خوش بختی heyday سمتالراس

hodgepodge

A hodgepodge is a random assortment of things. A dorm room might be furnished with a hodgepodge of milk crates, antique mirrors, and a poster of a kitten hanging on a branch with one paw.چیز درهم و برهم آش شله قلمکار

malapropism

A malapropism occurs when you say one word but you mean another, like instead of saying a certain restaurant is prosperous, you say it is preposterous. As you can tell, malapropisms are often humorous, though sometimes the joke is on the speaker. The word malapropism, pronounced "mah-luh-PRAH-pih-zum," comes from the French phrase mal à propos, which means "ill-suited." Playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan must have been thinking of the French phrase when he created his character Mrs. Malaprop, who made audiences howl with laughter when she used the wrong word. Examples include saying "allegory" instead of "alligator," and "illiterate him from your memory" instead of "obliterate."سوتی کلامی

melee

A melee is a noisy free-for-all or rowdy fight — a no holds barred, battle royal, if you will. It's what pro wrestlers engage in every night, and shoppers endure at the toy store every holiday season. If you think melee sounds like a fancy French way to say "crazy bar brawl," you're right: It comes from the French mêlée which means "confused fight or mixture." What makes a melee different than any other fight is that element of chaos or confusion — so don't jump into a brewing melee unless you're really ready to bring the ruckus.

moment

A moment is a particular point in time. Some moments you remember forever: like the moment you earned your driver's license or the moment you learned that you passed your organic chemistry class.

pariah

A pariah is someone that has been soundly rejected by their community. Your constant gossiping might make you a pariah on campus. Pariah takes its name from a tribe in Southeast India. The pariahs were drummers, sorcerers, and servants who became untouchables in Indian society because of the unsanitary jobs they did. Pariah maintains this sense of untouchableness. Pariahs are not just unliked, they are avoided at all costs. Imagine how a once popular restaurant could gain pariah status if it fails health inspections three times in a row.outcast.

parsimonious

A parsimonious person is unwilling to spend a lot of money. You know those people who count up every penny when it's time to split a restaurant bill? You can call them parsimonious. Or cheap.صرفه جو thrifty, frugal, parsimonious, sparing, providential, inexpensive خسیس stingy, miserly, abject, mean, parsimonious, avaricious ممسک

pittance

A pittance is a tiny payment or small reimbursement for work — generally an amount that's inadequate. The restaurant may pay you a pittance, but you can do well if you get a lot of good tips.چندرقاز

screed

spendthrift

A spendthrift person is reckless and wasteful with his money. If you're a spendthrift, you might find yourself in debt. However, it might be fun to have a spendthrift friend who likes to treat you to expensive lunches and lavish gifts.

stipend

A stipend is a fixed, regular payment, usually meant to pay for something specific. It's kind of like an allowance, but for grownups — a college scholarship might include a stipend each semester for books, for example.a fixed regular sum paid as a salary or allowance.

virago

A virago is a loud, bossy woman, like your next door neighbor who is always yelling at kids to get off her lawnزن پتیاره زن مرد صفت You can use the noun virago when you're describing a particularly mean and scolding woman. It's not a compliment to call someone a virago, although its origins are much nobler than the shrewish, screechy character it implies today. Originally, a virago was a brave or heroic woman. The root of virago is the Latin word for "man," vir. In other words, a virago used to mean a woman who seemed manly or virile.

aberration

An aberration is something strange that rarely occurs. An example of an aberration is when the temperature hits 90 degrees in January — it's nice and warm, but it's really strange. a deviation from what is normal or expected انحراف deviation, deflection, departure, aberration, perversion, deviance گمراهی

arch

An arch is a shape that resembles an upside down "U." You may find this shape in a carefully tweezed eyebrow or in the famous golden pair that make you hunger for a Big Mac

arriviste

An arriviste is someone who's moved up in the world quickly and ends up being resented. You might visit your hometown and feel like it's full of arrivistes who can pay exorbitant prices for enormous houses.an ambitious or ruthlessly self-seeking person, especially one who has recently acquired wealth or social status. When someone suddenly earns a whole lot more money than they did before, they find themselves in a new economic class. If the people who have belonged to this group for a long time (maybe they inherited their wealth from their grandparents, for example) are resentful of this person and their "new money," they might use the word arriviste. An arriviste is newly arrived in this world — as you can see in the French root, arriver, "to arrive."

phantasmagorical

Anything phantasmagorical feels or looks like a crazy dream. If you see a psychedelic music video that looks like it was shot through a kaleidoscope, you can call it phantasmagorical. A phantasmagorical film is surreal and strange, rather than straightforward and literal (think the Beatles' "Yellow Submarine"), and phantasmagorical paintings are equally full of odd, impressionistic images, colors, and designs. If you have a phantasmagorical nightmare, it might be hard to describe to another person, it's so weird and fantastic. The adjective phantasmagorical afrom phantasmagoria, the name given to a "magic lantern" show in 1802, from the Greek phantasma, "apparitition." | unreal,dream like

iconoclast

Are you always challenging the establishment? Or provoking popular thought by attacking traditions and institutions? Then you're definitely an iconoclast. noun: somebody who attacks cherished beliefs or institutions Lady Gaga, in challenging what it means to be clothed, is an iconoclast for wearing a "meat dress" to a prominent awards show. بت شکن

start

As a verb, start means to begin an activity or event. Some people turn to the last page of a book before they even start it, so they'll be prepared for the ending. Start can also mean to move suddenly in surprise or alarm, or to startle. This is actually the original meaning of the word start, which comes from the Old English word styrtan, meaning to caper or to leap up.ز جا پراندن startle The beginning of something is the start. The start of the movie may have been a little slow, but by the end you were on the edge of your seat. As a verb, start means to begin an activity or event. Some people turn to the last page of a book before they even start it, so they'll be prepared for the ending. Start can also mean to move suddenly in surprise or alarm, or to startle. This is actually the original meaning of the word start, which comes from the Old English word styrtan, meaning to caper or to leap up.

staunch

As an adjective, staunch means firm. You might want to go to that concert Friday night, but your parents' staunch opposition prevents you. firm and dependable especially in loyalty As an adjective, staunch means firm. You might want to go to that concert Friday night, but your parents' staunch opposition prevents you. adjective وفادار loyal, staunch, constant, allegiant, stanch, leal بي شائبه staunch بی رخنه staunch بی منفذ staunch firm and dependable especially in loyalty No longer a staunch supporter of the movement, Todd now will openly question whether its goals are worthwhile.

badger

Badger is to bother. Persistently. On and on. Without stop. Relentlessly. Over and over. Endlessly. It comes from the name of that chipmunk-like animal that burrows into the ground. اذیت کردن offend, pester, hock, harass, tease, badger ازار کردن Badger is to bother. Persistently. On and on. Without stop. Relentlessly. Over and over. Endlessly. It comes from the name of that chipmunk-like animal that burrows into the ground. If you badger someone, you get under their skin. A badger is an animal that digs tunnels under ground to keep warm. To badger can also mean to persuade someone through constant annoying efforts. You might badger your mom to add another hour to your curfew or badger your friend to give you a turn with a video game he has been hogging.

chary

Being chary (pronounced CHAIR-ee) is being wary or cautious. If you lost two teeth in last year's rugby season, you should be chary of signing up again this year. با احتیاط و دقیق chary محتاط cautious, careful, wary, prudent, discreet, chary کمرو

involved

Being involved means being a part of something or associated with it. If you volunteer on a team to clean up the playground, you're involved in making it a safer and more fun place for kids to play.گرفتار Involved is an adjective with many different uses. It can describe something difficult or complicated, as in "really involved instructions for putting together a plane model," or it describes relationships and partnerships, like when you're involved with someone in a serious dating relationship or are involved in helping out as a tutor after school. You can be involved in more negative situations, too, as when a country is involved in spying on another or a group is involved in plotting a crime involved, afoul, captive, preoccupied پیچیده complex, intricate, wrapped, twisted, involved, rolled

check

Check: Small word, loads of different meanings. One of the most common is "to inspect or verify." You might check the oven to see if your cookies are done.

negligible

Click to see meaning → NEW WORD negligible adjective: so small as to be meaningless; insignificant The GRE tests cumulative knowledge, so if you cram the night before it is, at best, likely to only have a negligible impact on your score. adjective ناچیز poor, little, negligible, insignificant, meager, trivial جزئي partial, little, minute, retail, negligible, petty بی اهمیت unimportant, inconsequential, immaterial, negligible, worthless, trifling قلیل scarce, scrimp, skimpy, negligible, insignificant, scant قابل فراموشی negligible so unimportant that it can be disregarded

profusion

Click to see meaning → NEW WORD profusion noun: the property of being extremely abundant When Maria reported that she had been visited by Jesus Christ and had proof, a profusion of reporters and journalists descended on the town. If there's an abundance of something, you can say that there's a profusion of it. Hilarious and bizarre YouTube videos certainly exist in profusion. The noun profusion comes from a Latin word profusionem, meaning "a pouring out." So you can think of profusion as an outpouring of something — an overflow or cornucopia of it. An area known for wine making should have a profusion of grapes growing along the hillsides. And an awesome performance should garner a profusion of compliments and shouts of "encore!" سرشاری profusion, fullness, plenitude فراوانی abundance, plenty, affluence, redundancy, profusion, amplitude وفور abundance, wealth, affluence, profusion, bounty, exuberance

prescience

Do you already know what happens tomorrow? Next week? Next year? If you can see into the future, then you have prescience. noun: the power to foresee the future noun: the power to foresee the future Baxter's warnings about investing in technology stocks seemed like an act of prescience after the whole market declined significantly. The word prescience might look like pre + science, but it really comes from the Latin word praescientia, which means "fore-knowledge" — or knowledge you know before anyone else. Don't assume it's a crystal ball kind of power that lets someone with prescience see the future. It's more like a state of mind or level of expertise that allows for excellent foresight and planning. علم غیب foreknowledge, prescience اگاهی از پیش prescience, foreknowledge پیش دانی prescience الهام

penurious

Don't have two nickels to rub together? You're penurious — a lovely long way of saying you're flat broke. Penurious also means a general dislike of spending money. If someone accuses you of being cheap, tell them you prefer to be thought of as penurious. It sounds so much classier. It's related to a similar word, penury, which means "a state of extreme poverty." قیر poor, needy, penurious تنگ چشم penurious خسیس stingy, miserly, abject, mean, parsimonious, penurious بی قوت

dysentery

Dysentery is a nasty sounding word for a nasty condition: an intestinal infection that results in diarrhea. There are few things as unpleasant as dysentery, an infectious condition, kind of like the flu, that includes severe diarrhea. Dysentery is common in countries and places with poor health conditions and sewage problems. If the drinking water is filthy, that's a great way to spread dysentery. This word sounds kind of dirty, and that's a good hint to its meaning: the horrible illness of dysentery spreads in dirty, unsafe living conditions. inflammation of the large intestine

engender

Engender is a fancy way of saying "to make happen," like when you engender the spirit of teamwork and cooperation by encouraging others and doing your share of the group's work. verb: give rise to:منجر به The restrictions of the Treaty of Versailles were so severe that they engendered deep hatred and resentment in the German people. تحریک کردن بوجود امدن engender تولید نسل کردن engender ابستن شدن conceive, engender ایجاد کردن**

fortitude

Fortitude refers to strength in the face of adversity or difficulty. Eating fried worms might require a lot of intestinal fortitude. When someone has fortitude it means that they have emotional power or reserves and the ability to withstand adversity. People who have fortitude are described in an admiring way for their courage and this word comes from the Latin word fortitudo, meaning "strength." Jacueline Bisset, someone who knows about beauty, said, "Character contributes to beauty. It fortifies a woman as her youth fades. A mode of conduct, a standard of courage, discipline, fortitude and integrity can do a great deal to make a woman beautiful." شکیبایی patience, forbearance, fortitude, sufferance بردباری tolerance, patience, toleration, fortitude, bearing, philosophy شهامت اخلاقی fortitude ثبات stability, register, consistency, constancy, recorder, fortitude پایمردی

gainsay

Gainsay, a verb, means "contradict" or "speak out against." When you challenge authority, you gainsay, as in teachers don't like it when unruly students gainsay them. verb: deny or contradict; speak against or oppose I can't gainsay a single piece of evidence James has presented, but I still don't trust his conclusion noun انکار denial, repudiation, disavowal, gainsay, disclamation, abjuration مخالفت opposition, objection, disagreement, resistance, defiance, gainsay verb انکار کردن deny, disclaim, recant, renege, repudiate, gainsay رد کردن reject, throw down, refuse, deny, decline, gainsay نقض کردن.

germane

Germane means relevant; it fits in. If you are giving a speech on dog training, stick to the germane, canine stuff. Topics that would not be germane? Catnip toys, hamster wheels, and the use of a saddle. adjective: relevant and appropriate The professor wanted to tell the jury in detail about his new book, but the lawyer said it wasn't germane to the charges in the cases. adjective وابسته dependent, affiliate, related, interdependent, attached, germane

feckless

If a newspaper editorial describes a politician as feckless, you might wonder, "What is feck, and why doesn't he have any?" In fact, the columnist is accusing the politician of being irresponsible and incompetent. سست loose, weak, frail, flimsy, slack, feckless بی اثر

remiss

If it's your turn to bring in the coffee and donuts for your early morning meeting, and you forget, then your co-workers can say that you were remiss in fulfilling your responsibility to keep them awake with sugar and caffeine. Don't expect to get much done at your meeting The adjective remiss is often used in the phrase "remiss in one's duty." The principal was remiss in her duty to tell parents about the incident at school. After the parents heard about it from their kids, the principal received several angry phone calls wondering why the school had been locked down for loose farm animals. بی مبالات remiss, perfunctory بی قید easygoing, remiss, insouciant, harum-scarum, light-headed, light-minded لا ابالی slipshod, improvident, slovenly, nonchalant, careless, remiss غفلت کار careless, delinquent, neglectful, negligent, remiss سست

impertinent

If someone's rude without being openly nasty, like a kid in the back row of class quietly heckling his teacher, you can call him impertinent. بی ربط irrelevant, disjointed, impertinent, incoherent, desultory, inconsequent گستاخ perky, insolent, rude, impudent, bold, impertinent بیشرمانه cheeky, impertinent noun خیره چشم

insufferable

If something is insufferable, it's unbearable and impossible, like the insufferable humidity of the "rain forest room" at the zoo on a hot summer day.

wanting

If something's wanting, there's not enough of something necessary in it. If your essay is wanting, it's missing something important and won't get an A. Try adding body paragraphs.lacking in a certain required or necessary quality. ناقص If you forget the sugar in your chocolate chip cookies, you'll find them wanting when you taste them. Likewise, if your favorite team's defense is wanting, they're likely to lose the basketball game. Wanting, which was originally wantand, comes from the verb want, "to be lacking." This definition pre-dated the now more common "to wish for" by 500 years.

unequivocal

If there is no doubt about it, it's unequivocal. An unequivocal response to a marriage proposal? "Yes. Yes! A thousand times yes!" adjective: admitting of no doubt or misunderstanding; having only one meaning or interpretation and leading to only one conclusion The President's first statement on the subject was vague and open to competing interpretations, so when he spoke to Congress about the same subject later, he was careful to make his position completely unequivocal. adjective صریح explicit, clear, express, frank, unequivocal, precise بدون ابهام unequivocal روشن bright, light, on, explicit, vivid, unequivocal غیر مبهم unambiguous, اشتباه نشدنی

abstain

If you abstain from something, you restrain yourself from consuming it. People usually abstain from things that are considered vices — like drinking alcohol or eating chocolate. verb: choose not to consume or take part in (particularly something enjoyable) Considered a health nut, Jessica abstained from anything containing sugar--even chocolate. خودداری کردن abstain پرهیز کردن abstain, keep away امتناع کردن abstain

retiring

If you are a retiring person, you avoid being at the center of attention. You can often be found in the library and other quiet places, and if someone compliments you, you're likely to blush and change the subject.کناره گیر retiring, aloof, standoffish

turpitude

If you are guilty of turpitude, you should be ashamed of yourself. Turpitude is a word that represents depraved behavior. Prisons are filled with criminals who have engaged in acts of moral turpitude. morally corrupt; wicked.

impecunious

If you are hard up, broke, penniless, or strapped for cash, you could describe yourself as impecunious. Then maybe you could make some money teaching vocabulary words.

tendentious

If you are writing a report on climate change and you ignore evidence that the earth is warming, the paper might be called tendentious. Tendentious means promoting a specific, and controversial, point of view. دارای گرایش ویژه و عمدی tendentious, tendencious متمایل When something is tendentious, it shows a bias towards a particular point of view, especially one that people disagree about. It shares a root with the word, tendency, which means leaning towards acting a certain way. If you have the tendency to talk in a tendentious manner about politics, people might tend to avoid you at parties.

ambivalent

If you can't decide how you feel about something, declare yourself ambivalent about it.ambiguous

disinterested

If you can't decide whether to purchase the shirt with orange polka dots or the purple paisley-patterned one, you might seek input from a disinterested, or unbiased, party (who will probably tell you not to buy either one). adjective: unbiased; neutral The potential juror knew the defendant, and therefore could not serve on the jury, which must consist only of disinterested members. بی غرض unbiased, disinterested, impartial, dispassionate, neuter بی طرف

disinterested

If you can't decide whether to purchase the shirt with orange polka dots or the purple paisley-patterned one, you might seek input from a disinterested, or unbiased, party (who will probably tell you not to buy either one). unbiased showing no prejudice for or against something; impartial. adjective بی غرض unbiased, disinterested, impartial, dispassionate, neuter بدون تبعیض unbiased

propitiate

If you forgot flowers on your Mom's birthday, you can still propitiate her by sending a bouquet the next day. Propitiate means to appease someone or make them happy by doing a particular thing. Handy strategy for lovers, too تسکین دادن soothe, mitigate, propitiate, pacify, quell, smooth خشم را فرو نشاندن

sententious

If you speak in sententious phrases, your listeners are probably falling asleep, as your speech is pompous and pretentious, and full of moralistic babble.نصیحت آمیز admonitory, hortative, sententious اندرز امیز given to moralizing in a pompous or affected manner.

bellicose

If you walk into a high school where you know no one, find the toughest looking girl in the halls and tell her she's ugly, them's fighting words. Or bellicose ones. Bellicose means eager for war. demonstrating aggression and willingness to fight. Bellicose is from Latin bellum "war." A near synonym is belligerent, from the same Latin noun. You may wonder if they're connected to the Latin bellus "pretty, handsome," which gives us the names Bella or Isabella, as well as belle "a beautiful woman." They're not. War and beauty are not related, except in the case of Helen of Troy. جنگ طلب

sanguine

If you're sanguine about a situation, that means you're optimistic that everything's going to work out fine.سرخ red, scarlet, rosy, sanguine, gules دموی sanguine, sanguinary, sanguineous برنگ خون crimson, sanguine, bloody, red, blood-red خونی bloody, hematic, haematic, hemal, sanguine, sanguineous خوش طبع

misoneism

If you're still using a wall telephone with a cord and refusing to buy a cell phone, your more tech-savvy friends might accuse you of misoneism, or hating new things. The noun misoneism is one way to describe a suspicion of innovation, or a stubborn tendency to stick with the older ways of doing things. A farmer's misoneism, for example, might lead her to use plow-pulling oxen rather than tractors and to milk her cows by hand rather than using newer milking machines. The Greek word for "hatred," misos merges here with neos, or "new.

jingoistic

If your car sports a bumper sticker that reads, "my country, right or wrong," you might be accused of being jingoistic, or of taking your love for your country way too far.

jingoist

If your car sports a bumper sticker that reads, "my country, right or wrong," you might be accused of being jingoistic, or of taking your love for your country way too far. jingo, flag-waver, hundred-percenter, chauvinist, patrioteer If your car sports a bumper sticker that reads, "my country, right or wrong," you might be accused of being jingoistic, or of taking your love for your country way too far. The line between patriotic and jingoistic can sometimes seem vague and confusing. Both adjectives describe a devotion to one's country, but jingoistic implies a fanatical allegiance that goes beyond pride, and often includes aggression toward other countries. The word jingo, "mindless, gung-ho patriot," arose from a popular 1878 song that praised Britain's warlike stance toward Russia at the time, and came into American use in the 1890s during the Spanish-American war. noun extreme patriotism, especially in the form of aggressive or warlike foreign policy. How would he differentiate between patriotism and jingoism ; internationalism and xenophobia? وطن پرست با تعصب

amenable

If your friends want to try sky diving and you're amenable to the idea, sounds like you're going to be jumping out of a plane. If a person or thing is amenable to something, they are ready, willing, or responsive adjective: easily persuaded Even though she did not like the outdoors, Shirley was generally amenable and so her brother was able to persuade her to go camping. متمایل bowed, inclined, amenable, disposed, prone, apt تابع dependent, subordinate, subservient, amenable, subsidiary, passive رام

apostasy

If your lifelong Republican-voting grandfather suddenly decides to register as a Democrat, some of his conservative friends may consider his change in politics to be apostasy, or rejecting what has been a strong belief and adopting a new one.رتداد If your lifelong Republican-voting grandfather suddenly decides to register as a Democrat, some of his conservative friends may consider his change in politics to be apostasy, or rejecting what has been a strong belief and adopting a new one. When you abandon a set of beliefs, especially when they're religious beliefs, you can be accused of apostasy, which in some countries is actually illegal. It's taken seriously by many churches, since the rejection of a church's ideas can be seen as a criticism of the entire organization. Over time, the meaning of apostasy has grown to include non-religious examples, like your grandfather's political switch. apostasy, heresy, defection, heterodoxy, abjuration, tergiversation برگشتگی از دین apostasy ترک ایین apostasy ترک عقیده

exegesis

If your teacher gives an explanation of a difficult text you are reading, she is giving you an exegesis on it. An exegesis is a critical look at a text. noun تفسیر interpretation, commentary, exegesis, comment, explanation, version Exegesis comes from the Greek word for interpret and it's often used in connection with the Bible. Often times, religious rules are based on an exegesis of a text. For instance, some Jewish people do not eat meat and dairy in the same meal based on an exegesis of a law in the Torah that says you should not eat a calf cooked in its mother's milk.

imitation

Imitation means copying the words, facial expressions, or actions of another person. Sometimes imitation is flattering, but often it's just annoying — like when your little brother does it to drive you crazy. noun تقلید imitation, emulation, mimicry, simulation, mime, mimesis بدلی imitation, counterfeit, makeshift چیز تقلیدی imitation ساختگی fake, sham, falsification, forgery, imitation, pastiche

amorphous

In a scientific sense amorphous means lacking a crystalline structure, something without solid form. In a broader sense, the word describes anything that lacks a distinct shape or organizing theme, be it a work of art, a political movement, or even someone's direction in life. بی نظم disordered, chaotic, amorphous, tumultuous بی شکل amorphous, formless, shapeless, unshaped, unshapen غیر متبلور amorphous غیر شفاف

intimate

Intimate means being close. A small restaurant is called intimate because you're sitting close to the other people, and your best friends are considered your intimate friends. closely acquainted; familiar, close. intimate verb: to suggest something subtly At first Manfred's teachers intimated to his parents that he was not suited to skip a grade; when his parents protested, teachers explicitly told them that, notwithstanding the boy's precocity, he was simply too immature to jump to the 6th grade. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study adjective صمیمی sincere, intimate, cordial, warm, heartfelt, hearty خودمانی intimate, familiar, friendly, private, bosom, close verb: to suggest something subtly At first Manfred's teachers intimated to his parents that he was not suited to skip a grade; when his parents protested, teachers explicitly told them that, notwithstanding the boy's precocity, he was simply too immature to jump to the 6th grade. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study

invective

Invective is harsh, abusive language, like, "you dirty rotten scoundrel." I'm sure you can think of harsher and more obscene examples, but we won't get into them hereطعن invective پرخاش ruff, abuse, quarrel, invective طعنه sarcasm, irony, taunt, scoff, quip, invective سخن حمله امیز invective ناسزا گویی

juggernaut

Juggernaut means a massive force. If the army marching into your country is a juggernaut, you're doomed. If you're trying to market a new Cola product, you're up against corporate giant Coca-Cola, a beverage juggernaut if ever there was one. With its roots in Hindi, juggernaut originally referred to a crude statue from which the Hindu god, Brahma, turned into the living god, Krishna. There continues to be a festival in honor of this miracle, in which a statue of Krishna is carted through town. It is said that in times past, devotees would throw themselves under the cart's wheels. نیروی عظیم منهدم کننده juggernaut نیروی تخریبی مهیب a huge, powerful, and overwhelming force or institution.

kowtow

Kowtow, which describes the act of kneeling and touching one's head to the ground to show respect, used to be a custom in Chinese culture. Now it refers to acting like you're doing that, whether you actually bow or not. Kowtow is derived from the Chinese word k'o-t'ou, which literally means "knock the head." As a verb, kowtow has the sense of "sucking up" or "flattering." Maybe you're wondering when it would be appropriate to kowtow. The answer? When you want to worship, show respect, gain favor, or flatter. You might need to kowtow to your teacher if you failed a test, but if you kowtow to all your neighbor's requests, you might wind up mowing his lawn all summer.

mercurial

Mercurial describes someone whose mood or behavior is changeable and unpredictable, or someone who is clever, lively, and quick. With a mercurial teacher, you never know where you stand.تند spicy, steep, fast, sharp, harsh, mercurial چالاک nimble, mercurial, nifty, peppy, brisk, nippy متلون mercurial, erratic, fickle, freakish, instable, particolored سیمابی mercurial, silvern جیوه دار mercurial متغیر

querulous

Querulous means "having a tendency to complain" or, more directly put, "whiny." Sure, no one can be happy all the time, but that's no excuse for being querulous. adjective: habitually complaining The querulous old woman was beginning to wear down even the happier members of the staff with her ceaseless complaining. adjective گله مند querulous کج خلق sullen, testy, irritable, crabbed, peevish, querulous زود رنج irritable, fractious, touchy, peevish, petulant, querulous شکوه گر querulous

cupidity

Remember the saying "Greed is good"? It could just as easily be "Cupidity is good," though admittedly it doesn't roll off the tongue quite the same way. Cupidity means a burning desire to have more wealth than you need.

remonstrate

Remonstrate means to call someone on something that's wrong. If your mother yells at you in public, you might call this getting chewed out. She might call it remonstrating. Either way, it's embarrassing. با تعرض و نکوهش گفتن

gerrymander

Some politicians change the boundaries of their voting districts in order to benefit themselves or their political party. To manipulate the boundaries like this — often viewed as unfair — is to gerrymander.بطور غیر عادلانه تقسیم کردن

incorrigible

Someone incorrigible seems to be beyond correcting, improving, or changing. When you talk about an incorrigible bully, you're saying they're always going to push other people around. Something that can be fixed is corrigible. When you have a chance to go back and fix the mistakes on a math test, any errors you make are corrigible. Use the adjective corrigible when you want to emphasize that something can be improved or corrected. You might argue that even a country's constitution is corrigible, or hope that your physics midterm is corrigible. A much more common word is incorrigible, which means hopeless or not fixable, but is most often used to describe someone's personality. The Latin corrigere, "to put straight or set right," is the root of both corrigible and incorrigible. adjective اصلاح ناپذیر incorrigible درست نشدنی incorrigible, irreclaimable بهبودی ناپذیر incorrigible, incurable

haughty

Someone who is haughty is arrogant and full of pride. When you're haughty, you have a big attitude and act like you're better than other people. adjective مغرور proud, arrogant, haughty, swanky, snobbish, imperious متکبر arrogant, proud, haughty, perky, conceited, swaggering والا sublime, grand, haughty, prominent پر افاده snobby, haughty, snooty, snobbish, arrogant, cocksure باددرسر haughty غراب insolent, arrogant, haughty

ingenuous

Someone who is ingenuous shows a childlike innocence, trust, and openness. One of the things kindergarten teachers value is the chance to work with kids while they're still relatively ingenuous--their open, trusting natures are a joy adjective: to be naïve and innocent Two-years in Manhattan had changed Jenna from an ingenuous girl from the suburbs to a jaded urbanite, unlikely to fall for any ruse, regardless of how elaborate. صاف و ساده ingenuous, candid رک گو frank, plainspoken, ingenuous, open, free-spoken اصیل

pollyannaish

Someone who is unfailingly cheerful — no matter what — can be described as pollyannaish. If your friend tells you some terribly bad news, it would be pollyannaish to say, "Yes, but it's such a beautiful day!"

fallacious

Something fallacious is a mistake that comes from too little information or unsound sources. Predictions that the whole state of California will snap off from the rest of North America and float away have proven to be fallacious — for now, anyway. adjective غلط wrong, false, incorrect, erroneous, inaccurate, fallacious سفسطه امیز

scintillating

Something scintillating is flashing briefly and sharply with light. Scintillating conversations are smart and captivating. adjective جرقه زننده scintillating, sparkling, scintillant بارقه دار scintillating, scintillant, shining, sparkling

anathema

Something that one absolutely and positively cannot stand is anathema. Garlic is anathema to vampires (ditto for stakes and daylight). So is kryptonite to Superman or a silver bullet to a werewolf.لعنت و تکفیر anathema هر چیزی که مورد لعن واقع شود anathema مرتد شناخته شده از طرف روحانیون Something that one absolutely and positively cannot stand is anathema. Garlic is anathema to vampires (ditto for stakes and daylight). So is kryptonite to Superman or a silver bullet to a werewolf. Originally the term anathema comes from the Catholic practice of denouncing a particular individual or idea that was antithetical to the Catholic Church. If done to a person, it excommunicated them, meaning they could no longer partake in the church's sacraments (with presumably pretty poor consequences for the soul.) That's a lot worse than kryptonite.

contingent

****noun: a gathering of persons representative of some larger group A small contingent of those loyal to the king have gathered around the castle to defend it. adjective: dependent on (usually used with upon) Whether the former world champions can win again this year is contingent upon none of its star players getting injured. The adjective contingent can be used to describe when something can occur only when something else does first. Making money is contingent on finding a good-paying job. adjective مشروط conditional, contingent, conditioned, qualified, provisional, constitutional محتمل possible, likely, probab

gall

***In an act of gall noun: the trait of being rude and impertinent The speeding car had the gall to switch five lanes at once, run through a red light, and then cut off a police car before finally coming to a stop in front of a sea of flashing red lights. noun: feeling of deep and bitter anger and ill-will In an act of gall, Leah sent compromising photos of her ex-boyfriend to all his co-workers and professional contacts. noun صفرا bile, gall, yellow bile, choler زهره Vesper, gall, bile, Evening Star, Hesperus, Morning Star گستاخی impudence, insolence, arrogance, audacity, impertinence, gall زردآب bile, gall, sanies

limpid

The adjective limpid describes something (often liquid) that is clear, serene and bright. Nature calendars often feature glamour shots of a limpid stream or a limpid lake زلال clear, limpid, crystal, lucid, clean ناب

macabre

The adjective macabre is used to describe things that involve the horror of death or violence. If a story involves lots of blood and gore, you can call it macabre. This word first appeared in English in the context of the "Dance of Death," recounted in literature as the figure of Death leading people in a dance to the grave, and translated from the Old French Danse Macabre. The Macabre part of the phrase is thought to be an alteration of Macabe "a Maccabee," an allusions to the Maccabees, who were a Jewish people who led a revolt against Syria about 166 B.C. and were martyred in the process.

picayune

The adjective picayune refers to those things that are so small, trivial, and unimportant that they're not worth getting into. Why focus on the picayune details, when it's the larger ideas that are the real problem? There are several newspapers in America called the Picayune, because they see it as their job to comb through even the minor details of the story to get to the truth. Hear the word "picky" in picayune (though they're not related)? That's one way to remember it. A picky person is picayune. Airline disaster investigators spend their lives rummaging through the debris, knowing that it might be the most picayune detail that leads them to understand the cause of a crash.

sanctimonious

The sanctimonious person sounds like a hypocrite when he preaches to a friend about the evils of drugs, while he drinks one beer after another. The sanctimonious person sounds like a hypocrite when he preaches to a friend about the evils of drugs, while he drinks one beer after another. Sanctimonious is a twist on the words sanctity and sacred, which mean holy or religious. A sanctimonious person might think he's holy, but their attitude comes across more like "holier-than-thou." Though sanctimonious people might try to act like saints, their actions are far from pure or holy, which just makes them sound like hypocrites. ای شیخ پاک دامن معذور دار مارا مقدس نما

sanctimonious

The sanctimonious person sounds like a hypocrite when he preaches to a friend about the evils of drugs, while he drinks one beer after another. deliver a sermon or religious address to an assembled group of people, typically in church. Sanctimonious is a twist on the words sanctity and sacred, which mean holy or religious. A sanctimonious person might think he's holy, but their attitude comes across more like "holier-than-thou." Though sanctimonious people might try to act like saints, their actions are far from pure or holy, which just makes them sound like hypocrites.

culminate

The verb culminate is used to describe a high point or a climactic stage in a process. For example, the goal of a Major League baseball team is to have their season culminate in a World Series victory. verb: reach the highest or most decisive point Beethoven's musical genius culminated in the 9th Symphony, which many consider his greatest work. به اوج رسیدن culminate بحد اکثر ارتفاع رسیدن culminate بحد اعلی رسیدن

wax

The verb wax is most often found in the company of its opposite, "wane." To wax is to grow larger or increase, whereas wane means to grow smaller or decrease. As the moon grows towards fullness, it waxes. It wanes, or diminishes in size, as the new moon approaches. This is the most common context for the verb wax, but it is also used to describe other phenomena that grow or increase, particularly those that are cyclical. Figuratively, if you wax eloquent, lyrical or poetic about something, you talk about it at great length and with growing enthusiasm. The noun wax refers to chemical compounds that can be shaped and molded, for example into candles, when warm.رو به بدر رفتن wax=/wane

gregarious

The word was originally used to describe animals that live in flocks — it's from the Latin word grex, meaning "herd." Not surprisingly, people began using it to describe humans who liked being in groups. Today biologists still speak of gregarious species, but you're more likely to hear it in reference to people. Despite what you might suspect, it has no historical connection to the name Gregory — but if you know an outgoing fellow with that name, you could call him Greg-arious. If you know someone who's outgoing, sociable, and fond of the company of others, you might want to call her gregarious. The word was originally used to describe animals that live in flocks — it's from the Latin word grex, meaning "herd." Not surprisingly, people began using it to describe humans who liked being in groups. Today biologists still speak of gregarious species, but you're more likely to hear it in reference to people. Despite what you might suspect, it has no historical connection to the name Gregory — but if you know an outgoing fellow with that name, you could call him Greg-arious. خونگر و اجتماعی گروه دوست

audacious

This adjective is very bold — if you are audacious, you are daring and unconventional! This adjective is very bold — if you are audacious, you are daring and unconventional! adjective: willing to be bold in social situations or to take risks As all of the other campers cowered in their tents, Bill, armed only with a flashlight, audaciously tracked down the bear that had raided their food. بی پروا reckless, unscrupulous, heady, headlong, audacious, foolhardy بی باک

artful

To be artful is to do something skillfully, especially in a cunning way. A con man must be artful exhibiting artistic skill clever in a cunning way حیله گر crafty, sly, cunning, artful, insinuating, captious استادانه deft, workmanlike, artful, professorial, scholastic, workmanly صنعتی adjective: exhibiting artistic skill Picasso is generally considered the most artful member of the Cubist movement. adjective: clever in a cunning way Bernie Madoff's artful Ponzi scheme stole billions of dollars from investors and is considered the largest financial fraud in U.S. history.

restive

To be restive is to be impatient or on edge — it's an edgy state. When you feel like your skin is too tight and your nerves are ready to snap, when you feel ready to explode, you are restive. restive adjective: restless The crowd grew restive as the comedian's opening jokes fell flat. سرکش rebellious, disobedient, indomitable, rebel, recalcitrant, restive کله شق stubborn, pertinacious, bull-headed, obstinate, mulish, restive رام نشو restive چموش cantankerous, skittish, shifting, outlaw, mulish, restive بی قرار

belie

To belie means to contradict. If you are 93 but look like you are 53, then your young looks belie your age. افترا زدن به belie, traduce بد وانمود کردن belie دروغ گفتن lie, gab, fib, prevaricate, belie, weasel دروغگو درامدن belie عوضی نشان دادن We get belie from the Old English beleogan, which meant "to deceive by lying." It suggests characteristics or behavior that inadvertently or deliberately hide the truth. To remember it, just think "be lying." Snow White's decision to barge into the Seven Dwarfs' home without invitation belied her gentle nature.

corroborate

To corroborate is to back someone else's story. If you swear to your teacher that you didn't throw the spitball, and your friends corroborate your story by promising that you were concentrating on math homework, she might actually believe you. تایید کردن confirm, vouch, corroborate, second, support, uphold تقویت کردن

panache

To have panache is to have a stylish flair. You might wear your giant polka-dotted scarf with great panache. noun: distinctive and showy elegance Jim, with his typical panache, came to the wedding reception with a top hat and cane. noun خود نمایی panache, grandstanding, ostentation, parade, frippery, vaunt

hector

To hector is to boss around or verbally bully someone. An older brother might hector his little sister until she hands over part of her Halloween candy. When you bombard someone with words, nagging and badgering until you get what you want, you hector. A teacher might feel the need to hector a class that consistently forgets to hand in homework assignments, and a playground bully might hector another child to give him her lunch money. The verb hector comes from the character in Greek mythology — Hector — who rallied the Trojans to keep fighting.talk to (someone) in a bullying way.توپیدن

powwow

To powwow or have a powwow is to have a quick meeting. People powwow when they need to discuss something. Originally, powwow was a Native American term for a type of meeting or council. The term has since become a more general term for meetings and conferences, especially brief ones. Football players in a huddle are having a powwow. Two police officers may powwow before approaching a suspect. Anytime there's something to discuss and debate, you might need to powwow. At the end of a powwow, you should come to some kind of decision.

undermine

To undermine literally means to dig a hole underneath something, making it likely to collapse. But we more often use the word to describe sabotage or the act of weakening someone else's efforts. تحلیل بردن undermine, imbibe, fiddle away, stub, use up نقب زدن burrow, tunnel, undermine, bore از زیر خراب کردن

underwrite

To underwrite is to insure or promise to be financially responsible in case of loss or damage. An insurance agent can underwrite your renter's insurance policy, which protects you if there's a fire or robbery, for example. sign and accept liability under (an insurance policy), thus guaranteeing payment in case loss or damage occurs.

Tribulation

Tribulation is suffering or trouble, usually resulting from oppression. The tribulations of a coal miner include a dangerous work environment, lung disease from black dust and a cramped, dark work space. When you encounter the word tribulation, it will usually be in the company of the word trial as in, "She suffered many trials and tribulations as an early feminist." The two words, while not identical, emphasize each other as they essentially mean testing and suffering. Tribulation comes from the Latin verb tribulare "to oppress, afflict." noun: something, especially an event, that causes difficulty and suffering As of 2013, nearly 1.5 million Syrians have fled their country hoping to escape the tribulations of a civil war tearing their country to pieces. noun رنج pain, affliction, toil, agony, tribulation, discomfort محنت distress, tribulation, toil, hardship, bale, trial عذاب torment, suffering, agony, torture, anguish, tribulation مصیبت

castigate

Use castigate when you mean reprimand but in an especially harsh way. If you take a mean teacher's books, even accidentally, you might worry that she's going to castigate you as soon as she finds out. Castigate means punish, and punish harshly, but the punishment is always a severe scolding. Sometimes it means criticize severely. Politicians in the Senate are always castigating each other for their alliances and opinions. Castigate and chasten, which also means "to reprimand" but is less severe, share the Latin root castus which means "pure." Ideally, if you castigate someone, you mean to guide someone away from the wrong path and toward a more pure one. But it sure doesn't feel like that when you're being castigated! to reprimand harshly

quixotic

Use quixotic for someone or something that is romantic and unrealistic, or possessed by almost impossible hopes. Your quixotic task is easy to understand, if difficult to achieve: establish world peace.آرمان گرا What a wonderful word quixotic is! While it is most often used to mean equally impractical and idealistic, it also has the sense of romantic nobility. Its source is from the great Spanish novel "Don Quixote," whose title character is given to unrealistic schemes and great chivalry. In the middle of a recession and high unemployment, it would be quixotic to imagine that you could quit your job and find another easily.

jejune

Use the adjective jejune to describe something that is uninteresting or insignificant. Many people claim to find celebrity gossip jejune, but ask them about a recent movie star scandal and chances are they know all about it.بیهوده vain, futile, useless, pointless, idle, jejune Jejune can also describe something that's immature or simplistic. All that actress could say about her latest movie was that it was "Super fun"? That's a pretty jejune comment. Basically jejune means lacking substance. It originally comes from the Latin word jejunus, which means "fasting," so when something is jejune, it's figuratively empty — devoid of intellectual nourishment. نارس premature, immature, unripe, green, raw, jejune تهی null, empty, void, devoid, hollow, jejune خشک dry, arid, withered, barren, waterless, jejune بی مزه tasteless, insipid, unsavory, vapid, flat, jejune بی لطافت

prodigal

Use the adjective prodigal to describe someone who spends too much money, or something very wasteful. Your prodigal spending on fancy coffee drinks might leave you with no money to buy lunch. rashly or wastefully extravagant noun ولخرج prodigal, profligate, spendthrift, scattergood مسرف spendthrift, prodigal, scattergood متلف dissipater, prodigal, spendthrift, squanderer, wastrel adjective پر تجمل prodigal

pyrrhic

Use the adjective pyrrhic to describe a victory that is won, but at too great a cost. In this use as an adjective, the word is often capitalized. The word pyrrhic comes from the Greek general, Pyrrhus, who defeated the Romans at the Battle of Asculum but lost so many troops that he couldn't defeat Rome itself. If you are the winner in an argument with your brother, but the fight ends up ruining your relationship with him, it's a Pyrrhic victory. An ancient Greek war dance is also called a pyrrhic.

laudable

Use the word laudable to describe something that deserves praise or admiration, like your laudable efforts to start a recycling program at your school. adjective: worthy of high praise To say that Gandhi's actions were laudable is the greatest understatement; he overthrew an empire without violence. praiseworthy adjective ستوده praised, commendable, praiseworthy, laudable, celebrated, famed قابل ستایش laudable, praiseworthy

junta

When a government is overthrown, the coalition or group that forms and takes control is called a junta. If the military has seized control, as so often happens, then the group is called a military junta.a military or political group that rules a country after taking power by force.Junta is pronounced with an initial h sound, which gives you a clue to its origins. It's from the Spanish junta, for a military or political group ruling the country after it has been taken over. Spanish got junta from the Latin jungere, to join. Remember, all the players in the junta must join together to overthrow the government.حزب دسته انجمن سری

excoriate

When it comes to "telling someone off," excoriate is reserved for the most severe cases. So, before you excoriate your little sister for borrowing your favorite jacket without permission, consider whether she truly deserves such harsh treatment. تراشیدن shave, scrape, carve, trim, whittle, excoriate پوست چیزی را کندن excoriate پوست کندن از

brusquely

When something is done brusquely it is done in a flat out, no-nonsense or crude manner. If you try to talk a teacher into changing your grade from a "C" to an "A," your request will probably be dismissed brusquely.

amuck

When things go amuck, they are wildly out of control. Someone running amuck is showing no self-control. This is a word that has to do with chaos and disorder. A riot is an example of people running amuck. In a cafeteria, if people are yelling and throwing food, they are going amuck. This word applies to times when control has been lost: people are showing no self-control, and the situation is out of hand. Sometimes, going amuck is positive, though. If a football player scores five touchdowns in a game, you could say he's running amuck.madness, insanity, frenzy, dementia, craziness, amuck

flush

When you empty something out with a liquid, you flush it. You might also be flush with cash, meaning you have a lot of it. Just don't flush that cash down the toilet!

prevaricate

When you prevaricate, you lie or mislead. Now, go ahead and tell me whether you already knew that meaning, and don't prevaricate about it — give me the story straight! When you prevaricate, you lie or mislead. Now, go ahead and tell me whether you already knew that meaning, and don't prevaricate about it — give me the story straight! While prevaricate basically means to lie, it also has the sense of making it hard to know exactly what the lie was. You talk in a confusing way, go back and forth, and as deliberately as possible mislead someone. Government officials, bureaucrats, and sneaky types prevaricate in the hopes that it will be too difficult to figure out whether they've been doing something wrong. Don't prevaricate with your parents — it will definitely make you look guilty, but they just won't be sure of what! طفره رفتن پس و پیش کردن مغلطه کردن

embroiled

When you're embroiled in something, you're tangled or mired in it — in other words, you're involved so completely that it's hard to get away from it. You might be embroiled in an argument between two friends, unable to step back and be neutral. به نزاع انداختن embroil میانه برهم زدن embroil دچار کردن embroil, swamp, trouble اشفته کردن

malfeasance

Whenever you see the prefix "mal-," you know it's not good. Malfeasance is bad behavior, especially from officials or people who should know better. wrongdoing, especially by a public official. بدکاری malfeasance, crime, felony شرارت wickedness, mischief, iniquity, villainy, malevolence, malfeasance کار خلاف قانون malfeasance بدکرداری

affluent

You know you're driving through an affluent neighborhood when you see large houses, perfect landscaping, and expensive cars. Use affluent to describe wealthy people or areas.

ferret

You may be familiar with ferrets, those adorable little mammals that look like cheap minks. Well, the verb to ferret means to act like a ferret: to dig for something until you find it.موش خرما ferret, squirrel ادم کنجکاو prier, pryer, ferret کاوش search, probing, probe, excavation, research, ferret خز fur, polecat, ferret, fitchew, foumart verb کنجکاوی کردن ferret, poke گریزاندن

mesmerize

You meet someone and you can't take your eyes off them, like you are connected by an invisible cord and can't break free. Those kinds of people have the power to mesmerize, holding your attention like you're under hypnosis

zeitgeist

Zeitgeist is the spirit or essence of a particular time. In the 1920s, flappers and speakeasies contributed to that era's Zeitgeist. Zeitgeist is a word that comes straight from German — zeit means "time" and geist means spirit, and the "spirit of the time" is what's going on culturally, religiously, or intellectually during a certain period. Think about how something like Woodstock symbolized the 1960s: Woodstock was part of the Zeitgeist of the 1960s. Whatever seems particular to or symbolic of a certain time is likely part of its Zeitgeist.the defining spirit or mood of a particular period of history as shown by the ideas and beliefs of the time.روحیه یا طرزفکر یک عصر یا دوره

palimpsest

a manuscript or piece of writing material on which the original writing has been effaced to make room for later writing but of which traces remain.If you are writing fast and hastily erase something not quite all the way and continue writing right over the smudgy bit, then you've created a palimpsest — which means you can see traces of the earlier writing mixed in with the new.

alacrity

adj,Someone with alacrity shows cheerful willingness and eager behavior, like a kid whose mother has told him he can buy anything in a candy storeدر پوست خود نمی گنجد

bleak

adj,Something that is bleak is gloomy and depressing. If it's raining and dark, you might describe the night as bleak. If you have looked for work and no one will hire you, you could describe your prospects as bleak. If you and the ten people sharing your lifeboat have been adrift for ten days and are down to your last cracker, your situation is bleak. A near synonym is dismal. Bleak is from Middle English bleik, from Old Norse bleikr "white, pale." This word is related to the English word bleach. adjective غم افزا bleak, oppressive, depressive, gloomy در معرض باد سرد bleak

inocuous

adj,Something that's innocuous isn't harmful or likely to cause injury. Public figures like mayors and governors have to expect they'll get critical or even hurtful emails and phone calls, as well as more innocuous feedback.

candid

adj,Straightforward and truthful talk might be described with the adjective candid. If you're always candid, your parents will know that they can trust you.بی پرده A serious-minded politician might suggest engaging in a "candid discussion" about a complicated topic like health care or the environment, because candid means "open" or "frank." Remember that TV show Candid Camera? It was called that because its hidden cameras supposedly showed a candid view of reality. In photography, candid has become a noun meaning "an unposed photo." The word comes from Latin candidus, meaning "white," which was later extended to mean "pure." Candid talk provides the pure, unvarnished truth.

contrite

adj,We are sorry to inform you that the adjective contrite means regretful, remorseful, or even guilty.پشیمان regretful, remorseful, sorry, penitent, contrite توبه کار penitent, contrite از روی توبه و پشیمانی adjective: to be remorseful Though he stole his little sister's licorice stick with malevolent glee, Chucky soon became contrite when his sister wouldn't stop crying.

corrigible

adjective اصلاح پذیر repairable, amendable, corrigible, reparable Something that can be fixed is corrigible. When you have a chance to go back and fix the mistakes on a math test, any errors you make are corrigible. Use the adjective corrigible when you want to emphasize that something can be improved or corrected. You might argue that even a country's constitution is corrigible, or hope that your physics midterm is corrigible. A much more common word is incorrigible, which means hopeless or not fixable, but is most often used to describe someone's personality. The Latin corrigere, "to put straight or set right," is the root of both corrigible and incorrigible.

futile

adjective بیهوده vain, futile, useless, pointless, idle, thankless بی فایده useless, wasteful, futile, vain, ineffective, ineffectual باطل void, invalid, vain, null, inoperative, futile پوچ absurd, null, empty, hollow, vain, futile

frangible

adjective ترد crisp, crispy, brittle, tender, frangible, fragile شکننده fragile, brittle, frangible, friable, frail, refringent

forefront

adjective جلودار forefront, front, forehand noun جلو front, forefront, forepart, foreside صف جلو forefront

cogent

adjective متقاعد کننده convincing, persuasive, cogent دارای قدرت و زور Cogent comes from a Latin word meaning to drive together, so cogent thinking is well-organized: it hangs together. If you try to convince your mayor to build a new park by saying that playgrounds are good, seeing the sky is nice, and raccoons are cool...well that's not a cogent argument; it's just random. But you could cogently argue that parks contribute to civic happiness by providing space for exercise, community, and encounters with nature.

abstruse

adjective مغلق abstruse پیچیده complex, intricate, wrapped, twisted, involved, abstruse غامض knotty, problematic, difficult, abstruse, involute, problematical پنهان hidden, secret, latent, back-door, surreptitious, abstruse Abstruse things are difficult to understand because they are so deep and intellectually challenging. It might be hard to figure out how a toilet flushes but the technology that goes into making the Internet function is abstruse. The Latin roots of the word abstruse are about concealing or hiding something, which is a good way to remember the meaning of this word. It is useful when describing something that is overly confusing, or if someone is deliberately making a story or a situation more complicated than necessary. It sounds and looks like obtuse, but abstruse is almost its opposite. Obtuse is dull or lacking a sharpness of intellect. While Abstruse is president of the chess club, Obtuse is hanging out by the parking lot smoking cigarettes.

unpropitious

adjective: (of a circumstance) with little chance of success With only a bottle of water and a sandwich, the hikers faced an unpropitious task: ascending a huge mountain that took most two days to climb. adjective (of a circumstance) not giving or indicating a good chance of success; unfavorable. his reports were submitted at a financially unpropitious time نامطلوب نامساعد شرایط ناموفق دارای شانس کم برای موفقیت

glib

adjective: (of a person) speaking with ease but without sincerity I have found that the more glib the salesman, the worse the product (of words or the person speaking them) fluent and voluble but insincere and shallow. A hiring manager might think you're being glib, or slick and insincere, if you say you've led a successful multinational corporation when you were actually in charge of flipping burgers for a fast-food restaurant chain. The word glib might be used to describe the slick car salesman who uses his polished sales pitch to talk his customers into buying lemons. In fact, the word comes from old German and Dutch words for "slippery," another word that could be used to describe the very same salesman. In addition to meaning "smooth" and "persuasive," glib can be applied to the kind of thoughtless comment that could get you into big trouble. Telling your boss that you had a "hot time" with his daughter is the kind of glib remark that could end your career. سلیس fluent, smooth, pellucid, glib, eloquent, clear روان smooth, fluent, fluid, spirit, versatile, glib لیز slippery, slick, slippy, glib, slithery, lubricious چرب زبان glib, silver-tongued, smooth-tongued زبان دار glib

internecine

adjective: (of conflict) within a group or organization The guerilla group, which had become so powerful as to own the state police, was finally destroyed by an internecine conflict. Prepare yourself, because internecine is a gloomy word. It's an adjective you'd use to describe a bloody battle where both sides are badly hurt. On a lighter note, it can also mean a conflict that tears an organization apart. A combination of the Latin inter- ("among") and necare ("to kill"), internecine conflicts are full of blood and death, and they end up destroying everyone involved, which sounds fair but also awful. Many wars are internecine, as are most Shakespearean tragedies and Hollywood action films. An internecine meeting would be one where everyone gets mad, says really horrible things, and then suddenly leaves, plotting revenge. It's probably the last meeting for that group, which might be a good thing. adjective destructive to both sides in a conflict. the region's history of savage internecine warfare internecine adjective خونین bloody, gory, sanguinary, murderous, blooded, internecine قاتل deadly, internecine کشت و کشتار

discursive

adjective: (of e.g. speech and writing) tending to depart from the main point Many readers find it tough to read Moby Dick since the author is discursive, often cutting the action short to spend 20 pages on the history of a whale If people accuse you of rambling from topic to topic in your speech or writing, they may say you have a discursive style — with changes in subject that are hard to follow. But it's okay because unicorns are shiny. The adjective discursive is often used to describe speech or writing that tends to stray from the main point, but the word can also have almost the opposite meaning. Discursive can also be used to describe an argument based on reason instead of intuition: "Her discursive dissertation on Colonial American women was well-argued and well-reasoned. Her professors were most impressed with her work." adjective digressing from subject to subject. students often write dull, secondhand, discursive prose synonyms: rambling, digressive, meandering, wandering, maundering, diffuse, long شاخه به شاخه متن یا سخرانی بی سر وبی ته proceeding by argument or reasoning rather than by intuition. Like Socrates, Russell saw philosophy as spoken and conversational, rather than written and discursive . برهانی استدلالی

turgid

adjective: (of language) pompous and tedious The amount of GRE vocabulary he used increased with his years--by the time he was 60, his novels were so turgid that even his diehard fans refused to read them. Turgid describes something that's swollen, typically by fluids, like a turgid water balloon that's way too big to resist dropping on your friend's head. Turgid comes from the Latin word turgidus, meaning "swollen, inflated." Turgid can be used in a figurative sense to describe things that are overblown. That might remind you of some people's egos! If a famous singer wants to showcase his incredible vocal range and his love of yodeling in a single song, the result may well be turgid, something so swollen with notes and styles that it seems ready to burst. adjective swollen and distended or congested. a turgid and fast-moving river synonyms: swollen, distended, tumescent, engorged, bloated, tumid متورم باد کرده اماس دار ****** سبک زبانی قلمبه و کسالت اور غیر قابل هضم

lucid

adjective: (of language) transparently clear; easily understandable Though Walters writes about physics and time travel, his writing is always lucid, so readers with little scientific training can understand difficult concepts. Something that's lucid is clear and understandable. Lucid writing is important in journalism, so that readers easily get the point of the article they're reading. When what you write or say is lucid, it's straightforward and its meaning is crystal clear. You can also use the adjective lucid to describe your mind or thoughts when you're thinking in a rational, sensible way: "I was worried about my grandmother's confusion yesterday, but she seems really lucid today." Another meaning is "translucent," or letting light shine through — which makes sense since lucid comes from the Latin lucidus, "light or clear," with its root of lux, "light." شفاف transparent, clear, lucid, crystal, hyaline, crystalline واضح obvious, clear, explicit, vivid, distinct, lucid روشن

plodding

adjective: (of movement) slow and laborious Charlie may seem to run at a plodding pace, but he is an ultramarathoner, meaning he runs distances of up to 100 miles, and can run for ten hours at a stretch. adjective slow-moving and unexciting. a plodding comedy drama verb walk doggedly and slowly with heavy steps. we plodded back up the hill synonyms: trudge, walk heavily, clump, stomp, tramp, tromp, lumber, slog See also laborious اهسته و محکم حرکت کردن plod با زحمت کاری را انجام دادن

untenable

adjective: (of theories etc) incapable of being defended or justified With the combination of Kepler's brilliant theories and Galileo's telescopic observations, the old geocentric theory became untenable to most of the educated people in Europe. If something is untenable, you can't defend it or justify it. If your disagreement with your teacher puts you in an untenable position, you better just admit you made a mistake and get on with it. When untenable entered English in the 17th century it meant "unable to be held against attack." That sense still holds true: you can use the adjective untenable to describe any situation, position, or theory that simply can't be defended. Untenable is a great word to use when you want to criticize something, whether it's a flawed system or a referee's bad call. ctive غیرقابل دفاع untenable, indefensible adjective (especially of a position or view) not able to be maintained or defended against attack or objection. this argument is clearly untenable synonyms: indefensible, insupportable, unsustainable, unjustified, unjustifiable, flimsy,

inclement

adjective: (of weather) unpleasant, stormy After a week of inclement weather, we finally are able to go outside and enjoy the sun. adjective: used of persons or behavior; showing no mercy Marcus Aurelius, though a fair man, was inclement to Christians during his reign, persecuting them violently. Inclement usually refers to severe or harsh weather that is cold and wet. When packing for a trip to the Caribbean bring tank tops and shorts, but don't forget a raincoat in case of inclement weather. This adjective can also refer to a person or action that is harsh and unmerciful. Inclement is from a Latin root formed from the prefix in- "not" plus clemens "clement." This English adjective clement can mean either mild or merciful; the more commonly used noun clemency can mean mildness or mercy. severe, intense, violent, drastic, intensive, inclement بی اعتدال

detrimental

adjective: (sometimes followed by "to") causing harm or injury Many know that smoking is detrimental to your health, but processed sugar in large quantities is equally bad. tending to cause harm. adjective مضر harmful, detrimental, bad, adverse, noxious, damaging زیان اور disadvantageous, detrimental, deleterious, malefic, tortious, nocuous خسارت اور damaging, detrimental زیان بار Detrimental is a formal way of saying "harmful." Anything detrimental hurts, hinders, or puts a damper on something. Detrimental things do damage. Have you ever heard "Smoking may be detrimental to your health" and wondered what it meant? It means that smoking is bad for your health: it's going to harm you in a bunch of ways. Detrimental is a more official, formal way of talking about things that do harm. A dog who likes digging holes can be detrimental to a garden. If you're writing a paper and want to pick an alternative to harmful that sounds more formal, detrimental is a great choice.

ignominious

adjective: (used of conduct or character) deserving or bringing disgrace or shame Since the politician preached ethics and morality, his texting of revealing photographs was ignominious, bringing shame on both himself and his party. Losing a football game stinks, but losing a game where, at the end, you are lying face down in a puddle of mud and the fans are burning effigies of you in the streets? That is an ignominious defeat. deserving or causing public disgrace or shame. رسوا مفتضح ننگ آور

complicit

adjective: Associated with or participating in an activity, especially one of a questionable nature. مشارکت کننده هم دست While the grand jury cleared the senator of all criminal charges, in the public mind he was still complicit in the corruption. Complicity is involvement in a wrongful act — like when you drove your newly-turned-vegetarian friend to a fast food joint so that she could scarf down a hamburger. Complicity refers to the act of helping someone else behave inappropriately or illegally. If you find yourself accused of complicity, it's often helpful to show that you were unaware of the other person's intentions. In the case of the trip to the fast food restaurant, that's going to be hard to prove. You'll probably be scorned for being an accomplice, or someone who is complicit, in your friend's shameful act. adjective involved with others in an illegal activity or wrongdoing. all of these people are complicit in some criminal conspiracy Complicity is involvement in a wrongful act — like when you drove your newly-turned-vegetarian friend to a fast food joint so that she could scarf down a hamburger. Complicity refers to the act of helping someone else behave inappropriately or illegally. If you find yourself accused of complicity, it's often helpful to show that you were unaware of the other person's intentions. In the case of the trip to the fast food restaurant, that's going to be hard to prove. You'll probably be scorned for being an accomplice, or someone who is complicit, in your friend's shameful act. شریک جرم

pristine

adjective: Unspoiled, untouched (usu. of nature) The glacial lake was pristine and we filled our canteens to drink deeply. adjective: Immaculately clean and unused Drill sergeants are known for demanding pristine cabinets, uniforms, and beds, and often make new recruits clean and clean and clean until they meet the expected high standard If something is pristine it's immaculately clean or has never been used. So please check your shoes before walking on a pristine white carpet. A long, long time ago pristine was used to describe primitive or ancient things. It wasn't until 1899 that the word grew to mean "unspoiled" or "pure." Ecologists strive to preserve pristine rain forests, just as vacationers are always looking for a pristine strip of beach to lounge on. A new car should arrive to you in pristine condition, and hopefully you'll do your best to keep it that way. دست نخورده بکر تر و تازه prior, a priori, former, previous, antecedent, pristine طبیعی ودست نخورده

derisive

adjective: abusing vocally; expressing contempt or ridicule I was surprised by her derisive tone; usually, she is sweet, soft spoken, and congenial. Use the adjective derisive to describe something or someone that mocks, expresses contempt, or ridicules. You may sometimes catch your kids making derisive comments — especially if you ask them to do chores instead of whatever they think is more important. Derisive comes from the Latin word deridere, meaning "to ridicule," and is from the roots de-, which means "down," and ridere, which means "to laugh." The adjective derisory comes from the same Latin word, but it has a different sense. If you say something derisive, you show contempt or ridicule, as in a derisive glare at your noisy neighbors. If you say something is derisory, you mean it invites or deserves ridicule or contempt, especially if it is laughably small, such as a derisory diamond chip in an engagement ring. استهزاء امیز derisive, derisory expressing contempt or ridicule. a harsh, derisive laugh

palatable

adjective: acceptable to the taste or mind Mikey didn't partake much in his friends' conversations, but found their presence palatable. Something that is palatable is acceptable to one's sense of taste—literally or figuratively. If it's palatable, then you can put up with it — whether it's leftovers or a mediocre made-for-TV movie. The palate is the roof of the mouth, the combination of structures that separates the mouth from the nose. Early anatomists believed that the sense of taste was located in the palate, and, just as taste is metaphorically expanded to include sensibilities beyond the experience of food and drink, so palatable can be used to describe phenomena beyond the culinary. And, while palatable can mean pleasing or agreeable, it generally means merely tolerable—edible, rather than delicious. سقف دهان palate adjective خوش طعم tasty, palatable, savory, dainty, delicious, mellow دلپذیر pleasant, nice, mellow, agreeable, graceful, palatable مطبوع به ذائقه palatable خوشگوار savory, palatable, tasty, digestible, savoury

perspicacious

adjective: acutely insightful and wise Many modern observers regard Eisenhower as perspicacious, particularly in his accurate prediction of the growth of the military. Perspicacious is an adjective that means "shrewd" and "wise." A perspicacious child can't be fooled when her parents try to keep a secret by talking in Pig Latin. The adjective perspicacious is a long word for a short definition: "keen" or "shrewd." This word is descended from the Latin word perspicere, which means "to look closely." In other words, if you look closely at something you are paying attention to it and know it well. A definition of perspicacious that is out of date but still relevant is "having keen eyesight" and people who can see clearly are also aware and attentive! تیز و زود درک تیز هوش زیرک adjective having a ready insight into and understanding of things. it offers quite a few facts to the perspicacious reporter synonyms: discerning, shrewd, perceptive, astute, penetrating

genial

adjective: agreeable, conducive to comfort Betty is a genial young woman: everyone she meets is put at ease by her elegance and grace. adjective خوش مشرب sociable, genial, sanguine, pleasant, folksy, chirpy خون گرم temperamental, genial, affectionate, cordial, haematothermal, hot-blooded خیر If you're friendly and outgoing, you're genial. You can be a genial host or a genial guest. This is mainly a word for pleasant kindness. Besides people or animals, climates and weather can be genial, which means they too are warm and sunny — good for growing things. In older literature, genial might have something to do with marriage and family, and sometimes brilliance, as in genius. Those uses are very rare nowadays, as is the sense of genial as having to do with the jaw. These days, warmth and friendliness are the main meanings.

hoary

adjective: ancient Most workout gurus are young, fit people, whereas most yoga gurus are hoary men with long white beards. Use the adjective hoary to describe something that is old and worn out — like the hoary jokes your great uncle Albert clings to. The word hoary can also be used to describe something that is white or gray with age. Santa is usually depicted with a hoary beard and hoary hair, although sometimes mall Santas have to fake this with wigs and artificial beards. Hoary can also mean covered with white down — "The hoary leaves felt like velvet to the touch." کهن ancient, olden, aging, hoary سالخورده aging, elderly, old, aged, senile, hoary متعلق به عهد بوق قدیمی adjective grayish white. hoary cobwebs synonyms: grayish-white, gray, white, snowy, silver, silvery, frosty, rimy old and trite. that hoary American notion that bigger is better

becoming

adjective: appropriate, and matches nicely Her dress was becoming and made her look even more beautiful. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Something that's becoming is charming, or looks good. It's a compliment — or a sales tactic — if a salesperson gushes, "That dress is so becoming on you!" adjective زیبنده becoming, seemly شایسته (especially of clothing) flattering a person's appearance.

facile

adjective: arrived at without due care or effort; lacking depth Many news shows provide facile explanations to complex politics, so I prefer to read the in-depth reporting of The New York Times. If someone does something easily, or shows ease, it is described as facile in a good way, but if someone takes the easy way out and shows a lack of thought or care, it is facile in a bad way. While it is a lovely sounding French word, facile is both a compliment and an insult depending on how it's used. Something that shows ready skill is facile, such as being facile with text messaging. But if something is too simple and superficial, or shows little care, it can also be called facile, or lame. "Being too cowardly to tell the truth and admit he didn't do it, he used the facile and sarcastic excuse that the dog ate his homework." اسان سهل سهل انگارانه سر سری از سر واکنی

overweening

adjective: arrogant; presumptuous Mark was so convinced of his basketball skills that in his overweening pride he could not fathom that his name was not on the varsity list; he walked up to the basketball coach and told her she had forgotten to add his name. Overweening is a negative term meaning arrogant or excessive. People can be described as having overweening pride or overweening ambition. It's too much and not good. Confidence and pride are okay in moderation. Overweening means having too much of it though so that it overtakes the rest of your personality, and not in a good way. If your football team has won every game of the season, they need to watch that they don't become overweening and start playing games as if they have already won. خودشیفته و خود پسند adjective مغرور proud, arrogant, haughty, swanky, snobbish, overweening بسیار مغرور overweening خود رای opinionated, overconfident, wayward, presumptuous, headstrong, overweening خود سر opinionated, wayward, willful, overconfident, presumptuous, overweening

factitious

adjective: artificial; not natural The defendant's story was largely factitious and did not accord with eyewitness testimonies If you create a "diamond" out of plastic, then you've created a factitious diamond, meaning that it's a phony. Factitious, pronounced "fac-TISH-us," means "fake," like a factitious compliment you give the person who cooked you an awful meal — you don't mean it, but you say it anyway, just to be nice. As he or she happily walks away, another friend might whisper, "Were you being facetious about the dinner being good?" Facetious, pronounced "fuh-SEE-shuhs," means "trying to be funny." Don't confuse factitious with facetious — or fictitious, which means "made up." ** Factitious *** facetious *** fictitious adjective ساختگی false, dummy, artificial, bogus, fictitious, factitious دروغی sham, factitious, factitive مصنوعی artificial, false, sophisticated, dummy, feigned, factitious صوری formal, nominal, superficial, ostensible, simulative, factitious

tempestuous

adjective: as if driven by turbulent or conflicting emotions; highly energetic and wildly changing or fluctuating Chuck and Kathy had always been stable and agreeable people on their own, but when they got involved, it was a tempestuous relationship. A tempest is a storm, so you can use the adjective tempestuous to describe anything stormy or volatile — from a tempestuous hurricane to a tempestuous romance. The adjective tempestuous can describe violent weather, but it can also figuratively describe something that just has the characteristics of such blustery and turbulent weather. A person could be described as tempestuous if she's prone to violent mood swings and fits of passion. Impetuous is a synonym. The author Joseph Conrad once wrote, "To have his path made clear for him is the aspiration of every human being in our beclouded and tempestuous existence." adjective characterized by strong and turbulent or conflicting emotion. he had a reckless and tempestuous streak synonyms: turbulent, stormy, tumultuous, wild, lively, heated, explosive, feverish پر تلاطم adjective متلاطم jumpy, flustered, unruly, tempestuous, stormy, agitated طوفانی stormy, windy, tempestuous, wild, troubled, diluvial توفانی stormy, tempestuous, gusty, squally, boisterous

obsequious

adjective: attentive in an ingratiating or servile manner; attempting to win favor from influential people by flattery The obsequious waiter did not give the couple a moment's peace all through the meal, constantly returning to their table to refill their water glasses and to tell them what a handsome pair they made. If you disapprove of the overly submissive way someone is acting — like the teacher's pet or a celebrity's assistant — call them by the formal adjective obsequious. obsequious If you disapprove of the overly submissive way someone is acting — like the teacher's pet or a celebrity's assistant — call them by the formal adjective obsequious. Vocabulary Shout-Out In Defense of "Obsequious" Chicago Tribune columnist Eric Zorn takes issue with the College Board's inclusion of obsequious in a list of words you won't see on the redesigned SAT. Continue reading... There are many words in the English language for a person or an action that is overly obedient and submissive. Obsequious people are usually not being genuine; they resort to flattery and other fawning ways to stay in the good graces of authority figures. An obsequious person can be called a bootlicker, a brownnoser or a toady. You can also say that someone gives an obsequious bow, a gesture that means, "your wish is my command." adjective فرمانبردار obedient, subordinate, obsequious, biddable چاپلوس flattering, servile, subservient, obsequious, smooth-tongued, sweet-mouthed متملق obsequious, subservien obedient or attentive to an excessive or servile degree.

evasive

adjective: avoiding or escaping from difficulty or danger or commitment His responses were clearly evasive; he obviously did not want to take on any responsibility or any new work. adjective: deliberately vague or ambiguous Every time I call the bank, I receive the same evasive answers about our mortgage and never get a clear response. adjective tending to avoid commitment or self-revelation, especially by responding only indirectly. she was evasive about her phone number synonyms: equivocal, prevaricating, elusive, ambiguous, noncommittal, vague, inexplicit, unclear, ro ** adjective گریزان ** elusive, evasive, run away, divaricate دو پهلو بودن برای طفره رفتن ابهام تعامدی

arbitrary

adjective: based on a random, groundless decision One of the arbitrary decrees in place during the emperor's rule is that all citizens pay him weekly homage at his palace. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Something that's arbitrary seems like it's chosen at random instead of following a consistent rule. Team members would dislike their coach using a totally arbitrary method to pick starting players. adjective دلخواه arbitrary, ideal اختیاری optional, voluntary, arbitrary, freewill, free مستبدانه

specious

adjective: based on pretense; deceptively pleasing Almost every image on TV is specious and not to be trusted. adjective: plausible but false He made a career out of specious arguments and fictional lab results, but lost his job and reputation when his lies were exposed by an article in The New York Times. Use specious to describe an argument that seems to be good, correct, or logical, but is not so. We live on the earth, therefore the earth must be the center of the universe has been proven to be a specious theory of the solar system. مشکوک ** محتمل اما غیر درست **

chivalrous

adjective: being attentive to women like an ideal knight Medieval tales are full of stories of chivalry, in which a young knight must commit deeds of heroism to win the hand of a fair maiden. A man who is courteous and attentive to women can be described as chivalrous: "The chivalrous stranger picked up the packages Veronica dropped and held the door open while she entered the apartment building." The word chivalrous originally described gallantry, valor, honor, and courtesy, associated with the medieval code of knighthood. Medieval knights are no longer with us, but chivalrous has survived in modern usage to describe a man — or a behavior — showing courtesy or attentiveness toward women. So the guy holding the door open for you with a flourish may or may not be your "knight in shining armor," but his chivalrous act gives him something in common with the medieval knights of lore. adjective (of a man or his behavior) courteous and gallant, especially toward women. adjective جوانمرد chivalrous, chivalric, manly, sportsmanlike, youth بلند همت ambitious, chivalrous, chivalric

impertinent

adjective: being disrespectful; improperly forward or bold Dexter, distraught over losing his pet dachshund, Madeline, found the police officer's questions impertinent—after all, he thought, did she have to pry into such details as to what Madeline's favorite snack was? If someone's rude without being openly nasty, like a kid in the back row of class quietly heckling his teacher, you can call him impertinent. گستاخ

tantamount

adjective: being essentially equal to something In many situations, remaining silent is tantamount to admitting guilt, so speak to prove your innocence به مثابه adjective معادل equivalent, tantamount, equipollent برابر equal, equivalent, double, tantamount, parallel, square بمثابه tantamount هم کف tantamount, floor-length noun همپایه tantamount

rudimentary

adjective: being in the earliest stages of development; being or involving basic facts or principles I would love to be able to present a fully polished proposal to the board, but right now, our plans for the product are still in the most rudimentary stages. Rudimentary means basic, or at a very early stage. The test should be easy: it requires only a rudimentary understanding of the materials. adjective ابتدایی elementary, primary, initial, preliminary, rudimentary, abecedarian اولیه early, primary, preliminary, primitive, prime, rudimentary بدوی primitive, initial, incipient, rudimentary, seminal, germinal ناقص imperfect, incomplete, defective, faulty, malformed, rudimentary

coterminous

adjective: being of equal extent or scope or duration The border of the state is coterminous with geographic limits on travel; the east and north are surrounded by a nearly uncrossable river and the south by a desert. Use the word coterminous to describe things that are equal in scope. If an earthquake in Australia was coterminous with the earthquake in China, that means it caused the same amount of destruction. The adjective coterminous derives from the Latin word conterminus, meaning "bordering upon, having a common boundary." When something is coterminous, it has the same boundaries, or is of equal extent or length of time as something else. The expansion of the American Old West was coterminous with the expansion of the Great American Frontier. Your mayor's term in office might be conterminous with increased access to social services. adjective having the same boundaries or extent in space, time, or meaning. the southern frontier was coterminous with the French Congo colony adjective هم مرز conterminous, coterminous, abutting

apocryphal

adjective: being of questionable authenticity The web is notorious for sandwiching apocryphal stories between actual news. of questionable authority or authenticity Urban legends — stories about phantom hitchhikers, deep-fried rats, and spider eggs in bubblegum — are classic examples of apocryphal tales. They're told as if they're true, but no one can ever verify their origins or authenticity. Today, any dubious or unverifiable story may be dismissed as apocryphal. Originally, however, apocryphal was reserved for religious writings that were not included in the Torah or the New Testament of the Bible because the divinity of the texts was not certain. These texts are known as the Apocrypha and are included in the Septuagint (a Greek version of the Hebrew Bible) and the Vulgate (a Latin Bible edited in the 4th century). authenticity adjective جعلی spurious, bogus, counterfeit, fictitious, apocryphal, colorable ساختگی false, dummy, artificial, bogus, fictitious, apocryphal دارای اعتبار مشکوک apocryphal Urban legends — stories about phantom hitchhikers, deep-fried rats, and spider eggs in bubblegum — are classic examples of apocryphal tales. They're told as if they're true, but no one can ever verify their origins or authenticity.

moribund

adjective: being on the point of death; declining rapidly losing all momentum in progress Whether you like it or not, jazz as a genre is moribund at best, possibly already dead. Something that is moribund is almost dead, like a moribund economy that has been stuck in a recession for years. In Latin, mori means "to die." You probably recognize this root in words like mortal, mortician, and mortuary. Moribund means "near death," but it can also mean something that is coming to an end, nearly obsolete, or stagnant. For example, as streaming videos over the Internet becomes a more and more popular way to watch movies and television shows, the DVD has become a moribund medium. adjective رو به مرگ moribund adjective (of a person) at the point of death. Ideally patients will be enrolled before they are moribund and on 'death's door'. synonyms: dying, expiring, terminal, on one's deathbed, near death, at death's door,

mordant

adjective: biting and caustic in thought, manner, or style While Phil frequently made mordant remarks about company policy overall, he always was considerably gentler in discussing any person in particular. f you like Edgar Allan Poe and "The Addams Family," you have a taste for mordant entertainment — that is, anything particularly grim or dark in nature. The original meaning of mordant (which comes from the Latin word modere, meaning "to bite or sting,") was that of a physical substance that literally bit into something, such as the one used to set dye into fabrics, or etch lines into a copper plate. Now, mordant generally refers to a dark or biting artistic style, sense of humor, or psychological outlook. adjective جگرسوز mordant, bitter نیش دار sarcastic, mordant, poignant, pointed, punctual, waspish adjective (especially of humor) having or showing a sharp or critical quality; biting. a mordant sense of humor synonyms: caustic, trenchant, biting, cutting,

beatific

adjective: blissfully happy Often we imagine all monks to wear the beatific smile of the Buddha, but, like any of us, a monk can have a bad day and not look very happy. That blissful grin on your face? It could be described as beatific, meaning it projects a peaceful sense of joy. If you have a beatific smile on your face, then the happiness it shows is the real thing. This word doesn't describe phony smiles or quick grins that show a little amusement. Use beatific to describe something characterized by complete and perfect joy. It's often used to describe a smile, but it can be used to describe anything in a state of bliss. adjective سعید jovial, beatific, blessed, auspicious, blest, happy سعادت امیز beatific مسرت بخش

peremptory

adjective: bossy and domineering My sister used to peremptorily tell me to do the dishes, a chore I would either do perfunctorily or avoid doing altogether. Peremptory comments are like orders. If you say something in a peremptory manner, you want people to stop what they're doing and do what you say. Peremptory comments put an end to a discussion, and that's final! The word peremptory comes from the Latin peremptorius for "decisive, final." Trace it further and find that peremptor means "destroyer," from perimpere for "destroy, cut off." Basically, peremptory commands destroy the conversation. They are given with an air of authority, and they are often barked. In the courtroom, peremptory orders are not open to appeal; they're final. Outside of the courtroom, a peremptory manner is just plain rude. adjective بی چون و چرا indisputable, peremptory, incontrovertible, incontestable, indubitable قطعی decisive, definite, definitive, certain, final, peremptory امرانه magisterial, imperious, magistral, peremptory, high-handed ختام

doughty

adjective: brave; bold; courageous I enjoy films in which a doughty group comes together to battle a force of evil. adjective brave and persistent. his doughty spirit kept him going synonyms: fearless, dauntless, determined, resolute, indomitable adjective دلیر brave, courageous, plucky, gallant, bold, doughty بی باک fearless, dashing, intrepid, stalwart, brazen, doughty

crestfallen

adjective: brought low in spirit I asked Maria on a date and she refused without a moment's thought; I was crestfallen. If you are crestfallen, you are dark, depressed, and down in the dumps. You are in need of a pep talk, or at least a hug. Although experts can't agree on the origins of crestfallen, they do know it has something to do with fallen or defeated animals. Some say it is cocks, with their crested heads, that are responsible for the words' origins. Others think it has to do with horses bowing their heads (touching their heads to the crest of their chests) when bested in battle. No matter which animal gave us the word, today's humans are crestfallen when they are in low spirits. adjective sad and disappointed. he came back empty-handed and crestfallen synonyms: downhearted, downcast, despondent, disappointed, افسرده غمزده دلشکسته

provident

adjective: careful in regard to your own interests; providing carefully for the future In a move that hardly could be described as provident, Bert spent his entire savings on a luxurious cruise, knowing that other bills would come due a couple months later. If you are provident, that means you plan carefully for the future. You have your Christmas lights up in early December, you have a well-stocked pantry, and you have some savings tucked away just in case. The word provident traces back to the Latin word providere, meaning "foresee, provide." The word can be used to describe someone who looks into the future — foresees the future, in a sense — and makes decisions based on future needs. It's often used to describe a thrifty individual who denies himself something today in order to save up for tomorrow, but it can describe actions as well — such as a provident decision that ends up preventing ruin down the road. عاقبت اندیش farseeing, provident, long-sighted مشیتی provident, providential صرفه جو thrifty, frugal, parsimonious, sparing, providential, provident اینده نگر provident, providential adjective making or indicative of timely preparation for the future. she had learned to be provident synonyms: prudent, farsighted, judicious, shrewd,

discreet

adjective: careful to protect one's speech or actions in order to avoid offense or draw attention The professor thought that he was discreet, subtly wiping the stain off of his shirt, but as soon as he stepped off the podium a heckler in the audience burst out, "You missed a spot". Discreet describes someone or something that is appropriately quiet, prudent, and restrained. If you are wearing a discreet gray suit, it is unlikely that anyone at that business meeting will notice you. Often people use discreet not only to indicate modesty or carefulness, but also to show a sort of secretiveness along the lines of "You're going to keep this a secret, right?" If no one in your family knows that you like to dress up as a bear, but then your cousin finds out, you may ask him to please be discreet. adjective با احتیاط discreet, wary, cautious, careful, prudent, circumspect محتاط cautious, careful, wary, prudent, discreet, circumspect دارای تمیز و بصیرت discreet

nettlesome

adjective: causing irritation or annoyance Maria found her coworker's cell phone nettlesome, because every few minutes it would buzz to life with another text message. adjective ازار دهنده irritating, galling, nettlesome, pestiferous, worrisome رنج اور painful, troublesome, irritating, agonizing, nettlesome

chary

adjective: cautious, suspiciously reluctant to do something Having received three speeding tickets in the last two months, Jack was chary of driving at all above the speed limit, even on a straight stretch of highway that looked empty for miles ahead. Being chary (pronounced CHAIR-ee) is being wary or cautious. If you lost two teeth in last year's rugby season, you should be chary of signing up again this year. Chary comes from the Old English word cearig for "sorrowful, careful," which is basically what you are if you're chary. If you're a little suspicious of something and mulling it over, you're being chary. A synonym of chary is wary, and both include caution, but some definitions suggest that it's obvious when someone is wary — it shows — while being chary is more of an inside, or hidden, distrust. محتاط ملاحظه کار

autocratic

adjective: characteristic of an absolute ruler or absolute rule; having absolute sovereignty The last true autocratic country is certainly North Korea; nowhere does a leader exercise the absolute control over all aspects of a people the way that Kim Jong-un does. دارای حاکمیت مطلق adjective: offensively self-assured or given to exercising usually unwarranted power The manager was finally fired for his autocratic leadership, which often bordered on rude and offensive. Autocratic describes a way of ruling, but not in a nice way. An autocratic leader is one who rules with an iron fist; in other words — someone with the behavior of a dictator. Autocratic rulers don't tend to be popular. They use fear and control to gain total power over their people. Often, their country is left destitute as a result of their actions. The word autocratic is often used to describe the head of a country, but really, anyone who is a despotic leader can qualify — including the boss who threatens to fire you if you refuse to polish his shoes and work every holiday. adjective of or relating to a ruler who has absolute power. the constitutional reforms threatened his autocratic power استبدادی خودگامگی

rustic

adjective: characteristic of rural life; awkwardly simple and provincial The vacation cabin had no electricity and no indoor plumbing, but despite these inconveniences, Nigel adored its rustic charm. روستایی rural, village, rustic, peasant, country, countrified مربوط به دهکده rustic دهاتی

diligent

adjective: characterized by care and perseverance in carrying out tasks Michael was a diligent gardener, never leaving a leaf on the ground and regularly watering each plant Someone who is diligent works hard and carefully. If you want to write the epic history of your family, you'll have to be very diligent in tracking down and interviewing all of your relatives. Diligent comes from the Latin diligere, which means "to value highly, take delight in," but in English it has always meant careful and hard-working. If you're a diligent worker, you don't just bang away at your job; you earnestly try to do everything right. Although being lucky and talented doesn't hurt, it's the diligent person who eventually succeeds. adjective سخت کوش diligent کوشا diligent, industrious, studious, trying, sedulous ساعی industrious, diligent, studious, assiduous, active, careful کوشنده diligent

staid

adjective: characterized by dignity and propriety Frank came from a staid environment, so he was shocked that his college roommate sold narcotics. Something that is staid is dignified, respectable — possibly even boring, like a staid dinner party that is heavy on the important guests but light on the laughs. Staid is pronounced just like "stayed" — in fact, it comes from stay, meaning "fixed" or "permanent." Something that is staid is sedate, slightly dull, and tends to stay the same. Whether it's a middle-class lifestyle, a conservative law firm, your unadventurous aunt, or an old navy plaid sofa, the word staid can be used to describe anything that maintains a respectable self-restraint and takes no chances. sedate, respectable, and unadventurous. مانا و پابرجا قابل احترام

forthright

adjective: characterized by directness in manner or speech; without subtlety or evasion I did not expect the insurance agent to give us any straight answers, but I was pleasantly surprised by how forthright he was. forthright When a person is being forthright, they're being direct, clear, or even straight-up. The opposite of forthright might be evasive, shifty, indirect or circuitous. But we're not here to talk about those. We're here to talk about forthright. For the most part, people really appreciate it when others are forthright. It's so much easier to understand what someone wants when they just come out and say it. However, being direct and honest and saying what you really mean isn't easy for everyone. For some reason, a lot of us can be embarrassed to say what we want, and we spend our entire lives learning how to be forthright. A simple way to remember what forthright means is this: if you bring it "forth", it will be "right." adjective (of a person or their manner or speech) direct and outspoken; straightforward and honest. adjective بی محابا forthright, fearless, free-spoken, slam-bang رک frank, outspoken, straight, straightforward, forthright, blunt adverb بی درنگ outright, apace, away, directly, forthwith, forthright

laborious

adjective: characterized by effort to the point of exhaustion; especially physical effort The most laborious job I've had was working 20 hours a day as a fisherman in King Salmon, Alaska. Laborious describes something that requires a lot of hard work, such as Victor Frankenstein's laborious undertaking of digging graves to find monster parts. Laborious comes from the familiar word for work, labor, which doesn't veer far from its roots in Old French meaning "exertion of the body," and from Latin "toil, pain, exertion, fatigue." Anything that requires blood, sweat, and tears is laborious, and while it's usually a good thing to work hard, laborious can also describe something over-thought, such as the heavy-handed plot of a bad TV show. Think labor plus boring, said like an old-fashioned English aristocrat: luh-bohr-ee-uhs. adjective (especially of a task, process, or journey) requiring considerable effort and time. years of laborious training synonyms: arduous, hard, heavy, difficult adjective پر زحمت grinding, laborious, arduous, toilsome, effortful, ponderous دشوار difficult, hard, tough, arduous, formidable, laborious سخت hard, difficult, tough, strict, rigid, laborious زحمت کش painstaking, diligent, studious, assiduous, hard-working, laborious

scrupulous

adjective: characterized by extreme care and great effort Because of his scrupulous nature, Mary put him in charge of numbering and cataloging the entire collection of rare stamps. adjective: having a sense of right and wrong; principled Everyone trusted what he said and followed his example because he was scrupulous and honest. درارای حس تشخیص درست و غلط دقیق و وسواسی adjective اصولی principled, normative, systematic, doctrinaire, material Scrupulous means very careful to do things properly and correctly, such as paying friends back for money borrowed right away, or not returning a pair of shoes after they've been worn outdoors. A scrupulous person is full of scruples, which are concerns about doing things that are morally right. Such a person is hesitant or doubtful, and might have trouble deciding what is morally right or wrong. The adjective scrupulous is from Latin scrūpulōsus, from scrūpulus "scruple." A near

decorous

adjective: characterized by good taste in manners and conduct Sally's parties are decorous affairs, and instead of the usual beer and music, there is tea and intellectual conversation. Something that is decorous is dignified, proper, and in good taste, like your decorous great-aunt who always wears a dress — even when she's only headed to the grocery store. adjective مودب polite, courteous, nice, suave, respectful, decorous اراسته spruce, decent, brisk, decorous, natty, politic زینت دار decorous

industrious

adjective: characterized by hard work and perseverance Pete was an industrious student, completing every assignment thoroughly and on time. industrious If someone comments that you are very industrious, they are complimenting you for working hard and tirelessly. You can have the evening to yourself if you're industrious enough during the afternoon to get your homework and chores done. The word industrious is closely related to the word industry, used for both the quality of being hardworking, "He is a model of industry," as well as a field of business, "the construction industry." It might help to remember the Industrial Revolution, the time when machinery was introduced to the manufacturing world. If you're industrious, you work as hard as machines do! adjective کوشا diligent, industrious, studious, trying, sedulous ماهر skilled, expert, skillful, adept, proficient, industrious ساعی industrious, diligent, studious, assiduous, active, careful diligent and hard-working.

jocular

adjective: characterized by jokes and good humor My uncle was always in a jocular mood at family gatherings, messing up people's hair and telling knock-knock jokes to anyone who would listen. Do you like to make a lot of jokes? Are you often silly? Are you usually happy? If so, then you are a jocular person. Being jocular has to do with being both jokey and fun. A jocular suggestion is not a serious suggestion — it's a joke. Some people are more jocular than others: anyone who is ultra-serious and always frowning is not jocular. A comedian makes a job of being jocular. Class clowns can't stop being jocular, though the teacher might just see them as obnoxious. Being jocular is usually considered a good thing: it's not just about making a lot of jokes; it's about being happy and pleasant to be around. شوخ

ethereal

adjective: characterized by lightness and insubstantiality Because she dances with an ethereal style, ballet critics have called her Madame Butterfly. adjective extremely delicate and light in a way that seems too perfect for this world. her ethereal beauty (of a solution) having diethyl ether as a solvent. Lipids were extracted according to the method of Bligh and Dyer, followed by methylation with ethereal diazomethane. Something ethereal is airy and insubstantial, such as a ghostly figure at the top of the stairs. It might also be something delicate and light, like a singer's ethereal voice. Ethereal comes from the Greek word for ether, which is a drug that makes you feel light headed and, in larger doses, causes you to lose consciousness. An ethereal substance or sound is one that carries the feeling of ether--something you might see in a vision, that might strike you as heavenly or supernatural. سبک و رقیق روحانی و اسمانی کسی که مواد اثیر مصرف کرده و ازین دنیا رها شده

precocious

adjective: characterized by or characteristic of exceptionally early development or maturity (especially in mental aptitude) Though only seven years old, she was a precocious chess prodigy, able to beat players twice her age. That high school hoops phenom who plays like an NBA pro? The sixth grader who's already asking questions about organic chemistry? They're both precocious — meaning they're way beyond their years in skill or knowledge. adjective زود رس precocious, rath, hasty, rathe, unripe با هوش intelligent, smart, ingenious, spiffy, clever, precocious پیش رس premature, precocious, rathe, rathe-ripe فلفلی peppery, precocious

trenchant

adjective: characterized by or full of force and vigor; having keenness and forcefulness and penetration in thought, expression, or intellect ˈtrenCHənt Jill presented a rather superficial treatment of sales in Asia, but her trenchant analysis of sales in Europe inspired a number of insights into how to proceed in that market. If you're trenchant, it means you think or say smart, sharply worded things that cut right to the heart of the matter. A trenchant observation is one that makes people scratch their chins thoughtfully, or wince with embarrassment for whomever you're talking about, or both. The word trenchant originates from tranchant, which in French means "sharp" or "cutting," and it's related to the word trench, which originally meant a line carved in wood and later came to mean a ditch carved into the earth. The word is often used to describe political commentary or cultural criticism. One person known for her trenchant wit was the author and critic Mary McCarthy, who once said of the writer Lillian Hellman, "Every word she writes is a lie, including the 'and' and the 'the'." adjective vigorous or incisive in expression or style. she heard angry voices, not loud, yet certainly trenchant synonyms: incisive, penetrating, sharp, keen, insightful, acute, focused, shrewd, razor-sharp, نافذ قاطع تیز عمیقا نفوذ کننده

impetuous

adjective: characterized by undue haste and lack of thought or deliberation Herbert is rarely impetuous, but on the spur of the moment, he spent thousands of dollars on a motorcycle today. Someone impetuous acts too hastily or carelessly. Hotheaded, impulsive folks are impetuous. If you're a careful person who thinks everything through and doesn't act rashly, then you're not very impetuous. Impetuous has to do with doing things on the spur of the moment — and not good things. Being impetuous usually goes along with being impatient and easily angered. If you're impetuous, you act quickly and thoughtlessly when you should just take a deep breath, relax, and think about the best thing to do. adjective acting or done quickly and without thought or care. her friend was headstrong and impetuous synonyms: impulsive, rash, hasty, overhasty, reckless, heedless, careless, foolhardy, bullheade عجول و بی توجه بی پروا

gossamer

adjective: characterized by unusual lightness and delicacy The gossamer wings of a butterfly, which allow it to fly, are also a curse, so delicate that they are often damaged. Gossamer is something super fine and delicate — like a spider web or the material of a wedding veil. noun تنزیب gauze, gossamer پارچه بسیار نازک gossamer لعاب خورشید gossamer لعاب عنکبوت gossamer adjective سبک light, easy, thin, volatile, frivolous, gossamer نازک thin, fine, slim, tender, soft, gossamer لطیف

winsome

adjective: charming in a childlike or naive way She was winsome by nature, and many people were drawn to this free and playful spirit. charming فریبا و دلبربا جذاب attractive or appealing in appearance or character. If you are described as winsome, take it as a compliment. It means you are attractive or charming in an open and delightful way. It doesn't mean you win some and you lose some. The word winsome comes from the Old English wynn which means pleasure and delight. The word sometimes carries with it a feeling of childlike joy or innocence that is attractive or pleasing to others. There is nothing hiding behind a winsome smile. It wins over others in a fresh and honest way. شادی معصومانه و کودکانه

sanguine

adjective: cheerful; optimistic With the prospect of having to learn 3,000 words during the course of the summer, Paul was anything but sanguine.

cogent

adjective: clear and persuasive A cogent argument will change the minds of even the most skeptical audience. When you make a cogent argument, it means your argument is clear and persuasive. In these days of 24-hour entertainment news and sound-bite sized explanations of complex government policy, it's hard to find a cogent argument amidst all the emotional outbursts. adjective متقاعد کننده Cogent comes from a Latin word meaning to drive together, so cogent thinking is well-organized: it hangs together. If you try to convince your mayor to build a new park by saying that playgrounds are good, seeing the sky is nice, and raccoons are cool...well that's not a cogent argument; it's just random. But you could cogently argue that parks contribute to civic happiness by providing space for exercise, community, and encounters with nature.

facetious

adjective: cleverly amusing in tone Facetious behavior will not be tolerated during sex education class; it's time for all of you to treat these matters like mature adults. adjective شوخ witty, facetious, jolly, jocular, gay, frolicsome لوس capricious, facetious, fickle, gaudy, spoilt هیجان facetious اهل شوخی بیجا facetious If someone is being facetious they're being playful with an edge. A knock-knock joke isn't facetious, but if you call it the most advanced form of comedy, you're probably being facetious. The word facetious comes from the French facétie for "joke," and has come to describe a joke with a little drop of sarcasm. It used to imply "funny and witty," as in, "Oh what a facetious chap!" But now it has taken on a darker tone, like a joke that's not quite appropriate. Whether appreciated or not, facetious things are not for real.

nonchalant

adjective: coming across as uninterested or unconcerned; overly casual The twenty-somethings at the coffee shop always irked Sheldon, especially the way in which they acted nonchalantly towards everything, not even caring when Sheldon once spilled his mocha on them. If your friend is acting cool, unconcerned or in an indifferent manner, call him nonchalant — like when he saunters by a group of whispering, giggling girls and just nods and says, "Hey." If you act nonchalant, you are literally acting cool, as nonchalant traces back to non- "not" and Latin calēre "to be warm." Isn't that cool? Sometimes, a nonchalant person acts indifferent or uninterested, but really cares very much. If you give a girl a nonchalant smile, you definitely want her to notice you! Even though it begins with non, nonchalant has no positive form — chalant is not a word. adjective (of a person or manner) feeling or appearing casually calm and relaxed; not displaying anxiety, interest, or enthusiasm. she gave a nonchalant shrug synonyms: calm, composed, unconcerned, cool, 'calm, cool, and collected', cool as a cucumber ارام و ریلکس و خاطر جمع بی غربت و بی حس

expansive

adjective: communicative, and prone to talking in a sociable manner After a few sips of cognac, the octogenarian shed his irascible demeanor and became expansive, speaking fondly of the "good old days". (of a person or their manner) open, demonstrative, and communicative. she felt expansive and inclined to talk synonyms: communicative, forthcoming, sociable, friendly, outgoing, affable, chatty, talkative, garru Expansive is all about being able to grow or get larger. An expansive piece of land is large, an expansive mind is one that is always thinking of the big picture, an expansive vocabulary is one that holds lots of words. Warning: don't confuse expansive, "large," with expensive, "high priced." They differ by only one letter but mean very different things. A Big Mac may contain what McDonald's advertizes as an expansive all-beef patty, but it isn't expensive food. انسان با روابط اجتماعی گسترده و وسیع خوش مشرب و اجتماعی

arrant

adjective: complete and wholly (usually modifying a noun with negative connotation) An arrant fool, Lawrence surprised nobody when he lost all his money in a pyramid scheme that was every bit as transparent as it was corrupt. The word arrant intensifies. An arrant criminal is one heck of a criminal. Arrant nonsense is total nonsense. Do you struggle for adequate superlatives? If so, you might want to add arrant to your arsenal. It can be used to add emphasis to other words, most often negative words. Arrant rudeness is extreme rudeness. Arrant hypocrisy is very hypocritical. An arrant liar is a world-class liar. Arrant has a meaning similar to complete or utter. Like other intensifiers, arrant turns up the volume on another word. کامل+ صفت منفی adjective اواره adrift, arrant, excursive, homeless, errant, fugacious بدترین worst, arrant بدنام ترین arrant ولگرد arrant, rangy

replete

adjective: completely stocked or furnished with something Only weeks after the hurricane made landfall, the local supermarket shelves were replete with goods, so quick was the disaster relief response. Replete means full, often in a satisfying way. "The library was replete with bound first editions, and Lucy, a bookworm, was happier there than any place else." Replete shares a root with the word plenty. When you have plenty of cookies and cake, you can say your table is replete with goodies. Another cousin of replete is replenish. When your cabinets are bare, you go to the store to replenish them. When you unpack your groceries, your pantry is replete with essentials. adjective انباشته cumulative, full, stored, congested, replete, stockpiled لبریز full, awash, replete, brimful, overfilled, flown پر مایه مملوء

involved

adjective: complicated, and difficult to comprehend The physics lecture became so involved that the undergraduate's eyes glazed over. گرفتار involved, afoul, captive, preoccupied پیچیده complex, intricate, wrapped, twisted, involved, rolled در گیر complicated, and difficult to comprehend

eclectic

adjective: comprised of a variety of styles Joey was known for his eclectic tastes in music, one moment dancing to disco the next "air conducting" along to Beethoven's 9th symphony. adjective از هر جا گزیننده eclectic noun گلچین کننده made up of a variety of sources or styles She listens to hip-hop, Gregorian chant, and folk music from the '60s. He's been seen wearing a handmade tuxedo jacket over a thrift-store flannel shirt. They both have eclectic tastes. The English word eclectic first appeared in the seventeenth century to describe philosophers who did not belong to a particular school of thought, but instead assembled their doctrines by picking and choosing from a variety of philosophical systems. Today, the word can refer to any assemblage of varied parts. You can have an eclectic group of friends (friends from diverse groups), eclectic taste in furniture (a mixture of 18th-century French chairs, Andy Warhol paintings, and Persian rugs), or enjoy eclectic cuisine (fusion cooking that uses ingredients from different national cuisines).

cosmopolitan

adjective: comprising many cultures; global in reach and outlook There are few cities in the world as diverse and cosmopolitan as New York. adjective بین المللی international, cosmopolitan وابسته به همه جهان cosmopolitan چند فرهنگی Your Aunt Eleanor, who's lived in six different countries and speaks four languages fluently, might be described as cosmopolitan, or comfortable and familiar with different cultures and people. People who are cosmopolitan have an air of glamour surrounding them, a sense that they've seen a lot of the world and are sophisticated and at ease with all different kinds of people. Places can also be described as cosmopolitan, meaning "diverse," or bustling with lots of people of varying nationalities. Any way you use it, cosmopolitan implies a sophistication, which might explain why both a well-known alcoholic cocktail and a famous women's magazine are both named after the word cosmopolit

aesthetic

adjective: concerned with the appreciation of beauty The director, not known for his aesthetic sensibilities, decided not to use costumes at all, and put on the play in everyday clothing. noun: a set of principles underlying and guiding the work of a particular artist or artistic movement. The artist operated according to a peculiar aesthetic, not considering any photograph to be worth publishing unless it contained a marine mammal. The adjective aesthetic comes in handy when the subject at hand is beauty or the arts. A velvet painting of dogs playing poker might have minimal aesthetic appeal. ظریف طبع aesthetic وابسته به زیبایی aesthetic مربوط به علم زبیایی شناسی

pithy

adjective: concise and full of meaning I enjoy reading the Daodejing for its pithy and insightful prose; it always gives me something to think about. adjective (of language or style) concise and forcefully expressive. Fighting for the Future, for all its provocative arguments and pithy language, sometimes borders on the apocalyptic. synonyms: succinct, terse, concise, compact, short (and sweet), brief, condensed, to the point, epigrammatic, crisp, thumbnail, significant, meaningful, expressive, telling, compendious (of a fruit or plant) containing much pith. مختصر و مفید terse, pithy, precise, compendious پر مغز The root of this word is pith, which refers to the spongy tissue in plant stems, or the white part under the skin of citrus fruits. Pith is also used figuratively to refer to the essential part of something: They finally got to the pith of the discussion. Pith descends from Middle English, from Old English pitha "the pith of plants." In the adjective pithy, the suffix -y means "characterized by."

esoteric

adjective: confined to and understandable by only an enlightened inner circle Map collecting is an esoteric hobby to most, but to geography geeks it is a highly enjoyable pastime. Pssst... do you know the secret handshake? If you haven't been brought into the inner circle of those with special knowledge, esoteric things will remain a mystery to you. adjective رمزی coded, symbolic, secret, encoded, cryptic, esoteric محرمانه confidential, secret, private, arcane, closed, esoteric مبهم vague, ambiguous, obscure, enigmatic, opaque, esoteric سری classified, secretive, esoteric, undercover, mysterious, occult درونی internal, inner, innermost, inward, interior, esoteric مشکوک suspicious, doubtful, fishy, dubious, questionable, esoteric داخلی internal, interior, inner, indoor, inward, esoteric (adj.) intended for or understood by only a select few, private, secret

ambiguous

adjective: confusing or ambiguous The findings of the study were equivocal—the two researchers had different opinions on what the results signified. Look to the adjective ambiguous when you need to describe something that's open to more than one interpretation, like the headline "Squad helps dog bite victim." مبهم vague, ambiguous, obscure, enigmatic, opaque, misty دو پهلو ambiguous, equivocal, two-sided تاریک

discrete

adjective: constituting a separate entity or part What was once known as Czechoslovakia has since split into two discrete, independent nations. adjective مجزا separate, distinct, discrete, divided, segregated, knockdown جدا separate, apart, detached, discrete, segregate, another مجرد single, immaterial, abstract, solitary, celibate, discrete separate; unconnected

complacent

adjective: contented to a fault with oneself or one's actions After the water polo team won their sixth championship, they became complacent and didn't even make it to the playoffs the next year. adjective از خود راضی cocky, overbearing, smug, complacent, assuming, presuming عشرت طلب complacent خود خوشنود complacent Someone who is complacent has become overly content — the junk-food-eating couch potato might be feeling complacent about his health. The literal meaning of this word's Latin root is "very pleased," but even though complacent people may seem pleased with themselves, we are rarely pleased with them. They are unconcerned by things that should concern them, and they may neglect their duties. A complacent person might be heard saying, "Ehh, don't worry about it!" — when there really is something to worry about

unprepossessing

adjective: creating an unfavorable or neutral first impression World leaders coming to meet Gandhi would expect a towering sage, and often would be surprised by the unprepossessing little man dressed only in a loincloth and shawl. If you find someone to be unprepossessing, you find them unattractive. Not that they're ugly, mind you! Just unprepossessing. Unprepossessing is a rather indirect way of calling someone unattractive, or at best OK-looking. Unprepossessing is not quite the same as "ugly." Rather, just a way of saying that someone's looks aren't what you're most likely to remember about them. Cinderella was most unprepossessing in the filthy clothes and worn-out shoes that her step-sisters forced her to wear. But when she was all decked out by her fairy godmother, she was the belle of the ball: she was no longer unprepossessing. adjective not particularly attractive or appealing to the eye. despite his unprepossessing appearance he had an animal magnetism بی جذابیت از نظر ظاهری و بصری

inimitable

adjective: defying imitation; matchless Mozart's music follows a clear pattern that, anyone could imitate, but his music gives an overall sense of effortlessness that is inimitable. Use the adjective inimitable to describe someone or something that is so special or unique, it is impossible to duplicate, like that superstar tennis player with the inimitable serve no other player can copy. To correctly pronounce inimitable, accent the second syllable: "ih-NIH-muh-tuh-bul" Inimitable comes from imitabilis, meaning "imitable," or "that which can be imitated." Comedians, for example, find the way certain celebrities talk to be quite imitable. But add the prefix in-, meaning "not," and you get "not imitated." Use this word to describe things that are truly one-of-a-kind and just can't be copied. یکتا منحصر به فرد adjective بی نظیر unique, inimitable, unparalleled, unrivaled, unbeatable, unprecedented غیر قابل تقلید inimitable بی مانند unique, unparalleled, unprecedented, inimitable, incomparable, inapproachable بی رقیب unrivaled adjective so good or unusual as to be impossible to copy; unique. the inimitable ambience of Hawaii synonyms: incomparable, unparalleled, unrivaled, peerless, matchless, unequaled,

arduous

adjective: demanding considerable mental effort and skill; testing powers of endurance In order to deal with the arduous cross-country journey, truck drivers often survive on a string of caffeinated drinks, staying awake for up to 30 hours at a time. adjective دشوار difficult, hard, tough, arduous, formidable, uphill پر زحمت grinding, laborious, arduous, toilsome, effortful, ponderous Use the adjective arduous to describe an activity that takes a lot of effort. Writing all those college essays and filling out the applications is an arduous process!

stringent

adjective: demanding strict attention to rules and procedures Most of the students disliked the teacher because of his stringent homework policy, but many students would later thank him for demanding so much from them. That teacher's demands are stringent — she wants the homework typed in her favorite font, on special paper, and each essay must be exactly 45 lines! (of regulations, requirements, or conditions) strict, precise, and exacting. adjective دقیق precise, accurate, exact, detailed, careful, stringent سخت hard, difficult, tough, strict, rigid, stringent

stalwart

adjective: dependable; inured to fatigue or hardships Despite all the criticism directed at the President during this scandal, Lisa has remained his stalwart supporter. adjective loyal, reliable, and hardworking. he remained a stalwart supporter of the cause synonyms: staunch, loyal, faithful, committed, devoted, dedicated, dependable, reliable, steady To be stalwart is to be loyal, no matter what, like your friend who remains a devoted fan of an actor she's admired since childhood, even if that was the last time the guy made a decent movie. Stalwart can describe someone who's able to keep on going even when things get hard, like a marathon runner who doesn't slow down, even after spraining an ankle, or a supporter of a political cause that everyone else has long declared over. In U.S. history, the word stalwart was used in 1877 to describe Republicans who remained unwilling to trust the South, even though the Civil War was long over by that time. خستگی ناپدیر قوی مصمم بی نفوذ ثابت قدم قابل اعتماد پروپا قرص

convivial

adjective: describing a lively atmosphere The wedding reception was convivial; friends who hadn't seen each other for ages drank and ate together before heading to the dance floor. Use the adjective convivial to describe your friend who is "the life of the party." The Latin word convivium means "a feast," and when convivial was first coined in the 1660s, its meaning related to the excess of food and drink during such celebrations. You can also see convivial in convivere, meaning "to carouse together." Just when it seemed all convivial could ever do was describe people who overindulge, a new shade of meaning emerged: loving to be around people. After all, a big part of feasting is being with people you care about. adjective جشنی festival, convivial, festive, festal وابسته به جشن و عشرت convivial عیش و نوشی

pyrrhic

adjective: describing a victory that comes at such a great cost that the victory is not worthwhile George W. Bush's win in the 2000 election was in many ways a pyrrhic victory: the circumstances of his win alienated half of the U.S. population. Use the adjective pyrrhic to describe a victory that is won, but at too great a cost. In this use as an adjective, the word is often capitalized. The word pyrrhic comes from the Greek general, Pyrrhus, who defeated the Romans at the Battle of Asculum but lost so many troops that he couldn't defeat Rome itself. If you are the winner in an argument with your brother, but the fight ends up ruining your relationship with him, it's a Pyrrhic victory. An ancient Greek war dance is also called a pyrrhic. adjective (of a victory) won at too great a cost to have been worthwhile for the victor. Unless that is done, any military success in Afghanistan will be a pyrrhic victory. پیروزی به بهای سنگین

concomitant

adjective: describing an event or situation that happens at the same time as or in connection with another Concomitant with his desire for nature was a desire for the culture and energy of a big city. Concomitant means accompanying. If you run into someone that you have a crush on you might feel nervousness with a concomitant forgetfulness. Concomitant is one of those Latin-based words you can break down into little pieces: con means with, and comit means companion. So something that is concomitant is like the companion of the main event. If you start training really hard at the gym, the main effect is that you become stronger, but there are concomitant effects, like better circulation, or a rosy glow, or getting happy from all those endorphins you're releasing. adjective naturally accompanying or associated. she loved travel, with all its concomitant worries synonyms: attendant, accompanying, associated, related, connected, resultant, consequent مصادف همراه هم نشین

estimable

adjective: deserving of esteem and respect After serving thirty years, in which he selflessly served the community, Judge Harper was one of the more estimable people in town. Something or someone estimable is worthy of respect and admiration. Many U.S. presidents might be described as estimable, though it depends on who you ask. This is a word for people who deserve respect. A hardworking scholar who has written several books might be estimable. Things can be estimable, too. You might describe an impressive book, restaurant, or film as estimable. Estimable is related to esteem, which can be used to mean "regard highly." Being estimable is the opposite of being disgraceful. قابل احترام محترم adjective worthy of great respect. Our estimable reader Stanley Black sent me these comments and asked for my response.

creditable

adjective: deserving of praise but not that amazing Critics agreed the movie was creditable, but few gave it more than three out of five stars. adjective معتبر valid, reliable, credible, authentic, authoritative, creditable محترم و ابرومند creditable

whimsical

adjective: determined by impulse or whim rather than by necessity or reason Adults look to kids and envy their whimsical nature at times, wishing that they could act without reason and play without limitation. Whimsical means full of or characterized by whims, which are odd ideas that usually occur to you very suddenly. If you decide at the last minute to fly to Europe, you could say you went there on a whim. Whimsical can also mean tending toward odd or unpredictable behavior. Both whimsical and whim are derived from an earlier English word whim-wham, which is of unknown origin. Whim-wham had about the same meaning as whim, but could also refer to an odd object or piece of clothing. غافلگیر کننده عجیب هوا هوسی whim, vagary هوس lust, caprice, fad, whim, whimsy, fantasy خیال imagination, phantom, illusion, thought, fiction, whim وهم

vacuous

adjective: devoid of intelligence, matter, or significance To the journalist's pointed question, the senator gave a vacuous response, mixing a few of his overall campaign slogans with platitudes and completely avoiding the controversial subject of the question. Reserved for the harmlessly stupid and truly meaningless, vacuous is a smart-sounding way to describe something dumb. Celebrity gossip and reality TV are usually pretty vacuous, even if they're fun. If someone smiles at you in a way that seems fake or empty, you could describe the smile as vacuous. An example of a vacuous comment would be a politician promising to make things better without explaining how. If something is vacuous, it's like a vacuum — hollow, empty, devoid of substance. پوچ absurd, null, empty, hollow, vain, vacuous تهی null, empty, void, devoid, hollow, vacuous بی معنی meaningless, pointless, senseless, absurd, vacuous, dumb خالی empty, vacant, hollow, void, unoccupied, vacuous بی مفهوم vacuous کم عقل having or showing a lack of thought or intelligence; mindless. a vacuous smile

elusive

adjective: difficult to capture or difficult to remember Many first time skydivers say that describing the act of falling from the sky is elusive. Things that are elusive are hard to find, pin down, or remember. They slip right out of your grasp. Ever try to catch a mouse? It's not easy, because mice are quick and elusive — they're tough to catch. Rabbits are speedy, so they're elusive too. Also, things that are tough to understand or describe are elusive — like the concepts of love and beauty. If you had an idea and then forgot it, the idea is elusive: it slipped away. Anything you can't get hold of, with your hands or with your brain, is elusive difficult to find, catch, or achieve. فرار گریزان

cumbersome

adjective: difficult to handle or use especially because of size or weight طاقت فرسا سخت سنگین Only ten years ago, being an avid reader and a traveler meant carrying a cumbersome backpack stuffed with books--these days we need only an e-reader. You have to wrestle a bit with the longish word cumbersome; it's cumbersome, or kind of long and clumsy, to tumble out in a sentence. It's hard to use it gracefully. A "cumber" is something that slows you down, and though the words aren't related, "lumber" includes big pieces of heavy wood, which might slow down the person carrying them. Moving lumber is cumbersome, because it's a heavy and awkward job. Getting your laundry down the stairs or putting a Rottweiler in the bathtub can be cumbersome too. گنده large or heavy and therefore difficult to carry or use; unwieldy.

sardonic

adjective: disdainfully or ironically humorous; scornful and mocking A stand-up comedian walks a fine line when making jokes about members of the audience; such fun and joking can quickly become sardonic and cutting. If someone is being scornful and mocking in a humorous way, call her sardonic. If you want to write comic sketches for late-night talk shows, work on being sardonic. Sardonic comes from the Greek adjective Sardonios, which actually describes a plant from a place called Sardinia that supposedly made your face contort into a horrible grin...right before you died from its poison. The Greeks used sardonic for laughter, but we only use it when someone's humor is also mocking or ironic. adjective grimly mocking or cynical. Starkey attempted a sardonic smile synonyms: mocking, satirical, sarcastic, ironical, ironic, cynical, scornful, contemptuous, شوخی اهانت آمیز کنایه امیز طعنه امیز

impermeable

adjective: does not allow fluids to pass through The sand bags placed on the river formed an impermeable barrier, protecting the town from flooding. If you have a waterproof raincoat, you could say that your coat is impermeable to the rain. Something that is impermeable does not allow water or liquid to pass through it. Made up of the prefix im-, meaning "not," and the adjective permeable, meaning "allowing to pass through," impermeable is used in much the same way as impervious or impenetrable. However, more so than these words, impermeable is especially associated with liquids and is often used in a scientific or technical context. Some gadgets, like waterproof watches and underwater cameras, are designed to be impermeable. غیر قابل نفوذ در مقابل مایعات نشت ناپذیر

preemptive

adjective: done before someone else can do it Just as Martha was about to take the only cookie left on the table, Noah preemptively swiped it. A preemptive action is made to keep some other action from being taken. Before you could be accused of eating the whole cake, you decided to make a preemptive apology, which was met with awkward silence. Tired of being disturbed by your roommate's loud music, your preemptive strike was to crank up your favorite opera as soon as you arrived home. Unfortunately, he'd already made a preemptive strike of his own by borrowing your stereo. Don't confuse preemptive with peremptory, a word meaning "arrogant." You don't have to be arrogant to make a preemptive move, just cautious. serving or intended to preempt or forestall something, especially to prevent attack by disabling the enemy. پیش دستی کردن

sedulous

adjective: done diligently and carefully An avid numismatist, Harold sedulously amassed a collection of coins from over 100 countries—an endeavor that took over fifteen years across five continents. A sedulous person is someone who works hard and doesn't give up easily. If you make repeated and sedulous attempts to fix a leaky pipe and it only makes things worse, it might be time to go online and find the number of a plumber. *********** There are a couple of words that basically mean the same thing as sedulous but are a little more common, namely assiduous, painstaking, and diligent. Like sedulous, all of these adjectives can be turned into adverbs by adding the suffix ly: "He assiduously tried to fix the pipe, but to no avail." ************ adjective کوشا diligent, industrious, studious, trying, sedulous ساعی industrious, diligent, studious, assiduous, active, sedulous

perfunctory

adjective: done routinely and with little interest or care The short film examines modern perfunctory cleaning rituals such as washing dishes, doing laundry and tooth-brushing. Perfunctory means done as part of a routine or duty. If you give someone a gift and they look at it like it's roadkill and say nothing about it but a perfunctory "thank you," you might not be giving them another one anytime soon. A person who does something in a perfunctory way shows little enthusiasm or interest in what they are doing. Many of our everyday greetings are perfunctory. For example, when we say hello and how are you, it's usually done out of habit. Perfunctory is from Latin perfunctus, from perfungi "to get through with, perform," formed from the Latin prefix per- "completely" plus fungi "to perform." adjective سرسری cursory, perfunctory, superficial, dilettantish بی مبالات remiss, perfunctory باری بهر جهت perfunctory کار روتین و روزمره از سر وا کنی

prosaic

adjective: dull and lacking imagination Unlike the talented artists in his workshop, Paul had no such bent for the visual medium, so when it was time for him to make a stained glass painting, he ended up with a prosaic mosaic. adj, ordinary,dull adjective کسل کننده tedious, drowsy, prosaic, irksome, drab, drippy بی روح dead, soulless, spiritless, prosaic, pedestrian, inert وابسته به نثر prosaic ******** noun نثر prose سخن منثور prose Prosaic means ordinary or dull. Most of us lead a prosaic everyday life, sometimes interrupted by some drama or crisis. This adjective is from Latin prosa "prose," which is ordinary writing intended to communicate ideas and information. Prose is often contrasted with poetry, which usually has a more imaginative and original style.

prosaic

adjective: dull and lacking imagination Unlike the talented artists in his workshop, Paul had no such bent for the visual medium, so when it was time for him to make a stained glass painting, he ended up with a prosaic mosaic. Prosaic means ordinary or dull. Most of us lead a prosaic everyday life, sometimes interrupted by some drama or crisis. This adjective is from Latin prosa "prose," which is ordinary writing intended to communicate ideas and information. Prose is often contrasted with poetry, which usually has a more imaginative and original style. prose نثر منثور adjective کسل کننده tedious, drowsy, prosaic, irksome, drab, drippy بی روح dead, soulless, spiritless, prosaic, pedestrian, inert وابسته به نثر prosaic نثری prosaic با اطناب prosaic, prosy adjective having the style or diction of prose; lacking poetic beauty. prosaic language can't convey the experience synonyms: ordinary, everyday, commonplace, conventional, straightforward, routine, run-of-the-mil

insipid

adjective: dull and uninteresting The movie director was known for hiring beautiful actors in order to deflect attention away from the insipid scripts he would typically use. Something insipid is lacking in flavor or interest. You'll probably find the generic poems inside of greeting cards insipid. Insipid comes from the Latin insipidus, the opposite of sapidus which means flavorful. Because spices and salts are left out, hospital food is usually considered insipid. The most common use of the word is in a metaphorical sense for dull or flat. You might think that your goody-two-shoes cousin is the most insipid girl you've ever met. غذای بیمارستان بی مزه بی نمک adjective بی مزه tasteless, insipid, unsavory, vapid, flat, tame بیروح insipid خنک cool, cold, chilled, fresh, chilly, insipid بی طعم insipid, flavourless, flavorless

jejune

adjective: dull; lacking flavor Although many top chefs have secured culinary foam's popularity in haute cuisine, Waters criticizes it for being jejune and unfilling. adjective: immature; childish Her boss further cemented his reputation for being jejune after throwing a fit when the water cooler wasn't refilled. Use the adjective jejune to describe something that is uninteresting or insignificant. Many people claim to find celebrity gossip jejune, but ask them about a recent movie star scandal and chances are they know all about it. Jejune can also describe something that's immature or simplistic. All that actress could say about her latest movie was that it was "Super fun"? That's a pretty jejune comment. Basically jejune means lacking substance. It originally comes from the Latin word jejunus, which means "fasting," so when something is jejune, it's figuratively empty — devoid of intellectual nourishment. adjective وابسته به روده تهی jejune بیهوده vain, futile, useless, pointless, idle, jejune نارس premature, immature, unripe, green, raw, jejune تهی null, empty, void, devoid, hollow, jejune خشک dry, arid, withered, barren, waterless, jejune بی مزه tasteless, insipid, unsavory, vapid, flat, jejune بی لطافت awkward, arid, jejune وابسته به روده تهی jejune بیهوده vain, futile, useless, pointless, idle, jejune نارس premature, immature, unripe, green, raw, jejune تهی null, empty, void, devoid, hollow, jejune خشک dry, arid, withered, barren, waterless, jejune بی مزه tasteless, insipid, unsavory, vapid, flat, jejune

petulant

adjective: easily irritated or annoyed Although the three year old was often described as mature for his age, he was petulant and whiny whenever his father forgot to remove the crust from his sandwiches. (adj.) peevish, annoyed by trifles, easily irritated and upset adjective ترشرو grumpy, moody, morose, sullen, petulant, crabbed زود رنج irritable, fractious, touchy, peevish, petulant, techy شرم اور shameful, petulant, gross, inglorious, indecent, vile کج خلق sullen, testy, irritable, crabbed, peevish, petulant ستیزه جو militant, contentious, quarrelsome, stubborn, antagonistic, petulant (adj.) peevish, annoyed by trifles, easily irritated and upset Choose the adjective petulant to describe a person or behavior that is irritable in a childish way.

peevish

adjective: easily irritated or annoyed Our office manager is peevish, so the rest of us tip-toe around him, hoping not to set off another one of his fits. When you're peevish, you're easily irritated and grumpy. Everything seems to get under your skin. Know someone who always seems annoyed, grumpy, cranky, or irritated? That person is peevish. Some people are peevish in general, but most people can be peevish about certain subjects — we all have a pet peeve. Lots of people get peevish about language: like using the word like all the time as verbal filler. Being peevish is almost always considered a form of pettiness — it's not a good thing. When you're peevish, you're not really looking at the big picture. easily irritated, especially by unimportant things. adjective تند مزاج irritable, crabbed, peevish, touchy, hot, quick-tempered زود رنج irritable, fractious, touchy, peevish, petulant, techy کج خلق sullen, testy, irritable, crabbed, peevish, querulous ناراضی peevish, malcontent, tedious

sentimental

adjective: effusively or insincerely emotional, especially in art, music, and literature I don't like romanticism for the same reason I don't like melodramatic acting and soap operas—overly sentimental. Call a person sentimental if he or she is led more by emotions than by reason. If you have a sentimental attachment to a favorite stuffed animal, you'll probably even bring it to college with you. Sentimental describes a person who relies on emotions more than reason, or a novel or film that is overly emotional. Derived from the Latin verb, sentire "to feel," sentimental always implies that the emotions are involved a little too much. If you do something for sentimental reasons, you are only doing it because of an emotional attachment. adjective احساساتی of or prompted by feelings of tenderness, sadness, or nostalgia.

cadaverous

adjective: emaciated; gaunt Some actors take challenging roles in which they have to lose so much weight that they appear cadaverous. resembling a corpse in being very pale, thin, or bony. Cadaverous means looking corpse-like, from being sick or too skinny, like an aging rock star or a Halloween ghoul. The adjective cadaverous literally means "like a cadaver." It's from the Latin word, well, cadaver (dead body), that comes from another Latin word cadere meaning "to fall." That's some fall! You don't have to be dead to look cadaverous, though, if your cheeks are sunken and your ribs poke through your torn tee-shirt, you look cadaverous and it's not a compliment (unless you're a Goth). On Halloween, you might go for a cadaverous look with green-tinted makeup and black circles under your eyes. دارای رنگ پریده و مرده

poignant

adjective: emotionally touching After the Montagues and Capulets discover the dead bodies of Romeo and Juliet, in the play's most poignant moment, the two griefstricken families agree to end their feud once and for all. (adj.) deeply affecting, touching; keen or sharp in taste or smell تاثیر عمیق منفی گذاشتن

complementary

adjective: enhancing each other's qualities (for two things or more). The head waiter was careful to tell the amateur diners that red wine was complementary with beef, each bringing out subtle taste notes in the other. If something is complementary, then it somehow completes or enhances the qualities of something else. If your beautiful voice is completely complementary to your brother's song writing skills, you should form a family band! You've probably heard of "complementary colors," colors that are opposite in hue on the color wheel but actually go well together. When combined, they make a harmonious palette. People's personalities can also be complementary, as can certain food pairings. But be careful not to confuse this adjective with the closely spelled complimentary, which means "supplied free of charge." adjective مکمل complementary, supplementary, complete, completed, perfected, perfect متمم complementary, supplementary, subsidiary تکمیل کننده یکدیگر complementary

edifying

adjective: enlightening or uplifting so as to encourage intellectual or moral improvement I recently read an article in the Times about whether good literature is edifying or not; specifically, does reading more make a person more moral. روشنگر راهنما انگیزشی Anything edifying is enlightening. Edifying things uplift people intellectually or morally and help them learn. Good literature, art, and music are edifying.

pernicious

adjective: exceedingly harmful; working or spreading in a hidden and injurious way The most successful viruses are pernicious: an infected person may feel perfectly healthy for several months while incubating and spreading the virus. Pernicious means harmful and subtle, such as a poison gas that causes cancer in those exposed to it over the course of years. adjective مهلک deadly, fatal, lethal, mortal, pernicious, noxious مضر harmful, detrimental, bad, adverse, noxious, pernicious کشنده fatal, deadly, mortal, murderous, attractive, pernicious having a harmful effect, especially in a gradual or subtle way.

presumptuous

adjective: excessively forward Many felt that Barney was presumptuous in moving into the large office before the management even made any official announcement of his promotion When someone takes liberties, doing things too boldly, you can describe them with the adjective presumptuous. Presumptuous comes from the Latin verb praesumere which means to take for granted. It means taking for granted your access to someone or power to do something. It's a very satisfying word and effective word because it belittles someone at the same time as criticizing him. In Shakespeare's "Henry VI," Northumberland calls Warwick "presumptuous and proud" for trying to get rid of the king. It's usually pronounced with all four syllables, pre-ZUMP-choo-us, although pre-ZUMP-chus is acceptable as well. adjective مغرور proud, arrogant, haughty, swanky, snobbish, presumptuous گستاخ perky, insolent, rude, impudent, bold, presumptuous خود بین presumptuous, egocentric, smug, arrogant, assuming, bumptious از خود راضی cocky, overbearing, smug, complacent, assuming, presumptuous .

avaricious

adjective: excessively greedy Since avaricious desire is similar to gluttony or lust--sins of excess--it was listed as one of the seven deadly sins by the Catholic church. Someone who is avaricious is greedy or grasping, concerned with gaining wealth. The suggestion is that an avaricious person will do anything to achieve material gain, and it is, in general, not a pleasant attribute. adjective ازمند greedy, avaricious, covetous, avid, cormorant حریص greedy, voracious, eager, avaricious, hungry, avid طماع greedy, covetous, ravenous, avaricious, vulturine خسیس stingy, miserly, abject, mean, parsimonious, avaricious زیادهجو avaricious

lugubrious

adjective: excessively mournful At the funeral, lugubrious songs filled the small church. Funerals are lugubrious. So are rainy days and Mondays. Anything that makes you sad, gloomy, or mournful can be called lugubrious. Lugubrious comes from the Latin verb lūgēre, "to mourn." You can also listen to the sound of the word: lugubrious sounds slow, heavy, and sad. Sometimes, just the "feel" of a word is enough to clue you in to its meaning, and lugubrious is one of those words. I was feeling great when I got to the concert, but the lugubrious music left me in a terrible mood. ماتمزده mournful, wailful غمگین کننده mournful, plaintful عزادار mournful, weepy, plaintful محزون despondent, plaintive, sad, somber, pensive, mournful adjective feeling, expressing, or inducing sadness, regret, or grief. the third boy stared fixedly at me with mournful, basset-hound eyes synonyms: sad, sorrowful, doleful, melancholy, melancholic,

pejorative

adjective: expressing disapproval (usu. refers to a term) ****expressing disapproval Most psychologists object to the pejorative term "shrink", believing that they expand the human mind, not limit it. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Call a word or phrase pejorative if it is used as a disapproving expression or a term of abuse. Tree-hugger is a pejorative term for an environmentalist. adjective expressing contempt or disapproval. adjective تحقیر امیز pejorative, humiliating, contemptuous واژه تحقیری pejorative

elegiac

adjective: expressing sorrow Few can listen to the elegiac opening bars of the Moonlight sonata without feeling the urge to cry. If there's one song on your playlist that always brings tears to your eyes, maybe it's because it has an elegiac quality. Elegiac means "mournful or sad." The adjective elegiac is useful when you're talking about music, a movie, a book, or another work of art that has a sorrowful tone. Sometimes elegiac specifically refers to something or someone that's gone: a person who's died, or a time in the past, especially if you feel a sense of longing for it. You can speak in an elegiac way, or sing an elegiac tune. The word comes from the Greek elegos, "poem or song of lament." adjective (especially of a work of art) having a mournful quality. the movie score is a somber effort, elegiac in its approach synonyms: mournful, melancholic, melancholy, plaintive, sorrowful, sad, lamenting, حزن انگیز غمناک

snide

adjective: expressive of contempt; derogatory or mocking in an indirect way The chairman interpreted Taylor's question about promotions as a snide remark, but in all innocence Taylor was trying to figure out the company's process. نیشدار caustic, snide کنایه امیز

abysmal

adjective: extremely bad Coach Ramsey took his newest player off the field after watching a few painful minutes of her abysmal performance. If you want to say something is really, really bad — then call it abysmal. If one person shows up to your party, well then that is an abysmal turnout. The 1958 Ford Edsel? An abysmal failure. When someone describes the hole you just dug as abysmal, you may not know whether to take it as positive or negative feedback. That's because starting in the 1650s, abysmal simply meant "resembling an abyss in depth." By that definition you've just received a compliment on your deep digging skills. But since the early twentieth century, abysmal has been more commonly used to identify something as "extremely bad." So it's more likely that your hole has just been insulted. adjective عمیق deep, profound, abysmal, fathomless, deep-rooted ژرف deep, profound, unfathomable, abysmal, important, significant خیلی بد افتضاح

inflammatory

adjective: extremely controversial, incendiary It only takes one person to leave an inflammatory comment on an Internet thread for that thread to blow up into pages upon pages of reader indignation. In medical terms, something that is inflammatory causes a local reaction that shows up by swelling, heat, pain, and redness. If you are stung by a bee, you may have an acute inflammatory reaction to the sting. ملتهب آتش افروز بسیار بحث برانگیز

ravenous

adjective: extremely hungry; devouring or craving food in great quantities John didn't eat much at all during the week he had the flu, so now that he is regaining his health, it's not surprising that he has a ravenous appetite. adjective بسیار گرسنه ravenous طماع greedy, covetous, ravenous, avaricious, vulturine A ravenous person feels like they haven't eaten in days and could probably finish off 10 pizzas without help. So ravenous is not a good state to be in when you go grocery shopping. raven:کلاغ سیاه

Pollyannaish

adjective: extremely optimistic Even in the midst of a lousy sales quarter, Debbie remained Pollyannaish, never losing her shrill voice and wide smile, even when prospective customers hung up on her. Someone who is unfailingly cheerful — no matter what — can be described as pollyannaish. If your friend tells you some terribly bad news, it would be pollyannaish to say, "Yes, but it's such a beautiful day!" While the adjective pollyannaish describes an optimistic outlook and a determined cheeriness, it also implies that this attitude is taken too far. When you put a positive spin on everything, even things that call for sadness or discouragement, you're being pollyannaish. The word comes from a 1913 children's book by Eleanor H. Porter, Pollyanna, about a young girl who tries to find something positive in every situation — a trick she calls "the Glad Game." noun an excessively cheerful or optimistic person. فوق العاده خو بین و

excruciating

adjective: extremely painful After the boulder rolled a couple of feet, pinning my friend's arm, he experienced excruciating pain. Something that's really intense or painful is excruciating. If you go skiing and break your leg in several places, the ride from the slope to the hospital will be excruciating — unless you're unconscious, too. Excruciating doesn't just hurt. It feels like torture. This adjective actually comes to us from the Latin excruciatus, which means "to afflict, harass, vex, torment." Extremely painful injuries are certainly excruciating, but sometimes so are tedious tasks or long waits: Watching the old lady in front of you pay for her groceries one nickel at a time can be just as excruciating as 4 broken ribs, especially if you're in a hurry. مشقت بار دق آور دردناک

equitable

adjective: fair to all parties as dictated by reason and conscience The equitable distribution of ice cream to a group of 5 year olds will ensure little to no fighting—at least until the ice cream is gone Equitable distribution means everyone gets their fair share of something.If you work on a group project in class, you want an equitable share of the credit. When you look at equitable, you might think you see the word, equal, but it doesn't mean fair in the sense of exactly the same. If you worked ten hours at a lemonade stand and your friend worked five, you'd want an equitable share of the profits rather than an equal share. Equitable would take into account the amount of work you did, equal would not adjective fair and impartial. an equitable balance of power synonyms: fair, just, impartial, even-handed, unbiased, unprejudiced, egalitarian عادلانه منصفانه

benighted

adjective: fallen into a state of ignorance Far from being a period of utter benightedness, The Medieval Ages produced some great works of theological speculation. Being called benighted is much like being called naive. It means lacking in knowledge or understanding—the kind you might have if you were older or more sophisticated. Although it sounds a lot like "being knighted", benighted has nothing to do with knights and, in fact, includes the word "night" (as in the opposite of day) and not "knight" (as in "of the Round Table"). One way to remember what benighted means is to think of a person "being nighted" or, put into the dark. A benighted person is in the dark about things: they don't know because they can't see. The Dark Ages are thought to have been a benighted time, full of primitive ideas. adjective عقب مانده lagging, lagged, laggard, benighted, straggling, behindhand گرفتار تاریکی جهل benighted شب زده benighted تاریک dark, dim, black, gloomy, dusky, benighted

indignant

adjective: feeling anger over a perceived injustice When the cyclist swerved into traffic, it forced the driver to brake and elicited an indignant shout of "Hey, punk, watch where you're going!" When you're indignant, you're angry about an unfair situation. If you discovered that a teacher gave ten extra points on a test to all students who sat in the front row, you'd be indignant. خشمگین angered at something unjust or wrong

reverent

adjective: feeling or showing profound respect or veneration The professor could speak objectively about the other composers, but he always lectured about Brahms with a particularly reverent air, unable to offer a single criticism of his compositions. When you have great awe and respect for someone or something, and you show it by respectfully worshiping that person, thing, deity, or musical group, you are being reverent. feeling or showing deep and solemn respect. محترمانه

vicarious

adjective: felt or undergone as if one were taking part in the experience or feelings of another The advent of twitter is a celebrity stalker's dream, as he or she can—through hundreds of intimate "tweets"—vicariously live the life of a famous person. If something is vicarious, it delivers a feeling or experience from someone else. If your child becomes a big star, you might have a vicarious experience of celebrity. Vicarious comes from the Latin work vicarius, which means substitute. If you have vicarious enjoyment, you have a second hand thrill. You might get vicarious thrills of adventure by reading your friend's letters from overseas. If you're mad at your wife but you take it out on your dog, that's vicarious punishment. Vicarious can also be used as a medical term meaning "occurring in an unexpected part of body." نیابتی خلافتی

mettlesome

adjective: filled with courage or valor For its raid on the Bin Laden's compound in Abbottabad, Seal Team Six has become, for many Americans, the embodiment of mettle. شجاع و پر روح پر شهامت If you're spirited and brave, you're mettlesome. It takes a mettlesome person to hike the Appalachian Trail all alone. The adjective mettlesome is a great way to describe someone who's full of pride or courage — although it's also an old-fashioned, somewhat literary way to do it. Many classic children's books feature mettlesome main characters, like Huckleberry Finn and Ann of Green Gables. Though it sounds a bit like the nosy word meddlesome, mettlesome is rooted instead in mettle, "the stuff of which someone is made."

doleful

adjective: filled with or evoking sadness No event is more doleful than the passing of my mother; she was a shining star in my life, and it brings me great sadness to think that she is now gone. To be doleful is to be down in the dumps, to have a hole in your soul, to be full of woe. Doleful has nothing to do with a doe, a deer or a female deer. Unless one of those animals has a really sad look in its eyes. Expressions can be doleful, ditto a song or a set of circumstances. You can use the adjective doleful to describe something that is bringing you down, that makes you want to give into gravity or crawl into bed. Doleful is pretty much the opposite of how a ray of golden sun can make you feel. adjective مغموم doleful محزون despondent, plaintive, sad, somber, pensive, doleful ماتمزده

quotidian

adjective: found in the ordinary course of events Phil gets so involved thinking about Aristotle's arguments that he totally forgets quotidian concerns, such as exercising and eating regularly. Quotidian is a fancy way of saying "daily" or "ordinary." Quotidian events are the everyday details of life. adjective روزمره routine, quotidian روزانه daily, diurnal, quotidian, workaday یومیه ephemeral, quotidian پیش پا افتاده banal, commonplace, common, ordinary, quotidian, well-known

precarious

adjective: fraught with danger People smoke to relax and forget their cares, but ironically, in terms of health risks, smoking is far more precarious than either mountain-climbing or skydiving. Grab for the adjective precarious when something is unstable, dangerous or difficult and likely to get worse. Are you totally broke and the people you owe money to keep calling? You're in a precarious financial situation! مخاطره آمیز adjective متزلزل shaky, precarious, insecure, unstable, ramshackle, shaking پر مخاطره risky, precarious, venturesome, venturous The Latin root of precarious means "obtained by asking or praying." This fits well as precarious always signals that help is needed desperately. If your life is precarious or you are in a precarious situation, things could become difficult, maybe even dangerous, for you. If your footing or hold on something is precarious, it is unstable or not firmly placed, so that you are likely to slip or lose your grip. چندروزه precarious, short-lived عاریهای بسته بمیل دیگری precarious

impartial

adjective: free from undue bias or preconceived opinions The judge was not impartial since he had been bribed by the witness's family. adjective بی طرف neutral, impartial, objective, disinterested, non-partisan, dispassionate منصفانه fair, just, impartial, candid, even-handed عادل righteous, just, impartial بی طرف neutral, impartial, objective, disinterested, non-partisan, dispassionate منصفانه fair, just, impartial, candid, even-handed If you're in a contest you'd better hope the judges are impartial, that is, that they aren't biased toward one competitor over another. When someone's partial to something they take its part. Impartial means no part has yet been taken. In most high school elections, teachers strive to create an impartial atmosphere, to keep it from appearing to be a popularity contest. fair and just.

unimpeachable

adjective: free of guilt; not subject to blame; beyond doubt or reproach After his long and unimpeachable service to the company, Sharat felt that a gold watch was a slap in the face rather than an honor. Unimpeachable describes someone or something that is totally, completely, without any doubt, innocent and good, like an unimpeachable role model who avoids bad influences and sketchy situations. Impeach means "to accuse, or charge with a crime." It is a verb usually reserved for when high-ranking officials like presidents do something wrong. So, when you add the prefix un- and the suffix -able, the result is an adjective that means "not able to be accused," in other words, beyond doubt or question. If you run for public office and your past is unimpeachable, your opponents will have nothing to use against you in their advertisements. adjective غیر قابل سرزنش unimpeachable بری از اتهام unimpeachable adjective not able to be doubted, questioned, or criticized; entirely trustworthy. an unimpeachable witness synonyms: trustworthy, reliable, dependable, above suspicion, irreproachable Impeach means "to accuse, or charge with a crime." It is a verb usually reserved for when high-ranking officials like presidents do something wrong. So, when you add the prefix un- and the suffix -able, the result is an adjective that means "not able to be accused," in other words, beyond doubt or question. If you run for public office and your past is unimpeachable, your opponents will have nothing to use against you in their advertisements غیرقابل اتهام بی گناه

jovial

adjective: full of or showing high-spirited merriment The presidential candidate and her supporters were jovial once it was clear that she had won. Use jovial to describe people who show good humor and are full of joy. Santa Claus, with his constant "ho-ho-hoing" is a jovial figure. cheerful and friendly.

cavalier

adjective: given to haughty disregard of others Percy dismissed the issue with a cavalier wave of his hand. Cavalier means snobby. Someone who is cavalier has a bad attitude and regards other people as inferior. The word cavalier dates from mid-16th-century French, from the Latin caballus, meaning "horse." If you have a cavalier attitude, you look down on other people — as if you are sitting on a very tall horse and other people are sitting down there on the ground. adjective showing a lack of proper concern; offhand. Anne was irritated by his cavalier attitude synonyms: offhand, indifferent, casual, dismissive, insouciant, unconcerned, supercilious, patronizing مغرورانه نادیده انگاشتن

demonstrative

adjective: given to or marked by the open expression of emotion When Sally told James that she wanted to break up with him, she expected he would react demonstratively, but he quietly nodded his head and left without saying a word. People who are demonstrative easily and clearly show their emotions. A demonstrative person might shout "Hooray" and jump for joy at good news. A non-demonstrative person might feel no less excited, but refrain from demonstrating it. To demonstrate means to show, so think of demonstrative as showing. In legal terms, demonstrative is used to describe evidence that shows that something happened--a note that says "I did it" might show, or demonstrate, an accused person's guilt. In grammar, demonstrative pronouns--this, that, these, those--indicate the thing or person that is being pointed out, or shown, as in "Officer, it was 'that' man who stole my purse!" adjective (of a person) tending to show feelings, especially of affection, openly. I'm not a very demonstrative person, having always been taught that emotion leads to weakness, so I was more than a little embarrassed. synonyms: expressive, open, forthcoming, communicative, unreserved, emotional, effusive, gushing, affectionate, cuddly, loving, warm, friendly, approachable, touchy-feely, lovey-dovey, huggy serving as conclusive evidence of something; giving proof. demonstrative evidence synonyms: indicative, suggestive, illustrative; نمایشی *** برونگرا نمایش احساسات و عواطف ابراز احساسات اثبات کننده

patent

adjective: glaringly obvious Since the book had been through no fewer than six proof runs, the staff was shocked to see such a patent spelling mistake remaining, right in the middle of the front cover! This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study A patent is a government document that proves that an invention is yours and yours alone. In the U.S., as of 2009, over 7,000,000 patents were issued by the Patent and Trademark Office. Patent also refers to leather that has a very shiny finish. The process for making leather look like this was once patented, but since patents do not last forever, the process is now available for anyone to use. As with patent leather, the word is often used as part of a sales pitch, explaining why something is special: "We use patented technology..." or "Our patented method..." به شدت واضح و مبرهن اشکار حق ثبت اختراع patent دارای حق انحصاری patent امتیاز نامه patent

pragmatic

adjective: guided by practical experience and observation rather than theory Rather than make a philosophical appeal to the Congressmen, the Speaker decided to take a far more pragmatic approach, making small side-deals that would add votes to his bill. To describe a person or a solution that takes a realistic approach, consider the adjective pragmatic. The four-year-old who wants a unicorn for her birthday isn't being very pragmatic. adjective عملی practical, feasible, pragmatic, applied, practicable, real واقع بین realistic, pragmatic, down-to-earth کاربسته applied, pragmatic noun عملگرا pragmatic practical

inveterate

adjective: habitual He is an inveterate smoker and has told his family and friends that there is no way he will ever quit. If you're an inveterate doodler, all your notebooks are covered with drawings. If you're an inveterate golf player, you probably get twitchy if you haven't been out on a course in a week. adjective دیرنه inveterate, ingrain معتاد addicted, habituated, accustomed, inveterate, habitual, wonted ریشه کرده inveterate, deep-rooted همیشگی مرسوم

taciturn

adjective: habitually reserved and uncommunicative While the CEO enthusiastically shares his plans and agenda with all who will listen, the CFO is far more taciturn, rarely revealing his perspective. Someone who is taciturn is reserved, not loud and talkative. The word itself refers to the trait of reticence, of seeming aloof and uncommunicative. A taciturn person might be snobby, naturally quiet, or just shy.

inadvertent

adjective: happening by chance or unexpectedly or unintentionally Although Prohibition was rooted in noble ideals, the inadvertent and costly consequences of making alcohol illegal in the U.S. led to its repeal. inadvertent When something happens by accident, it's inadvertent, or unintentional. The gas company assured you that the error in your bill was inadvertent and that they would fix it, but not before you blew off some steam. If you break down the adjective inadvertent you find the word vert, from the Latin vertere, meaning "to turn." Advertent comes to mean "turning the mind to," and as the prefix in- means "not," inadvertent means "not turning the mind to," or "not intending to." When your actions are inadvertent you're not paying attention to their consequences. Remember that inadvertent ends with -ent by remembering this sentence: "We inadvertently ripped the tent." غیر عمدی

innocuous

adjective: harmless and doesn't produce any ill effects. Something that's innocuous isn't harmful or likely to cause injury. Public figures like mayors and governors have to expect they'll get critical or even hurtful emails and phone calls, as well as more innocuous feedback. بی ضرر

acerbic

adjective: harsh in tone Most movie critics are acerbic towards summer blockbusters, often referring to them as garbage. bitter, sharp in taste or temper

vitriolic

adjective: harsh or corrosive in tone While the teacher was more moderate in her criticism of the other student's papers, she was vitriolic toward Peter's paper, casting every flaw in the harshest light. Mean, nasty, and caustic as the worst acid, vitriolic words can hurt feelings, break hearts, and even lead to violence. Vitriolic is an adjective related to the noun vitriol — which means a metal sulphate. However, you will most likely NOT hear vitriolic used to describe a chemical reaction. You are more likely to hear vitriolic used to describe caustic words. We've seen some examples in recent political campaigns, and the results are always embarrassing. Avoid using vitriolic language whenever possible, and you will keep your friends — and your dignity. زاج vitriolic توتیا vitriolic سخن تند vitriolic adjective filled with bitter criticism or malice. vitriolic attacks on the politicians synonyms: acrimonious, rancorous, bitter

precipitate

adjective: hasty or rash Instead of conducting a thorough investigation after the city hall break-in, the governor acted precipitately, accusing his staff of aiding and abetting the criminals. verb: to cause to happen The government's mishandling of the hurricane's aftermath precipitated a widespread outbreak of looting and other criminal activity. This word has other definitions, but these are the most important ones to study Precipitate usually means "bringing something on" or "making it happen" — and not always in a good way. An unpopular verdict might "precipitate violence" or one false step at the Grand Canyon could precipitate you down into the gorge. Precipitate, as a verb, can also mean specifically, "to fall from clouds," such as rain, snow, or other forms of precipitation. When used as an adjective, precipitate means "hasty" or "acting suddenly." If you decide to throw your class project in a trash masher just because someone in your class had a similar idea, then your actions might be described as precipitate. Or if you do that sort of thing regularly, you may be a precipitate person. adjective ناگهانی sudden, abrupt, snap, precipitate خیلیسریع precipitate بسیار عجول precipitate verb تسریع کردن accelerate, precipitate, advance, catalyze, hotfoot, speed up بشدت پرتاپ کردن precipitate

supercilious

adjective: haughty and disdainful; looking down on others Nelly felt the Quiz Bowl director acted superciliously towards the underclassmen; really, she fumed, must he act so preternaturally omniscient each time he intones some obscure fact—as though everybody knows that Mt. Aconcagua is the highest peak in South America. Supercilious people think very highly of themselves, more highly than of others. If your sister tends to act snobby and superior, you can describe her as supercilious. You might expect Nobel Prize winners to be supercilious — after all, they've reached the very heights of their profession. But one-on-one, your famous physics professor might be humble and fun to talk to, anything but supercilious. Most often, it's people who have no right to be arrogant, rude, and holier-than-thou who behave in the most supercilious ways. The Latin root supercilium means "haughty demeanor," but also "eyebrow" — as in an eyebrow raised in a haughty, supercilious expression. خودبین خود برتر بین پرافاده

truculent

adjective: having a fierce, savage nature Standing in line for six hours, she became progressively truculent, yelling at DMV employees and elbowing other people waiting in line. If you are quick to argue, always looking for a fight, and hard to please, you are truculent. You can also write a truculent essay, and fans upset by a loss can become truculent. This word has no connection to truck, but the similar sound is still a good way to remember it: truculent folks are like monster trucks, ready to run over anything that gets in their way. To be truculent is to be defiant, aggressive, and quarrelsome. A truculent student will get in trouble with teachers, and a truculent teacher might get fired. In a violent sport like football, it helps to be truculent, but it's usually not a great quality. adjective خشن rough, harsh, bearish, tough, coarse, truculent وحشی wild, savage, ferocious, barbaric, brutal, truculent قصی القلب truculent بی رحم cruel, merciless, brutal, brute, relentless, truculent adjective eager or quick to argue or fight; aggressively defiant.

debonair

adjective: having a sophisticated charm James Bond is known for his good looks, high tech gadgets, and debonair manner. Someone debonair is charming or suave. They have good manners, and they probably look good too. This French word has a fancy feel to it, and it is a fancy kind of word. Being debonair is a specific form of being charming that applies mostly to men. When you're debonair, you impress women, other men, and pretty much everyone with your manners, wit, and style. Debonair a little bit of an old-fashioned word. Old movie stars like Cary Grant were often called debonair, but not many people are today. adjective (of a man) confident, stylish, and charming. He's debonair , smooth, handsome and slim like Moore. synonyms: suave, urbane, sophisticated, cultured, self-possessed, self-assured, confident, مرد دختر کش مودب و شیک و پیک لغت خیلی قدیمه

piquant

adjective: having an agreeably pungent taste The chef, with a mere flick of the salt shaker, turned the bland tomato soup into a piquant meal. Feeling a little saucy? Perhaps a bit provocative — but in a good way? Then it's safe to say your personality is a little piquant. Coming to us from the French word piquer, which means "to prick," something that's piquant certainly piques your interest. Someone who's piquant engages you with charm and wit. A story that's filled with piquant details has plenty of juicy, provocative points. And grandma's homemade gravy? It's certainly zesty and piquant, even with all the lumps. adjective تند و با مزه piquant, ragout خوش مزه luscious, yummy, delicious, savory, zesty, piquant گزنده biting, nipping, piquant خوش طعم tasty, palatable, savory, dainty, delicious, piquant adjective having a pleasantly sharp taste or appetizing flavor.

noisome

adjective: having an extremely bad smell Each August, when the winds moved in a south easterly direction, the garbage dump would spread noisome vapors through the small town. If you accidentally leave half a sandwich under your bed for a few days, cover your nose while you sleep because it will probably become quite noisome. This is a fancy way of saying that it will stink. Despite that first syllable, this adjective doesn't have root origins in the word noise, but is related to the word annoy. Noisome can refer to anything unpleasant or anything that makes you nauseous. However, it is most often used to describe bad smells. So spray some air freshener, open the windows, and clean out under your bed! متعفن و بدبو

malodorous

adjective: having an unpleasant smell Some thermally active fountains spew sulfur fumes--the air around them is sometimes so malodorous that many have to plug their noses. You can use the adjective malodorous as a nicer way to say that something's stinky. Maybe you think your feet smell like roses, but if people move far away when your shoes come off, your rosy feet are probably malodorous. Mal- is used to form words for bad things, and in this case, mal-odor-ous means having a bad odor. Synonyms for malodorous include "smelly," "rank," and "funky" — but not funky in a "get on with your bad self" good way, just funky bad. If you walk into a malodorous room, you might start checking the bottoms of your shoes to see if you stepped in something, and if a plate of malodorous food is served, you might cover your nose and mouth. بوی تعفن

limpid

adjective: having clarity in terms of expression Her limpid prose made even the most recondite subjects accessible to all. adjective زلال clear, limpid, crystal, lucid, clean ناب pure, unalloyed, limpid صاف smooth, clear, flat, plain, slick, limpid روشن bright, light, on, explicit, vivid, limpid The adjective limpid describes something (often liquid) that is clear, serene and bright. Nature calendars often feature glamour shots of a limpid stream or a limpid lake. The adjective limpid may also describe language that is easily understandable. Your teacher might ask you to give an answer in a single limpid sentence. But he probably won't because limpid is a word that's fallen out of use. Maybe because it sounds too much like limp. Or maybe because it's associated with the king of all clichés: "Her eyes were like limpid pools." (of a liquid) free of anything that darkens; completely clear.

sagacious

adjective: having good judgement and acute insight Steve Jobs is surely one of the most sagacious CEOs, making Apple one of the most recognizable and valuable companies in the world. Use the formal adjective sagacious to describe someone who is wise and insightful like an advisor to the president or a Supreme Court justice. Someone like an inspirational leader or an expert in a field who seeks knowledge and has foresight can be described as sagacious. If you comment on something at a deeper level, you are making a sagacious observation. The word is a descendent of Latin sagus "prophetic" and is related to the Old English word seek. Synonyms include discerning, insightful and another formal word perspicacious. بافراست sagacious, sage با درک و تدبیر adjective having or showing keen mental discernment and good judgment; shrewd. they were sagacious enough to avoid any outright confrontation synonyms: wise, clever, intelligent, knowledgeable, sensible, sage, discerning, judicious,

incisive

adjective: having or demonstrating ability to recognize or draw fine distinctions The adjective incisive describes something that is sharp, decisive, and direct. A comment that cuts right to the bone can be just as incisive as an actual knife. The lawyer had an incisive mind, able in a flash to dissect a hopelessly tangled issue and isolate the essential laws at play. adjective نافذ penetrating, penetrative, incisive, pervasive, penetrant, dominant قاطع decisive, crucial, conclusive, definitive, categorical, incisive برنده winning, cutting, incisive, trenchant, conductive, deferent

stolid

adjective: having or revealing little emotion or sensibility; not easily aroused or excited Elephants may appear stolid to casual observers, but they actually have passionate emotional lives. A stolid person can't be moved to smile or show much sign of life, in much the same way as something solid, like a giant boulder, is immovable. Both are expressionless. It's hard to get excited about the word stolid. It refers to emotionless people or things, and it even sounds pretty dull. Your face may be stolid, as you plod through the unemotional history of the word born in the 17th century of little more than Latin words for "foolish." In some definitions, stolid does have more complimentary synonyms, such as "dependable" or "calm," but these can be overshadowed by other words for stolid — "empty," "blank," and "vacant," to name a few. adjective بی عاطفه heartless, callous, unfeeling, stolid, insensitive, inhuman بی حال lethargic, languid, lackadaisical, torpid, nonchalant, stolid بلغمی lymphatic, mucoid, pituitary, stolid بی حس (of a person) calm, dependable, and showing little emotion or animation.

consummate

adjective: having or revealing supreme mastery or skill Tyler was the consummate musician: he was able to play the guitar, harmonica, and the drum at the same time. verb: to make perfect and complete in every respect The restoration of the ancient church was only consummated after a twenty years of labor. This word has other definitions, but these are the most important ones to study Consummate means complete, finished, or masterful. If you refer to someone as a consummate chef, then you are saying he is the ultimate chef. If you say someone is a consummate jerk, then you are saying he is the ultimate jerk. تمام و کمال thorough, whole, consummate, thoroughgoing, well رسیده ripe, received, grown, headed, full, consummate بحدکمال Consummate can be used to describe something good or bad: consummate joy, a consummate liar. To consummate means to bring something to completion, but it often refers specifically to making a marriage complete by having sexual relations. The adjective is pronounced KÄN-sə-mit, but the verb is pronounced KÄN-sə-māt.

imperious

adjective: having or showing arrogant superiority to and disdain of those one views as unworthy Children are imperious with each other before they learn that earning someone's respect is better than demanding. Someone who is imperious gives orders in a way that shows they feel superior or more important than other people. You might want the smartest kid in the class as your lab partner, but not if they have an imperious attitude and boss you around. Near synonyms are arrogant, overbearing, and domineering. The adjective imperious is from Latin imperiōsus, from imperium "command, supreme power, empire." This Latin word is also the ultimate source of English empire "a group of countries or territories controlled by a single ruler or one government." adjective assuming power or authority without justification; arrogant and domineering. his imperious demands synonyms: peremptory, high-handed, commanding, imperial, overbearing, خودرای متکبر خود بزرگ بین تحکم امیز

pertinent

adjective: having precise or logical relevance to the matter at hand While the salaries of the players might draw attention in the media, such monetary figures are not pertinent to the question of who plays the best on the field. Something pertinent is relevant and on-point. If you give your best friend pertinent advice, that means the advice is appropriate for the situation. Something pertinent is related to the current topic or situation — and probably helpful too. If you're in math class and you make a comment about World War I, that's likely not pertinent. If you're in music class and you talk about a cello, that probably is pertinent. Pertinent things are appropriate and logical. In most situations, people like to get comments and questions that are pertinent — anything else can just seem like a distraction. relevant or applicable to a particular matter; apposite مرتبط مناسب با موضوع ON TOPIC Something pertinent is related to the current topic or situation — and probably helpful too. If you're in math class and you make a comment about World War I, that's likely not pertinent. If you're in music class and you talk about a cello, that probably is pertinent. Pertinent things are appropriate and logical. In most situations, people like to get comments and questions that are pertinent — anything else can just seem like a distraction.

convoluted

adjective: highly complex or intricate Instead of solving the math problem in three simple steps, Kumar used a convoluted solution requiring fifteen steps. If something is convoluted, it's intricate and hard to understand. You'll need to read over your brother's convoluted investment scheme a few times before deciding whether or not to go in on it. Convoluted comes from the Latin convolutus for rolled up together. Its original meaning in English was exactly that, first for eaves coiled up on themselves, then for anything rolled or knotted together. Over time convoluted took on its metaphorical sense of complicated and intricate, which is how it's generally used today. People complain about convoluted legal language and the convoluted tax code. adjective حلقوی annular, convoluted, sigmoid, annulate, convolute, guttural بهم پیچیده convoluted, convolute بهم تابیده convoluted

dogmatic

adjective: highly opinionated, not accepting that your belief may not be correct Bryan is dogmatic in his belief that the earth is flat, claiming that all pictures of a spherical earth are computer generated. To be dogmatic is to follow a set of rules no matter what. The rules might be religious, philosophical, or made-up, but dogmatic people would never waver in their beliefs so don't even think of trying to change their minds. جزمی dogmatic, categorical, categoric کوته فکر narrow, illiberal, dogmatic, provincial, low-minded, narrow-minded متعصب

vaunted

adjective: highly or widely praised or boasted about For years, they had heard of New York City's vaunted skyline, and when they finally saw it, the spectacular cityscape did not disappoint them in the least. To vaunt is to brag and boast and flaunt and go on and on about how great something is. It's over-the-top showing off, and when you taunt and exaggerate your greatness, you vaunt to the point of no longer seeming so great. From the Latin vānitāre — which comes from vānus, meaning "vain" or "empty" — vaunt is a verb for taking praise too far or talking something up too much. Even if it's earned or deserved bragging, vaunting about something gets old and loses it impact. Other times, vaunt, as a noun, is a sure sign that a hard sell is going on — someone is talking big but can't deliver. خودنمایی خود ستایی اغراق آمیز چیز تهی که باد شده

eccentric

adjective: highly unconventional or unusual (usually describes a person) Mozart was well-known for his eccentricities, often speaking words backward to confuse those around him. You're most likely to encounter the adjective eccentric in a description of an unusual or quirky person — like a scatterbrained aunt who leaves her life savings to her cat. From the Greek ekkentros, "out of the center," this word originally had to do with the orbits of planets that were observed to be slightly out of whack. Eventually it came to describe people who were a little kooky, both as an adjective and as a noun, too: an eccentric is an unconventional, odd person. Think of them as following a slightly different orbit from the rest of society. adjective غیر عادی unusual, abnormal, uncommon, eccentric, eccentric, extraordinary عجیب strange, astounding, odd, wonderful, extravagant, eccentric غریب strange, whimsical, poor, alien, weird, eccentric گریزنده از مرکز eccentric, centrifugal بیرون از مرکز eccentric adjective (of a person or their behavior) unconventional and slightly strange. my favorite aunt is very eccentric (of a thing) not placed centrally or not having its axis or other part placed centrally. The foam cells were oval to polygonal with a moderate amount of cytoplasm and central to eccentric small nuclei. a person of unconventional and slightly strange views or behavior. he enjoys a colorful reputation as an engaging eccentric a disc or wheel mounted eccentrically on a revolving shaft in order to transform rotation into backward-and-forward motion, e.g., a cam in an internal combustion engine.

inimical

adjective: hostile (usually describes conditions or environments) Venus, with a surface temperature that would turn rubber to liquid, is inimical to any form of life. hostile adjective مضر harmful, detrimental, bad, adverse, noxious, inimical معاند obstinate, rancorous, stubborn, inimical, spiteful, contumacious دشمنانه inimical نامساعد unfavorable, bad, inimical, inadequate, uneven, unfair غیر دوستانه inimical, ill Censorship is inimical to freedom. So, most teenagers would argue, are curfews. To be inimical is to be harmful, antagonistic, or opposed to — like smoking two packs a day is to healthy lungs.

ribald

adjective: humorously vulgar The speaker was famous for his ribald humor, but the high school principal asked him to keep the talk G-rated when he spoke to the student body. Ribald is an adjective you would use to describe someone who makes dirty sexual jokes. Vulgar, perverted, but still kind of funny — that's a ribald person. Remember the time Uncle Marvin told hilarious stories about his sex life? Everyone was rolling with laughter, except your grandmother, who thought Marvin's ribald tales were disgusting. People are conflicted about whether being ribald is good or bad, and the fact that its root means "indulge in licentious pleasure" and "prostitute" doesn't clear up the matter much. Should you feel like behaving in a ribald way, remember that your saucy sense of humor might be offensive to others. adjective referring to sexual matters in an amusingly rude or irreverent way. شوخی های رکیک فردی که در مورد مسائل جنسی شوخی های بد می کنه ادم هرزه و بد دهن

halcyon

adjective: idyllically calm and peaceful; suggesting happy tranquillity; marked by peace and prosperity The first decade after WWI was a halcyon period in America with new-found wealth and rapidly improving technology. An old man watching his grandchildren play might look back fondly on his halcyon days, remembering the peaceful, happy time of his youth. The word halcyon comes from a story in Greek mythology about the halcyon bird, which had the power to calm the rough ocean waves every December so she could nest. Like those calm waters, halcyon has come to mean a sense of peace or tranquility. People often use the phrase halcyon days to refer idyllically to a calmer, more peaceful time in their past. adjective denoting a period of time in the past that was idyllically happy and peaceful. the halcyon days of the mid-1980s, when profits were soaring synonyms: happy, golden, idyllic, carefree, blissful, joyful, joyous, contented, flourishing, adjective ایام خوب گذشته halcyon ایام خوش وبی دغدغه

boorish

adjective: ill-mannered and coarse or contemptible in behavior or appearance Bukowski was known for being a boorish drunk and alienating close friends and family. If your cousin tells revolting jokes, belches, and smells like he spent the winter in a cave, he could be described as boorish — an adjective used for people with bad manners and a sloppy appearance. We almost always use the word boorish for men. This may be because it can be traced back to a 13th century word for "herdsman." Herdsmen spent a lot of time alone with their sheep, sleeping in tents, and cooking over open fires, so it was no wonder that they didn't have the same refined manners as city folk. If someone offends you by acting boorishly — say, by cutting you off in traffic — you could exclaim, "What a boor!" Just don't confuse boor with bore: bad manners may be offensive, but they're rarely boring. بی نزاکت boorish, tactless, indelicate, indecorous, unceremonious, discourteous دهاتی Doric, rustic, boorish, narrow-minded

incorrigible

adjective: impervious to correction by punishment Tom Sawyer seems like an incorrigible youth until Huck Finn enters the novel; even Sawyer can't match his fierce individual spirit. not able to be corrected; beyond control Someone incorrigible seems to be beyond correcting, improving, or changing. When you talk about an incorrigible bully, you're saying they're always going to push other people around. not able to be corrected; beyond control adjective اصلاح ناپذیر incorrigible درست نشدنی incorrigible, irreclaimable بهبودی ناپذیر incorrigible, incurable

ineluctable

adjective: impossible to avoid or evade: For those who smoke cigarettes for years, a major health crisis brought on by smoking is ineluctable. Huh? Are you scratching your head at this word? The ineluctable conclusion is that you haven't the faintest idea what it means. Ineluctable means impossible to avoid. A five syllable beauty like ineluctable is obviously not the kind of word you throw around in daily speech. It's far more often used as a written word, as in the common phrase "ineluctable conclusion." Used interchangeably with the more common unavoidable, though ineluctable implies an unsuccessful attempt to battle against whatever is ineluctable: after all, it comes from the Latin word "to struggle." Huh? Are you scratching your head at this word? The ineluctable conclusion is that you haven't the faintest idea what it means. Ineluctable means impossible to avoid. A five syllable beauty like ineluctable is obviously not the kind of word you throw around in daily speech. It's far more often used as a written word, as in the common phrase "ineluctable conclusion." Used interchangeably with the more common unavoidable, though ineluctable implies an unsuccessful attempt to battle against whatever is ineluctable: after all, it comes from the Latin word "to struggle." adjective unable to be resisted or avoided; inescapable. the ineluctable facts of history اجتناب ناپذیر ناگریز

irrefutable

adjective: impossible to deny or disprove Scientists are searching for irrefutable evidence that some form of life existed on mars at some point in its history. Have you ever had to prove a point? If so, you probably needed to find evidence that could not be denied — that was absolutely true. That evidence would be considered irrefutable, impossible to disprove. The adjective irrefutable comes from the Latin verb refutāre, "repel or beat," with the added negative prefix in-. Some things are simply irrefutable. These are things based in logic (if a=b and b=c, then a=c), or in fact (George Washington was the first president of the United States). But some things that are irrefutable, while maybe not logical, are simply not arguable, as when someone responds to "Why not?" with "Because I don't want to"! انکار ناپذیر undeniable, irrefutable غیر قابل تکذیب irrefutable تکذیب ناپذیر irrefutable, unanswerable adjective impossible to deny or disprove. irrefutable evidence synonyms: indisputable, undeniable, unquestionable, incontrovertible, incontestable

impudent

adjective: improperly forward or bold ***in an impudent move In an impudent move, the defendant spoke out of order to say terribly insulting things to the judge. An impudent person is bold, sassy, and shameless. If you want to get into a fancy nightclub and you tell the bouncer, "Let me in, I'm much more beautiful than all these ugly losers in line," that's impudent behavior. گستاخ perky, insolent, rude, impudent, bold, wanton خیره stubborn, dazed, insolent, amazed, bold, impudent عاری از شرم impudent, graceless, unashamed, shameless, unblushing, brazen-faced چشم سفید

copious

adjective: in abundant supply In midsummer, there are copious popsicle stands at the beach; in the winter, there are none. If you have a copious amount of something, you have a lot of it. If you take copious notes, you'll do well when it comes time for review sessions — unless you can't read your own handwriting. Copious comes from the Latin copia, meaning "abundance." You can use copious for something quantitative, like your copious admirers, or for something qualitative, like the copious gratitude you feel for your admirers. You will often see the word amounts following copious since the adjective is often used to modify a measurement of something — like copious amounts of wine or copious amounts of hair gel. abundant

embryonic

adjective: in an early stage of development The Board of Directors is hoping to launch a new product soon, but planning for the Z7 is in an embryonic stage. If something is described as embryonic, it's just starting to develop or come together. An "embryo" is a person or animal that is still growing in the womb or egg, and embryonic means "like an embryo." The idea for Facebook was still embryonic when its creators agreed to be partners. At that early stage, none of them could have imagined what an enormous company it would become. Scientists working on embryonic stem-cell research are working on stem cells from embryos, which have special properties not found in any other cells. Our relationship was still embryonic when you suggested we move in together, but for me, the first date is way too early to think about such things. اولیه early, primary, preliminary, primitive, prime, embryonic نارس premature, immature, unripe, green, raw, embryonic (of a system, idea, or organization) in a rudimentary stage with potential for further development. the plan is still in its embryonic stages synonyms: rudimentary, undeveloped, unformed, immature, تازه جوون گرفته

subversive

adjective: in opposition to an established system or institution. The ruling political party has begun a campaign to shut down subversive websites that it deems as a threat to "national safety." adjective seeking or intended to subvert an established system or institution. subversive literature a subversive person. ویران و واژگون

dilapidated

adjective: in terrible condition The main house has been restored but the gazebo is still dilapidated and unusable. adjective ویران dilapidated, desolate, subversive, ruinous مخروب dilapidated, ruined پاره پاره ragged, dilapidated, scrappy, torn to pieces, fragmentary, fragmental Falling down and in total disrepair, something that's dilapidated is going to need a lot of fixing up. Sure, there might be crooked floorboards, mice scurrying underfoot, and pieces missing from the ceiling, but that dilapidated house does come with one perk: a cheaper price tag! Dilapidated is a word that implies deterioration, often because of neglect. So if you don't take care of things, they can become dilapidated. That goes for houses, tree forts, relationships, health — you name it!

infelicitous

adjective: inappropriate During the executive meeting, the marketing director continued to make infelicitous comments about the CEO's gambling habit. You can use the adjective infelicitous when something doesn't work quite right, whether it's a remark or a wrong turn down a dark street or an unfortunate outfit worn to a job interview. If the ultimate outcome is awkward or unhappy, it's infelicitous. It would be infelicitous to complain about the broken air conditioning in your Mercedes while volunteering at a homeless shelter. In other words, it would be dreadfully inappropriate. Since the 1530s, infelicitous has been used to mean the opposite of felicitous, meaning "happy," which comes from the Latin word for "happiness," felicitas. نا مناسب inappropriate, unfit, improper, inopportune, unsuitable, infelicitous adjective unfortunate; inappropriate. his illustration is singularly infelicitous بدبیاری

implacable

adjective: incapable of making less angry or hostile Win or lose, the coach was always implacable, never giving the athletes an easy practice or a break. An implacable person just can't be appeased. If you really offended your best friend and tried every kind of apology but she refused to speak to you again, you could describe her as implacable. unable to be calmed down or made peaceful adjective کینه توز vengeful, spiteful, implacable, revengeful, despiteful, dispiteous سنگ دل implacable, obdurate, ungodly, callous, fell, inexorable

surly

adjective: inclined to anger or bad feelings with overtones of menace Every morning, Bhavin was a surly, unhappy person, but once he ate breakfast, he became loving, laughing, and a joy to be around. Surly describes behavior nobody wants to be around. Think of the irritable old guy who lives on your street and always seems to be simmering with some sullen nasty anger, whose every utterance he spits out with a rude snarl. He's the poster boy for surly. Surly behavior is always frowned upon, but the word's origins are in the behavior of English nobility. Surly's roots are in sirly, as in sir, meaning arrogant, haughty and superior. Its current meaning implies all that and more, none of it appealing. To be rude, snotty, sullen, mean and cranky can be added to the list. Generally speaking, if you find yourself in a surly mood, avoid your friends and loved ones. با ترشرویی surly تندخو و گستاخ surly عبوس

soporific

adjective: inducing mental lethargy; sleep inducing Although the professor is brilliant, his bland monotone gives his lectures a soporific effect. (adj.) tending to cause sleep, relating to sleepiness or lethargy; (n.) something that induces sleep adjective خواب الود sleepy, drowsy, soporific, dreamy, slumberous, slumbery منوم hypnagogic, hypnogogic, hypnotic, narcotic, soporific کرخت numb, insensitive, soporific داروی خواباور soporific (adj.) tending to cause sleep, relating to sleepiness or lethargy; (n.) something that induces sleep

redoubtable

adjective: inspiring fear or awe On television basketball players don't look that tall, but when you stand in front of a seven-foot tall NBA player, he is truly redoubtable. موحش horrible, horrific, redoubtable, lurid سهمناک terrible, redoubtable, horrid ترسناک وحشت به دل انداز Redoubtable means honorable, maybe even intimidatingly so. If your grandmother worked tirelessly to raise four kids on her own and start her own taxi cab business and to this day, keeps all of her cabbies in line, she is without a doubt redoubtable. The adjective redoubtable traces back to the French word redute, meaning "to dread," a combination of the prefix re-, which adds emphasis, and duter, which mean "to doubt." But it isn't the redoubtable person that you doubt — it's yourself or your ability to compete against or be compared to him or her. That's where the dread comes in. But you can learn a lot from and be inspired by redoubtable people, if you can just get over being afraid of them.

fecund

adjective: intellectually productive The artist had entered a fecund period, producing three masterpieces in the span of two months. The adjective fecund describes things that are highly fertile and that easily produce offspring or fruit. Rabbits are often considered to be fecund animals, and you may hear jokes in poor taste about people reproducing like rabbits if they have a lot of children. The word fecund comes from the Latin word fecundus, meaning fruitful. But the English word does not just describe something or someone fertile, the adjective fecund can also be used to describe someone who is innovative or highly intellectually productive. Your fecund imagination will be an asset if you have to tell ghost stories around the fire at camp while eating s'mores but that same fecund imagination could be less helpful if you're at home alone on a stormy night and you think you hear a knock at the door! adjective producing or capable of producing an abundance of offspring or new growth; fertile. a lush and fecund garden synonyms: fertile, fruitful, productive, high-yielding, rich, lush, flourishing, thriving پر زاد و ولد پر بار پر ثمر

ostentatious

adjective: intended to attract notice and impress others; tawdry or vulgar Matt wanted to buy stone lions for front of the house, but Cynthia convinced him that such a display would be too ostentatious for a modest house in an unassuming neighborhood. Reach for the adjective ostentatious when you want a flashy way to say — well, "flashy" or "showy." showy displaying wealth adjective خود نما ostentatious, posing, showy, sparking, foppish, blatant متظاهر boastful, ostentatious, hypocritical, pretending, braggart, simulating خود فروش prostitute, ostentatious, venal, bribable, hireling, purulent خود ستا boastful, braggart, blowhard, ostentatious, swank, vainglorious فخر فروش

insufferable

adjective: intolerable, difficult to endure Chester always tried to find some area in which he excelled above others; unsurprisingly, his co-workers found him insufferable and chose to exclude him from daily luncheons out. If something is insufferable, it's unbearable and impossible, like the insufferable humidity of the "rain forest room" at the zoo on a hot summer day. You can see the word suffer in insufferable — and it's no coincidence. If it's unacceptable or too much to handle, it's insufferable. An egotistic co-worker is insufferable, and so is a blizzard that leaves six-foot drifts against the doors of your house, or insufferable working conditions in many of the factories that produce goods around the world. adjective طاقت فرسا intolerable, exhausting, onerous, unbearable, unsupportable, insufferable غیر قابل تحمل unbearable, intolerable, insufferable تحمل ناپذیر intolerable, unbearable, insufferable, insupportable

byzantine

adjective: intricate and complex Getting a driver's license is not simply a matter of taking a test; the regulations and procedures are so byzantine that many have found themselves at the mercy of the Department of Motor Vehicles. highly complex or intricate and occasionally devious پیچیده (of a system or situation) excessively complicated, typically involving a great deal of administrative detail.

officious

adjective: intrusive in a meddling or offensive manner The professor had trouble concentrating on her new theorem, because her officious secretary would barge in frequently reminding her of some trivial detail involving departmental paperwork. Though officious sounds like official, it means being annoyingly eager to do more than is required. "The officious lunch lady made everyone's food choices her business, and made nasty comments when students chose cookies over carrots." Officious is a tricky word as it seems like it might mean something like office or official. Instead, it is a word to describe someone that acts more official than they actually are. People who are officious are busybodies. They want to make their opinions known and followed, despite not having any kind of real power. فضول نخود هر اش intrusive ناخوانده فضول سرزده وارد شده

sordid

adjective: involving ignoble actions and motives; arousing moral distaste and contempt; foul and run-down and repulsive The *nightly news* simply announced that the senator had had an affair, but the tabloid published all the sordid details of the interaction. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Describe a person's actions as sordid if they are so immoral or unethical that they seem dirty. Think of the worst parts of a bad soap opera! Sordid comes from the Latin word sordes "dirt." Something that is filthy or run down such as a neighborhood or someone's living conditions can be called sordid, but it is usually used figuratively to mean immoral or dishonest. If you want to hear the sordid details of someone's actions, it's because they were extremely dishonest or sexually immoral and also because they were supposed to be kept a secret. adjective کثیف dirty, filthy, messy, nasty, squalid, sordid پست inferior, lowly, despicable, mean, vile, sordid چرک dirty, sordid, dingy, squalid, frowsty, frowsy

cerebral

adjective: involving intelligence rather than emotions or instinct A cerebral analysis of most pop music finds it to be simple and childish, but that ignores the point--the music's effect on the listener. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study If you are a cerebral person, no one would ever call you a drama queen. You make decisions using your intelligence and cold, hard facts, instead of your emotions. The word cerebral gets its meaning from cerebrum, which is Latin for brain. Cerebral people use their brains instead of their hearts. The cerebrum is a particular section of the brain, and anything related to that part is also cerebral, like in medicine. A cerebral hemorrhage, for example, means a hemorrhage has occurred in the brain — a phrase you'd never want to hear coming from a doctor. عقلانی عقلائی adjective مغزی cerebral, mental, nuclear, medullary, pulpy, marrowy مخی cerebral

fractious

adjective: irritable and is likely to cause disruption We rarely invite my fractious Uncle over for dinner; he always complains about the food, and usually launches into a tirade on some touchy subject. If you're prone to picking fights, making snarky comments, and being frustratingly stubborn, you're fractious. And odds are you're not invited to too many parties. Someone who is fractious is cranky, rebellious and inclined to cause problems. Tempers and children are commonly described as such. In To Kill A Mockingbird, author Harper Lee uses the word to describe the trouble-making Calpurnia: "She had always been too hard on me, she had at last seen the error of her fractious ways, she was sorry and too stubborn to say so." adjective (typically of children) irritable and quarrelsome. they fight and squabble like fractious children synonyms: grumpy, bad-tempered, irascible, irritable, crotchety, grouchy, cantankerous, short-temper ننر fractious زود رنج irritable, fractious, touchy, peevish, petulant, techy کج خلق sullen, testy, irritable, crabbed, peevish, fractious بد خو cranky, wicked, bad, fractious, bad-tempered, ill-humored

bilious

adjective: irritable; always angry Rex was bilious all morning, and his face would only take on a look of contentedness when he'd had his morning cup of coffee. If an unpleasant meal has left you feeling grumpy and looking green, you're bilious in several senses of the word. This adjective can mean both "troubled by indigestion" and "irritable," and it can also be used to suggest a sickly green shade. The wonderfully descriptive word bilious comes from the root bile, which is a foul green fluid made in the liver and stored in the gall bladder — a fact that helps us picture something described as bilious as being really foul. Because of the connection with bile, we often refer to something that's an ugly shade of green as being bilious. Of course, the word can also be more kindly applied to someone who has a liver or gall bladder disorder. زرداب ریز bilious صفرایی مزاج bilious دائم الغیض bile صفرا

cardinal

In Catholicism, a cardinal is a high-ranking bishop. In math, you use cardinal numbers to count. A cardinal rule is one that is central and should not be broken.کاردینال cardinal سهره کاکل قرمز امریکایی cardinal اعداد اصلی cardinal adjective اصلی

ebullient

adjective: joyously unrestrained Can you blame him for his ebullient mood? He just graduated from medical school. More than chipper, more than happy, more than delighted is ebullient — meaning bubbling over with joy and delight. adjective cheerful and full of energy. she sounded ebullient and happy synonyms: exuberant, buoyant, cheerful, joyful, cheery, merry, jolly, sunny, jaunty, lighthearted, خوشحال سرخوش پر شور و هیجان وفور شادی و خوشی آنی زودگذر There are two senses of the word of ebullient. One describes an immediate, and ultimately short-lived, reaction to a particular event — for example if you've just won the lottery, you are ebullient. The other describes someone who is perpetually upbeat and cheerful, for example, as in "an ebullient personality." Watch out for ebullient personalities: they can often be "over the top" as well.

benign

adjective: kind I remember my grandfather's face was wrinkled, benign, and calm. adjective: (medicine) not dangerous to health; not recurrent or progressive The tumor located in your ear lobe seems to be benign and should not cause you any trouble. adjective خوش خیم benign, benignant بی خطر safe, benign, secure, sound ملایم gentle, mild, soft, moderate, smooth, benign مهربان

lethargic

adjective: lacking energy Nothing can make a person more lethargic than a big turkey dinner. When you feel lethargic, you're sluggish or lacking energy. Being sleepy or hungry can make anyone lethargic. Being lethargic makes it hard to get anything done: you feel weak and sleepy. Whatever the reason, a lethargic person needs to snap out of it and get some energy, maybe by eating something or by taking a nap. Being lethargic also goes well with watching TV, since that takes almost no energy at all. When you feel lethargic, you don't have any energy to spare. adjective بی حال lethargic, languid, lackadaisical, torpid, nonchalant, inactive سست loose, weak, frail, flimsy, slack, lethargic

anemic

adjective: lacking energy and vigor After three straight shows, the lead actress gave an anemic performance the fourth night, barely speaking loudly enough for those in the back rows to hear. Sometimes you can tell just from looking at someone's pale face and lips that they're anemic. If you're anemic, your body has a shortage of healthy red blood cells. Often when someone's diagnosed as being anemic, they're counseled to eat more foods that contain iron, which can help rebuild the red blood cells in their body. Besides looking pale, an anemic person is often tired and weak. Another, non-medical, meaning of anemic is simply "lacking in vitality or energy." Both meanings come originally from the Greek anaimia, "lack of blood." The British spelling of anemic is anaemic. بی حسی کم خون anemic, wan, wanly ضعیف adjective suffering from anemia. Does a blood transfusion in anemic patients with acute coronary syndrome improve survival? synonyms: colorless, bloodless, pale, pallid

myopic

adjective: lacking foresight or imagination The company ultimately went out of business because the myopic managers couldn't predict the changes in their industry. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Myopic is an adjective meaning shortsighted in every sense. Whether you need glasses or a new attitude, if you can't see the forest for the trees, you're myopic. نزدیک بین کوته نظر (adj.) nearsighted; lacking a broad, realistic view of a situation; lacking foresight or discernment

pedestrian

adjective: lacking imagination While Nan was always engaged in philosophical speculation, her brother was occupied with far more pedestrian concerns: how to earn a salary and run a household. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study ordinary or dull noun عابر پیاده sidewalk, pavement, pedestrian, footpath, footer, walk adjective pedestrian مبتذل vulgar, banal, trite, trivial, stale, pedestrian بی روح dead, soulless, spiritless, prosaic, pedestrian, inert

untoward

The adjective untoward describes something offensive or inappropriate, like the rumors of untoward behavior that can shatter a Hollywood icon's reputation. تبه کار wicked, iniquitous, untoward, flagitious, maleficent خود سر opinionated, wayward, willful, overconfident, presumptuous, untoward بدامد

disparate

The trunk of some people's cars may contain items as disparate as old clothes, rotting food, and possibly a missing relative. Disparate things are very different from each other.

repine

The verb repine describes expressing gloom or discontent. Brooding, fretful, and sad — these are the traits of people who repine at their circumstances in life

churlish

adjective: lacking manners or refinement The manager was unnecessarily churlish to his subordinates, rarely deigning to say hello, but always quick with a sartorial jab if someone happened to be wearing anything even slightly mismatching. A churlish person is one whose middle name might as well be Rude. He's the one who was never taught to mind his manners and avoid telling vulgar jokes at the dinner table. Churlish has its origins in late Old English, but its modern-day meaning of "deliberately rude" developed in the 14th century. It's a fitting adjective to describe boorish or surly behavior. It can also describe a material that is difficult to work with, such as hard wood that's resistant to quick whittling. Our prolific pal Shakespeare coined the phrase, "as valiant as the lion, churlish as the bear." پرو بی ادب adjective خشن rough, harsh, bearish, tough, coarse, churlish زمخت rough, crude, clumsy, coarse, gross, churlish بی تربیت bearish, barbarous, churlish, caddish, chuffy, gross خشن ورذل churlish, pleb, plebeian

impecunious

adjective: lacking money; poor In extremely trying times, even the moderately wealthy, after a few turns of ill-fortune, can become impecunious. If you are hard up, broke, penniless, or strapped for cash, you could describe yourself as impecunious. Then maybe you could make some money teaching vocabulary words. Impecunious comes from the old Latin word for money, pecunia, combined with the prefix im, meaning not or without. But impecunious doesn't just mean having no money. It means that you almost never have any money. If you go into the arts, you are most likely facing an impecunious future. If you gamble away your cash instead of saving it for rent, your landlord might throw you out for being impecunious. adjective تهی دست indigent, unfunded, impecunious, depauperate, empty-handed بی پول penniless, poor, broke, impecunious, stone-broke, stony-broke

penurious

adjective: lacking money; poor Truly penurious, Mary had nothing more than a jar full of pennies. adjective: miserly Warren Buffett, famous multi-billionaire, still drives a cheap sedan, not because he is penurious, but because luxury cars are gaudy and impractical. Don't have two nickels to rub together? You're penurious — a lovely long way of saying you're flat broke. Penurious also means a general dislike of spending money. If someone accuses you of being cheap, tell them you prefer to be thought of as penurious. It sounds so much classier. It's related to a similar word, penury, which means "a state of extreme poverty." adjective فقیر poor, needy, penurious تنگ چشم penurious خسیس stingy, miserly, abject, mean, parsimonious, penurious بی قوت penurious, atonic adjective extremely poor; poverty-stricken. a penurious old tramp synonyms: poor, poor as a church mouse, poverty-stricken, destitute, necessitous, impecunious, impoverished, indigent, needy, in need/want, badly off, in reduced/straitened circumstances, hard up, unable to make ends meet, penniless, without a cent (to one's name), without a sou, (flat) broke, strapped for cash parsimonious; mean.

bumbling

adjective: lacking physical movement skills, especially with the hands Within a week of starting, the bumbling new waiter was unceremoniously fired. lacking physical movement skills, especially with the hands افلیج دست

transitory

adjective: lasting a very short time If we lived forever and life was not transitory, do you think we would appreciate life less or more? If something is fleeting or lasts a short time, it is transitory. Your boss declared the company's restructuring to be transitory, and promised that the company would emerge stronger and better than ever. The adjective transitory describes something that is fleeting, temporary, or brief. Even a transitory storm that passes quickly can get you drenched. Consider it an honor to be on the transitory team that helps the president make a smooth transfer of power. When you met your first love, your parents thought that the relationship was transitory — but fifty years later, you're still married! موقتی mortal, transient, ephemera, finite, transitory, passing زود گذر glancing, transient, momentary, ephemeral, temporary, transitory نا پایدار

ephemeral

adjective: lasting a very short time The lifespan of a mayfly is ephemeral, lasting from a few hours to a couple of days. Something that is fleeting or short-lived is ephemeral, like a fly that lives for one day or text messages flitting from cellphone to cellphone. adjective بی دوام ephemeral, flimsy, brittle, fugacious, fugitive, horary زود گذر glancing, transient, momentary, ephemeral, temporary, transitory یکروزه ephemeral یومیه ephemeral, quotidian

transient

adjective: lasting a very short time The unpredictable and transient nature of deja vu makes it a very difficult phenomenon to study properly. lasting only for a short time; impermanent. زودگذر فانی

transient

adjective: lasting a very short time The unpredictable and transient nature of deja vu makes it a very difficult phenomenon to study properly. Use the adjective transient to describe something that always changes or moves around. If your older brother is constantly moving from city to city, you can say he's transient. از یه جایی به جایی رفتن به صورت مداوم adjective گذرا transient زود گذر glancing, transient, momentary, ephemeral, temporary, transitory فانی mortal, transient, ephemera, finite, transitory, passing نا پایدار unstable, astable, labile, ramshackle, evanescent, transient

perennial

adjective: lasting an indefinitely long time; eternal; everlasting Even at the old-timers games, Stan Musial would get the loudest cheer: he was a perennial favorite of the fans there. Perennial typically describes things that are permanent, constant, or repeated. If you fight with your parents every year over whether they really must invite your annoying cousins for Thanksgiving, you could call that a perennial conflict. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study adjective همیشگی usual, perpetual, eternal, habitual, perennial, continual ابدی eternal, everlasting, permanent, perpetual, immortal, perennial دائمي

feckless

adjective: lazy and irresponsible Two years after graduation, Charlie still lived with his parents and had no job, becoming more feckless with each passing day. If a newspaper editorial describes a politician as feckless, you might wonder, "What is feck, and why doesn't he have any?" In fact, the columnist is accusing the politician of being irresponsible and incompetent. Did you know that most varieties of English are in fact "feck"-less? They don't contain a word feck, only the negative counterpart feckless. The "feck" in feckless began as a short form of effect used in the Scots dialect. So feckless essentially means "ineffective," but is also used to describe someone who is irresponsible, incompetent, inept, or without purpose in life. بی مسئولیت adjective بی کفایت incompetent, inefficient فاقد صلاحیت unqualified, incompetent

lascivious

adjective: lecherous; sexually perverted Lolita is a challenging novel for many, not necessarily because of the elevated prose style but because of the depravity of the main character, Humbert Humbert, who, as an old, lascivious man, lusts after a girl. adjective شهوت انگیز sexy, lusty, lascivious, voluptuous, luscious, obscene شهوانی lustful, sensual, carnal, lecherous, passionate, lascivious هرزه lewd, dissolute, harlot, bawdy, licentious, lascivious adjective (of a person, manner, or gesture) feeling or revealing an overt and often offensive sexual desire. he gave her a lascivious wink synonyms: lecherous, lewd, lustful, licentious, libidinous, salacious, lubricious, prurient, dirty, smutt

meteoric

adjective: like a meteor in speed or brilliance or transience The early spectacular successes propelled the pitcher to meteoric stardom, but a terrible injury tragically cut short his career. Because meteors move through the sky so quickly, we often refer to something moving very fast as meteoric. A newly-popular singer might be said to experience a meteoric rise to the top. (The fall can be meteoric, too.) The "-ic" suffix on a word creates an adjective meaning "with the characteristics of." So meteoric means "having the characteristics of a meteor." Both words take their origin from the Greek meteōros, meaning "high up." By the way, a shooting star is meteoric, being a meteor that is burning up as it plunges through the earth's atmosphere. adjective شهابی meteoric درخشان و زودگذر meteoric با سرعت شهاب گونه adjective of or relating to meteors or meteorites. meteoric iron relating to or denoting water derived from the atmosphere by precipitation or condensation.

contentious

adjective: likely to argue Since old grandpa Harry became very contentious during the summer when only reruns were on T.V., the grandkids learned to hide from him at every opportunity. A contentious issue is one that people are likely to argue about, and a contentious person is someone who likes to argue or fight. Some issues — like abortion, the death penalty, and gun control — are very controversial. They're also contentious, because people tend to argue about them, and the arguments will probably go on forever. Contentious issues get people angry and in a fighting mood. On the other hand, some people always seem to be in a fighting mood, no matter what the issue is. People like that are contentious too. منازع contentious, litigant, litigious controversial بحث برانگیز

invidious

adjective: likely to cause resentment At a time when many others in the office were about to be laid off, many considered Cheryl's fine clothes that day an invidious display. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Something can be described as invidious when it is resentful, discriminatory or envious, as in: "Fred was angered by the invidious gossip about his divorce being spread by his ex-wife's allies." The adjective invidious is used to describe an act, thought, opinion or critique that is full of ill will or prejudice. It comes from a Latin word that means "hostile." When the captain of a cheerleading squad says nasty things about an opposing cheer captain's new party dress, those are invidious comments. adjective (of an action or situation) likely to arouse or incur resentment or anger in others. she'd put herself in an invidious position synonyms: unpleasant, awkward رفتار خصمانه و حسودانه هر رفتار غیر منصفانه که باعث خشم شود خشم اور

tendentious

adjective: likely to lean towards a controversial view Because political mudslinging has become a staple of the 24-hour media cycle, most of us, despite protestations to the contrary, are tendentious on many of today's pressing issues. When something is tendentious, it shows a bias towards a particular point of view, especially one that people disagree about. It shares a root with the word, tendency, which means leaning towards acting a certain way. If you have the tendency to talk in a tendentious manner about politics, people might tend to avoid you at parties. adjective رسیدگی کننده tendentious, tendencious متمایل bowed, inclined, amenable, disposed, prone, tendentious دارای گرایش ویژه و عمدی tendencious, tendentious

antic

adjective: ludicrously odd The clown's antic act was too extreme for the youngest children, who left the room in tears. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study عتیقه noun وضع غریب و مضحک antic An antic is a prank to the extreme. It's outrageous, but it's usually meant to be funny. When the senior class steals the principal's car and manages to get it inside the gym, the antic may be condemned by the school, but everyone else probably thinks it's hilarious. The noun antic is most commonly used in the plural form, as in "the coach was growing tired of his star player's silly antics after scoring." Sometimes antics can lean toward the not-so-funny side as well. Really ridiculous behavior, that is more foolish than funny, can also be called antics. Antic can also be used an as adjective, as in "her antic stand-up routine had everyone rolling in the aisles." It more infrequently can be used as a verb meaning basically "to act like a clown." دلقک و مسخره

disheartened

adjective: made less hopeful or enthusiastic After the visiting team scored nine times, the home team's fans were disheartened, some leaving the game early. دلسرد کردن discourage, dishearten, dissuade, unnerve, disappoint, estrange نومید کردن When you're disheartened, you feel discouraged or let down. It's easy to become disheartened if the grades on your report card don't reflect the hard work and dedication you exerted. You might be disheartened to read about the high unemployment rate in the newspaper, or disheartened by the way your carefully constructed rocket ship cake flopped. When you feel your spirits sink or your courage fail, you're disheartened. The first recorded use of the word dishearten showed up in Shakespeare's play Henry V, where he invented it to mean the opposite of hearten, or "encourage."

rarefied

adjective: made more subtle or refined Jack's vulgar jokes were not so successful in the rarefied environment of college professors. Use the adjective rarefied to describe things that are so stylish, smart, or moral that they seem elevated above the ordinary, like the rarefied conversation of brilliant scholars. To correctly pronounce rarefied, accent the first syllable: "RARE-uh-fied." In addition to high-minded conversation, the word rarefied can also describe the air in high elevations that has less oxygen, like the rarefied air that can be challenging to mountain climbers. Sometimes the quality of airlessness shades the other meaning of the word, implying that the rarefied world of elegant people isn't comfortable to everyone. djective (of air, especially that at high altitudes) of lower pressure than usual; thin. Denver's rarefied air adds about 10 percent to the length of fly balls, making extra base hits too easy. distant from the lives and concerns of ordinary people. debates about the nature of knowledge can seem very rarefied synonyms: esoteric, exclusive, select, elevated, lofty رقیق شده تصفیه شده لطیف و دقیق ساخته شده کسی که از نظر هوش و اخلاق و ظاهر و ... بالاتر از حد معمول باشد

conducive

adjective: making a situation or outcome more likely to happen Studying in a quiet room is conducive to learning; studying in a noisy environment makes learning more difficult. Conducive means tending to cause or produce something. Regular exercise is conducive to happiness and a feeling of well-being. This adjective is usually followed by the preposition to, and it refers to bringing about something favorable or helpful: A positive attitude is conducive to good health. Conducive was formed in English from the less common verb conduce "to lead or contribute to a result." The verb conduce descends from Middle English conducen, from Latin conducere, from the prefix com- "together" plus ducere "to lead." And the suffix -ive means "tending to." adjective مساعد favorable, conducive, friendly, propitious, auspicious, fortunate سودمند useful, beneficial, handy, advantageous, lucrative, conducive منجر شونده conducive

extenuating

adjective: making less guilty or more forgivable The jury was hardly moved by the man's plea that his loneliness was an extenuating factor in his crime of dognapping a prized pooch. The adjective extenuating is unusual because it's almost always used with the word circumstances; the phrase extenuating circumstances describes the specific reasons that excuse or justify someone's actions. The phrase became popular in the 1840s, and is even used in law to lessen punishment for crimes, but before that extenuating meant "lessening or making small." The Latin word for "thin," tenuis, combined with ex, means "to make thin", or to dilute a person's guilt because of a good excuse. You'll be furious that your friend didn't bake the cupcakes she promised for your bake sale — until you learn the extenuating circumstances: her dog climbed onto her kitchen counter and ate all the cupcake batter. Extenuating means "making forgivable." adjective تخفیف دهنده قابل بخشش ساختن تویجهی بخشوندنی قابل کاهش

rakish

adjective: marked by a carefree unconventionality or disreputableness As soon as he arrived in the city, the rakish young man bought some drugs and headed straight for the seedy parts of town. Ladies, the rakish fellow you met last night with the suave dance moves, smoothly rehearsed lines, and your number listed as "Goddess #14" in his phone is fine for a flirt, but probably isn't meet-the-parents material. Used as an adjective to describe a dashing ladies' man or a streamlined ship, rakish comes from the fusing of rake + -ish. Don Juan, the famous Spanish nobleman immortalized in 17th century Spanish tales, is the epitome of rakish: stylishly handsome and prone to saucy, fast behavior. Synonyms include charming, flashy, and immoral. adjective having or displaying a dashing, jaunty, or slightly disreputable quality or appearance. (especially of a boat or car) trim and fast-looking, with streamlined angles and curves. adjective جلف و زننده rakish فاسد corrupt, rotten, evil, perverse, vicious, rakish فاجر rakish, dissolute

raffish

adjective: marked by a carefree unconventionality or disreputableness The men found him raffish, but the women adored his smart clothes and casual attitude. f you're raffish, you're a "rake" or a "cad." Though you're pretty much bad news, you pull off your dastardly deeds in an attractive manner. Someone with a raffish look is intriguing as well as disreputable. Raffish comes from riff-raff, "generally undesirable people," from the Medieval French rifle et rafle, "stealing from the bodies of the dead on the battlefield." خلاف عرف جلف و زننده بدنام

raft

a flat buoyant structure of timber or other materials fastened together, used as a boat or floating platform.قایق

diatribe

a forceful and bitter verbal attack against someone or something.It's pretty overwhelming when you ask your friend a seemingly innocuous question, like "Do you like hot dogs?" and she unleashes a diatribe about the evils of eating meat. A diatribe is an angry, critical speech.

nabob

a governor in India during the Mogul empire 2. n a wealthy man (especially one who made his fortune in the Orient)نواب nabob نایب السلطنه regent, viceroy, exarch, nabob, Crown prince, vice-regent پولدار

pedantic

adjective: marked by a narrow focus on or display of learning especially its trivial aspects Professor Thompson was regarded as an expert in his field, but his lectures were utterly pedantic, focused on rigorous details of the most trivial conventions in the field. tending to show off one's learning There's nothing wrong with focusing on the details, but someone who is pedantic makes a big display of knowing obscure facts and details. adjective موشکاف astute, pedantic, pedantical ملانقطی pedantic وابسته به عالم نمایی وفضل فروشی pedantic admonitory

plucky

adjective: marked by courage and determination Some scouts initially doubted Pedroia because of his short stature, but he is a plucky player, surprising everyone with his boundless energy and fierce determination. To be plucky is to show courage. Plucky people are often underdogs fighting against the odds, like a plucky kid who scares away a burglar or a plucky kitten who refuses to run away from a Great Dane. Pluck is courage or heart, so to be plucky is to have those qualities. This word describes brave people and actions, and it means about the same as feisty and spunky. It often applies to people who bravely struggle against powerful forces. A short person playing basketball is plucky. You can be plucky in fighting a terrible disease. Anyone who refuses to give up, no matter what, is plucky. دلیر brave, courageous, plucky, gallant, bold, hardy پردل plucky adjective having or showing determined courage in the face of difficulties. It represents Londoners as brave, plucky individuals determined to carry on with their lives come what may. synonyms: brave, courageous, bold دل و جرات pluck, heart

foolhardy

adjective: marked by defiant disregard for danger or consequences The police regularly face dangerous situations, so for a police officer not to wear his bullet-proof vest is foolhardy. If you decide you are going to scale Mt. Everest next weekend without any training or experience, that would be a foolhardy decision. Use the adjective foolhardy to describe someone who rushes into action without considering the consequences. Foolhardy is a combination of the noun fool and the adjective hardy, meaning "brave" or "bold." Put them together and you've got "foolishly brave." Someone who is foolhardy throws caution to the wind and takes reckless chances. A foolhardy mistake is typically the result of this kind of impulsive behavior. But foolhardy doesn't always imply foolishness or stupidity; foolhardy can convey courage and romance, as in the case of a foolhardy passion or desire. شجاعت احماقنه تهور بی جا

checkered

adjective: marked by disreputable or unfortunate happenings One by one, the presidential candidates dropped out of the race, their respective checkered pasts— from embezzlement to infidelity—sabotaging their campaigns. The author who sells a million copies of her first book, four of the second, wins a prize for the third and dies at the ceremony has had a checkered career: it's got bright spots and dark ones, like a checkerboard. Checkered is a funny word; it can be used to describe the red and white pattern on a classic tablecloth or the up's and down's of someone's past. You could describe the flag that's waved at a Nascar event as checkered. And if the winning Nascar driver used to work at a car wash, you could say he has had a checkered career. The author who sells a million copies of her first book, four of the second, wins a prize for the third and dies at the ceremony has had a checkered career: it's got bright spots and dark ones, like a checkerboard. Checkered is a funny word; it can be used to describe the red and white pattern on a classic tablecloth or the up's and down's of someone's past. You could describe the flag that's waved at a Nascar event as checkered. And if the winning Nascar driver used to work at a car wash, you could say he has had a checkered career. یکی بود و یکی نبود

smug

adjective: marked by excessive complacency or self-satisfaction When Phil was dating the model, he had a smug attitude that annoyed his buddies. A smug person is self-satisfied. You can usually recognize someone who is pleased with himself by his smug little smile and self-righteous remarks. Smug is the opposite of modest and unsure. In cartoons, the smug character often walks around with his chest puffed out and his ego leading the way. "Too much good fortune can make you smug and unaware," thought Rachel Field, the children's author. What she means is that successes are appreciated much more when they don't come so often that you begin to feel entitled to them. خود بین presumptuous, egocentric, smug, arrogant, assuming, bumptious از خود راضی

meticulous

adjective: marked by extreme care in treatment of details The Japanese noodle maker was meticulous in making his noodles and would never let another person take over the task. People who are meticulous can be pretty annoying, what with their extreme attention to detail. But if that person is, say, your surgeon or your accountant, you'll want them to be meticulous خیلی دقیق meticulous, rigorous, precise, thorough وسواسی scrupulous, meticulous, morose, pernickety, queasy, persnickety ترسو timid, sheepish, shy, meticulous, timorous, pusillanimous باریک بین

vehement

adjective: marked by extreme intensity of emotions or convictions While the other employees responded to the bad news in a measured way, Andrew responded in a vehement manner, tipping over his desk and shouting at the top of his lungs. You can use the adjective vehement to describe an extremely strong, powerful, or intense emotion or force. The teenager argued for a much later curfew in a vehement speech to her parents; her parents responded with an equally vehement "No way!" adjective شدید severe, intense, violent, drastic, intensive, vehement تند spicy, steep, fast, sharp, harsh, vehement با حرارت زیاد vehement غضبناک enraged, wroth, vehement, wrathful

steadfast

adjective: marked by firm determination or resolution; not shakable A good captain needs to be steadfast, continuing to hold the wheel and stay the course even during the most violent storm. با عزم استوار adjective ثابت قدم steadfast, consistent, resolute, constant, unflinching, staunch stanch استوار مصمم Someone who is firm and determined in a belief or a position can be called steadfast in that view, like your mom when she thinks you really shouldn't wear that outfit. The word steadfast traces back to the Old English word stedefæst, a combination of stede, meaning "place," and fæst, meaning "firmly fixed." Picture a steadfast person standing firmly in place, not wavering or budging an inch, and you'll have a good sense of what this word means. Someone can be steadfast in a belief, an effort, a plan, or even a refusal. Whatever it is, it means that the person will calmly hold firm to the chosen position and follow through with determination.

haphazard

adjective: marked by great carelessness; dependent upon or characterized by chance Many golf courses are designed with great care, but the greens on the county golf course seem entirely haphazard Anything haphazard is random, disorganized, slipshod, or hit-or-miss. A tent erected haphazardly might look more like a big nylon bag of dirty laundry than a place to sleep. ******* Ever heard the expression "I'll hazard a guess?" In it, the word hazard means "chance," as in "take a chance." Think of the hap in haphazard as short for "happen." Combine hap- and -hazard and you get something that happens (or appears to have happened) by chance. If you approach a math problem with haphazard reasoning, you're likely to get it wrong. ********** lacking any obvious principle of organization. adjective اتفاقی accidental, chance, casual, fortuitous, stochastic, haphazard تصادفی adverb برحسب تصادف haphazard, happy-go-lucky, hit-or-miss

effervescent

adjective: marked by high spirits or excitement After the sales result, the manager was in an effervescent mood, letting several employees leave work early that day. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Something effervescent has bubbles or froth, like a sparkling wine or a bubble bath. If you have a happy, light, cheerful personality — if you are "bubbly" — you too are effervescent. Coming from the Latin effervēscere, the original meaning was more boiling than bubbly, thanks to the ferv part, which means "hot." The word literally refers to bubbles giving off gas, and any drinks you enjoy that are nose-ticklingly effervescent make bubbles that pop and release into the air. Remember, someone with an effervescent personality is just bubbly, not full of gas! adjective گاز دار effervescent, gassy, gaseous, gasser باروحیه بالا هیجان زده جرقه زننده scintillating, sparkling, scintillant بارقه دار scintillating, scintillant, shining, sparkling دارای سرور و نشاط vivacious اشباع شده

genteel

adjective: marked by refinement in taste and manners A live string quartet would provide a more genteel air to the wedding than would a folk singer. Although the adjective genteel means high-class and refined, it is often used today in a somewhat mocking tone, as though good manners and elegance are passé. Still, it would be nice if more people were a little more genteel. The word genteel comes from the Old French word gentil, "high-born, noble." We can see the similarity to the word gentle, as in gentleman and gentlewoman. The word is especially powerful in describing Chaucer's Knight in the Canterbury Tales as "a verray, parfit gentil knyght" — "a true, perfect, noble knight," dignified, patrician, and as genteel as they come. Today, it describes someone elegant, fashionable, and well-bred. Picture someone in riding jodhpurs reading "Town and Country" while astride a magnificent show horse. adjective نجیب noble, decent, gentle, nice, genteel, meek تربیت شده cultured, genteel, made, accomplished آقا منش genteel, gentlemanly

aberrant

adjective: markedly different from an accepted norm غیر نرمال When the financial director started screaming and throwing food at his co-workers, the police had to come in to deal with his aberrant behavior For conduct that departs from the norm, aberrant is at hand to describe it if you want to set a formal, or even scientific tone to the discussion. You can put the accent on either the first syllable (AB-er-ent) or the second (uh-BER-ent); both pronunciations are acceptable. The Latin root aberrare means "to go astray," from the prefix ab- "off, away" plus errare "to wander." Other descendants of errare in English, like error and errant, have that double -r- and also refer to something that's either not wanted or not expected. adjective نابجا improper, aberrant, malapropos منحرف deviant, deviated, perverted, perverse, deviating, aberrant گمراه astray, perverse, heterodox, devious, aberrant, amiss کجراه aberrant بی راه astray, aberrant, pathless, wayless

saturnine

adjective: morose or gloomy Deprived of sunlight, humans become saturnine; that's why in very northerly territories people are encouraged to sit under an extremely powerful lamp, lest they become morose. Medieval alchemists ascribed to the planet Saturn a gloomy and slow character. When people are called saturnine, it means they are like the planet--gloomy, mean, scowling. Not exactly the life of the party. Saturnine is a word you don't hear often nowadays, though you probably know people with saturnine dispositions. The ultimate saturnine character in literature is Heathcliff--and for clarification's sake, that would be the brooding, bitter, obsessed hero of "Wuthering Heights," not the lovably pudgy cat of comic-strip fame. عبوس sullen, stern, grim, morose, sulky, saturnine افسرده depressed, pensive, gloomy, downbeat, dejected, saturnine شوم ominous, grim, fateful, inauspicious, dire, saturnine سنگین heavy, serious, hefty, hard, weighty, saturnine دلتنگ noun زحل Saturn

endemic

adjective: native; originating where it is found Irish cuisine makes great use of potatoes, but ironically, the potato is not endemic to Ireland. If you want to underscore just how commonly found and present something is within a particular place, try the word endemic. Tight pants are endemic in my lunch room! Although endemic meaning "prevalent" often describes a plant or disease, it can also refer to something less tangible and more unwanted such as violence or poverty. Many complain of endemic corruption in the local government. Despite its -ic ending, endemic can also be used as a noun to signify a plant or animal that is prevalent in a certain region. If an endemic is brought to another area which it takes over, destroying the local population, it's classified as an invasive species. And researchers have cataloged several new African endemics. If you want to underscore just how commonly found and present something is within a particular place, try the word endemic. Tight pants are endemic in my lunch room! بومی native, indigenous, endemic, domestic, vernacular, aboriginal مختص یک دیار endemic noun بیماری همه گیربومی

incontrovertible

adjective: necessarily or demonstrably true; impossible to deny or disprove Unless you can provide incontrovertible evidence, I will remain skeptical. When something is incontrovertible, it is undeniably, absolutely, 100 percent, completely true. That rain is wet is an incontrovertible fact. If you look at incontrovertible, you see that -controver-, as in controversy, is hiding inside. Add in the prefix, and it's easy to see that incontrovertible means there is no controversy about something, or, in other words, it is unchangeable and true. Incontrovertible evidence or proof is what you are looking for if you suspect that someone is doing something wrong. بدون مناقشه incontrovertible بدون مباحثه incontrovertible بی چون و چرا adjective not able to be denied or disputed. incontrovertible proof synonyms: indisputable, incontestable, undeniable, irrefutable, unassailable, beyond dispute

incumbent

adjective: necessary (for someone) as a duty or responsibility Middle managers at times make important decisions, but real responsibility for the financial well-being of the corporation is ultimately incumbent on the CEO. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study An incumbent is an official who holds an office. If you want to run for congress, you're going to have to beat the incumbent. Incumbent comes from the Latin word incumbens, which means lying in or leaning on, but came to mean holding a position. It was first used in English for someone holding a church office, and then someone holding any office. You'll most likely hear it today for political officials. In a race for mayor, the incumbent mayor faces a challenger. Incumbent also means obligation. It is incumbent upon you to do the dishes. adjective necessary for (someone) as a duty or responsibility. it is incumbent on all decent people to concentrate on destroying this evil (of an official or regime) currently holding office. the incumbent president had been defeated noun the holder of an office or post. واجب ضروری مسول کنونی در سمت عهده دار سمت بودن Some of Mr. Trump's policies are making it difficult for incumbents as well.

inviolable

adjective: never to be broken, infringed, or dishonored To many the grass at Wimbledon is inviolable and only greater tennis players are able to enjoy a game there. Wedding vows and vault combinations that can't be broken are considered inviolable. (Of course, divorce lawyers and bank robbers consider this a challenge.) The word can refer to a physical structure (a fortress, for instance) or something more conceptual (human rights or morals, perhaps). Inviolable has changed little from its Latin origin of inviolabilis, which combines the prefix in- (meaning "not") with the verb violare ("to violate"). Inviolable turns up in religious settings too, usually in reference to texts or rites. In that context, it means "sacred." No surprise: the antonym of inviolable is violable ("accessible or penetrable"). adjective never to be broken, infringed, or dishonored. an inviolable rule of chastity غیرقابل غصب غیر قابل نفوذ غیرقابل نقض غیرقابل بی حرمتی

obstreperous

adjective: noisily and stubbornly defiant; willfully difficult to control When the teacher asked the obstreperous student simply to bus his tray, the student threw the entire tray on the floor, shouted an epithet, and walked out. Obstreperous means boisterous, noisy, aggressive, defiant. You've probably seen an obstreperous child in the grocery store, pulling away from her mother, screaming at the top of her lungs. If you've been to a large concert where the band doesn't come on stage for hours, you might have been part of an obstreperous crowd: increasingly impatient, with fights breaking out, things thrown up onto the stage, and demands being shouted, "Give us some music before the night is out!" Some people are kind and gentle with strangers, but around their own family turn obstreperous, shouting "You never loved me!" at their mom when she gives them the smaller of two cookies. adjective noisy and difficult to control. the boy is cocky and obstreperous synonyms: unruly, unmanageable, disorderly, undisciplined, uncontrollable, rowdy, غوغایی پرهیاهو پر شرارت

immutable

adjective: not able to be changed Taxes are one of the immutable laws of the land, so there is no use arguing about paying them. If you can't change it, it's immutable. There are many things in life that are immutable; these unchangeable things include death, taxes, and the laws of physics. The adjective immutable has Latin roots that mean "not changeable." The Latin prefix for not is in, but the spelling changes when the prefix is put before the consonant m. It is im before a root word starting with m as in immutable. If you learn this rule, you'll know the immutable fact that immutable begins with i-m-m. adjective تغییر ناپذیر immutable, invariable, unalterable, irreversible, changeless, inalterable

unviable

adjective: not able to work, survive, or succeed (also spelled inviable). The plan was obviously unviable considering that it lead to complete environmental destruction in the river valley. adjective not capable of working successfully; not feasible. the commission found the plan to be financially unviable ناکارا ناکارامد غیر عملی

impervious

adjective: not admitting of passage or capable of being affected I am not impervious to your insults; they cause me great pain. An impervious surface is one that can't be penetrated. The word is often followed by "to," as in "His steely personality made him impervious to jokes about his awful haircut." Most of the sentences you'll run across using impervious will be followed by the word "to" and a noun. Things are often described as being impervious to physical assaults like heat, water, bullets, weather, and attack, but just as frequently to less tangible things, like reason, criticism, pain, and pressure. The word comes from Latin: in- + pervius, meaning "not letting things through." A common synonym is impermeable. adjective not allowing fluid to pass through. an impervious layer of basaltic clay synonyms: impermeable, impenetrable, impregnable, waterproof, watertight, water-resistant, غیرقابل نفوذ غیرقابل دخول تاثیر ناپذیر

opaque

adjective: not clearly understood or expressed The meaning of the professor's new research was opaque to most people, so no one asked any questions. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Use the adjective opaque either for something that doesn't allow light to pass through (like a heavy curtain) or for something difficult to understand (like bureaucratic gobbledygook). adjective مات opaque, astonished, checkmated, aghast, confounded, quizzical کدر opaque, turbid, canescent, glum, low-spirited غیر شفاف opaque, amorphous مبهم vague, ambiguous, obscure, enigmatic, opaque, misty noun شیشه یا رنگ مات opaque (adj.) not letting light through; not clear or lucid; dense, stupid

untrammeled

adjective: not confined or limited The whole notion of living untrammeled inspired the American Revolution and was enshrined in the Declaration of Independence and the Constitution. Something that's untrammeled is completely free and unrestricted. If you live a truly untrammeled life, you feel free to follow your dreams. As opposed to a lion in a zoo, a wild animal is untrammeled, or free to roam. You could also describe a dictator's power as untrammeled, in a much less positive sense — he is free to make any laws he wants, and to treat his subjects however he chooses. Untrammeled comes from trammel, or "restriction," which also refers to a particular kind of fishing net. The root is Late Latin, tremaculum, "net made of three layers." adjective not deprived of freedom of action or expression; not restricted or hampered. a mind untrammeled by convention بدون محدودیت دارای ازادی عمل

placid

adjective: not easily irritated Doug is normally placid, so we were all shocked to see him yelling at the television when the Mets lost the game. Call a body of water placid if it has a smooth surface and no waves. Call a person placid if they don't tend to make waves by causing a fuss. Coming from the Latin placidus "pleasing or gentle," placid is most commonly used to describe a person who is not easily irritated or a body of water such as a lake that does not have waves to disturb the surface. Synonyms of placid in both meanings include calm, serene and tranquil. In other uses, placid describes something with little disruption — like "a placid neighborhood." adjective ارام quiet, calm, peaceful, placid, gentle, tranquil متین (of a person or animal) not easily upset or excited.

unflappable

adjective: not easily perturbed or excited or upset; marked by extreme calm and composure The house shook and the ground quaked, but my dad was unflappable and comforted the family. To be unflappable is to be calm and relaxed, even in a stressful situation. A confident person is usually unflappable. Some people get nervous and jittery under pressure, while others are unflappable. If you're unflappable, you stay calm, relaxed, and poised no matter what's happening. A good kindergarten teacher stays unflappable in the midst of chaos, and a successful businessperson is unflappable when faced with deadlines and unexpected problems. The earliest use of this word was in 1953, in reference to the British prime minister. At its root is flap, twentieth-century British slang meaning "disturbance or tumult." خونسرد و ارام

inscrutable

adjective: not easily understood; unfathomable His speech was so dense and confusing that many in the audience found it inscrutable. Any person or thing that's mysterious, mystifying, hard to read, or impossible to interpret is inscrutable. You ever notice how it's hard to tell what some people are thinking? Those folks are inscrutable. adjective مرموز mysterious, cryptic, enigmatic, secretive, inscrutable, weird نفوذ ناپذیر inscrutable غامض

improvident

adjective: not given careful consideration Marty was improvident, never putting money aside for the future but spending it on decorating the interior of his home. Someone who is improvident doesn't worry about the future — or plan wisely for it. If you spend all your money on video games even though you know you have to buy your mom a birthday present next week, you have made an improvident decision. In the adjective improvident, the prefix im- means "opposite" or "not." Provident comes from the Latin word providere, meaning "foresee, provide." Put that together and you get something that lacks foresight and consideration for the future, like an improvident town council that spends the whole budget on playground equipment, leaving nothing to cover the inevitable repairs to fire trucks or public restrooms. adjective not having or showing foresight; spendthrift or thoughtless. improvident and undisciplined behavior synonyms: spendthrift, thriftless, wasteful, prodigal, profligate, extravagant, lavish adjective لا ابالی slipshod, improvident, slovenly, nonchalant, careless, remiss بی احتیاط indiscreet, incautious, غیر اینده نگر غیر محتاط نسبت به اینده

unseemly

adjective: not in keeping with accepted standards of what is right or proper in polite society He acted in an unseemly manner, insulting the hostess and then speaking ill of her deceased husband. ناهنجار ناشایست غیر عرف Something that is inappropriate or unacceptable behavior is unseemly. It's a gentler, somewhat nicer word for "inappropriate" than its synonyms, the "in" words: "indecent, indecorous, indelicate, inelegant, inept" — well, you get the idea. Knowing that the "un-" prefix turns a word into its opposite, you'll see that unseemly means "not seemly." Let's look at that word (which is related to our verb seem), because it carries the real meaning. Seemly goes back to around 1200, to the Old Norse word soemr, "fitting, becoming." The negative "un-" was added in the early 14th century to denote the opposite meaning. "Seems" to make sense, doesn't it

languid

adjective: not inclined towards physical exertion or effort; slow and relaxed As the sun beat down and the temperature climbed higher, we spent a languid week lying around the house. Describe a slow-moving river or a weak breeze or a listless manner with the slightly poetic adjective, languid. adjective سست loose, weak, frail, flimsy, slack, languid بی حال lethargic, languid, lackadaisical, torpid, nonchalant, inactive اهسته slow, low, languid, lagging, gentle, gradual

uncompromising

adjective: not making concessions The relationship between Bart and Hilda ultimately failed because they were both so uncompromising, never wanting to change their opinions. inflexible, sturdy hard-line, hardline غیر قابل انعطاف uncompromising, inelastic قطعی decisive, definite, definitive, certain, final, uncompromising مصالحه ناپذیر uncompromising تسلیم نشو ناسازگار

anomalous

adjective: not normal According to those who do not believe in climate change, the extreme weather over the last five years is simply anomalous—daily temperatures should return to their old averages, they believe. Something that deviates from the norm is anomalous. Something anomalous can be good, such as an exciting new direction in music or art. But that anomalously low score on your math test? Not so good. غیر عادی unusual, abnormal, uncommon, eccentric, eccentric, anomalous بی شباهت unlike, dissimilar, anomalous خارج از رسم anomalous مغایر

derivative

adjective: not original but drawing strongly on something already in existence, especially in reference to a creative product (e.g. music, writing, poetry etc.). When something is meaningless or insignificant because it is so little, it's negligible. The amount of interest you'll get on your savings is negligible, so you might as well spend your money. Because the movies were utterly derivative of other popular movies, they did well at the box office. adjective مشتق derivative, derived, isolated, insulate, paronymous اشتقاقی derivative فرعی subsidiary, secondary, ancillary, accessory, subordinate, derivative گرفته شده derivative noun مشتق derivative, formative

ersatz

adjective: not real or genuine; phony The car dealer's ersatz laughter was immediately followed by a price quote, one that Shelley found highly inflated. The ersatz version of something is an inferior substitute or imitation. You might speak in an ersatz French accent, but you won't fool the Parisian who runs the local French bakery. Used as a noun or adjective, ersatz stems from the German verb ersetzen, which means "to replace." Compared with regular Coke, Diet Coke may be considered an ersatz beverage because of its artificial sweeteners. Similarly, rich, creamy, full-fat ice cream is much better than the ersatz, fat-free version, or frozen yogurt. You would be in deep trouble if your fiancé found out that her engagement ring was an ersatz diamond. adjective (of a product) made or used as a substitute, typically an inferior one, for something else. ersatz coffee synonyms: artificial, substitute, imitation, synthetic, fake, جایگزین فیک جعلی ورژن دیگه

frivolous

adjective: not serious in content or attitude or behavior Compared to Juliet's passionate concern for human rights, Jake's non-stop concern about football seems somewhat frivolous. adjective Frivolous things are silly or unnecessary. If something is frivolous, then you don't need it. بیهوده و بیمعنی frivolous احمق stupid, foolish, silly, frivolous, dopey, daffy سبک light, easy, thin, volatile, frivolous, gossamer پوچ absurd, null, empty, hollow, vain, frivolous سبکسر frivolous, stupid, featherbrained, careless, featherheaded سبک رفتار (adj.) of little importance, not worthy of serious attention; not meant seriously

disingenuous

adjective: not straightforward; giving a false appearance of frankness Many adults think that they can lie to children, but kids are smart and know when people are disingenuous. Use the adjective disingenuous to describe behavior that's not totally honest or sincere. It's disingenuous when people pretend to know less about something than they really do. Disingenuous combines dis-, meaning not, with ingenuous (from the Latin gen-, meaning born) which was originally used to distinguish free-born Romans from slaves, and later came to mean honest or straightforward. So disingenuous means dishonest. Ingenuous is less common now than disingenuous, but we still use it for someone who is sincere to the point of naiveté. A good synonym is insincere. دو رو insincere, disingenuous, reversible, hypocritical, Januslike, double-faced بی صداقت insincere adjective دو رو insincere, disingenuous, reversible, hypocritical, Januslike, double-faced بدون صراحت لهجه disingenuous

oblique

adjective: not straightforward; indirect Herbert never explicitly revealed anything negative about Tom's past, but at times he would obliquely suggest that Tom was not as innocent as he seemed. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study If something is oblique, it has a slanting position or direction. In figurative use, oblique means indirect or purposely misleading. "What is two plus two?" "Fish!" as an answer is completely oblique. In math, this adjective refers to geometric lines or planes that are not parallel or perpendicular to a line or surface. A playground is positioned at an oblique angle to the ground. By correcting the clerk's "Mrs." with "That's Ms. now," the woman made an oblique reference to her change in marital status. غیر مستقیم indirect, devious, oblique, tortuous, sinuous, backstairs neither parallel nor at a right angle to a specified or implied line; slanting. we sat on the settee oblique to the fireplace synonyms: slanting, slanted, sloping, at an angle, angled, diagonal, aslant, slant, slantwise, skew, askew, cater-cornered, kitty-corner denoting any case other than the nominative or vocative. The subject nominal is in the oblique form and the verb phrase lacks tense and agreement markers.

imprudent

adjective: not wise Hitler, like Napoleon, made the imprudent move of invading Russia in winter, suffering even more casualties than Napoleon had. To be imprudent means lacking self-restraint when it would be wise to have it, like that time you started dancing on the table during a math test. Remember that? Everybody else does. adjective بی تدبیر imprudent, brassy بی احتیاط indiscreet, incautious, imprudent, improvident, injudicious, rash

fortuitous

adjective: occurring by happy chance; having no cause or apparent cause Though Maria's neighbor Ernie "bumped into" her at the Farmer's Market, the encounter wasn't nearly as fortuitous as Maria was led to believe: Ernie desperately wanted to ask Maria out on a date and had been following her about town. Fortuitous means by chance, like a lucky accident. If you and your best friend's families happen to go on vacation to the same place at the same time, that's a fortuitous coincidence! fortuitous coincidence

catholic

adjective: of broad scope; universal Jonah's friends said that Jonah's taste in music was eclectic; Jonah was quick to point out that not only was his taste eclectic but it was also catholic: he enjoyed music from countries as far-flung as Mali and Mongolia. When capitalized, Catholic refers to the Catholic Church. With a lower-case "c," catholic means "universal" and "inclusive." If you listen to anything from hip-hop to Baroque, you have catholic taste in music. When it entered the English language in the sixteenth century, catholic simply meant "general" or "common." Applied to the Western Church, it essentially meant "the Church universal," or the whole body of Christian believers, as opposed to separate congregations. After the Reformation, the Western Church called itself the Catholic Church to distinguish itself from communities of faith that were no longer obedient to Rome. This usage remains the most common, although you can still use catholic to mean general. محدوده وسیع جهان شمول

puerile

adjective: of or characteristic of a child; displaying or suggesting a lack of maturity Helen enjoyed blowing soap bubbles, but Jim regarded this as puerile, totally unworthy of a woman with a Ph.D. Some people like their movies to have sophisticated humor and others prefer the more puerile humor of pratfalls or jokes about smelly underwear, inappropriate belching, and passing gas. خامی ناپختگی جوانی Although the adjective, puerile can be used to describe anything related to childhood, more often than not, it is used in a derisive manner to comment on the immaturity, silliness, or juvenile nature of something or someone. So if you hear someone talk about puerile toys, they may merely be remarking on the toys of childhood, but it is more likely they are discussing whoopee cushions, fake dog poo, and the like. adjective کودکانه childish, puerile, silly, infantine, juvenile بچگانه childish, infantile, childlike, puerile, little, young احمقانه insane, adjective childishly silly and trivial. you're making puerile excuses synonyms: childish, immature, infantile, juvenile, babyish, silly, inane, fatuous, jejune

magisterial

adjective: offensively self-assured or given to exercising unwarranted power Though she was only a third grade teacher, Ms. Martinet was magisterial in dealing with her class, lording over them like a queen. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study A person who is magisterial can be distinguished and grand, or possibly just conceited and bossy. You will learn a lot if you listen to a magisterial presentation of early American history. The Latin word for teacher is magister, so think of magisterial as describing a person with the great authority of a teacher or learned person. It can also mean related to the office of magistrate — think of magisterial documents or inquiries into a matter. If, however, someone calls you magisterial, he or she may think you are a bit pompous. It will irritate you if a person speaks to you in a magisterial tone! adjective امرانه magisterial, imperious, magistral, peremptory, high-handed دیکتاتوروار magisterial دارای اختیار magisterial

magisterial

antiquated

adjective: old-fashioned; belonging to an earlier period in time Aunt Betty had antiquated notions about marriage, believing that a man should court a woman for at least a year before receiving a kiss. Something is antiquated when it is so old that it is no longer useful. If your parents believe that you shouldn't use the Internet when you write papers for school, you might call their ideas antiquated. Something is antiquated when it is so old, it's like an antique or recognizable from another era and has the negative feel of being thoroughly outmoded. Things like typewriters, sealing wax for letters, and ideas of proper etiquette all seem antiquated in modern society. Currently, things get antiquated ever faster — 5-inch floppy disks for computers and dial-up modems were very modern fifteen years ago, but now they're antiquated. adjective کهنه old, stale, archaic, antiquated, obsolete, ancient قدیمی old, ancient, past, archaic, outdated, antiquated منسوخ obsolete, outdated, abolished, abrogated, antiquated, disused

portentous

adjective: ominously prophetic When the captain and more than half the officers were sick on the very first night of the voyage, many of the passengers felt this was portentous, but the rest of the voyage continued without any problems. The black crows slowly circling the front entrance to your office building at 6:00 am may have a portentous quality, meaning it seems like they're an omen indicating something bad will happen. Use the adjective portentous to describe something that seems be a sign related to a future event — generally an ominous sign. Something that is portentous often seems to hint at or warn of a future disaster. For example, in a movie ominous music playing in the background while someone turns a dark corner can have a portentous quality, predicting doom for the hapless character. خبر پیشگوی شوم

inchoate

adjective: only partly in existence; imperfectly formed Inchoate ideas about the relation of humans to other animals had been discussed since the Middle Ages but the modern theory really began with Darwin. adjective نیمه تمام inchoate تازه بوجود امده inchoate verb اغاز کردن inchoate, begin, commence, inaugurate, incept, initial بنیاد نهادن institute, start, found, incept, inchoate, initiate Inchoate means just beginning to form. You can have an inchoate idea, like the earliest flickers of images for your masterpiece, or an inchoate feeling, like your inchoate sense of annoyance toward your sister's new talking parrot. Inchoate comes from a Latin word for beginning. When something is inchoate, although you don't yet understand what it is fully, you have a strong sense that it is indeed coming. It's stronger than the wisp of an idea that never turns into anything. But it's hard to really find the language to describe an inchoate idea. That's the whole point: you don't have the words for it yet!

leery

adjective: openly distrustful and unwilling to confide Without checking his references and talking to previous employers, I am leery of hiring the candidate. You can use the adjective leery to describe someone who's suspicious of a person or situation. After his brother came out with bald spots and uneven patches of buzz-cut hair, he was leery of having the same barber get near his own head. Being leery is being distrustful. If you're leery, it will probably show on your face and in your posture. You may squint and wrinkle your brows or take a few steps back. If you're leery that someone won't keep a secret, you won't confide in them, and if you're leery about whether they'll keep a promise to you, you won't count on them. Sometimes people are leery because of some proof, but often, just having a bad feeling or instinct is enough to make a person leery. مشکوک مظنون بی اعتمادی

indigenous

adjective: originating in a certain area The plants and animals indigenous to Australia are notably different from those indigenous to the U.S—one look at a duckbill platypus and you know you're not dealing with an opossum. Use indigenous to describe a plant, animal or person that is native or original to an area. Though Switzerland is known for its chocolates, chocolate, which comes from the cocoa plant, is indigenous to South America. originating or occurring naturally in a particular place; native. بومی

fastidious

adjective: overly concerned with details; fussy Whitney is fastidious about her shoes, arranging them on a shelf in a specific order, each pair evenly spaced. If you want to describe a person who insists on perfection or pays much attention to food, clothing and cleanliness, the right word is fastidious. adjective مشکل پسند fastidious سخت گیر strict, intransigent, stern, exacting, squeamish, fastidious باریک بین meticulous, fastidious بیزار weary, loath, averse, tired, hateful, fastidious

mawkish

adjective: overly sentimental to the point that it is disgusting The film was incredibly mawkish, introducing highly like able characters only to have them succumb to a devastating illness by the end of the movie. Mawkish means excessively sentimental or so sappy it's sickening. Which is how you'd describe two lovebirds gushing over each other or your grandma's cooing, cheek pinches, and sloppy-lipstick kisses. بیش از حد احساساتی adjective کسل کننده tedious, drowsy, prosaic, irksome, drab, mawkish بطور زننده احساساتی mawkish حالت تهوع نسبت به غذای بد مزه

craven

adjective: pathetically cowardly Though the man could have at least alerted the police, he crouched cravenly in the corner as the old woman was mugged. A craven man is no Superman or Spiderman, nor is he a firefighter or a soldier. A craven man is the opposite of those guys: he has not an ounce of courage. adjective شکست خورده defeated, craven ترسو و پست craven خردل cowardly, coward, craven, base-spirited, chicken-hearted ضعیف النفس cowardly, coward, craven, invalorous, base-spirited, chicken-hearted

destitute

adjective: poor enough to need help from others Jean Valjean, is at first destitute, but through the grace of a priest, he makes something of his life. adjective: completely wanting or lacking (usually "destitute of") Now that the mine is closed, the town is destitute of any economic activity. When you think of the word destitute, which means poor or lacking other necessities of life, think of someone who is in desperate straits. A very, very tight budget is poor. Living on the streets is destitute. Destitute essentially means not having something. When you're destitute in the sense of being poor, you're technically "destitute of money." You can be destitute of other things as well. If all your friends have abandoned you, you're "destitute of friends." If you are applying for a job as a waitress but have never worked in a restaurant in any capacity, you're "destitute of experience." noun بینوا destitute نیازمند فاقد بی چیز

indigent

adjective: poor; having very little In the so-called Third World, many are indigent and only a privileged few have the resources to enjoy material luxuries. noun: a poor or needy person The indigents, huddled under the overpass, tried to start a small bonfire in the hope of staying warm. An indigent person is extremely poor, lacking the basic resources of a normal life. Often the indigent lack not only money but homes. Indigent comes from a Latin word meaning wanting, which we used to use to mean "lacking" and not just to describe desires. Homeless shelters, soup kitchens, free medical clinics and court-appointed lawyers are all institutions that our society has developed to help indigent people. تهی null, empty, void, devoid, hollow, indigent تنگدست underprivileged, indigent تهی دست indigent, unfunded, impecunious, depauperate, empty-handed بی بضاعت

puissant

adjective: powerful Over the years of service, and quite to his surprise, he became a puissant advisor to the community. Puissant means powerful and in possession of authority, and is often used to describe the political power of someone, like a prince or president. Said the English poet, historian, and arguably puissant scholar John Milton, "Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant nation rousing herself like a strong man after sleep, and shaking her invincible locks." Synonyms for this somewhat rarely used adjective include forcible, mighty, strong, steady, unyielding, and vigorous. adjective having great power or influence. Methinks I see in my mind a noble and puissant nation rousing herself like a strong man after sleep, and shaking her invincible locks. دارای نفوذ و قدرت (اغلب سیاسی)

ascetic

adjective: practicing self-denial His ascetic life is the main reason he inspired so many followers, especially since he gave up wealth and power to live in poverty. noun: one who practices great self-denial Historically, ascetics like Gandhi are often considered wise men partially because of their restraint Want to live an ascetic lifestyle? Then you better ditch the flat panel TV and fuzzy slippers. To be ascetic, you learn to live without; it's all about self-denial. adjective زاهدانه ascetic مرتاض ascetic, abstemious ریاضت کش austere, ascetic noun زاهد ascetic, devotee, anchorite, anchoret, eremite, votary مرتاض ascetic راهب monk, cowl, hermit, anchoret, anchorite, ascetic تارک دنیا hermit, religious, ascetic, monk عابد hermit, anchoret, ascetic, eremite, solitary

ascetic

futile

adjective: producing no result or effect; unproductive of success I thought I could repair the car myself, but after two days of work with no success, I have to admit that my efforts were futile. adjective بیهوده vain, futile, useless, pointless, idle, thankless بی فایده useless, wasteful, futile, vain, ineffective, ineffectual باطل void, invalid, vain, null, inoperative, futile پوچ absurd, null, empty, hollow, vain, futile adjective incapable of producing any useful result; pointless. When something fails to deliver a useful result, you can call it futile. Hopefully all the time you're spending studying vocabulary won't turn out to be futile! Futile comes from the Latin futilis, which originally meant "leaky." Although we use futile to talk about more than buckets, the image of a leaky vessel is a good illustration of the adjective. Pouring water into a leaky bucket is futile. Your exercise program will be futile if you don't stop chowing down on chocolate. Futile is fancier than its synonym useless. Other synonyms are fruitless or vain. The i can be either short (FYOO-t'l) or long (FYOO-tile).

grandiloquent

adjective: puffed up with vanity The dictator was known for his grandiloquent speeches, puffing his chest out and using big, important-sounding words. Grandiloquent is a fancy term for, well, being fancy or pretentious. In fact, you might say grandiloquent is itself a pretty grandiloquent word. The word grandiloquent generally refers to the way a person behaves or speaks. Politicians and schoolteachers are the usual suspects of this manner of behavior, known as grandiloquence, but it can refer to anything that's overbearing or pompous in style or manner. Architecture, especially, is highly guilty of being grandiloquent — if you check out just about anything built in the Baroque style, you could describe it as grandiloquent. پف کرده با غرور باشکوه در سبک یا روش گفتار و منش adjective pompous or extravagant in language, style, or manner, especially in a way that is intended to impress. a grandiloquent celebration of Spanish glory synonyms: pompous, bombastic, magniloquent, pretentious,

prodigal

adjective: rashly or wastefully extravagant Successful professional athletes who do not fall prey to prodigality seem to be the exception—most live decadent lives. Use the adjective prodigal to describe someone who spends too much money, or something very wasteful. Your prodigal spending on fancy coffee drinks might leave you with no money to buy lunch. Prodigal usually applies to the spending of money. In the Bible, the Prodigal Son leaves home and wastes all his money. You could also use this word to describe something that is very abundant or generous in quantity, such as prodigal praise. Prodigal comes from the Latin word prodigere, "to drive away or waste," combining the prefix prod-, or "forth" and agere, "to drive."

tractable

adjective: readily reacting to suggestions and influences; easily managed (controlled or taught or molded) Compared to middle school students, who have an untamed wildness about them, high school students are somewhat more tractable. easily managed or controlled If your little brother quietly obeys your instructions and waits for you at the food court while you and your friends wander around the mall, he's probably a tractable child, meaning he's obedient, flexible, and responds well to directions. Note the similarity between tractable and tractor. Both come from the Latin word tractare, which originally meant "to drag about." You can think of a tractable person as someone who can be dragged about easily, like a plow being dragged by a tractor adjective سربزیر docile, tractable, obedient نرم soft, smooth, fine, flexible, fluffy, tractable سست مهار tamed, tractable, tame, tamed down سر براه docile, tractable, arranged, obedient, polite رام کردنی tractable, tamable, tameable رام شو tractable

sporadic

adjective: recurring in scattered and irregular or unpredictable instances The signals were at first sporadic, but now we detect a clear, consistent pattern of electromagnetic radiation emanating from deep space. Sporadic is an adjective that you can use to refer to something that happens or appears often, but not constantly or regularly. The mail carrier comes every day but the plumber's visits are sporadic--he comes as needed. adjective پراکنده sporadic, diffused, outspread, straggly, far-flung انفرادی single, sporadic تک و توک sporadic, single occurring irregularly

pecuniary

adjective: relating to or involving money The defendant was found guilty and had to serve a period of community service as well as pay pecuniary damages to the client. If something has to do with money, it's pecuniary. If your grandfather's antique watch has pecuniary value, it's worth money — you could sell it for cash if you weren't sentimentally attached to keeping it. Pecuniary might seem like a peculiar word for talking about money, but it all adds up when you learn that it was the worth of the cattle, or pecū in Latin, that gave pecuniary its meaning. In Roman times, livestock served as money in making transactions. Some cultures still have economies based on cattle, but most modern societies have a pecuniary system based on, well, money. نقدی pecuniary, pocket مالی financial, fiscal, pecuniary پولی monetary, pecuniary, venal, pocket

pastoral

adjective: relating to the countryside in a pleasant sense Those who imagine America's countryside as a pastoral region are often disappointed to learn that much of rural U.S. is filled with cornfields extending as far as the eye can see. pastoral adjective: relating to the countryside in a pleasant sense Those who imagine America's countryside as a pastoral region are often disappointed to learn that much of rural U.S. is filled with cornfields extending as far as the eye can see. noun شبان shepherd, pastor, looker, presbyter پیشوای روحانی pastor شعر روستایی pastor شبانی Pastoral refers to the countryside, particularly an idealized view of the country. If you draw cheery pictures with lush grassy fields, calm skies, a farm animal or two, and some flowers, you draw pastoral scenes. Pastoral can also mean something done by, you guessed it, a pastor. If a pastor writes a letter to his congregation, it is a pastoral letter. How are they related? Shepherds, of course. Pastors are often referred to as shepherds of their flock (i.e., the members of their church congregation). Actual shepherds, the kind who tend sheep, work in pastoral settings

self-effacing

adjective: reluctant to draw attention to yourself The most admirable teachers and respected leaders are those who are self-effacing, directing attention and praise to their students and workers. Someone who's self-effacing is shy and likes to stay out of the spotlight, shunning attention and praise. To efface something is to erase it, so to be self-effacing is to try to remove yourself from various situations, especially ones that draw attention. If someone says you did a great job and you say, "It was nothing," that's self-effacing. It is usually considered a positive quality, since it's the opposite of being cocky, egotistical, and attention-hogging. The root of effacing is the Old French word esfacier, which means "to wipe out or destroy," literally "to remove the face." adjective not claiming attention for oneself; retiring and modest. his demeanor was self-effacing, gracious, and تحت ااشعاع قرارداده خودزدایی کرده خود را از مرکز توجه حذف کرده

apposite

adjective: remarkably appropriate For a writer with such quick wit, Jonathan Swift has a rather apposite name. Something apposite is fitting or relevant. It is apposite that radio stations play Christmas carols on Christmas Eve, and that your tax accountant takes vacation after April 15th. It all makes sense. The adjective apposite is derived from the Latin terms appositus and apponere. Ponere means to place, and thus apponere is "well-placed or well-put." Don't confuse apposite with opposite; they have almost opposite meanings! adjective apt in the circumstances or in relation to something. an apposite quotation synonyms: appropriate, suitable, fitting, apt, befitting, relevant, pertinent, appurtenant adjective خوش ایند pleasant, apposite, pleasing, desirable, auspicious, advantageous مناسب suitable, appropriate, proper, convenient, adequate, apposite بجا proper, right, timely, apropos, fitting, apposite در خور appropriate, befitting, fit, meet, در جایگاه مناسب

trite

adjective: repeated too often; overfamiliar through overuse Many style guides recommend not using idioms in writing because these trite expressions are uninteresting and show a lack of imagination on the part of the writer. When you want to indicate that something is silly or overused, you would call it trite. A love song with lyrics about holding hands in the sunshine? Totally trite. adjective مبتذل vulgar, banal, trite, trivial, stale, commonplace کهنه old, stale, archaic, antiquated, obsolete, trite When you want to indicate that something is silly or overused, you would call it trite. A love song with lyrics about holding hands in the sunshine? Totally trite. Trite has a Latin root, the past participle of terere, meaning "wear out." An old-fashioned or outdated definition of the word is "frayed or worn out by use," and you can see how the meaning for an object that is worn out can be applied to an idea that has been used to the point of being meaningless. The antonym of this word is original.

mundane

adjective: repetitive and boring; not spiritual Nancy found doing dishes a thorougly mundane task, although Peter found a kind of Zen pleasure in the chore. adjective: relating to the ordinary world Though we think of the pope as someone always dealing in holy matters, he is also concerned with mundane events, such as deciding when to set his alarm each morning. adjective lacking interest or excitement; dull. of this earthly world rather than a heavenly or spiritual one. An ordinary, unexciting thing can be called mundane: "Superman hid his heroic feats by posing as his mundane alter ego, Clark Kent." دنیوی خاکی خسته کننده بدون هیجان و روح

arcane

adjective: requiring secret or mysterious knowledge Most college fraternities are known for arcane rituals that those hoping to join the fraternity must learn. Something arcane is understood or known by only a few people. Almost everyone knows the basics of baseball, but only an elite few possess the arcane knowledge of its history that marks the true fan. مرموز و سری

expansive

covering a wide area in terms of space or scope; extensive or wide-ranging. گسترده

obstinate

adjective: resistant to guidance or discipline; stubbornly persistent The coach suggested improvements Sarah might make on the balance beam, but she remained obstinate, unwilling to modify any of the habits that made her successful in the past. When someone is beyond stubborn, use the word obstinate instead: "You obstinate old mule! Get out of my way!" While stubborn may have positive or negative connotations, obstinate is most definitely negative, because it implies a kind of hard-headed determination not to change your mind even when it might be best to rethink your position. "The obstinate Man does not hold Opinions, but they hold him," wrote Samuel Butler way back in the seventeenth century. The word still does the trick if you want a put-down for someone you think is being a pig-headed fool or a stick in the mud.

obstinate

resurgent

adjective: rising again as to new life and vigor The team sank to fourth place in June, but is now resurgent and about to win the division. Something resurgent comes back to life or is reinvigorated. An old song's popularity might be resurgent after it's featured on the soundtrack of a popular new movie. When things fall out of favor or stop being active and then experience a burst of energy or interest, they're resurgent. After a period of very conservative political control, resurgent liberal beliefs could lead to a progressive president being elected. And if people get bored with new technology and gadgets, there may be a resurgent interest in hardcover books and Polaroid cameras. In Latin, resurgere means "rise again."

paradoxical

adjective: seemingly contradictory but nonetheless possibly true That light could be both a particle and a wave seems paradoxical, but nonetheless, it is true. "You have to spend money to make money." That's a paradoxical statement used by people in business, and it seems to say two opposite things that contradict each other, but if you think about it, it's actually kind of true. Paradoxical is an adjective that describes a paradox, something with two meanings that don't make sense together. Its Greek roots translate to "contrary opinion," and when two different opinions collide in one statement or action, that's paradoxical. In Shakespeare's play "Hamlet," Hamlet's mother marries the man who killed Hamlet's father, but she doesn't know it. As Hamlet plots to kill the murderer to protect his mother, he says this paradoxical phrase: "I must be cruel to be kind." adjective در ظاهر مهمل و در واقع درست paradoxical

superfluous

adjective: serving no useful purpose How can we hope to stay open if we don't eliminate all superfluous spending, like catered meetings and free acupuncture Tuesday? adjective: more than is needed, desired, or required The third paragraph in your essay is superfluous and can be deleted. When something is so unnecessary that it could easily be done away with, like a fifth wheel on a car or a fifth person on a double date, call it superfluous. adjective زائد waste, superfluous, redundant, extra, surplus, unneeded زیادی superfluous, undue, increscent اطناب امیز superfluous

admonitory

adjective: serving to warn; expressing reproof or reproach especially as a corrective At the assembly, the high school vice-principal gave the students an admonitory speech, warning them of the many risks and dangers of prom night. warning Something that's admonitory is meant to correct or scold. If you're caught throwing paper airplanes in class, your teacher will probably give you an admonitory lecture. adjective نصیحت امیز admonitory, hortative, sententious توبیخ امیز admonitory

sullen

adjective: showing a brooding ill humor Herbert took board games too seriously, often appearing sullen after losing. A bad-tempered or gloomy person is sullen. Sullen people are down in the dumps. bad-tempered and sulky; gloomy. بداخلاق adjective عبوس sullen, stern, grim, morose, sulky, forbidding کج خلق sullen, testy, irritable, crabbed, peevish, querulous ترشرو grumpy, moody, morose, sullen, petulant, crabbed غیر معاشر sullen, dissocial

obliging

adjective: showing a cheerful willingness to do favors for others Even after all his success, I found him to be accommodating and obliging, sharing with me his "secret tips" on how to gain wealth and make friends. If you're obliging, you're easy to get along with and eager to help. An obliging neighbor, for example, might volunteer to shovel your sidewalk after it snows. The adjective obliging is perfect for describing someone who is especially considerate and helpful. An obliging co-worker will always come to your aid or chip in for donuts, and an obliging roommate will turn off her light when you're ready to go to sleep. The word has been around since the mid-1600s, and it comes from the verb oblige, with its Latin root obligare, which means both "to bind up or bandage" and "to put under obligation or commitment." adjective اجباری compulsory, compulsive, mandatory, coercive, forcible, obliging مهربان kind, merciful, gentle, compassionate, friendly, obliging الزامی mandatory, obligatory, obliging اماده خدمت obliging

urbane

adjective: showing a high degree of refinement and the assurance that comes from wide social experience Because of his service as an intelligence officer and his refined tastes, W. Somerset Maugham became the inspiration for the urbane and sophisticate spy James Bond. Urbane people are sophisticated, polished, cultured, refined. Spend enough time in an urban setting--going to concerts and museums, spending time in crowds--and you'll be urbane too. Both urbane and urban derive from the Latin urbanus, "city," but while urban has connotations of gritty living and crime, urbane assumes that everyone sees the city from the roof deck of their penthouse apartment, drinking champagne and exchanging bon mots with friends. Add a Cole Porter soundtrack and the image is complete. (of a person, especially a man) suave, courteous, and refined in manner. adjective مقرون به ادب urbane مودب polite, courteous, nice, suave, respectful, urbane

solicitous

adjective: showing hovering attentiveness Our neighbors are constantly knocking on our door to make sure we are ok, and I don't know how to ask them to stop being so solicitous about our health. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study When you hear the word solicitous, think of your mom — attentive, caring, and concerned. It's nice when your waiter gives you good service, but if he or she is solicitous, the hovering might annoy you. Solicitous comes from the Latin roots sollus "entire" and citus "set in motion." If someone is solicitous, they are entirely set in motion caring for you. Your neighbors are solicitous if they try to help your family out all the time. Use this word too if you're eager to do something. A good student will be solicitous to appear interested in what the teacher says — even when it's not that interesting. دلواپس نگران *** مایل مشتاق

flippant

adjective: showing inappropriate levity Although Sam was trying to honor Mark's sense of humor, many found it quite flippant that he wore a comic nose and glasses mask to Mark's funeral. When a parent scolds a teenager for missing a curfew or blowing off a test and the teen snaps back, "Whatever," you could say the teen is being flippant. His reply was casual to the point of sarcasm and disrespect. When it first showed up in the English language around the 17th century, flippant meant glib and talkative. But over the years it has developed a more negative connotation. Today flippant is used to describe a blasé attitude or comment in a situation that calls for seriousness. Make a flippant comment about your friend's mother and the odds are good that they'll be offended. adjective not showing a serious or respectful attitude. a flippant remark synonyms: frivolous, facetious, tongue-in-cheek, disrespectful, irreverent, cheeky, impudent, مضخرف بی معنی سبک رفتار سبک به باد استهزا گرفته شده یاوه *** پرحرف

phlegmatic

adjective: showing little emotion Arnold is truly noble, remaining reserved until an issue of significance arises, but Walter is simply phlegmatic: he doesn't have the energy or inclination to care about anything. adjective بلغمی مزاج phlegmatic خونسرد و ارام

diffident

adjective: showing modest reserve; lacking self-confidence As a young girl she was diffident and reserved, but now as an adult, she is confident and assertive. The adjective diffident describes someone who is shy and lacking in self-confidence. If you are shy and have a diffident manner, you should probably not choose one of these professions: substitute teacher, stand-up comic, or lion-tamer. adjective محجوب unobtrusive, diffident, shy, decent, timid, bashful دارای عدم اتکاء بنفس

dolorous

adjective: showing sorrow Chopin's ballades are filled with sharp changes in moods--a dolorous melody can give way to a lighthearted tempo. Dolorous is not a woman's name (that's Dolores), it is an adjective that describes someone showing great sadness. If your friend Dolores is crying about a lost puppy, you could call her dolorous Dolores. Music written in a minor key can have a dolorous effect. It sounds really sad, and can make you feel the same way. Dolorous shares the same root with the word, condolence, an expression of sympathy with someone's sadness. Both of these words come from the Latin word for grief, dolor, which in current Spanish happens to mean pain. adjective feeling or expressing great sorrow or distress. Far from being dour and dolorous , one of the clearest fruits of grace is a childlike joy. غمگین محنت زا مصیبت بار غمناک و دردناک

lachrymose

adjective: showing sorrow Lachrymose and depressed, Alexei Alexandrovich walked two miles home in the rain after learning that his wife was having an affair. A good place to see a display of lachrymose sorrow is at a funeral — people sobbing openly or sniffling quietly into their hankies. To be lachrymose, in other words, is to be tearful. Lachrymose is not a word used much in everyday speech; you wouldn't say, for example, "I feel a bit lachrymose today." No, you'd probably say, "I feel a bit weepy today." Lachrymose is generally confined to use as a written critical term, often meaning much the same as sentimental. Books and plays and films can all be lachrymose, if their intent is to induce shameless sniveling.// غم دار و گریان و نالان adjective tearful or given to weeping. she was pink-eyed and lachrymose lacrimal, lachrymose, lachrymal اشکبار tearful, watery, lachrymose, wet اشک زا lachrymose غصه دار lachrymose

empathetic

adjective: showing understanding and ready comprehension of other peoples' states and emotions Most discrimination and hatred is based on a lack of empathetic awareness of people that have the same aspirations and fears. An empathetic person is someone who can share another person's feelings. If you tell an empathetic person that your heart is broken, she might touch her own heart and gaze at you sadly through moist eyes. Empathetic is a recent term; it comes from empathy, which was coined by the German philosopher Rudolf Lotze in 1858. Lotze believed that when you look at a work of art, you project your own sensibilities onto it. So if you feel sad when you see a painting of a woman weeping over a dying lover, that's because you can imagine what it's like to lose someone you love. To make the word, Lotze turned to the ancient Greek empatheia, which means "passion." همدردی هم دلی

analogous

adjective: similar in some respects but otherwise different In many ways, the Internet's transformative effect on society has been analogous to that of the printing press. Use the adjective analogous to describe something that is similar to something else and can be compared to another. Analogous things can be compared to each other, so a near synonym is the adjective comparable. Analogous is a term used in biology to refer to body parts that have a similar function but differ in structure, such as the wings of a bird and the wings of an airplane. Analogous is from Latin analogus, from Greek analogos, meaning "according to a proper ratio or proportion." adjective comparable in certain respects, typically in a way that makes clearer the nature of the things compared. قابل قیاس analogical, analogous قابل مقایسه comparable, analogous

obtuse

adjective: slow to learn or understand; lacking intellectual acuity; lacking in insight or discernment Jackson was the most obtuse member of the team: the manager's subtle ironies were always lost on him. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study The adjective obtuse is good for describing someone slow on the uptake: "Don't be so obtuse: get with the program!" The adjective obtuse literally means "rounded" or "blunt," but when it's used for a person, it means "not quick or alert in perception" — in other words, not the sharpest tool in the shed. It's not just for dull people, but also dull angles: in geometry, an obtuse angle is one that is not so sharp (between 90 and 180 degrees). کند ذهن زاویه باز

mellifluous

adjective: smooth and sweet-sounding Chelsea's grandmother thought Franz Schubert's music to be the most mellifluous ever written; Chelsea demurred, and to her grandmother's chagrin, would blast Rihanna on the home stereo speakers. Use the adjective mellifluous to describe something that sounds sweet and smooth, like the honeyed voice of a late-night radio DJ. You might think that that mell in mellifluous has something to do with mellow. Actually, it's related to Melissa. In Greek mythology, Melissa was a nymph who discovered that you could eat the smooth, sweet stuff that bees make. Honeybees were named after her, and their tasty product was called meli. Mellifluous means to "flow as if with honey." adjective شیرین sweet, fresh, sugary, luscious, soft, mellifluous ملیح mellifluous, melodic, graceful, dulcet, melodious, tuneful خوش زبان mellifluous, eloquent, mellifluent, oratorical, silver-tongued خوش صحبت mellifluous, mellifluent, smooth-spoken, well-spoken شیرین و دلپذیر

philistine

adjective: smug and ignorant towards artistic and cultural values Jane considered Al completely philistine, because he talked almost exclusively about video games; she was entirely unaware of how well read he really was. noun ادم هرزه philistine, lecher, ribald, debauchee, roue ادم بی فرهنگ و بی ذوق و مادی philistine noun a person who is hostile or indifferent to culture and the arts, or who has no understanding of them. I am a complete philistine when it comes to paintings adjective hostile or indifferent to culture and the arts. A philistine is a person who doesn't think a lot and isn't interested in learning. Your uncle Marvin, who's only interested in eating, sleeping, and watching game shows, could be considered a philistine. In the late 17th century, during a conflict in Jena, Germany, between townspeople and students, someone referred to the townspeople as "Philistines." Since then, philistine has described someone who stands against learning and the arts. And if you don't start reading the great Russian authors, someone might suggest that you have a philistine attitude toward literature — the word can also be used as an adjective describing a person or thing that displays indifference to the arts and intellectual pursuits.

pugnacious

means ready for a fight. If you're pugnacious, you might find it hard to make friends. On the other hand, you might be a very successful professional boxer one day.

maintain

means to keep the same--keep steady, keep up, or keep going. Sure, you can ride your bike super fast on a flat surface, but it can be hard to maintain that speed, or keep the same speed, going up a hill.

colossal

adjective: so great in size or force or extent as to elicit awe Few appreciate the colossal scale of the sun: if hollow, it could contain a million Earths. Colossal describes something so large it makes you say, "Whoa!" You might have a colossal amount of homework, or see a colossal pyramid while vacationing in Egypt. Colossal can refer to an item's physical size, like a giant redwood tree, but it can also be used to describe the force or scope of something — like the colossal force of a thunderstorm that knocked down the redwood tree, or the colossal scope of your school project on the history of the redwoods that seems like it will never, ever end. It comes from the Greek word kolossos, meaning "gigantic statue." extremely large. adjective عظیم الجثه huge, colossal, enormous, Gargantuan, immense, of enormous size غول اسا titanic, colossal, gigantesque, ogreish

archaic

adjective: so old as to appear to belong to a different period Hoping to sound intelligent, Mary spoke in archaic English that was right out of Jane Austen's Pride and Prejudice--needless to say, she didn't have many friends. If you use the adjective archaic you are referring to something outmoded, belonging to an earlier period. Rotary phones and cassette players already seem so archaic! The adjective archaic means something that belongs to an earlier or antiquated time. It can also mean something that is outdated but can still be found in the present and therefore could seem out of place. The word comes from archaic (i.e., ancient) Greek, archaikos, and literally means "from Classical Greek culture," though its meaning has broadened as it's been used in English. کهنه old, stale, archaic, antiquated, obsolete, ancient قدیمی نوستالژی باستانی به زمان دیگر متعلق بودن

muted

adjective: softened, subdued Helen preferred muted earth colors, such as green and brown, to the bright pinks and red her sister liked. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Something muted has a softened tone or quieted sound. When you try to listen through the wall at what someone is saying, it's really muted and mumbly, even if you put a glass to your ear. When you mute the TV or computer speakers, all of the sound goes quiet, but something described as muted is just toned down or turned down. When you whisper you speak in a muted voice; it's not completely quiet or no one would hear you, but it's quiet enough to muffle the sounds or secrets you share. Muted colors don't stand out as much as bright ones. Beiges and soft grays are muted, and they're great for showing off bright contrasts like a turquoise scarf or red tie. صدای آرام و نرم

profligate

adjective: spending resources recklessly or wastefully The composer Wagner, while living on a limited salary, was so profligate as to line all the walls of his apartment with pure silk. noun: someone who spends resources recklessly or wastefully Most lottery winners go from being conservative, frugal types to outright profligates who blow millions on fast cars, lavish homes, and giant yachts. Profligate, as a noun or as an adjective, implies recklessly wasting your money on extravagant luxury. Profligate behavior is a lot of fun, but you'll regret it later — when you get your charge card bill. Any time someone behaves in a reckless, amoral, or wasteful way, they are engaging in profligate behavior. It usually refers to financial behavior but can cross over to social activity as well. A person who is a slave to their cravings and whose behavior is unrestrained and selfish can be called a profligate. Extravagantly profligate behavior is often wildly fun but usually comes with a heavy price to pay in the morning, both financially and morally. مصرف گرا ، مصرف گرایی

eminent

adjective: standing above others in quality or position Shakespeare is an eminent author in the English language, but I find his writing uninteresting and melodramatic. adjective برجسته outstanding, prominent, leading, distinguished, eminent, noted بزرگ great, large, big, major, mighty, eminent بلند high, long, tall, loud, lofty, eminent والا مقام eminent Anyone highly regarded or prominent is eminent. Eminent people are very successful at their jobs. If you've heard of Neil deGrasse Tyson, it's probably because he's an eminent astrophysicist. Every field has eminent — impressive, famous, or accomplished — people. Two of the most eminent coaches in the history of professional basketball are Red Auerbach and Phil Jackson because they've won the most championships. Beethoven was an eminent musician. Frank Lloyd Wright was an eminent architect. Eminent people loom over a field because they're influential and you can't avoid hearing about them. It's not easy to be eminent because you have to be extremely successful.

superfluous

superfluous adjective: serving no useful purpose How can we hope to stay open if we don't eliminate all superfluous spending, like catered meetings and free acupuncture Tuesday? adjective: more than is needed, desired, or required When something is so unnecessary that it could easily be done away with, like a fifth wheel on a car or a fifth person on a double date, call it superfluous. The third paragraph in your essay is superfluous and can be deleted. زائد waste, superfluous, redundant, extra, surplus, unneeded زیادی superfluous, undue, increscent unnecessary

surreptitious

adjective: stealthy, taking pains not to be caught or detected Since his mom was a light sleeper, Timmy had to tiptoe surreptitiously through the entire house, careful to not make the floors creak, until he at last was able to enjoy his plunder: a box of chocolate chip cookies. When someone behaves in a surreptitious way, they're being secretive. They're doing something that they don't want to be seen doing. While surreptitious means secret, it has the added sense of "sneaky" or "hidden." During the Jewish Passover meal of Seder, an adult will surreptitiously place a piece of matzoh somewhere in the house for the children to hunt for later in the meal. You'll see surreptitious applied mostly to actions, rather than to things or ideas. We do things surreptitiously. The members of the secret society hold surreptitious meetings because, well, they're a secret society. I was very surreptitious in how I organized the surprise party: she never knew! adjective kept secret, especially because it would not be approved of. they carried on a surreptitious affair synonyms: secret, secretive, stealthy, clandestine, sneaky, sly, furtive, concealed, hidden, مخفیانه محرمانه مرموزانه stealthy یواشکی دزدکی

intermittent

adjective: stopping and starting at irregular intervals The intermittent thunder continued and the night was punctuated by cracks of lightning—a surreal sleepless night. Reach for the adjective intermittent to describe periodic movement and stopping and starting over a period of time. The adjective intermittent modifies things that work or stop and start at periodic intervals. An interesting use of something intermittent is a metronome, a device that marks off time in music by making a sound in a regular pattern. It provides structure for musicians, especially when there are several instruments all playing different melodies at the same time. Other intermittent things are the windshield wipers on your car and thank goodness for them when it rains! adjective متناوب intermittent, alternative, alternating, periodic, alternate, staggering نوبتی intermittent, serial, periodic, alternative, periodical

besotted

adjective: strongly affectionate towards Even though her father did not approve, Juliet became besotted with the young Romeo. محسور شده adjective: very drunk مست و لایعقل Never before have I seen my mom so besotted, and honestly, I hope it's the last time she drinks so much. make dull or stupid or muddle with drunkenness or infatuation adjective strongly infatuated. he became besotted with his best friend's sister synonyms: infatuated with, smitten with, in love with, head over heels in love with, obsessed with, doting on, greatly enamored of, swept off one's feet by, crazy about, mad about, wild about, carrying a torch for, gaga about/for/over, stuck on, gone on intoxicated; drunk. After some time, the brigands landed at an island, where they became besotted with drink, and fell asleep.

enamored

adjective: strongly attracted to or in love with. She is completely enamored with Justin Bieber, and goes to all his concerts on the East coast. The rock star wasn't enamored, or in love, with the idea of performing old-fashioned ballads, until his agent told him there'd be no big paycheck until he started crooning out those romantic tunes. Being enamored of something or with someone goes far beyond liking them, and it's even more flowery than love. Enamored means smitten with, or totally infatuated. Someone enamored with another will perhaps even swoon. A man who's in love sends the object of his affection a dozen roses, but if he is enamored with her, he covers her entire front lawn with a blanket of rose petals. verb be filled with a feeling of love for. it is not difficult to see why Edward is enamored of her synonyms: in love with, infatuated with, besotted with, smitten with, captivated by اسیر و شیفته عشق کسی شدن مجنون عشق کسی شدن

refractory

adjective: stubbornly resistant to authority or control Used to studious high school students, Martha was unprepared for the refractory Kindergarteners who neither sat still nor listened to a single word she said. adjective مقاوم resistant, resisting, refractory, persistent, insistent, opposing سرکش rebellious, disobedient, indomitable, rebel, recalcitrant, refractory گردن کش unyielding, disobedient, insubordinate, refractory, turbulent سر سخت tenacious, stubborn, dogged, tough, recalcitrant, refractory noun

robust

adjective: sturdy and strong in form, constitution, or construction Chris preferred bland and mild beers, but Bhavin preferred a beer with more robust flavor. Use robust to describe a person or thing that is healthy and strong, or strongly built. This adjective also commonly describes food or drink: a robust wine has a rich, strong flavor. If your school has a robust sports program, it means they offer lots of different kinds of sports and that a lot of kids participate. If you have a robust speaking voice, it means you have a voice that's deep and loud and strong. Robust is from Latin robustus "of oak, hard, strong," from robur "oak tree, strength." تنومند stout, robust, huge, rugged, burly, sturdy ستبر thick, robust, stout, sturdy, big, burly

macabre

adjective: suggesting the horror of death and decay; gruesome Edgar Allen Poe was considered the master of the macabre; his stories vividly describe the moment leading up to—and often those moments after—a grisly death. The adjective macabre is used to describe things that involve the horror of death or violence. If a story involves lots of blood and gore, you can call it macabre. ترسناک خوفناک وابسته به رقص مرگ

qualify

to make less severe; to limit (a statement) ازبدی چیزی کاستن qualify verb: to make less severe; to limit (a statement) Chris qualified his love for San Francisco, adding he didn't like the weather there as much as he liked the weather in Los Angeles. This word has other definitions, but this is the most important one to study Make sure you know the context when using the word qualify. In one sense, it means to be right for, to measure up. In another sense, though, qualify means to change something slightly, to limit it or add a condition to it.

hound

سگ تازی hound, wolfhound سگ شکاری hound, ratch, gun dog ادم منفور

imbibe

نوشیدن drink, imbibe, bib.Imbibe is a fancy word for "drink." If you need to imbibe ten cups of coffee just to get out of the house, you might have a caffeine problem.

uncanny

adjective: suggesting the operation of supernatural influences; surpassing the ordinary or normal Reggie has an uncanny ability to connect with animals: feral cats will readily approach him, and sometimes even wild birds will land on his finger. If something is uncanny, it is so mysterious, strange, or unfamiliar that it seems supernatural. If you hear strange music echoing through your attic, you might refer to it as positively uncanny. You can also use uncanny to refer to something that is so remarkable that it is beyond what is natural: as in "uncanny abilities." This adjective was formed in English from the prefix un- "not" and canny "fortunate, safe." The current meaning of English canny is "careful and clever, especially in handling money." adjective غیر طبیعی unnatural, uncanny, preposterous, supernatural, sophisticated, subnormal وهمی illusory, unreal, imaginary, uncanny, bizarre, Gothic جدی serious, earnest, solemn, drastic, rigid, uncanny adjective عجیب و غریب strange or mysterious, especially in an unsettling way.

appurtenant

adjective: supplying added support In hiking Mt. Everest, sherpas are appurtenant, helping climbers both carry gear and navigate treacherous paths. adjective کمکی پشتیبانی کننده dependent, affiliate, related, interdependent, attached, appurtenant noun متعلقات پیوست belonging, paraphernalia, appurtenance, apanage, appanage, appurtenant Something that is appurtenant helps or supports something else. Good physical health is appurtenant to mental well-being. The adjective appurtenant sounds similar to pertinent, and you can use the two words in the same way, to show that something relates or belongs to something else. Appurtenant shows up a lot in scholarly writing, in situations like a building addition that fits, or is appurtenant to the original structure, or a legal decision about whether a claim of discrimination is appurtenant to a particular law.

tawdry

adjective: tastelessly showy; cheap and shoddy Carol expected to find New York City magical, the way so many movies had portrayed it, but she was surprised how often tawdry displays took the place of genuine elegance. Tawdry means cheap, shoddy, or tasteless. It can be used to describe almost anything from clothes to people to even events or affairs. You know that shiny black slip you picked up for nothing at a garage sale and used as the skirt of your lion-tamer Halloween costume? It's a bit tawdry. But it would really be tawdry if you wore it on a regular day out. Tawdry things often have a hint of desperation and immorality — like tawdry extramarital affairs or tawdry tales. With tawdry decorations and jewelry, quality has been exchanged for lots of flash and shine. adjective زرق و برق دار gorgeous, flashy, shiny, tinsel, flamboyant, tawdry جلف jaunty, racy, foppish, sporty, gaudy, tawdry شیت

fell

adjective: terribly evil For fans of the Harry Potter series, the fell Lord Voldemort, who terrorized poor Harry for seven lengthy installments, has finally been vanquished by the forces of good—unless, that is, JK Rowling decides to come out of retirement. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study adjective of terrible evil or ferocity; deadly. sorcerers use spells to achieve their fell ends synonyms: murderous, savage, violent, vicious, fierce, ferocious, barbarous, barbaric, monstrous, cru adjective بیدادگر cruel, fell سنگ دل implacable, obdurate, ungodly, callous, fell, inexorable

base

adjective: the lowest, without any moral principles She was not so base as to begrudge the beggar the unwanted crumbs from her dinner plate. foundation, starting point, or main ingredient of something. A soup base is the flavoring or broth you use to get your soup started. If you're a soldier, you might live on a base ("place where you're stationed"). When your unit plays softball, you must touch each base before scoring. The bottom of pentagon-shaped home plate is its base ("bottom"). Yelling at or pushing the empire is considered base ("mean-spirited") behavior. At end of the season, your team might get a trophy, which sits on a base ("pedestal"), or a plaque made of brass, an alloy of zinc, which is base metal (it corrodes easily). adjective (of a person or a person's actions or feelings) without moral principles; ignoble. the electorate's baser instincts of greed and selfishness synonyms: sordid, ignoble, low, low-minded, mean, immoral, improper, unseemly, unscrupulous, un بی اخلاق فاسد بی ریشه

baleful

adjective: threatening or foreshadowing evil or tragic developments Movies often use storms or rain clouds as a baleful omen of evil events that will soon befall the main character. Baleful means the foreshadowing of tragic or evil events. If no one's listening in class and your teacher reprimands you with a baleful glance, expect a pop quiz. If your car breaks down and you take refuge in a deserted mansion, you might huddle under a dusty blanket and find yourself thinking that the wind moaning at the windows sounds baleful — maybe it's really the voice of a young woman murdered in the very bed where you sleep? خبری پیش گویانه ک عاقبت بدی داشته باشه تهدید دادن و خبر دادن و پیش بینی یک شر از عواقب بد چیزی خبر دادن

timorous

adjective: timid by nature or revealing fear and nervousness Since this was her first time debating on stage and before an audience, Di's voice was timorous and quiet for the first 10 minutes. A timorous person is timid or shy, like your timorous friend who likes to hang out with close pals but gets nervous around big groups of new people. showing or suffering from nervousness, fear, or a lack of confidence. adjective ترسو timid, sheepish, shy, meticulous, timorous, pusillanimous بزدل

jaundiced

adjective: to be biased against due to envy or prejudice Shelly was jaundiced towards Olivia; though the two had once been best friends, Olivia had become class president, prom queen, and, to make matters worse, the girlfriend of the one boy Shelly liked. verb دچار یرقان کردن jaundice برشک و حسد در افتادن jaundice So you wake up in the morning and look in the mirror. To your surprise, and horror, instead of your usual rosy complexion, your skin is yellow and the whites of your eyes are yellow, too! You, my friend, are jaundiced. Jaundice is from the Greek, ikteros, which referred to both the disease and a rare, yellow bird. It was thought that someone with jaundice could stare at this yellow bird, and the jaundice would be magically transferred to the bird. Jaundiced can also refer to ideas or feelings being distorted by negative views or qualities, since yellow has been associated with bitterness and envy. Too bad there is no bird to get rid of that!

arch

adjective: to be deliberately teasing The baroness was arch, making playful asides to the townspeople; yet because they couldn't pick up on her dry humor, they thought her supercilious. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study arch can describe something mischievous or sly: "He teased his friend with an arch comment about his shyness around girls." ناقلا smarty, sly, astute, shrewd, arch, clever شیطان naughty, mischievous, impish, maleficent, puckish, arch کسی که عمدا اذیت می کنه deliberately or affectedly playful and teasing. arch observations about even the most mundane matters synonyms: mischievous, teasing, knowing, playful, roguish, impish, cheeky, tongue-in-cheek, saucy موذی بدسگال

commensurate

adjective: to be in proportion or corresponding in degree or amount The convicted felon's life sentence was commensurate with the heinousness of his crime. The word commensurate has to do with things that are similar in size and therefore appropriate. Many people think the death penalty is a commensurate punishment for murder. In other words, the penalty fits the crime. adjective متناسب

sententious

adjective: to be moralizing, usually in a pompous sense The old man, casting his nose up in the air at the group of adolescents, intoned sententiously, "Youth is wasted on the young." If you speak in sententious phrases, your listeners are probably falling asleep, as your speech is pompous and pretentious, and full of moralistic babble. When sententious first appeared in English — back in the late Middle Ages — it meant "full of wisdom," but now it usually has a negative sense, meaning heavy handed and self-important. The sententious blowhard makes people laugh, and you can probably think of at least three cartoon characters who fit the bill — often a politician or minister who drones on and on, oblivious to the fact that his audience is snickering or trying to sneak out. adjective اغراق امیز hyperbolic, fulsome, sententious, highfalutin, hyperbolical, tall نصیحت امیز admonitory, hortative, sententious اندرز امیز hortative, sententious

remiss

adjective: to be negligent in one's duty Remiss in his duty to keep the school functioning efficiently, the principal was relieved of his position after only three months. If it's your turn to bring in the coffee and donuts for your early morning meeting, and you forget, then your co-workers can say that you were remiss in fulfilling your responsibility to keep them awake with sugar and caffeine. Don't expect to get much done at your meeting. lacking care or attention to duty; negligent. بی قید غفلت کار

histrionic

adjective: to be overly theatrical Though she received a B- on the test, she had such a histrionic outburst that one would have thought that she'd been handed a death sentence. Anything that has to do with actors or acting can be called histrionic, like a Broadway actor's histrionic voice projection that would sound strange in everyday life but is perfect for the stage. The adjective histrionic, pronounced "his-tree-ON-ic," comes from the Latin words histrionicus and histrio which mean "actor." It can describe things that have to do with acting on the stage, but it can also describe a person who in regular life is a little too dramatic and even over-acts, like your friend whose histrionic rantings make a trip to the grocery store seem like a matter of life and death. adjective مربوط به نمایش histrionic نمایشی هیجانی

contrite

adjective: to be remorseful Though he stole his little sister's licorice stick with malevolent glee, Chucky soon became contrite when his sister wouldn't stop crying. We are sorry to inform you that the adjective contrite means regretful, remorseful, or even guilty. Someone who feels remorse or guilt is contrite and in addition to feeling sorry adjective feeling or expressing remorse or penitence; affected by guilt. We are sorry to inform you that the adjective contrite means regretful, remorseful, or even guilty. Someone who feels remorse or guilt is contrite and in addition to feeling sorry, part of the definition includes wanting to atone for having done something wrong. The word comes from the Latin roots com- meaning "together" and terere which means "to rub." It's also related to the Latin word conterere and is defined as "to bruise." In the field of theology being contrite is "being remorseful for past sin and resolved to avoid future sin." adjective پشیمان regretful, remorseful, sorry, penitent, contrite توبه کار penitent, contrite

errant

adjective: to be wandering; not sticking to a circumscribed path Unlike his peers, who spent their hours studying in the library, Matthew preferred errant walks through the university campus. Something or someone described as errant has gone astray or done wrong by going in an unexpected direction. An errant bird might end up in northern Canada while his friends fly to southern Mexico for the winter. Although errant is commonly used as a synonym for "misbehaving" or "naughty," it also refers to things that are just out of place. An errant bomb can hit a house instead of an army base, and an errant lock of hair can get in your eyes. Errant can be intentional, as in "the errant boys skipped school to go to the movies," or unintentional, as in "an errant snowball hit your neighbor instead of your arch enemy." منحرف نا به جا

blinkered

adjective: to have a limited outlook or understanding In gambling, the blinkered addict is easily influenced by past successes and/or past failures, forgetting that the outcome of any one game is independent of the games that preceded it. دید محدود و فکر محدود داشتن

ineffable

adjective: too sacred to be uttered; defying expression or description While art critics can occasionally pinpoint a work's greatness, much of why a piece captures our imaginations is completely ineffable. When you find something hard to express or difficult to pin down, it's ineffable. The feeling when you get a new puppy is ineffable — too strange and wonderful to define. You could call something "indescribable", but it wouldn't be quite the same as calling it ineffable. An ineffable feeling, for example, has an almost ghostly quality. You can almost touch it, but it slips away just before you do. The bubbles in a glass of champagne have an ineffable joy to them. The sense of sadness that you feel watching certain TV commercials is often ineffable: you simply can't explain it. You know that strange feeling of satisfaction you feel when you learn a new word? That's an ineffable feeling. غیر قابل توصیف ineffable نگفتنی unmentionable, incommunicable, ineffable, irrefrangible, unutterable too great or extreme to be expressed or described in words. the ineffable natural beauty of the Everglades synonyms: indescribable, inexpressible, beyond words, beyond description, begging description, indefinable, unutterable, untold, unimaginable, overwhelming, breathtaking, awesome, marvelous, wonderful, staggering, amazing; unutterable, not to be uttered, not to be spoken, unmentionable, forbidden,

pellucid

adjective: transparently clear; easily understandable The professor had a remarkable ability to make even the most difficult concepts seem pellucid. A sentence that teaches a new vocabulary word should always be pellucid, that is, its style and meaning should be easily understandable so that you can derive the definition from the sentence. You may have heard the word lucid, which means clear. Both lucid and pellucid derive from a Latin word that means "to shine through." Pellucid water is clear, a pellucid sky is a particularly intense shade of blue, pellucid prose is writing that's easy to understand, and pellucid singing is clear and light in tone. adjective translucently clear. mountains reflected in the pellucid waters synonyms: translucent, transparent, clear, crystal clear, crystalline, glassy, limpid, unclouded سلیس و روشن شفاف و بلورین

peripatetic

adjective: traveling by foot Jim always preferred a peripatetic approach to discovering a city: he felt that he could see so many more details while walking. If you're reading this on a treadmill or while taking a walk, you may know about the peripatetic, or walking, philosopher Aristotle, who taught while strolling with his students. Or, maybe you just like being a peripatetic, a walking wanderer. Peri- is the Greek word for "around," and peripatetic is an adjective that describes someone who likes to walk or travel around. Peripatetic is also a noun for a person who travels from one place to another or moves around a lot. If you walk in a circle, you are peripatetic, or walking, but you aren't a peripatetic, or wanderer, unless you actually go somewhere. adjective traveling from place to place, especially working or based in various places for relatively short periods. the peripatetic nature of military life synonyms: nomadic, itinerant, traveling, wandering, roving, roaming, migrant, migratory, unsettled Aristotelian. Introductions (attributed to Aristophanes) to some plays of Aeschylus, Sophocles, and Euripides, based on the Didascaliae (lists of dramatic productions) of Aristotle and on Peripatetic research, are extant in an abbreviated form. دوره گرد و پیاده رو

itinerant

adjective: traveling from place to place to work Doctors used to be itinerant, traveling between patients' homes. An itinerant is a person who moves from place to place, typically for work, like the itinerant preacher who moves to a new community every few years. An itinerant is a person who moves from place to place, typically for work, like the itinerant preacher who moves to a new community every few years. Itinerant is pronounced "eye-TIN-er-ant." It might remind you of itinerary, the traveler's schedule that lists flights, hotel check-in times, and other plans. It's no surprise that both words come from the Latin word itinerare, meaning "to travel." Itinerant was first used in the 16th century to describe circuit judges who traveled to faraway courtrooms. Today, almost anyone can be an itinerant. traveling from place to place adjective سیار mobile, itinerant, moving, ambulatory, wandering, ambulant دوره گرد itinerant

picayune

adjective: trifling or petty (a person) English teachers are notorious for being picayune; however, the English language is so nuanced and sophisticated that often such teachers are not being contrary but are only adhering to the rules. adjective بی ارزش worthless, trashy, valueless, junky, trifling, picayune جزئي partial, little, minute, retail, negligible, picayune پست inferior, lowly, despicable, mean, vile, picayune ناچیز poor, little, negligible, insignificant, meager, picayune adjective petty; worthless. the picayune squabbling of party politicians The adjective picayune refers to those things that are so small, trivial, and unimportant that they're not worth getting into. Why focus on the picayune details, when it's the larger ideas that are the real problem? There are several newspapers in America called the Picayune, because they see it as their job to comb through even the minor details of the story to get to the truth. Hear the word "picky" in picayune (though they're not related)? That's one way to remember it. A picky person is picayune. Airline disaster investigators spend their lives rummaging through the debris, knowing that it might be the most picayune detail that leads them to understand the cause of a crash. درپیت

veritable

adjective: truthfully, without a doubt Frank is a veritable life-saver -- last year, on two different occasions, he revived people using CPR. When something is veritable it is true, or at least feels that way. "The trees and lights turned the campus into a veritable wonderland" means that the campus seemed to be transformed into a true wonderland (if there is such a thing). Veritable comes from the Latin veritas which means true. But unlike true, it does not describe things like statements. It is often used to enhance the word that follows it. "A veritable cornucopia of food" is a lot of food of different varieties. If someone calls you "a veritable force of nature," they don't mean that you are actually a hurricane; they just mean that you have the unstoppable quality of a big old storm. واقعی real, actual, true, genuine, factual, veritable حقیقی real, true, actual, genuine, rightful, veritable بحقیقت veritable بتحقیق veritable adjective used as an intensifier, often to qualify a metaphor. the early 1970s witnessed a veritable price explosion synonyms: real, bona fide, authentic, genuine, indubitable, utter, sure as shootin'

disparate

adjective: two things are fundamentally different With the advent of machines capable of looking inside the brain, fields as disparate as religion and biology have been brought together by scientists trying to understand what happens in the brain when people have a religious experience. The trunk of some people's cars may contain items as disparate as old clothes, rotting food, and possibly a missing relative. Disparate things are very different from each other. adjective مختلف different, several, various, diverse, disparate, variant نابرابر unequal, disparate

obdurate

adjective: unable to be persuaded or moved emotionally; stubborn; unyielding. No number of pleas and bribes would get him to change his obdurate attitude. خیره stubborn, dazed, insolent, amazed, bold, impudent سمج stubborn, persistent, importunate, insisting, pertinacious لجوج stubborn, obstinate, dour, opinionated, dogged, obdurate کله شق Obdurate is a formal word meaning stubborn. If you want to major in English, but your parents are obdurate that you should go premed, they might go so far as to threaten not to pay your tuition. This adjective descends from Latin obdurare "to harden." A near synonym is adamant, from Latin adamas "hard metal, diamond." So both of these synonyms derive from the quality of hardness being associated with a stubborn personality. noun جسم جامد و سخت adamant adjective تزلزل ناپذیر imperturbable, adamant یک دنده dogged, obstinate, adamant

irresolute

adjective: uncertain how to act or proceed He stood irresolute at the split in the trail, not sure which route would lead back to the camp. Irresolute describes someone who feels stuck. A decision must be made, a plan acted on, but the irresolute person just doesn't know what to do. Resolute describes certainty. When someone is resolute, things get done: plans are made and carried out. But add the prefix ir to resolute and you get its opposite. An irresolute person isn't necessarily a slacker — he or she just doesn't know what to do. Maybe it's confusion. Maybe it's a matter of waiting for better information to come along. Either way, if someone is irresolute, you'll need to be patient — or willing to nudge him or her into action. مردد hesitant, wavering, hesitating, uncertain, unsure, irresolute دو دل hesitant, indecisive, irresolute, wavery, shilly-shally بی عزم

unforthcoming

adjective: uncooperative, not willing to give up information The teacher demanded to know who broke the window while he was out of the room, but the students understandably were unforthcoming. عدم همکاری عدم تمایل در دادن اطلاعات ******** adjective (of a person) not willing to divulge information. the sergeant seemed unforthcoming, so he inquired at the gate ******** (of something required) not ready or made available when wanted or needed. with money unforthcoming from the company, عدم همکاری برا لو دادن اطلاعات You know when you go to a movie and they show the previews under the heading "coming soon?" They could just as well say forthcoming, because it means the same thing. Only who would want to see that stuffy movie? "Forthcoming with" means "providing"--if your neighbors are not forthcoming with candy on Halloween, you might have to egg their house. When parents complain that their teenagers are not forthcoming with information about their life at school, they should remember how much they valued their privacy when they were their kid's age.

provisional

adjective: under terms not final or fully worked out or agreed upon Until the corporate office hands down a definitive decision on use of the extra offices, we will share their use in a provisional arrangement. Something provisional is temporary, in the sense that it's only valid for a while. You'll often hear provisional used to describe things such as governments, elections, contracts, and agreements, all of which can change into something permanent. People who go camping take provisions, which means supplies for the trip. This can be helpful when you're trying to use provisional properly. Remember that those provisions are, well, provisional—they're only supposed to last until the campers get home, where the real food is waiting. If you're in a rush to start filming, you might consider giving your star a provisional contract, so that you can at least get started. You'll have time to replace the provisional one with a permanent one while you film. adjective موقت temporary, interim, provisional, impermanent, provisory موقتی temporary, interim, temporal, provisional, impermanent, jackleg مشروط conditional, contingent, conditioned, qualified, provisional, constitutional شرطی conditional, eventual, provisional, provisory

untoward

adjective: unfavorable; inconvenient Some professors find teaching untoward as having to prepare for lectures and conduct office hours prevents them from focusing on their research. The adjective untoward describes something offensive or inappropriate, like the rumors of untoward behavior that can shatter a Hollywood icon's reputation. Untoward also describes things that are not good for you, such as untoward advice from someone your parents always said was a bad influence. Think about what you do when you move toward something: you get closer to it. Suppose you're moving toward a goal. You are, as they say, "on the right path." But when you add the prefix un- you reverse that, and you're no longer on the path to that goal — you're untoward. نامساعد نامناسب untoward ناموفق adjective نامساعد unfavorable, bad, inimical, inadequate, uneven, unfair بد bad, evil, ill, icky, unfavorable, amiss نا مطلوب undesirable, unfavorable, unpleasant, unwanted, indign, noisome

bereft

adjective: unhappy in love; suffering from unrequited love After 64 years of marriage, William was bereft after the death of his wife. adjective: sorrowful through loss or deprivation "You are not bereft if you haven't played on your Xbox in the past week," his mother said. So, they took the thing you most loved, and you're never going to get it back. You've gone beyond just plain grief-stricken — you're bereft. The way in which bereft differs just from plain mournful or grief-stricken is in its sense of deprivation or lack. It can be used that way too, for example when you're bereft of words. It's the past tense of bereave, following the same pattern as leave and left. When you see your bereft relatives at a funeral, it's very sad, but if your friend says that their cookie is bereft of chocolate chips, you know they are using exaggerated language to be a little funny. رنجبرده از عشق ناراضی از عشق یک طفه adjective deprived of or lacking something, especially a nonmaterial asset. her room was stark and bereft of color synonyms: deprived of, robbed of, stripped of, devoid of, bankrupt of, wanting, in need of,

desiccated

adjective: uninteresting, lacking vitality Few novelists over 80 are able to produce anything more than desiccated works--boring shadows of former books. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study To be desiccated is to be dried out. If you like desiccated fruit, you like dried fruit — such as raisins or dried apricots. Something that's described with the adjective desiccated is extremely dry, or parched. During a drought, the ground becomes cracked and desiccated. Removing moisture and humidity from something is what makes it become desiccated. The Latin root, desiccatus, means "to make very dry." verb remove the moisture from (something, especially food), typically in order to preserve it. desiccated coconut synonyms: dried, dry, dehydrated, powdered lacking interest, passion, or energy. a desiccated history of ideas verb در جای خشک نگهداشتن desiccate خشک کردن dry, dehumidify,

incessant

adjective: uninterrupted in time and indefinitely long continuing I don't mind small children in brief doses, but I think the incessant exposure that their parents have to them would quickly wear me down. Something incessant continues without interruption. When you're on a cross-country flight, it's tough to tolerate the incessant crying of a baby. پی در پی successive, consecutive, sequential, incessant, repeated, steady پیوسته continuous, attached, joined, contiguous, connected, incessant لاینقطع

erratic

adjective: unpredictable; strange and unconventional It came as no surprise to pundits that the President's attempt at re-election floundered; even during his term, support for his policies was erratic, with an approval rating jumping anywhere from 30 to 60 percent. دمدمی مزاج نامنظم غیرقابل پیش بینی The adjective erratic describes things that are unpredictable, unusual, and that deviate from the norm. An erratic quarterback might completely confuse his receivers waiting for a pass.

unconscionable

adjective: unreasonable; unscrupulous; excessive The lawyer's demands were so unconscionable that rather than pay an exorbitant sum or submit himself to any other inconveniences, the defendant decided to find a new lawyer. Something that is almost unimaginably unacceptable is unconscionable. Think of it as being something that no reasonable person would even think of doing or saying — something unbelievable, outrageous, and often horrible. The word unconscionable is related to the word conscience. Add the un-, and you can see that it refers to something done without applying good moral judgment. The word first appeared in the mid-16th century — presumably everyone up until that time had high scruples and never did or said anything beyond the boundaries of conscience. Sadly, the antonym, conscionable, is rarely used, and, in fact, has been obsolete since the 18th century, though unconscionable remains in frequent use.

brazen

adjective: unrestrained by convention or propriety Their large "donations" to the local police department gave the drug cartel the brazen confidence to do their business out in the open. With brazen disregard for the sign that said "no cellphones please" the woman took a long call in the doctor's office waiting room. Brazen refers to something shocking, done shamelessly bold and without shame. endure an embarrassing or difficult situation by behaving with apparent confidence and lack of shame. verb بی پروایی نشان دادن بی باک

spartan

adjective: unsparing and uncompromising in discipline or judgment; practicing great self-denial After losing everything in a fire, Tim decided to live in spartan conditions, sleeping on the floor and owning as little furniture as a possible. A spartan existence is kind of like being a monk. Your room is bare, you live simply and eat sparingly, and your sheets are probably scratchy. In ancient Greece, there were two great city states: Athens and Sparta. Athens had the artists, the good food, the great parties. Sparta had the warriors — the guys who went to bed early and drilled all day. They lived in bare rooms and didn't get sick days or time off. A spartan life is a life of discipline and self-denial. Some people like it like that. Go figure. تارک ادنیا راهب بی تجمل زندگی ساده و بی تکلف

nonplussed

adjective: unsure how to act or respond Shirley was totally nonplussed when the angry motorist cut her off and then stuck his finger out the window. (of a person) surprised and confused so much that they are unsure how to react. he would be completely nonplussed and embarrassed at the idea (of a person) not disconcerted; unperturbed. verb بی تصمیم بودن مردد بودن nonplus پریشان کردن confound, ail, afflict, agitate, discompose, dishevel

intransigent

adjective: unwilling to change one's beliefs or course of action Despite many calls for mercy, the judge remained intransigent, citing strict legal precedence. Intransigent means inflexible, stubborn, entrenched. Argue all you like with an intransigent three-year-old. He will never back down from the position that he wants the lollipop NOW. Intransigent means inflexible, stubborn, entrenched. Argue all you like with an intransigent three-year-old. He will never back down from the position that he wants the lollipop NOW. Trans has to do with movement — think transportation, or a package in transit, i.e. "on the way." The in- of intransigent means "not," so something or someone who is intransigent is not moving. If one political party wants to raise funds to improve schools but the other is intransigent on the subject of higher taxes, the debate will get nowhere. refusing to compromise غیر قابل تغییر غیر قابل انعطاف سخت و غیر قابل حرکت

loath

adjective: unwilling to do something contrary to your custom (usually followed by 'to') I was loath to leave the concert before my favorite band finished playing. If you are loath to do something, you really don't want to do it. If you are reluctant to go swimming, people will say you are loath to swim, but if they are really mean — they may throw you in anyway. The adjective loath is used to describe being extremely opposed to something. The term is generally followed by to — "The teacher was loath to let the students turn in papers late, but he made an exception for the girl who had missed class due to illness." adjective reluctant; unwilling. I was loath to leave synonyms: reluctant, unwilling, disinclined, ill-disposed, averse, opposed, resistant بی میل بی رغبت بی تمایل برای انجام کاری

taxing

adjective: use to the limit; exhaust The hike to the summit of Mt. Whitney was so taxing that I could barely speak or stand up. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Taxing things are stressful and difficult. Climbing a mountain is taxing, and so is spending an entire day babysitting an unruly toddler. Things that are taxing wear you out, either physically or mentally (or both). You may think of physical jobs like construction work as the most taxing kind of employment, until you realize how emotionally taxing it would be to care for sick patients as a nurse, or how mentally taxing you might find working as an accountant. This adjective comes from the verb tax, which means "to put a strain on." physically or mentally demanding. they find the work too taxing طاقت فرسا صعب خسته کننده

munificent

adjective: very generous Uncle Charley was known for his munificence, giving all seven of his nephews lavish Christmas presents each year. larger or more generous than is usual or necessary. کریم سخاوتمند very generous If you give your best friend a bracelet for her birthday, then you're a good friend. If you give her a diamond bracelet, a racehorse, and an oil well, then you're a munificent friend, meaning you are very lavish when it comes to giving gifts. (And it's possible you may also be broke.)

voracious

adjective: very hungry; approaching an activity with gusto Steven was a voracious reader, sometimes finishing two novels in the same day. Voracious is an adjective used to describe a wolflike appetite. It might be a craving for food or for something else, such as power, but the word usually denotes an unflattering greediness. Voracious comes from the Latin vorāre, "to devour." The word is usually associated with swallowing or devouring food in a ravenous manner, but it can be used of someone intensely involved in any activity. Pierre Salinger referred to President Kennedy as a "voracious reader," while Robert Bakker once likened the IRS to a "voracious, small-minded predator." wanting or devouring great quantities of food. گرسنه حریص

splenetic

adjective: very irritable Ever since the car accident, Frank has been unable to walk without a cane, and so he has become splenetic and unpleasant to be around. very irritable Synonyms: bristly, prickly, waspish ill-natured having an irritable and unpleasant disposition adjective bad-tempered; spiteful. a splenetic outburst synonyms: bad-tempered, ill-tempered, angry, cross, peevish, petulant, pettish, irritable بسیار زود رنج و کج خلق

thoroughgoing

adjective: very thorough; complete As a thoroughgoing bibliophile, one who had turned his house into a veritable library, he shocked his friends when he bought a Kindle. تما م و کمال بسیار دقیق

bellicose

adjective: warlike; inclined to quarrel Known for their bellicose ways, the Spartans were once the most feared people from Peloponnesus to Persia. If you walk into a high school where you know no one, find the toughest looking girl in the halls and tell her she's ugly, them's fighting words. Or bellicose ones. Bellicose means eager for war. adjective جنگجو combatant, belligerent, combative, bellicose, pugnacious, martial فتنه جو bellicose, inflammatory, militant, seditious اماده بجنگ Bellicose is from Latin bellum "war." A near synonym is belligerent, from the same Latin noun. You may wonder if they're connected to the Latin bellus "pretty, handsome," which gives us the names Bella or Isabella, as well as belle "a beautiful woman." They're not. War and beauty are not related, except in the case of Helen of Troy.

dilatory

adjective: wasting time Lawyers use dilatory tactics so that it takes years before the case is actually decided. Something dilatory creates a delay. If you are a high school student, once in a while you might have used dilatory tactics if you forgot to do your homework. The adjective dilatory comes from the Latin root word dilator, a noun that means someone who puts off things, or a procrastinator. If you are always late to appointments, people may accuse you of being dilatory, especially if they think you don't have a good excuse. تاخیری dilatory intended to delay

affluent

adjective: wealthy The center of the city had sadly become a pit of penury, while, only five miles away, multi-million dollar homes spoke of affluence. You know you're driving through an affluent neighborhood when you see large houses, perfect landscaping, and expensive cars. Use affluent to describe wealthy people or areas. ثروتمند مرفه

ponderous

adjective: weighed-down; moving slowly Laden with 20 kilograms of college text books, the freshman moved ponderously across the campus. When you call Frankenstein ponderous, it's not because he likes to ponder the great questions of life. It's because he moves like a Mack truck, only slower and less gracefully. Ponderous also describes a person's manner, or their manner of speaking. If it does, this is a person you will want to avoid. They're solemn, speak slowly about things that are boring, and get to the punchline of a joke about seven years after anyone with half a brain has figured it out for themselves. adjective سنگین heavy, serious, hefty, hard, weighty, ponderous وزین weighty, heavy, ponderous, massy خیلی سنگین ponderous پر زحمت grinding, laborious, arduous, toilsome, effortful, ponderous adjective slow and clumsy because of great weight. her footsteps were heavy and ponderous

cohesive

adjective: well integrated, forming a united whole A well-written, cohesive essay will keep on topic at all times, never losing sight of the main argument. When the parts of the whole work or fit together well, they are cohesive, like a cohesive family whose members pitch in with everything from making dinner to painting the house. The adjective cohesive comes from the Latin word cohaerere, or "to cleave together." Cohesive things stick together, so they are unified. A cohesive neighborhood's members get together to plan things like block parties, and they work together to solve problems. A cohesive fitness plan would include menus and exercise routines designed to lose weight, build muscle, and so on. منسجم adjective چسباننده cohesive, agglutinate چسبناک sticky, adhesive, viscous, viscose, gooey, cohesive

illustrious

adjective: widely known and esteemed; having or conferring glory Einstein was possibly the most illustrious scientist in recent history. Something that's Illustrious is well known or famous, leaving a trail of glory in its wake. An illustrious career, for example, is full of impressive achievements and celebrated contributions to society. Coming from the Latin illustris, meaning "bright, distinguished, famous," illustrious is a powerful adjective. It's similar to luster, which is a brilliant shine — so imagine that something illustrious is as wonderful as a sparkling diamond. Use this word to describe the career or reputation of someone really successful, like a bestselling author or business mogul. adjective برجسته outstanding, prominent, leading, distinguished, eminent, illustrious درخشان bright, shining, luminous, shiny, stellar, illustrious نامی famous, illustrious ممتاز privileged, excellent, distinguished, outstanding, illustrious, preferential

malevolent

adjective: wishing or appearing to wish evil to others; arising from intense ill will or hatred Villains are known for their malevolent nature, oftentimes inflicting cruelty on others just for enjoyment. If someone is malevolent, they wish evil on others. If you find yourself approaching someone with a malevolent look in her eye, best to run the other way. Malevolent comes from the Latin word malevolens, which means "ill-disposed, spiteful"; its opposite is benevolent, which means "wishing good things for others." A malevolent person might display satisfaction at someone else's problems. But it's not only individuals who can be malevolent. If you think that television violence influences viewers to violence, you see television as a malevolent force. The stress is on the second syllable: muh-LEV-uh-lent. adjective بدخواه malevolent, malignant, sinister نحس malevolent, unlucky, infelicitous بد نهاد malevolent, malign, ill-sorted شیطانی

blatant

adjective: without any attempt at concealment; completely obvious Allen was often punished in school for blatantly disrespecting teachers. Something blatant is very obvious and offensive. Don't get caught in a blatant lie, because you won't be able to weasel your way out of it. تابلو adjective رسوا infamous, blatant, ignominious, ashamed, opprobrious خشن rough, harsh, bearish, tough, coarse, blatant پر سر و صدا noisy, piercing, tumultuous, deafening, loud, blatant خود نما ostentatious, posing, showy, sparking, foppish, blatant

conspicuous

adjective: without any attempt at concealment; completely obvious American basketball players are always conspicuous when they go abroad--not only are they American, but some are over seven feet tall. Keep your eye on the adjective conspicuous for something that stands out so much you notice it right away — like that zit in the center of your friend's forehead. انگشت نما conspicuous, egregious, flagrant اشکار clear, manifest, obvious, plain, apparent, conspicuous ظاهر توی چشم خور conspicuous

wanton

adjective: without check or limitation; showing no moral restraints to one's anger, desire, or appetites Due to wanton behavior and crude language, the drunk man was thrown out of the bar and asked to never return. Wanton describes something excessive, uncontrolled and sometimes even cruel. The principal sees a food fight as a wanton act of vandalism done with wanton disregard for the rules, but the kids might just see it as fun. Wanton comes from the Old English wan- "lacking" and togen "to train, discipline," in other words, "lacking in discipline." Wanton extravagance is excessive and uncontrolled, whereas a wanton act of terrorism is random and intentionally cruel. Sometimes in older novels, you will see wanton used as a disapproving term to describe a sexually active person, particularly a woman, a usage that is considered old-fashioned today. زن شهوت ران noun حرف نشنو wanton بازیگوش wanton adjective گستاخ perky, insolent, rude, impudent, bold, wanton سرکش rebellious, disobedient, indomitable, rebel, recalcitrant, wanton جسور daring, bold, defiant, cocky, hardy, wanton

impeccable

adjective: without fault or error He was impeccably dressed in the latest fashion without a single crease or stain. The adjective impeccable describes something or someone without any flaws. A stand-up comedian needs impeccable timing for his jokes to work. The adjective impeccable refers to something or someone without marking or error — but it can also mean to be spotless or clean. The word comes from the Latin impeccabilis and means "to be sinless," which is also one of the senses, now outdated, in English. You can see how "clean" comes from "sinless." Because of the messy nature of picnic food, it is highly unlikely that you would leave with your clothing still as impeccable as when you arrived, especially if you like mustard and ketchup! بی عیب و نقص بدون اشتباه بی گناه

inarticulate

adjective: without or deprived of the use of speech or words Although a brilliant economist, Professor Black was completely inarticulate, a terrible lecturer. adjective غیر ملفوظ inarticulate بی بند inarticulate درست ادا نشده inarticulate وابسته به بی مفصلان inarticulate بی مفصل inarticulate حروف یا الفاظ بی دور پیکر و خوب تلفظ نشده بدون مفضل

evenhanded

adjective: without partiality Teachers often have trouble being evenhanded to all of their varied students. Evenhanded means fair to all sides. If your essay is evenhanded, it should look at both sides of an argument, without showing a preference for one side or the other. When you talk about two opposing ideas, you often invoke the idea of hands. "On the one hand," you begin, discussing the first idea, and then move on to discuss its opposite, starting in with, "On the other hand." Evenhanded means treating both "hands" evenly. Of course, you're not really talking about hands — you're talking about sides of an arguments, or siblings splitting a cookie. adjective منصفانه fair, just, impartial, candid, evenhanded بیغرضانه disinterested, evenhanded بیطرفانه fair, evenhanded adjective fair and impartial in treatment or judgment.

unscrupulous

adjective: without scruples or principles In the courtroom, the lawyer was unscrupulous, using every manner of deceit and manipulation to secure a victory for himself. Use the adjective unscrupulous to describe someone who behaves in a dishonest or unethical way. adjective بی پروا reckless, unscrupulous, heady, headlong, audacious, foolhardy بی مرام unscrupulous, unprincipled, viewless, aimless بیتوجه به نیک و بد unscrupulous

insidious

adjective: working in a subtle but destructive way Plaque is insidious: we cannot see it, but each day it eats away at our enamel, causing cavities and other dental problems. If something is slowly and secretly causing harm, it's insidious — like the rumors no one seems to listen to until suddenly someone's reputation is ruined. Insidious is related to the Latin noun, īnsidiae meaning "ambush" which comes from the Latin verb, īnsidēre "to lie in wait for." This is very fitting as an insidious rumor or problem is one whose negative effect is not realized until the damage is already done. Similarly, an insidious disease develops internally without symptoms, so that you don't realize right away that you are sick. adjective موذی insidious, harmful, mischievous, sly, hurtful, snaky پر از توطئه insidious دسیسه امیز

callow

adjective: young and inexperienced Both Los Angeles and New York are known for callow out-of-towners hoping to make it big. If you're a rookie or new to something, you could be described as callow — like callow freshmen in high school or the callow receptionist who can't figure out how to transfer a call. بدون دم ,و بی مو The word callow comes from the Old English word calu, which meant "bald or featherless." It was used to describe young, fledgling birds. Over time, the meaning expanded to include young, inexperienced people. You'll most often see the adjective paired with the noun youth. Think of the callow youth as people who haven't tested their wings yet. جوان خام و نپخته جوان بی تجربه

fledgling

adjective: young and inexperienced noun: any new participant in some activity Murray has years of experience in family practice, but he is just a fledgling in surgery. A fledgling is a fuzzy baby bird just learning to fly, or someone (like a baby bird) who's brand new at doing something. Awww. If you're not talking about a baby bird, fledgling is often used as an adjective describing a new participant in something, like a fledgling senator still learning the ropes of how to legislate, or a fledgling drama program trying to build audiences for its plays. It can also mean inexperienced and young, like the fledgling photographer for the school paper who accidentally erases all the pictures. If you're British, spell it fledgeling if you like, both spellings are correct. تازه وارد جدید جوجه تازه پر و بال دراورده

amok

adverb: in a frenzied or uncontrolled state Wherever the bowl haircut teen-idol went, his legions of screaming fans ran through the streets amok, hoping for a glance at his boyish face. Most of our words are rooted in Greek, Latin, or German, so it's refreshing to see a word that arose in a whole different language: amok's origins are in the Malay language of Indonesia. In the 1500s, a Portuguese writer and explorer named Duarte Barbosa described a murderous tribe on the island of Java as the "Amuco," and the word passed on into English. Amuco came from Amuk, a Malay word meaning "attacking furiously." مجنون

assiduously

adverb: with care and persistence The top college football program recruits new talent assiduously, only choosing those who were the top in their county. Something done assiduously is done with care and dedication. If you assiduously count your lemonade stand earnings, you tally up the dimes and quarters very carefully, possibly counting them twice to make sure you get it right. Diligence, care, thoroughness, precision — all of these describe what's needed to do something assiduously. It comes from the Latin word assiduus, which means "busy, incessant, continual, or constant." The people who shelf books at your local library do so assiduously — they take great care to put the books exactly where they belong in the stacks so that others can find them. به طور دقیق و با احتیاط ا ممارست و کوشش به طور زحمت اوری

constituent

being a part of a whole. the constituent minerals of the rock synonyms: component, integral, elemental, basic, essential, inherent being a voting member of a community or organization and having the power to appoint or elect. noun: a citizen who is represented in a government by officials for whom he or she votes The mayor's constituents are no longer happy with her performance and plan to vote for another candidate in the upcoming election. noun: an abstract part of something The constituents of the metal alloy are nickel, copper, and tin. noun جزء اصلی constituent موکل client, constituent انتخاب کننده selector, chooser, constituent

commendable

commendable adjective: worthy of high praise The efforts of the firefighters running into the burning building were commendable. If something's commendable it deserves whatever praise it receives. When you developed a car that could run on solar power, that was a commendable accomplishment. Now, it's time to move from Seattle. Coming from the verb "to commend," commendable can find its roots in the Latin commendāre, meaning "to praise." So, it only makes sense that someone who has done some commendable deed should get praise for it. American author James Branch Cabell once wrote: "While it is well enough to leave footprints on the sands of time, it is even more important to make sure they point in a commendable direction." قابل تحسین

concede

concede verb: acknowledge defeat I concede. You win! اقرار کردن verb: admit (to a wrongdoing) After a long, stern lecture from her father, Olivia conceded to having broken the window. verb: give over; surrender or relinquish to the physical control of another The Spanish were forced to concede much of the territory they had previously conquered. واگذار کردن concede, cede, assign, relegate, give, transfer دادن give, give, grant, admit, impute, concede تصدیق کردن

cryptic

cryptic adjective: mysterious or vague, usually intentionally Since Sarah did not want her husband to guess the Christmas present she had bought him, she only answered cryptically when he would ask her questions about it. "White bunny. Moon. Square." Do you understand what that means? Of course not! It's totally cryptic. Cryptic comments or messages are hard to understand because they seem to have a hidden meaning. مرموز mysterious, cryptic, enigmatic, secretive, inscrutable, weird رمزی coded, symbolic, secret, encoded, cryptic, occult پنهان hidden, secret, latent, back-door, surreptitious, cryptic سری

deferential

deferential adjective: showing respect If you ever have the chance to meet the president, stand up straight and be deferential. When a young person shows respect and obedience to an older person, they're being deferential to the elder's wisdom and experience. adjective باحرمت deferential از روی احترام deferential To be obedient, courteous, or dutiful are all ways of being deferential. Bowing low to the Queen is a deferential act when visiting Buckingham Palace. On sports teams, rookies are usually deferential to the veterans and star players, while all players should be deferential to the coach. All employees are expected to be at least a little deferential to their bosses. Being deferential shows respect, but also means "I know my place, and it's lower than yours."

unnerve

disturb the composure of مرعوب کردن intimidate, terrify, unnerve دلسرد کردن discourage, dishearten, dissuade, unnerve, disappoint, estrange عصبانی کردن irritate, enrage, annoy, blow up, flurry, unnerve فاقد عصب کردن

irascible

irascible adjective: quickly aroused to anger If Arthur's dog is not fed adequately, he becomes highly irascible, even growling at his own shadow. If you're irascible, you get angry easily — perhaps blowing up in rage when someone brushes into you. Irascible comes from the Latin root ira, which means "anger" or "rage," the same root that gives us the word ire, "anger." The -sc in the middle of irascible, means "becoming," so irascible doesn't just mean you're angry — it's got action built into it. If you're looking for a fight most of the time, then you're irascible — ready for the spark that's going to set you on fire Definitions of irascible adjective having or showing a tendency to be easily angered. an irascible man synonyms: irritable, quick-tempered, short-tempered, hot-tempered, testy, touchy, tetchy, edgy, cra adjective سودایی irascible, passionate, hypochondriac, atrabilious تند طبع irascible زود خشم irascible زود غضب irascible اتشی مزاج fiery, passionate, irascible, hot-blooded

tirade

is a speech, usually consisting of a long string of violent, emotionally charged words. Borrow and lose your roommate's clothes one too many times, and you can bet you'll be treated to a heated tirade. noun: an angry speech In terms of political change, a tirade oftentimes does little more than make the person speaking red in the face. سخنرانی دراز وشدیداللحن

Capricious

is an adjective to describe a person or thing that's impulsive and unpredictable, like a bride who suddenly leaves her groom standing at the wedding altar. adjective: determined by chance or impulse or whim rather than by necessity or reason Nearly every month our capricious CEO had a new plan to turn the company around, and none of them worked because we never gave them the time they needed to succeed. adjective هوس باز capricious, chimerical, pixilated, light دمدمی مزاج

ambivalent

mixed or conflicting emotions about something If you can't decide how you feel about something, declare yourself ambivalent about it. adjective: mixed or conflicting emotions about something Sam was ambivalent about studying for the exam because doing so ate up a lot of his time, yet he was able to improve his analytical skills adjective: mixed or conflicting emotions about something Sam was ambivalent about studying for the exam because doing so ate up a lot of his time, yet he was able to improve his analytical skills. دمدمی quirky, ambivalent, fickle, fitful, chimerical, freakish دارای دو جنبه ambivalent دو جنبه ای دو به شک

veracity

n , it means truthfulness Veracity sounds like some kind of disease you don't want to catch, but in fact, it means truthfulness. If you question the veracity of a statement or story, you wonder whether it is truthful or accurate. Veracity is linked to the adjective veracious or "truthful." But don't confuse veracious with voracious. A voracious person eats very large amounts of food. If you were veracious, or "truthful," you'd tell them they look fat. صداقت

iconoclast

noun بت شکن Are you always challenging the establishment? Or provoking popular thought by attacking traditions and institutions? Then you're definitely an iconoclast.

idiosyncrasy

noun: a behavioral attribute that is distinctive and peculiar to an individual Peggy's numerous idiosyncrasies include wearing mismatched shoes, laughing loudly to herself, and owning a pet aardvark. noun شیوه ویژه هر نویسنده idiosyncrasy حال مخصوص idiosyncrasy طبیعت ویژه idiosyncrasy طرز فکر ویژه idiosyncrasy خصوصیاتاخلاقی idiosyncrasy خصلت a peculiar personality trait

foible

noun: a behavioral attribute that is distinctive and peculiar to an individual When their new roommate sat staring at an oak tree for an hour, Marcia thought it indicated a mental problem, but Jeff assured her it was a harmless foible. noun ضعف weakness, faint, infirmity, asthenia, atony, foible نقطه ضعف blind spot, foible تیغه شمشیر foible صعف اخلاقی foible If you repeat foible out loud enough times, it sounds so funny that you can laugh at it and maybe remember to laugh at the odd and distinctive weaknesses of others — the foible or two or a hundred that we all have. Sometimes a foible helps make a person who they are, even if the foible, or weakness ("feeble" is a close relative), is a little odd. Synonyms for foible in a negative sense are "failing," "shortcoming," and in a more positive sense "quirk," "eccentricity." It can likewise be annoying or endearing. Most people have a foible, or idiosyncrasy, that stands out to others, but interestingly, a person rarely sees his or her own characteristic foible.

jargon

noun: a characteristic language of a particular group To those with little training in medicine, the jargon of doctors can be very difficult to understand. اصطلاحات مخصوص یک صنف jargon لهجه خاص special words or expressions that are used by a particular profession or group and are difficult for others to understand. Jargon usually means the specialized language used by people in the same work or profession. Internet advertising jargon includes the terms "click throughs" and "page views." This noun can also refer to language that uses long sentences and hard words. If you say that someone's speech or writing is full of jargon, this means you don't approve of it and think it should be simplified. In Middle English, this word referred to chattering, so its origin is probably imitative: it echoes the sound of chatter or meaningless words. اصطلاحات تخصصی مربوط به یک رشته

ploy

noun: a clever plan to turn a situation to one's advantage Dennis arranged an elaborate ploy, involving 14 different people lying for him in different situations, so that it could appear that he was meeting Mary completely by chance at the wedding reception. نیرنگ trick, trickery, deception, ruse, craft, artifice خدعه

imbroglio

noun: a confusing and potentially embarrassing situation The chef cook-off featured one gourmand who had the unfortunate distinction of mixing the wrong broths, creating an imbroglio that diners would not soon forget. noun سوء تفاهم misunderstanding, misapprehension, misgiving, miscalculation, imbroglio درهم و برهم olio, imbroglio مسئله غامض imbroglio قطعه موسیقی درهم امیخته و نامرتب imbroglio An imbroglio is a complicated or confusing personal situation. To rephrase the J. Geils band song, "Love Stinks," if you love her and she loves him and he loves somebody else, you've got quite an imbroglio. Although an imbroglio is a tangled situation or a messy complicated misunderstanding, its history is just the opposite, clear as a bell. Imbroglio is just a borrowed word from Italian meaning "entanglement." If something embarrassing happens at a public event, such as a mishap during the musical performances at the Super Bowl, it is sometimes called an imbroglio. وضعیت شلم شور با noun an extremely confused, complicated, or embarrassing situation. the Watergate imbroglio synonyms: complicated situation, complication, problem, difficulty, predicament, trouble, confusion,

despot

noun: a cruel and oppressive dictator The Emperor Claudius was regarded as a fair-minded leader; his successor, Nero, was an absolute despot. A despot, is a cruel, all-controlling ruler. For example, a despot does not allow people to speak out against the leadership, nor really want them to have much freedom at all. The word despot came into English in the sixteenth century from Old French, but it traces all the way back to the Greek word despotes, meaning "master of a household, lord, absolute ruler." The word is often used to describe someone who abuses power and oppresses others. Obviously, it's not a nice thing to call someone, especially within earshot of the despot who has absolute power over you. دیکتاتور قانون گذا ر دیکتاتور

boon

noun: a desirable state Modern technology has been a boon to the travel industry. adjective: very close and convivial He was a boon companion to many, and will be sadly missed. Boon means something beneficial to a specific person, entity, or cause. "Getting called out of school on the day of the test was a boon for Sam, as he hadn't remembered to study." Boon derives from the Old Norse bón, a request for a favor. Think of boon as a favor that no one has necessarily asked for, something extra. "We'd just spent our last dollar on a cup of coffee so it was a real boon to find a ten dollar bill lying on the sidewalk." Boon can also be an adjective for someone friendly and welcoming, as in "a boon companion." noun a thing that is helpful or beneficial. the navigation system will be a boon to both civilian and military users synonyms: blessing, godsend, bonus, plus, benefit, advantage, help, aid, asset, stroke of luck, windfall a favor or request. may I have the inestimable boon of a few minutes' conversation? adjective (of a companion or friend) close; intimate; favorite. he debated the question with a few boon companions in the barroom خیلی دوستانه و صمیمی حالت مطلوب

anathema

noun: a detested person; the source of somebody's hate Hundreds of years ago, Galileo was anathema to the church; today the church is anathema to some on the left side of the political spectrum. Something that one absolutely and positively cannot stand is anathema. Garlic is anathema to vampires (ditto for stakes and daylight). So is kryptonite to Superman or a silver bullet to a werewolf. Originally the term anathema comes from the Catholic practice of denouncing a particular individual or idea that was antithetical to the Catholic Church. If done to a person, it excommunicated them, meaning they could no longer partake in the church's sacraments (with presumably pretty poor consequences for the soul.) That's a lot worse than kryptonite. noun لعنت و تکفیر anathema هر چیزی که مورد لعن واقع شود anathema مرتد شناخته شده از طرف روحانیون anathema ملعون

conundrum

noun: a difficult problem Computers have helped solve some of the mathematical conundrums which have puzzled man for many centuries. The tricky word conundrum is used to describe a riddle or puzzle, sometimes including a play on words or pun. One of the most famous conundrums is the riddle of the Sphinx, famously in the play Oedipus the King by Sophocles. Oedipus encounters the Sphinx, a mythical beast, who asks him, "What walks on four legs in the morning, two in the afternoon, and three in the evening?" The answer is "A person": crawling as a child, walking as an adult, and using a cane in old age. The scary thing is that if the Sphinx asked you the riddle and you didn't know, she'd eat you! noun معما puzzle, riddle, mystery, conundrum, enigma, crux چیستان conundrum, riddle, crux, enigma, puzzle, problem مسئله بغرنج وپیچیده conundrum

malady

noun: a disease or sickness The town was struck by a malady throughout the winter that left most people sick in bed for two weeks. A malady is an illness, like a malady that keeps you home, sick in bed for days, or something that causes you to have trouble or to suffer, like jet lag — a malady that affects travelers. بیماری illness, sickness, malady مرض disease, illness, sickness, malady ناخوشی

umbrage

noun: a feeling of anger caused by being offended Since he was so in love with her, he took umbrage at her comments, even though she had only meant to gently tease him. رنجش ازردگی خاطر When someone takes umbrage at something, they find it offensive, and it probably makes them angry. Umbrage comes from the same source as umbrella, the Latin umbra, "shade, shadow." The umbrella was invented to keep you in shade, and when you take umbrage at something, you're casting a shadow over the person or thing responsible for the offense. I take umbrage at the suggestion that I'm not a nice person: it's offensive and infuriating. After having devoted my life to helping animals, I might take umbrage at the notion that I've been doing it for publicity purposes: I resent the idea that it was for any other reason than my love of animals.

presentiment

noun: a feeling of evil to come On the night that Lincoln would be fatally shot, his wife had a presentiment about going to Ford's Theater, but Lincoln persuaded her that everything would be fine. Do you ever have the feeling that something bad is about to happen? That's called a presentiment. The word presentiment comes from the Latin word præsentire, meaning "to sense beforehand." Some people call it a "gut feeling." For example, if you leave for a trip and something doesn't feel right, you may chalk it up to just being nervous. But later, when your flight is cancelled and you lose your luggage, you may remember that little twinge — the presentiment that something bad was about to happen. حس پیش گویی یه اتفاق بد احساس وقوع امری از پیش presentiment حس دلهره رخت شستن تو دل noun an intuitive feeling about the future, especially one of foreboding. a presentiment of disaster synonyms: premonition, foreboding, intuition, (funny) feeling, hunch, feeling in one's bones

solicitude

noun: a feeling of excessive concern I walked to his house in the rain to make sure he had enough to eat while he was sick, but he seemed not to appreciate my solicitude. Solicitude is more-than-average concern for someone. When you're sick in bed, it's nice to have someone around to treat you with solicitude, hovering nearby, bringing you cups of tea, and handing you tissues all day. Someone who shows you solicitude obviously cares about you. You could act with solicitude toward a lost child in a shopping mall if you calm him, dry his tears, and help him find his mother. Sometimes solicitude implies too much concern, bordering on anxiety. The Latin word for agitated is sollicitus — which is also the root of solicitude. noun care or concern for someone or something. I was touched by his solicitude مراقب زیاد و مثل پروانه دور چیزی چرخیدن

euphoria

noun: a feeling of great (usually exaggerated) elation The euphoria of winning her first gold medal in the 100 meter dash overwhelmed Shelly-Ann Fraser and she wept tears of immense joy. خوشحالی euphoria, glee, gladness, satisfaction, mirth رضامندی satisfaction, euphoria رضایت Use euphoria to describe a feeling of great happiness and well-being, but know that euphoria often more than that--it's unusually, crazy happy, over the top. Euphoria can even be classified as a mental illness. The earliest use of euphoria was to describe the relief provided by a medical procedure. The word was borrowed from New Latin, from the Greek word meaning "ability to bear easily, fertility," from euphoros "healthy," from the prefix eu- "good, well" plus pherein "to bear."

charlatan

noun: a flamboyant deceiver; one who attracts customers with tricks or jokes You may call him a "motivational speaker," but I call him a charlatan--he doesn't have any idea what he's really talking about. A charlatan is a quack, a person who is trying to deceive you with false claims. Beware of charlatans who try to sell you access to the fountain of youth or to a Ponzi scheme disguised as an exclusive investment fund. A charlatan is one who pretends to possess knowledge he or she lacks. From the 16th century Italian ciarlatano "a quack," the usage of charlatan has not shifted much. Other words for charlatan are impostor, cheat, or pretender. Charlatans are marked by the elaborate schemes they cook up. Russian playwright Anton Chekhov said, "No psychologist should pretend to understand what he does not understand...Only fools and charlatans know everything and understand nothing." شارلاتان charlatan, quack, mountebank, quacksalver, sciolist ادم حقه باز rascal, charlatan, mountebank زبان باز charlatan, quack, quacksalver, sophist ادم زبان باز charlatan

juggernaut

noun: a force that cannot be stopped Napoleon was considered a juggernaut until he decided to invade Russia in winter; after which, his once indomitable army was decimated by cold and famine. Juggernaut means a massive force. If the army marching into your country is a juggernaut, you're doomed. If you're trying to market a new Cola product, you're up against corporate giant Coca-Cola, a beverage juggernaut if ever there was one. With its roots in Hindi, juggernaut originally referred to a crude statue from which the Hindu god, Brahma, turned into the living god, Krishna. There continues to be a festival in honor of this miracle, in which a statue of Krishna is carted through town. It is said that in times past, devotees would throw themselves under the cart's wheels. noun نیروی عظیم منهدم کننده juggernaut نیروی تخریبی مهیب juggernaut

panegyric

noun: a formal expression of praise Dave asked Andrew to do just a simple toast, but Andrew launched into a full panegyric, enumerating a complete list of Dave's achievements and admirable qualities. A formal, high-minded speech can be described with a formal, high-minded word — the word panegyric, which is a very elaborate tribute to someone. You could consider most eulogies as panegyrics. It stands to reason that the original use of the word panegyris, from which panegyric derives, was to describe a public gathering in honor of a Greek god. The Latin, L. panegyricus, altered slightly to mean ***"public eulogy,"**** which around the 16th Century shifted to the French panégyrique, which meant "laudation." In any case, the word today stands for high praise given in a speech or tribute as highfalutin as the word itself sounds. noun a public speech or published text in praise of someone or something. Vera's panegyric on friendship synonyms: eulogy, speech of praise, paean, accolade مدح ستایش تقدیر رسمی

curmudgeon

noun: a grouchy, surly person Since Uncle Mike was the family curmudgeon, each Thanksgiving he was plied with copious amounts of wine, in the hope that he would become less grouchy. Old, cranky, and more than a little stubborn, a curmudgeon is the gruff, grey-haired neighbor who refuses to hand out candy at Halloween and shoos away holiday carolers with a "bah humbug!" As fickle and stubborn as the type of person it describes, curmudgeon comes to us without a history, its origins undisclosed. It was originally believed to have come from coeur mechant, the French phrase for "evil heart," but that theory has been long discarded. Don't worry though, you'll know a curmudgeon when you see one: He'll be ill-tempered and miserly, eager to shake his fist and spout disagreeable opinions. a bad-tempered or surly person. بخیل curmudgeon ادم خسیس miser, curmudgeon, niggard, save-all لئیم curmudgeon ادم جوکی curmudgeon

misanthrope

noun: a hater of mankind Kevin is such a misanthrope that he refused to attend the Christmas party, claiming that everyone's happiness was "fake" and "annoying." a person who dislikes humankind and avoids human society. A misanthrope is a person who hates or mistrusts other people. Your great aunt Edna who lashes out at anyone who approaches, convinced they'll steal the jewelry she keeps in her handbag on her lap? A misanthrope indeed. This is a formal word, derived from Greek misanthrōpos "hating mankind," from misein "to hate" plus anthrōpos "a man." From the same root, we get the English word anthropology "the study of humans." If you make a statement or do something that is particularly hostile or untrusting, you can call that misanthropic. آدم به دور آدم گریز کسی که آدم دوست نیست

paucity

noun: a lack of something There is a paucity of jobs hiring today that require menial skills, since most such jobs have either been automated or outsourced. The word paucity means not enough of something. If you've got a paucity of good cheer, for example, you'd better cheer up! One good way to remember the meaning of paucity is that it's a bit like pauper, as in The Prince and the Pauper. The prince had too much money, and the pauper had a paucity. There are a lot of words that mean "little" or "small," but paucity is used when you mean specifically "not enough" or "too little." People in LA don't understand how New Yorkers can live with such a paucity of space. For what New Yorkers pay for a tiny apartment, Angelenos get a house and a yard. اندک paucity, modicum, pinch, whit, drib, scantling قلت paucity, tenuity عدد کم paucity کمی

dearth

noun: a lack or shortage I am surprised by the dearth of fast food chains; this is America and I assumed they were on every street. If there is a dearth of something, there is not enough of it. A dearth of cupcakes is unfortunate, but a dearth of nutritious food is a serious problem. Dearth is an Old English noun formed from the adjective deore, "precious, costly," and the noun-forming suffix -th. Though the relationship of dearth meaning "lack, insufficient amount" to the adjective dear is not so obvious, it is still easy to imagine that something precious is probably also in short supply. Dearth is used almost exclusively in the phrase "a dearth of." کمبود فقدان

dissolution

noun: a living full of debauchery and indulgence in sensual pleasure Many Roman emperors were known for their dissolution, indulging in unspeakable desires of the flesh. The dissolution of a relationship means that it's broken up or ended. The dissolution of your band means you better get started on your solo album. Dissolution comes from the Latin word dissolutio, meaning "a dissolving of something." Dissolution looks very similar to "dissolve," so to help you remember the meaning, think about what happens if you put paper in water — it breaks apart. A dissolution of a marriage is the same thing as divorce. Although it sounds like disillusion, if you try to use them interchangeably, your logic will fall apart. انحلال از هم پاشیدگی منحل شدگی

gambit

noun: a maneuver or risk in a game or conversation, designed to secure an advantage Randy played a gambit, telling his boss that he would leave at the end of the week if he didn't get a raise. A gambit is a strategic move, often in chess but also in politics or business, where a player sacrifices something up front for future gain. The noun gambit comes from an Italian word, gambetto, which means "tripping up." When you make an opening move, offer something, or start a conversation with something that seems self-sacrificing but is really a ploy for greater advantage in the long run, that's a gambit. In chess, a gambit is when you sacrifice a pawn early for better positioning. When you offer to drive the morning carpool, that might be a gambit to get the afternoon shift off. یک استراتژی که حریف را برای امتیاز گرفتن ازش به دام می اندازد

respite

noun: a pause from doing something (as work) Every afternoon, the small company has a respite in which workers play foosball or board games. مهلت respite, leeway, moratorium, reprieve, timeout, term استراحت rest, relaxation, respite, breather, repose, recumbency فرجه respite, break, interval, period, hole, interspace امان noun a short period of rest or relief from something difficult or unpleasant. the refugee encampments will provide some respite from the suffering synonyms: rest, break, breathing space, interval, intermission, interlude, recess, lull, pause, time out, relief, relaxation, repose, breather, letup verb postpone (a sentence, obligation, etc.). A respite is a break from something that's difficult or unpleasant. If you're cramming for exams, take an occasional walk to give yourself a respite from the intensity. Respite may look like it rhymes with despite, but this word has a stress on its first syllable (RES-pit). It comes from the Latin word respectus, meaning refuge, but we almost always use respite to describe a time, not a place, of relief. If you've been fighting with your partner, a visit from a friend might offer a brief respite from the argument, but the fight will pick up again when she leaves.

savvy

noun: a perceptive understanding Although a great CEO, he did not have the political savvy to win the election. verb: get the meaning of something The student savvies the meaning of astrophysics with little effort. adjective: well-informed or perceptive With his savvy business partner, the company was able to turn a profit within a year. adjective زرنگ و دانا savvy noun ادراک perception, understanding, savvy, conception, cognition, realization verb فهمیدن understand, figure out, see, realize, comprehend, savvy درک کردن understand, comprehend, realize, perceive, appreciate, savvy

raconteur

noun: a person skilled in telling anecdotes Jude is entertaining, but he is no raconteur: beyond the handful of amusing stories he has memorized, he has absolutely no spontaneous story-telling ability. Raconteurs are gifted storytellers, able to spin amusing tales from everyday life. Who is the biggest raconteur in your group? He or she's the one who always tells the best stories — or jumps in when another storyteller isn't being vivid enough. Do you make going to the store to buy groceries a fascinating experience? Do you offer witty observations of the people you pass on the street? If so, you're a raconteur, someone who can regale his or her listeners with riveting stories, usually funny, sometimes dramatic. Raconteur comes from the French word "raconter," meaning "to recount." Note its "eur" ending, signaling its French origin. داستان سرا

miscreant

noun: a person who breaks the law "Come back you miscreant!" yelled the woman who just had her purse stolen. noun بدعت گذار heretic, innovator, miscreant پست post, mail, miscreant, point خبیی miscreant خدا نشناس miscreant A miscreant is a person who is bad--who lies, breaks the law, yells at small puppies. It's a somewhat old-fashioned word, popular with old ladies shocked at having their purses stolen at the opera. Miscreant, like lout, lecher, good-for-nothing — they're the words proper people use to condemn the improper. Improper people consult an entirely different thesaurus of condemnation, perhaps familiar to you but not possible to quote from in this PG-rated word blurb.

misogynist

noun: a person who dislikes women in particular Many have accused Hemingway of being a quiet misogynist, but recently unearthed letters argue against this belief misogynist If you're someone who believes women belong in the kitchen and shouldn't be accorded the same respect as men, you might be a misogynist. A misogynist is a person who hates or doesn't trust women. Misogynist is from Greek misogynḗs, from the prefix miso- "hatred" plus gynḗ "a woman." The English suffix -ist means "person who does something." The prefix mis-, a variant of miso- before a vowel, appears in the opposite term misandrist, which is a person who hates or doesn't trust men. The corresponding nouns are **mysogyny ** and ****misandry.

apostate

noun: a person who has abandoned a religious faith or cause An apostate of the Republican Party, Sheldon has yet to become affiliated with any party and dubs himself an independent. An apostate is someone who has deserted his cause. The word apostate originally comes from a Greek word that meant "runaway slave." Now, apostate has a religious or political tone to it, so someone might call you "a political apostate" if you ran for office as a Republican during one election and then ran as a Democrat in the following election. noun مرتد apostate, renegade, heretic, abjurer, abjuror, dissident خاين apostate adjective از دین برگشته renegade, apostate noun a person who renounces a religious or political belief or principle. معافیت

arriviste

noun: a person who has recently reached a position of power; a social climber The city center was aflutter with arrivistes who tried to outdo one another with their ostentatious sports cars and chic evening dress. An arriviste is someone who's moved up in the world quickly and ends up being resented. You might visit your hometown and feel like it's full of arrivistes who can pay exorbitant prices for enormous houses. When someone suddenly earns a whole lot more money than they did before, they find themselves in a new economic class. If the people who have belonged to this group for a long time (maybe they inherited their wealth from their grandparents, for example) are resentful of this person and their "new money," they might use the word arriviste. An arriviste is newly arrived in this world — as you can see in the French root, arriver, "to arrive." noun an ambitious or ruthlessly self-seeking person, especially one who has recently acquired wealth or social status. تازه به دوران رسیده

parvenu

noun: a person who has suddenly become wealthy, but not socially accepted as part of a higher class The theater was full of parvenus who each thought that they were surrounded by true aristocrats. A parvenu is an upstart, somebody who's suddenly rich but doesn't fit into his new social status. If you're a parvenu, people might also describe you as "nouveau-riche" or an "arriviste." Maybe it's not quite so insulting in French. The Beverly Hillbillies, a sitcom from the 1960s, featured the Clampetts, classic parvenus, who struck oil on their backwoods West Virginia swampland. They arrive at their mansion in Beverly Hills, dressed in overalls, in their pick-up truck, with their shabby furniture strapped on top. As parvenus, they don't fit in — to say the least. Parvenu is from French, and it's the past participle of parvenir, "arrived." adjective تازه بدوران رسیده upstart, nouveau riche, parvenu noun a person of obscure origin who has gained wealth, influence, or celebrity. the political inexperience of a parvenu synonyms: upstart, social climber, arriviste

heretic

noun: a person who holds unorthodox opinions in any field (not merely religion) Though everybody at the gym told Mikey to do cardio before weights, Mikey was a heretic and always did the reverse. noun If your friend became interested in Hinduism, with its many gods and rituals, her Catholic mother might be worried that her daughter was a heretic, or a person whose religious beliefs are in contrast to the fundamental beliefs of her church. بدعت گذار heretic, innovator, miscreant مرتد apostate, renegade, heretic, abjurer, abjuror, dissident ملحد heretic, misbeliever adjective رافضی heretic, miscrea

sybarite

noun: a person who indulges in luxury Despite the fact that he'd maxed out fifteen credit cards, Max was still a sybarite at heart: when the police found him, he was at a $1,000 an hour spa in Manhattan, getting a facial treatment. If you know someone who's totally addicted to luxurious things and all of life's pleasures, call her a sybarite. Unless she's inviting you over for champagne brunches and showering you with gifts — in which case you should keep your mouth shut. Sybarite was first recorded in the 1600s, meaning a "person devoted to pleasure." The literal translation of this noun is "inhabitant of Sybaris," which was an ancient Greek town full of citizens who loved nice things. Today, the word still has the same two meanings: it's either a person who could be described as addicted to pleasures and luxury (like a hedonist), or an actual person who lives in Sybaris. noun عیاش carouser, reveler, bacchanal, sybarite, pleasure seeker, debauchee ساکن شهر سیباریس sybarite خوش گذران sybarite, pleasure seeker, voluptuary, good-timer لاکچری دوست

proponent

noun: a person who pleads for a cause or propounds an idea Ironically, the leading proponent of Flat-Earth Theory flies all over the world in an effort to win more adherents. Proponent means someone who is in favor of something. You might be a proponent of longer vacations, but your parents are proponents of a longer school year. If you're in favor of long school vacations, you're pro or "for" long vacations. The prefix pro- also carries the meaning of "forward," "ahead," or "before." All of these senses are at work in proponent: someone who suggests (puts forward) an idea or who is in favor of an idea. A proponent proposes an idea or advocates for a proposal or a proposition. a person who advocates a theory, proposal, or project. طرفدار حامی یک نظریه بودن

sycophant

noun: a person who tries to please someone in order to gain a personal advantage The CEO was unaware of the damaging consequences of his choices, largely because he surrounded himself with sycophants who would never dare criticize him. A sycophant is a person who tries to win favor from wealthy or influential people by flattering them. Also known as brown-nosers, teacher's pets or suck-ups. a person who acts obsequiously toward someone important in order to gain advantage. دستمال زدن پاچه خواری کردن

reprobate

noun: a person without morals who is disapproved of Mr. Smith's two boys couldn't be more different; one was a hard-working and principled, the other was the town reprobate, always having run-ins with the law. There's no way around it, a reprobate is a bad egg. The black sheep of the family, missing a moral compass — a reprobate's been called everything from a deviant to an evildoer to a scoundrel. unprincipled بی ریشه هرزه

corollary

noun: a practical consequence that follows naturally A corollary of Hurricane Sandy, which ravaged the east coast of the U.S., is a push to build higher sea walls to protect against future hurricanes. Corollary describes a result that is the natural consequence of something else. You could say that your weight gain is a corollary of the recent arrival of a bakery across the street from your house. The noun corollary describes an action's consequence, such as having to study more, a corollary to getting a bad grade. The word is often seen with the prepositions "to" or "of," as in "a corollary to fortune is fame." Math enthusiasts may already be familiar with the word corollary, which can be used more formally to describe a new proof or proposition that follows naturally from an established one. نتیجه نتیجه فرعی نتیجه عملی و طبیعی

atavism

noun: a reappearance of an earlier characteristic; throwback Much of the modern art movement was an atavism to a style of art found only in small villages through Africa and South America. Atavism is a return to a previous way of doing, saying, or seeing things. It can be casual, like wearing retro clothing and listening to vinyl records, or committed, like living in a straw hut without electricity. It makes sense that atavism comes from a Latin word meaning "forefather," since it refers to a way of doing things like our ancestors did them. It's often used negatively, though, to refer to behavior the speaker finds primitive or unacceptable. Atavists are often called "throwbacks." In biology, the term atavism or "evolutionary throwback" is used when animals are born with features that had disappeared, such as legs on a whale. نیاکان گرایی atavism برگشت بخوی نیاکان atavism

stipend

noun: a regular allowance (of money) He was hoping for a monthly allowance loan from the government, but after no such stipend was forthcoming he realized he would have to seek other means of paying for his college tuition. A stipend is a fixed, regular payment, usually meant to pay for something specific. It's kind of like an allowance, but for grownups — a college scholarship might include a stipend each semester for books, for example. salary مقرری جیره

simulacrum

noun: a representation of a person (especially in the form of sculpture) The Shanghai Urban Planning Exhibition Center showcases a simulacrum of all the present and approved buildings in the city of Shanghai. تمثال مجسمه noun: a bad imitation The early days of computer graphics made real people into a simulacrum that now seems comical. شبیه سازی بدلی و فیک A simulacrum is a fake version of something real. A wax museum is full of simulacrums of famous people. Simulacrum comes from the Latin word simulare meaning "to make like" and is related to words like simulate (to imitate) and similarity. A simulacrum might look like a person, but it's usually a sculpture. Also, a simulacrum can be a representation that's not very good. If you say, "This video game is only a simulacrum of playing football!" that means it does a poor job of copying the game.

reprisal

noun: a retaliatory action against an enemy in wartime The Old Testament doctrine of "an eye for an eye" would seem to justify an immediate physical reprisal for any injury, but that interpretation neglects the many passages that value mercy and loving-kindness over revenge. A reprisal is an act of retaliation, especially one committed by one country against another. If you attack your enemy's village and cause lots of damage, expect a reprisal. Reprisal comes from the French for taking back, and used to mean the seizure of property as a compensation for some earlier loss. Now we use it more in the sense of a retaliatory attack. When Germany bombed London during World War II, the British reprisals included the bombing of Berlin. Reprisal doesn't always have to be about war; you can use it for any act of retaliation. an act of retaliation. three youths died in the reprisals that followed synonyms: retaliation, counterattack, comeback, revenge, انتقام revenge, vengeance, reprisal, wreak, nemesis تلافی retaliation, revenge, reprisal, retort, retribution, compensation جبران compensation, relief, recovery, amends, restitution, reprisal انتقام گرفتن از دشمنان(به ویژه دشمنان کشور)

perquisite

noun: a right reserved exclusively by a particular person or group (especially a hereditary or official right) Even as the dishwasher at the French restaurant, Josh quickly learned that he had the perquisite of being able to eat terrific food for half the price diners would pay. Perquisites are the benefits or "perks" that come along with a job. Free air travel for air hostesses? Free company car for corporate execs? Free pork for politicians? That's right, they're all perquisites. Not to be confused with prerequisite, which happens about ninety-nine percent of the time. A prerequisite is something that must occur before something else can happen. A prerequisite of getting a job, for example, is passing the interview. Of course, for some people to take a particular job, a prerequisite is that there are suitable perquisites or privileges that come with a particular position. مزایا و عواید عایده اکتسابی

aphorism

noun: a short instructive saying about a general truth Nietzsche was known for using aphorisms, sometimes encapsulating a complex philosophical thought in a mere sentence. Use the noun aphorism when you have something compact and astute to say, such as "People who live in glass houses shouldn't throw stones." An aphorism is a statement or saying that is both efficiently presented and either witty or wise. While there are loads of trite and silly statements, a good aphorism is supposed to stand the test of time and remain true and elegant — a very difficult task! Friedrich Schlegel even wrote an aphorism about aphorisms: "An aphorism ought to be entirely isolated from the surrounding world like a little work of art and complete in itself like a hedgehog." noun a pithy observation that contains a general truth, such as, "if it ain't broke, don't fix it.". noun پند و موعظه aphorism کلمات قصار aphorism, logion, apothem پند advice, exhortation, saying, maxim, motto, aphorism سخن کوتاه aphorism

maxim

noun: a short saying expressing a general truth Johnson initially suggests that the secret to business can be summarized in a single maxim but then requires a 300-page book to explain exactly what he means. A maxim is a succinct formulation of a principle, rule, or basic truth about life. Usually clever, maxims are like great sayings everybody knows. Ben Franklin is the author of many, including "Early to bed, early to rise, makes a man healthy, wealthy, and wise." A maxim sums up a fundamental principle or truth about something in a way that captures the imagination and gets repeated. Diana Vreeland, the legendary editor of Vogue magazine, once said, "Pink is the navy blue of India." May not be true, but it was such a great line it has become a maxim of fashion and even of India. An overused maxim of real estate is "Location, location, location." Confucius was spewing maxims long before Vogue hit the magazine stands: "He who learns but does not think is lost." noun اصل origin, principle, axiom, maxim, element, point قاعده کلی maxim, principle, axiom, master key مثل example, instance, proverb, adage, maxim, exemplar پند advice, exhortation, saying, maxim, motto, axiom گفته اخلاقی byword, maxim

apothegm

noun: a short, pithy instructive saying Winston Churchill is famous for many apothegms, but this might be his most famous: "It has been said that democracy is the worst form of government except all the others that have been tried." An apothegm is a short instructive saying that's easy to remember and sometimes even slightly witty, like "haste makes waste." An apothegm often expresses a fundamental truth or general rule. To correctly pronounce apothegm, put the accent on the first syllable and give it the short a sound, as in apple: "A-puh-them." It comes from the Greek word apophthegma, meaning "terse, pointed saying," derived from apo-, meaning "from," and phthengesthai, meaning "to utter." noun امثال و حکم adage, apothegm, saw کلام موجز aphorism, apothegm

smattering

noun: a slight or superficial understanding of a subject; a small amount of something I know only a smattering of German, but Helen is able to read German newspapers and converse with natives. A smattering is a small but inexact amount of something. If you know a smattering of things about Australia, then you don't know much. A smattering is a small amount of something, but it's hard to say how much. It's probably less than a bunch, but it's not much more than a whit or a jot. If you said "There's a smattering of squirrels in the park," then there are only a few squirrels. This word also implies that you don't understand a subject very well — a smattering of knowledge is only a tiny bit of knowledge. noun دانش سطحی smattering, superficiality معلومات دست وپاشکسته smattering

inkling

noun: a slight suggestion or vague understanding Lynne speaks four Romance languages, but she doesn't have an inkling about how East Asian languages are structured. noun اگاهی knowledge, awareness, consciousness, inkling, intelligence, dope اشاره mention, hint, gesture, indication, allusion, inkling گزارش report, account, story, reportage, hearing, inkling کورهخبر inkling Is someone yapping on and on and you only have the vaguest idea of what they're talking about? Then you understood just an inkling — a glimmer, a fraction — of what they were saying. Inkling can also mean a sly suggestion or faint implication. If someone drops a hint you're not wanted they've given you an inkling you're not wanted. The word comes from the medieval English word inclen, which suitably enough means "to utter in an undertone." In other words, what's really being said is in between the lines of what's actually being said on the surface. By now you've probably got the inkling that inklings can be sneaky things.

pittance

noun: a small amount (of money) Vinny's uncle beamed smugly about how he'd offered his nephew fifty dollars for his Harvard tuition; even twice the amount would have been a mere pittance. چندرغاز A pittance is a tiny payment or small reimbursement for work — generally an amount that's inadequate. The restaurant may pay you a pittance, but you can do well if you get a lot of good tips. The word pittance came into English from the Old French word pitance, meaning "allowance of food to a monk or poor person," which in turn came from the Latin word pietas, meaning "pity." Although a pittance may have originally meant that you were taking pity on someone with less wealth by giving them money or food, these days when you get a pittance it means that you earn a pitiful wage.

modicum

noun: a small or moderate or token amount If my sister had even a modicum of sense, she wouldn't be engaged to that barbarian. modicum noun: a small or moderate or token amount If my sister had even a modicum of sense, she wouldn't be engaged to that barbarian. If you want to describe a small amount of something, try modicum. If you have a modicum of interest in something, you are a little bit interested. Modicum comes from the Latin modicus, for moderate, and modus, for measure. We often use it to mean "any at all," as if "If you had a modicum of sense (i.e. any sense at all), you'd be able to see that the pencil you've spent the last five minutes looking for is tucked behind your ear." noun a small quantity of a particular thing, especially something considered desirable or valuable. his statement had more than a modicum of truth synonyms: small amount, particle, speck, fragment, scrap, crumb, grain, morsel, shred مقدار کم trace, smidgen, modicum, paucity, relish, soupcon اندک

gaffe

noun: a socially awkward or tactless act In a famous gaffe, Vice President Quayle attempted to correct the spelling of a grade school student, only to find that the child was correct. A gaffe is a mistake that embarrasses you in front of others. If you run into a friend out with her grey-haired father, and you blurt out, "Oh, hi, you must be Tara's grandfather!" then you've made a gaffe. Gaffe rhymes with laugh, and you'll be lucky if that's how people respond to your social blunder. A gaffe seems to occur most often when you literally don't know your audience — you make a joke about the mayor; you didn't know you were talking to his sister. That's definitely a gaffe. And who knew your hosts come from a culture that takes offense if you refuse to try every dish? گاف دادن سوتی دادن که باعث شرمندگی میشه Translate gaffe 5/5000 gaf گاف Suggest an edit Definitions of gaffe noun an unintentional act or remark causing embarrassment to its originator; a blunder. an unforgivable social gaffe synonyms: blunder, mistake, error, slip,

solecism

noun: a socially awkward or tactless act Mother Anna was always on guard against any solecism from her children and scolded them immediately if any of them talked out of place in public. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Ever snore at the opera? Burp at the dinner table? Forget your mom's birthday? Probably all three, right? Well, don't worry. Instead of just screwing up, what you did was commit a solecism. Sounds kinda neat that way, huh? The origin of solecism comes from the ancient Greek word meaning "speaking incorrectly," and solecism does have another meaning that's more specifically verbal. If you say something incorrectly, or make a grammatical error in writing, that's also a solecism. It can be just as mortifying as burping at the dinner table. Well, almost. اشتباه لپی سوتی بی ادبی بی نزاکتی

tumult

noun: a state of chaos, noise and confusion Riots broke out just in front of our apartment building, and the tumult continued late into the night. If a principal steps into a classroom and is greeted by a tumult of voices, with the teacher shouting for his kids' attention, she will not be pleased. A tumult is a state of noisy confusion. Very often a crowd of people will cause a tumult. But your mind can also be in tumult, when you're confused and overwhelmed by strong emotions. If you want an adjective to describe these types of bewildering situations, use tumultuous. Tumult is from the Latin tumultus "an uproar," which is related to the Latin verb tumēre "to be excited." If a principal steps into a classroom and is greeted by a tumult of voices, with the teacher shouting for his kids' attention, she will not be pleased. A tumult is a state of noisy confusion. Very often a crowd of people will cause a tumult. But your mind can also be in tumult, when you're confused and overwhelmed by strong emotions. If you want an adjective to describe these types of bewildering situations, use tumultuous. Tumult is from the Latin tumultus "an uproar," which is related to the Latin verb tumēre "to be excited." making a loud, confused noise; uproarious. adjective پر سر و صدا noisy, piercing, tumultuous, deafening, loud, vociferous بی نظم disordered, chaotic, amorphous, tumultuous پر همهمه noisy, tumultuous, uproarious پر اشوب

prognostication

noun: a statement made about the future When the Senator was asked about where the negotiations would lead, he said that any guess he could make would be an unreliable prognostication. A prognostication is a prediction about the future. If you make gloomy prognostications about how much traffic there will be on the way home, you'll be pleasantly surprised to find the drive fast and easy. Use the noun prognostication when someone's making a forecast or a guess about upcoming events. Your prognostication about whether or not it will rain tomorrow might lead to your family's picnic being cancelled. Another way to use the word is to mean a sign or portent: "I hope that black cat isn't a prognostication of bad luck!" The Latin root, prognostica, means "sign to forecast weather," and it comes from the Greek prognostikos, "foreknowing." پیش بینی forecast, anticipation, foresight, prognosis, prospect, prognostication پیش گویی noun the action of foretelling or prophesying future events. an unprecedented amount of soul-searching and prognostication

martinet

noun: a strict disciplinarian The job seemed perfect to Rebecca, until she found out that her boss was a total martinet; after each project the boss would come by to scrutinize—and inevitably criticize—every little detail of the work Rebecca had done. Use the noun martinet to describe someone who is a stickler when it comes to following rules, such as the teacher who won't accept homework if it is written in a color other than blue. Pronounce martinet with the accent on the last syllable: "mar-ti-NET." Jean Martinet, the man for whom the word was coined, would insist you say his name correctly. He was a legendary drillmaster for the French army during the reign of Louis XIV. In 1779, a hundred years after Martinet's death, martinet came to mean any officer who was as strict and demanding in adhering to the rules as Martinet himself. noun سخت گیردرانضباط خشک martinet منجنیق سنگ انداز martinet, mangonel ادم با انضباط وسخت گیر martinet

diatribe

noun: a strong verbal attack against a person or institution Steve's mom launched into a diatribe during the PTA meeting, contending that the school was little more than a daycare in which students stare at the wall and teachers stare at the chalkboard. It's pretty overwhelming when you ask your friend a seemingly innocuous question, like "Do you like hot dogs?" and she unleashes a diatribe about the evils of eating meat. A diatribe is an angry, critical speech. This noun has its roots in the Greek diatribē, "pastime or lecture," from diatrībein, "to waste time or wear away," combining dia-, "thoroughly," and trībein, "to rub." So the origin of the word diatribe is connected to both serious study and the spending or wasting of time. With most diatribes, the speaker thinks he's well informed and knows something the listener doesn't, while to most listeners the diatribe is so angry and unhinged that it's just a waste of time. It's pretty overwhelming when you ask your friend a seemingly innocuous question, like "Do you like hot dogs?" and she unleashes a diatribe about the evils of eating meat. A diatribe is an angry, critical speech. This noun has its roots in the Greek diatribē, "pastime or lecture," from diatrībein, "to waste time or wear away," combining dia-, "thoroughly," and trībein, "to rub." So the origin of the word diatribe is connected to both serious study and the spending or wasting of time. With most diatribes, the speaker thinks he's well informed and knows something the listener doesn't, while to most listeners the diatribe is so angry and unhinged that it's just a waste of time. noun زخم زبان diatribe, rebuke, nip, brickbat, rap سخن سخت diatribe انتقاد تلخ diatribe

polemic

noun: a strong verbal or written attack on someone or something. The professor launched into a polemic, claiming that Freudian theory was a pack of lies that absolutely destroyed European literary theory. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study A polemic is something that stirs up controversy by having a negative opinion, usually aimed at a particular group. A piece of writing can be a polemic, as long as it gets someone's goat. متن جنجالی و کوبنده اهل جدل

nuance

noun: a subtle difference in meaning or opinion or attitude Because of the nuances involved in this case, I hired an outside consultant to advise us and help. a subtle difference in or shade of meaning, expression, or sound. Use nuance to refer to a very small difference in color, meaning, or feeling. What makes singers brilliant is not how loud they can sing a note, but how many nuances they can evoke through their approach. noun نکات دقیق وظریف nuance اختلاف مختصر nuance فرق جزئي nuance

epiphany

noun: a sudden revelation or moment of insight Gary one day had an epiphany that he was a people person; he promptly quit his factory job and began working as a salesman. When inspiration hits you out of the blue, call it an epiphany. In the Christian tradition, Epiphany (ə-PIF-ə-nee) is a festival celebrating Christ's appearance to the Gentiles, observed every year on January 6. From the Christian sense we get an additional religious sense, "the appearance of a god or deity" and the more common modern usage, a noun meaning "a sudden revelation." There's nothing religious about most epiphanies these days — your "Eureka!" moment could come when you realize that you're in the wrong line of work and you need to quit your job to join the circus. noun the manifestation of Christ to the Gentiles as represented by the Magi (Matthew 2:1-12). The story of Epiphany is related by the first three Evangelists: Matthew, Mark and Luke. ظهور حلول تجلی

quisling

noun: a traitor History looks unfavorably upon quislings; indeed they are accorded about the same fondness as Nero—who watched his city burn down while playing the violin. A quisling is a traitor, especially one who collaborates with an enemy occupying force for personal gain. The term arose because in World War II, Vidkun Quisling, a Norwegian politician, volunteered to help the occupying Nazis rule Norway for Germany. Quisling was tried for treason and executed at the end of the war, and his name became synonymous with traitor and collaborator. The word quisling is not commonly used in the United States, however, probably because the American term for a traitor is "Benedict Arnold," the name of a Revolutionary War turncoat. noun خائن traitor, renegade, betrayer, ratter, quisling, recreant میهن فروش betrayer, Judas, quisling, rat, ratter, serpent

bromide

noun: a trite or obvious remark Instead of sharing his umbrella, the cheeky stranger offered Martha the following bromide: "Looks like it's raining." A bromide is a common saying or proverb that is obvious and not that helpful, like "When life hands you lemons, make lemonade." Some people love to say things like "Follow your dreams" and "Love takes hard work." Such trite, clichéd sayings are bromides. A bromide isn't very helpful or specific, and people tend to say them over and over again. The word bromide comes from the chemical compound made of the element bromine and another metal. This kind of bromide was historically used as a sedative, a medicine that dulls your senses, just as figurative bromides are boring and dull. برومید a trite and unoriginal idea or remark, typically intended to soothe or placate. feel-good bromides create the illusion of problem solving گفته پیش پا افتاده و ومبرهن

platitude

noun: a trite or obvious remark The professor argued that many statements regarded as wise in previous times, such as the Golden Rule, are now regarded as mere platitudes. If an executive gives a speech that begins, "This business is all about survival of the fittest. You need to burn the midnight oil and take one for the team," his employees might get sick of listening to these meaningless clichés and tell him to cut the platitudes. noun ابتذال banality, triviality, platitude, triteness, truism, pedestrianism پیش پا افتادگی banality, triviality, platitude, commonness بیاتی platitude بی مزگی insipidity, platitude, vapidity

platitude

noun: a trite or obvious remark The professor argued that many statements regarded as wise in previous times, such as the Golden Rule, are now regarded as mere platitudes. If an executive gives a speech that begins, "This business is all about survival of the fittest. You need to burn the midnight oil and take one for the team," his employees might get sick of listening to these meaningless clichés and tell him to cut the platitudes. ابتذال banality, triviality, platitude, triteness, truism, pedestrianism پیش پا افتادگی banality, triviality, platitude, commonness بیاتی platitude بی مزگی insipidity, platitude, vapidity

conflagration

noun: a very intense and uncontrolled fire In the summer months, conflagrations are not uncommon in the southwest, due to the heat and lack of rain. A conflagration isn't just a few flames; it's an especially large and destructive fire that causes devastation. That tiny campfire that somehow turned into a raging forest inferno? You could call that intense, uncontrolled blaze a conflagration. Mrs. O'Leary's cow knew a thing or two about conflagrations: It was that unknowing animal that kicked over a kerosene lamp in the night, setting the O'Leary's barn on fire and sending four square miles of the Windy City into that blistering conflagration known as the Great Chicago Fire of 1871. noun حریق بزرگ conflagration اتش سوزی بزرگ conflagration noun an extensive fire that destroys a great deal of land or property. In the divine realm, fire symbolizes the universal conflagration of the apocalypse which will destroy men's sinful bodies. synonyms: fire, blaze, flames, inferno,

epigram

noun: a witty saying My favorite epigram from Mark Twain is "A man who carries a cat by the tail learns something he can learn no other way." An epigram is a short, clever remark. One of Oscar Wilde's many memorable epigrams is "I can resist everything but temptation." pigram comes from the Latin word epigramma, which means "an inscription." If you've ever seen an inscription on, say, the back of a watch, you know the writing has to be brief. It won't surprise you, then, that epigrams are very short poems, sayings, or famous quotations, like Benjamin Franklin's "Little strokes fell great oaks," a memorable reminder to keep working toward big goals or to pay attention to little details, the opposite of an epigram from our era: "Don't sweat the small stuff." noun لطیفه joke, epigram, causticity, witty remark, quip, sarcasm سخن نیشدار epigram هجا syllable, epigram قطعه هجایی epigram بذله مزاح لطیف و نکته دار

quip

noun: a witty saying or remark In one of the most famous quips about classical music, Mark Twain said: "Wagner's music is better than it sounds." verb: to make a witty remark, to say in jest When an old English teacher criticized Churchill for ending a sentence with a preposition, he quipped, "This is the kind of criticism up with which we will not put!" A quip — a short, witty comment — can be pleasant, wise, or sarcastic, but usually carries an element of humor. A quip, often taken as a sign of cleverness, is a witty remark that sounds spur-of-the-moment. A successful quip must sound offhand, as though it were an afterthought, even if the speaker has been honing the statement for days. Dorothy Parker was a famous writer known for her quick quips, such as, "The best way to keep children home is to make the home atmosphere pleasant — and let the air out of the tires." noun کنایه allusion, innuendo, quip, metonymy, metaphor, لطیفه joke, epigram, causticity, witty remark, quip, sarcasm طنز irony, joke, quip, mockery, jeer, scoff بذله gambit, mot, joke, bon mot, facetiae, quip verb طعنه زدن taunt, quip, needle, reproach مزه ریختن quip ایهام گفتن quip

invective

noun: abusive or denunciatory language The Internet has unleashed the invectives in many of us; many people post stinging criticism on the comments section underneath newspaper articles or YouTube videos. Invective is harsh, abusive language, like, "you dirty rotten scoundrel." I'm sure you can think of harsher and more obscene examples, but we won't get into them here. Invective comes from the Latin for "abusive." It kind of sounds like a harsh word, actually, with those sharp, dagger-like V's. People usually put a colorful verb or phrase before it. Some examples: "She spewed invective," "She hurled invective," "She burst forth into invective." You can follow it with a phrase like, "picking up her plate and throwing it across the room." noun طعن invective پرخاش ruff, abuse, quarrel, invective طعنه sarcasm, irony, taunt, scoff, quip, invective سخن حمله امیز invective ناسزا گویی invective, obloquy, revilement, vituperation

audacity

noun: aggressive boldness in social situations Mike was upset at the man who not only cut in front of him at the ticket counter but also had the audacity to cut in front of him at the bathroom line. If you have audacity then you're one daring — and perhaps reckless — character. Running a red light with three previous tickets under your belt certainly shows audacity. And stupidity. noun جسارت audacity, venture, temerity, insolence, effrontery, hardihood گستاخی impudence, insolence, arrogance, audacity, impertinence, cheekiness بی باکی hardihood, audacity, temerity

collusion

noun: agreement on a secret plot Many have argued that Lee Harvey Oswald, JFK's assassin, was in collusion with other criminals; others maintain that Oswald was a lone gunman. If you are making secret agreements with someone, then you are in collusion with them. Every time gas prices jump, consumers suspect the gas station owners of collusion and price fixing. The noun collusion almost always implies that plans are being made because of some nefarious, most likely illegal, purpose. An art thief could be in collusion with a museum director to steal a famous painting from an art museum. Things get sticky when there is collusion between government and business, between union and management, or between your siblings. noun تبانی collusion, cahoot سازش compromise, peace, agreement, collusion, accord, accordance ساخت وپاخت collusion

apathy

noun: an absence of emotion or enthusiasm Widespread apathy among voters led to a very small turnout on election day. Use the noun apathy when someone isn't interested in the important things that are happening. You might feel apathy for the political process after watching candidates bicker tediously with one another. noun بی علاقگی indifference, apathy, unconcern, inappetence, lethargy, stupidity بی عاطفگی apathy, insensibility, inhumanity, vapidity بی حسی anesthesia, stupor, insensibility, apathy, impassibility, vapidity

screed

noun: an abusive rant (often tedious) Joey had difficulty hanging out with his former best friend Perry, who, during his entire cup of coffee, enumerated all of the government's deficiencies--only to break ranks and launch into some screed against big business. A screed is a long, boring speech or piece of writing with a bad attitude, like a rant. If you've had enough and you're not going to take it anymore, go ahead and write an angry screed. a long tedious rant سخن یا نامه دراز وخسته کننده

perfidy

noun: an act of deliberate betrayal; a breach of a trust Sure, he was the best salesman in the company; but Michael had abused the trust of the firm, sharing product secrets with a competitor, and for such perfidy he was terminated. If you shared your most embarrassing secrets with a friend who then told them to everyone he knows, his betrayal could be described as perfidy. پیمان شکنی perfidy, treason, breach of promise, perjury, violation of a treaty خیانت

enormity

noun: an act of extreme wickedness The enormity of Pol Pot's regime is hard to capture in words--within months hundreds of thousands of Cambodians lost their lives. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study An enormity is something extreme or huge, almost beyond comprehension. If you call having to paint the house all by yourself an enormity, your friends might take pity on you and show up with brushes and rollers. Something that's enormous can be good — a huge paycheck! — or bad, such as a tumor. But when it comes to enormity, some word lovers are up in arms. The word originally meant "a crime," so some people think it should only be used to describe wickedness or lack of morals. Others can't resist the word's similarity to enormous and apply it to anything vast, positive or negative. وقاحت شناعت شرارت زیاد noun the great or extreme scale, seriousness, or extent of something perceived as bad or morally wrong. a thorough search disclosed the full enormity of the crime a grave crime or sin. the enormities of the regime synonyms: wickedness, evil, vileness, baseness, depravity,

redress

noun: an act of making something right Barry's redress for forgetting his wife's birthday two years in a row was surprising her with a trip to Tahiti. noun جبران خسارت redress, solatium تصحیح correction, rectification, redress, amendment The verb redress is used when you are supposed to fix a problem and make amends. You want your parents to redress the fact that you don't have a pet. Your parents offer to get a hamster, but instead, you say you want a monkey. Redress can be used as both a noun and a verb. In the noun form, it is the compensation for setting something right. As a verb it means to correct, right a wrong, or make restitution for something. The union organizers wanted the company to redress the fact that workers weren't getting

junta

noun: an aggressive takeover by a group (usually military); the group that executes such a takeover As dangerous of a threat as North Korea is, some analysts believe that were a junta suddenly to gain power, it could be even more unpredictable and bellicose than the current leadership When a government is overthrown, the coalition or group that forms and takes control is called a junta. If the military has seized control, as so often happens, then the group is called a military junta. Junta is pronounced with an initial h sound, which gives you a clue to its origins. It's from the Spanish junta, for a military or political group ruling the country after it has been taken over. Spanish got junta from the Latin jungere, to join. Remember, all the players in the junta must join together to overthrow the government. حزب party, faction, junta, sect دسته category, class, handle, clique, gang, junta

dilettante

noun: an amateur who engages in an activity without serious intentions and who pretends to have knowledge Fred has no formal medical training; while he likes to claim authority on medical issues, he is little more than a dilettante. Though dilettante might sound like a nice French word, don't use it on your friend who thinks he can play the guitar after several short lessons. A dilettante is an amateur, often one who pretends to be very knowledgeable. ادعا داشتن adjective ناشی emergent, awkward, amateurish, ill, dilettante, gauche غیر حرفه dilettante noun دوستدار تفننی صنایع زیبا dilettante

row

noun: an angry dispute The Prime Minister looked very foolish after his row with the foreign dignitary was caught on video and posted on youtube. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study A row is a straight line of something, like a row of penguins at the zoo, tulips planted in a row in a garden, or a row of tuba players marching in the Fourth of July parade in your town. A row is anything that's lined up, from the row of stitches on your knitting needle to the row of numbers on your spreadsheet. Row is also a verb meaning "to paddle." Row also means a noisy argument, but when you use it this way, it rhymes with cow, rather than toe. The origin of this last meaning is uncertain, but it probably came from the word carousal, or "drinking bout," as a kind of British university slang. قیل و قال fracas, row, jangle, noise, ruction

presumption

noun: an assumption that is taken for granted When Mr. Baker found out the family car was gone, he acted under the presumption that his rebellious son had taken the car, calling his son's phone and yelling at him; only later did Mr. Baker realize that Mrs. Baker had simply gone out to get her nails done. noun: audacious (even arrogant) behavior that you have no right to The new neighbor quickly gained a reputation for her presumption; she had invited herself to several neighbors' homes, often stopping over at inopportune times and asking for a drink. The noun presumption pretty much means jumping to conclusions. It is taking something for granted — an idea, an answer, an event — without having any real knowledge about it, and that is usually not a good thing. Making a presumption means assuming something is true or false without getting all the information necessary for verification. You can decipher this from the prefix pre, which means "before," together with the sume — from the Latin sumere, "to take." Because so many times a presumption turns out to be false, the word has a negative connotation to it; there's something reckless about making up your mind before you know all the facts. فرض assumption, hypothesis, presumption, supposition, obligation, guess استنباط deduction, elicitation, presumption, corollary, follow احتمال possibility, probability, contingency, eventuality, presumption, expectancy گستاخی impudence, insolence, arrogance, audacity, impertinence, presumption جسارت

accolade

noun: an award or praise granted as a special honor Jean Paul-Sartre was not a fan of accolades, and as such, he refused to accept the Nobel Prize for Literature in 1964. award of merit A knight being honored with the tap of a sword-blade was the earliest form of accolade. Today, an accolade is more than a way to bestow knighthood, it is a form of praise or an award. noun ستایش praise, adoration, worship, accolade, veneration, eulogy تقدیر مدال شایستگی jointing, joint, junction, interface, juncture, accolade

alacrity

noun: an eager willingness to do something The first three weeks at his new job, Mark worked with such alacrity that upper management knew it would be giving him a promotion. Someone with alacrity shows cheerful willingness and eager behavior, like a kid whose mother has told him he can buy anything in a candy store. While the noun alacrity normally refers to someone's peppy behavior, it can also describe a certain mood or tempo of a musical composition, indicating how the music should be played. Alacrity comes from the Latin alacritas, and the Italian musical term allegro is a near relation. noun نشاط exhilaration, mirth, merriment, alacrity, vivacity, esprit چابکی agility, dexterity, alacrity, celerity, legerity, activity

cataclysm

noun: an event resulting in great loss and misfortune The introduction of smallpox was a cataclysm for Native Americans, killing off more than half of their population. The hurricane battered the coast, causing the city to flood, and tens of thousands of people were stranded without food or water. When an event causes great suffering, we call it a cataclysm. Cataclysm comes from the Greek word kataklysmos which means "a deluge or flood." So saying something was "a disaster of cataclysmic proportions" is particularly apt when you're talking about a tsunami. Still, people use the word cataclysmic to describe non-watery disasters, too, like stock market crashes, painful breakups, and failed grammar tests. noun a large-scale and violent event in the natural world. Meanwhile, across the globe, there are thousands of families like his: slowly rebuilding, trying to make sense of a natural cataclysm which changed their lives forever noun تحولات ناگهانی و عمده cataclysm سیل بزرگ cataclysm فاجعه ی بزرگ اتفاق مصیبت بار

precedent

noun: an example that is used to justify similar occurrences at a later time The principal explained that even though one student had done modelling work outside of school, the outfits that student wore in those photographs in no way established a precedent for what could be worn at school dances. noun سابقه history, record, background, precedent, past, reputation نمونه sample, example, instance, model, specimen, precedent adjective مقدم prior, first, antecedent, leading, preferred, precedent مسبوق به سابقه precedent

surfeit

noun: an excessive amount of something There was no such thing as a surfeit of shopping for Nancy--she could stay at the outlet stores from opening to closing time. noun an excessive amount of something. a surfeit of food and drink synonyms: excess, surplus, abundance, oversupply, superabundance, superfluity, glut, avalanche, deluge, overdose, bellyful, gutful, buttload verb cause (someone) to desire no more of something as a result of having consumed or done it to excess. I am surfeited with shopping synonyms: satiate, sate, gorge, overfeed, overfill, glut, cram Steve baked a surfeit of jam tarts. Steve ate a surfeit of jam tarts. Steve surfeited himself on jam tarts. Whether surfeit is a noun or a verb (as in "overabundance" or "gorge"), Steve is likely to end up with a bellyache. "Overabundance," "glut," "gorge," and "cloy": these are all synonyms for surfeit, and they all convey a sense of too-much-ness, as does the Old French root of the word — surfaire, "to overdo." When it is used in reference to food or eating, surfeit tends to suggest indulging to the point of sickness or disgust. In other contexts, though, the meaning is not necessarily negative: "A surfeit of kindness," for example, would hardly be a bad thing. مازاد اضافه زیادی پرخوری

glut

noun: an excessive supply The Internet offers such a glut of news related stories that many find it difficult to know which story to read first. verb: supply with an excess of In the middle of economic crises, hiring managers find their inboxes glutted with resumes. A glut is too much of something. A glut of gas in the marketplace can lower its price. A glut of heavy metal T-shirts in your dresser, however, has nothing to do with the economy but might be a signal that it's time to clean your room. noun اشباع saturation, impregnation, glut, satiation, suffusion, imbibition عرضه بیش از تقاضا glut پری fairy, fullness, peri, pixie, full, glut زیادی خون glut پر خوری

dispensation

noun: an exemption from a rule or obligation Since her father is a billionaire, she is given dispensation from many of the school's policies. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study noun exemption from a rule or usual requirement. although she was too young, she was given special dispensation to play two matches synonyms: exemption, immunity, exception, exoneration, reprieve, remission The act of giving or portioning something out is called dispensation. Your teacher will have a hard time with the dispensation of biology textbooks if there aren't enough copies for everyone in the class. The Latin root word of dispensation is dispensare, which means to disburse or administer. Doctors and pharmacists commonly talk about the dispensation of prescription medication. Another meaning of dispensation is an exemption from a rule. Your teacher might give you a dispensation to take the algebra final at a later date if you're sick on the scheduled day, for example. معافیت از یک قانون توزیع

virago

noun: an ill-tempered or violent woman Poor Billy was the victim of the virago's invective—she railed at him for a good 30-minutes about how he is the scum of the earth for speaking loudly on his cellphone in public. virago A virago is a loud, bossy woman, like your next door neighbor who is always yelling at kids to get off her lawn. noun شیرزن heroine, virago لجاره virago زن مرد صفت virago زن شرور vixen, virago زن پتیاره vixen, virago You can use the noun virago when you're describing a particularly mean and scolding woman. It's not a compliment to call someone a virago, although its origins are much nobler than the shrewish, screechy character it implies today. Originally, a virago was a brave or heroic woman. The root of virago is the Latin word for "man," vir. In other words, a virago used to mean a woman who seemed manly or virile. a domineering, violent, or bad-tempered woman.

antipathy

noun: an intense feeling of dislike or aversion Maria had an antipathy for tour groups, often bolting to the other side of the museum as soon as she saw a chaperone leading a group of wide-eyed tourists. An antipathy is a deep-seated dislike of something or someone. Usually it's a condition that is long-term, innate, and pretty unlikely to change — like your antipathy for the Red Sox. If you look at the Greek roots of this word — anti- (meaning "against") and pathos (meaning "feeling"), you can see that antipathy is a feeling against someone or something. In general, antipathies are considered feelings that are kept at least somewhat under wraps and are not out on the surface. noun انزجار disgust, antipathy, abhorrence, nausea, phobia, pique

sinecure

noun: an office that involves minimal duties The position of Research Director is a sinecure: the job entails almost no responsibilities, nor does the person in that position have to answer to anyone. If you have a cushy job — one that pays, but involves minimal work — then you have a sinecure. "Because he was the brother of the CEO, he was offered a sinecure in the company: he showed up each day and collected a pay check, but others actually did his work." The noun sinecure comes from the Latin root words sine cura meaning "without care." It originally was used to describe a church position that did not include caring for the souls of parishioners, but that meaning is considered archaic now. The word is now usually associated with political appointments. noun a position requiring little or no work but giving the holder status or financial benefit. But transforming teacher jobs from moderately paid union sinecures to highly paid professional positions sounds like a good first step. synonyms: easy job, cushy job, soft option, picnic, cinch, easy money, free ride, کار سهل و مفت خوری

pariah

noun: an outcast The once eminent scientist, upon being found guilty of faking his data, has become a pariah in the research community. pariah is someone that has been soundly rejected by their community. Your constant gossiping might make you a pariah on campus. Pariah takes its name from a tribe in Southeast India. The pariahs were drummers, sorcerers, and servants who became untouchables in Indian society because of the unsanitary jobs they did. Pariah maintains this sense of untouchableness. Pariahs are not just unliked, they are avoided at all costs. Imagine how a once popular restaurant could gain pariah status if it fails health inspections three times in a row. رانده مطرود منفور an outcast. they were treated as social pariahs synonyms: outcast, persona non grata, leper, undesirable, unperson, nonperson, black sheep, red-hea

semblance

noun: an outward or token appearance or form that is deliberately misleading While the banker maintained a semblance of respectability in public, those who knew him well were familiar with his many crimes. Semblance is all about illusion. Cramming all of your dirty clothes into the closet gives the semblance, or false appearance, that you've done your laundry — but the stench might give you away. Semblance comes from the 14th-century French word for "resemble," and it is a noun for things that look one way on the outside but are very different on the inside. A popular combination is to say that a person or place has the ******"semblance of order,"***** when, underneath, everything is out of control. صورت ظاهر semblance شباهت noun the outward appearance or apparent form of something, especially when the reality is different. she tried to force her thoughts back into some semblance of order synonyms: (outward) appearance, ai چهره بیرونی ظاهر غلط انداز و گمراه کننده سنبل

reservation

noun: an unstated doubt that prevents you from accepting something wholeheartedly I was initially excited by the idea of a trip to Washington, D.C. but now that I have read about the high crime statistics there, I have some reservations. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study For fancy restaurants and hotels, you need a reservation: you call ahead and ask them to set aside a table or room for you. A reservation is also a piece of land set aside by the government for a group. In the U.S., there are Native American reservations. Sometimes a reservation is a doubt. If you have reservations about taking a trip to Australia, then you're not sure about it. You're not rushing to make reservations at a hotel there. تردید شک

litany

noun: any long and tedious account of something Mr. Rogers spoke to a Senate committee and did not give a litany of reasons to keep funding the program, but instead, appealed to the basic human decency of all present. If you've got a whole slew of complaints to get off your chest or requests to make, you've got yourself a litany — a long, drawn-out list. From Greek origins meaning "entreaty" or "supplication," litany often refers to certain long responsive petitions offered to God, particularly by practitioners of the Christian faith. For some reason, litany is usually used in reference to negative things — such as a litany of complaints or a litany of injuries. تضرع noun a series of petitions for use in church services or processions, usually recited by the clergy and responded to in a recurring formula by the people. Many times in my life, I have heard Perpetua and Felicity mentioned in litanies of saints and prayers of the Church. synonyms: prayer, invocation, supplication التماس لیست دراز

empiricism

noun: any method that derives knowledge from experience, used in experimental science as a way to gain insight and knowledge Empiricism does not always lead to knowledge; an experience or experiment may raise more questions than it answers. noun the theory that all knowledge is derived from sense-experience. Stimulated by the rise of experimental science, it developed in the 17th and 18th centuries, expounded in particular by John Locke, George Berkeley, and David Hume. Fernow played up a widely accepted historical dichotomy between European theory and British empiricism in science. تجربی

effrontery

noun: audacious (even arrogant) behavior that you have no right to The skateboarders acted with effrontery, skating through the church grounds and spray-painting signs warning trespassers. If you rudely behave as if you have a right to something that you have no right to, you're committing effrontery. When a couple stroll into a crowded restaurant, demand the best table, and threaten the staff unless they're seated right away, that's effrontery. People have been guilty of outrageously self-centered behavior at least since 1715, when effrontery was coined. Tracing to the French word effronté, meaning "shameless," the word effrontery is also connected to brazen, which means "of brass," and describes someone so accustomed to effrontery that he's hardened to it and has no concern for the harm done to others. بی شرمی indecency, effrontery, brass جسارت audacity, venture, temerity, insolence, effrontery, hardihood گستاخی چشم سفیدی

prolixity

noun: boring verbosity I loved my grandfather dearly, but his prolixity would put me to sleep, regardless of the topic. If someone likes to talk but they're really boring, they've got prolixity. It's not something to be proud of. Prolixity means about the same thing as long-windedness. If someone is yammering on and on and on — that's an example of prolixity. Part of prolixity seems good: we'd all like to be able to put words together easily. On the other hand, none of us want to be boring. That's a major downside to prolixity. Prolixity is similar to "wordiness" — using too many words, or too many long words — when a few would get the job done اطناب prolixity, verbiage, redundancy, redundance, meiosis, nimiety روده درازی yak, prolixity پرگویی verbosity, prolixity, prate, verbalization دراز نویسی verbosity, prolixity

sangfroid

noun: calmness or poise in difficult situations The hostage negotiator exhibited a sangfroid that oftentimes was more menacing than the sword at his throat, or the gun at his head. If you have sang-froid, you can keep your cool, even under stress. Your feathers aren't easily ruffled. This foreign-sounding word is another way of saying "poise under pressure." We borrowed it from French, where it literally means "cold blood." Great athletes who do well in the last two minutes of a game have sang-froid. James Bond definitely has sang-froid. You better have sang-froid when you're taking the SATs. If you're worried, nervous and starting to crack, you've pretty much lost your sang-froid. noun خون سردی coolness, sangfroid, possession, calmness, composure, cool

vicissitude

noun: change in one's circumstances, usually for the worse Even great rulers have their vicissitudes—massive kingdoms have diminished overnight, and once beloved kings have faced the scorn of angry masses. When you talk of the vicissitudes of life, you're referring to the difficult times that we all go through: sickness, job loss, and other unwelcome episodes. No one can escape the vicissitudes of life. While vicissitude comes from the Latin vicis, which means "change" and technically can mean a change of any kind, you'll find that vicissitude is almost always used to talk about an unfortunate event or circumstance. Losing a pet, crashing the car, being called in for jury duty: these are examples of vicissitudes — chapters in one's life that one would rather avoid but must get through. Some lives have more vicissitudes than others, to be sure, but no life is without events that test and challenge us فراز و نشیب زندگی vicissitude دگرگونی transformation, change, alteration, variation, metamorphosis, mutation بخت برگشتگی

tact

noun: consideration in dealing with others and avoiding giving offense In a tremendous display of tact, Shelly was able to maintain a strong friendship with Marcia, even though Marcia's husband, Frank, confessed to finding Shelley more attractive than Marcia. noun درایت tact کاردانی skill, resource, tact, policy, know-how ملاحظه consideration, regard, observation, remark, prudence, tact نزاکت To talk carefully without hurting anyone's feelings, that's tact. Politicians have tact, which makes them good at speaking about sensitive matters without making fools of themselves. At least, sometimes they have tact. Around a friend who's afraid of snakes, you use tact when talking about reptiles because you don't want to upset them. The Latin root word tangere means "touch," and a person with tact avoids touching dangerous words like they are an electric fence. When you say something without tact, you "put your foot in your mouth," as the phrase goes. You don't literally put your foot in your mouth, although if you did you'd avoid offending people with words..

graft

noun: corruption, usually through bribery In countries with rampant graft, getting a driver's license can require no more than paying an official. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Graft can mean bribery or corruption. It's also a way of transplanting skin or bones in medicine, as in a skin graft. People who get terrible burns on their faces often have pieces of skin taken from other parts of their bodies to help them heal and look better. That transplanted skin is called a graft. There are also grafts in agriculture, when farmers take a branch from one tree and graft it onto another tree. The most common use of graft is in political corruption cases when politicians are accused of taking money in exchange for granting favors. اختلاس و سءاستفاده مالی پیوند و قلمه زنی

veneer

noun: covering consisting of a thin superficial layer that hides the underlying substance Mark Twain referred to the Victorian Period in America as the "Gilded Age", implying the ample moral corruption that lay beneath a mere veneer of respectability. You know how some furniture looks like solid oak or maple until it gets chipped and reveals itself to be nothing more than some cheap particle-board covered with a thin layer of fancy wood? That thin layer is called a veneer. A veneer can be anything that makes something look more elegant or attractive than it is. Originally it was a furniture word, but over time its meaning expanded. If someone smiles at you while making some passive-aggressive remark, like, "Gee, you actually look really nice today," you could say that her inner meanness is showing through her veneer of sweetness. noun روکش coating, coating, veneer, facing, coat, blanket جلاء veneer لایه نازک چوب veneer چوب مخصوص روکش مبل و غیره veneer

artifice

noun: cunning tricks used to deceive others The mayoral candidates both spent much of the campaign accusing each other of artifices designed to mislead the voting public. If a politician pretends to be angry as a way of rousing the anger of the voters and getting more votes, he's guilty of artifice — a subtle and crafty trick. Before taking on its current meaning, artifice meant a skilled piece of workmanship. A beautiful diamond bracelet might have been considered a piece of artifice, for example; now it would only be called artifice if the diamonds were fake. نیرنگ trick, trickery, deception, ruse, craft, artifice تزویر deception, duplicity, artifice, wile, falsification دوز و کلک

duplicity

noun: deceitfulness, pretending to want one thing but interested in something else A life of espionage is one of duplicity: an agent must pretend to be a totally different person than who she or he actually is. Though he said he didn't know anything about the footprints in the new sidewalk, his duplicity, or deceitfulness, was obvious from the cement caking his shoes. His mouth said one thing, his feet said another. Many words with "du" have meanings with "two" or "duo." Duplicity is from a Latin word meaning "twofold, having two parts." Someone who shows duplicity is two-faced — maybe showing one side in public and another in private — or is just a liar, saying something known to be untrue or misleading. A fraud uses duplicity to gain something with false promises, and someone described as "fake" might use duplicity just to fit in or be accepted. دورویی hypocrisy, duplicity, dissimulation, guile, imposture, double-dealing ریا duplicity تزویر deception, duplicity, artifice, wile, falsification دورنگی duplicity noun deceitfulness; double-dealing. To promote and protect their interest, they used coercion, bribery and nepotism as state policy and created a culture of opportunism, deceit, duplicity , loot and plunder. synonyms: deceitfulness, deceit, deception, double-dealing,

truculence

noun: defiant aggressiveness When the boss confronted Aaron about his earlier remarks, Aaron responded with utter truculence, simply throwing a glass of water in the boss' face and walking away. If you get into fights all of the time, you might be accused of truculence and sent for anger management classes. Truculence is showing a fierce kind of aggression. If your basketball team wins a game by sheer truculence, it means that they win not by skill or talent, but by playing with ferocious aggression. It would be a dirty win, one with lots of fouls and thrown elbows. Truculence comes from the Latin word for trux meaning fierce or wild. خشونت violence, cruelty, roughness, severity, harshness, truculence وحشیگری brutality, savagery, barbarism, barbarity, vandalism, truculence سبعیت brutality, atrocity, ferocity, beastliness, predatism, truculence

turpitude

noun: depravity; a depraved act During his reign, Caligula indulged in unspeakable sexual practices, so it is not surprising that he will forever be remembered for his turpitude. If you are guilty of turpitude, you should be ashamed of yourself. Turpitude is a word that represents depraved behavior. Prisons are filled with criminals who have engaged in acts of moral turpitude. Turpitude comes from the Latin word turpitudo, which means "repulsiveness." Corrupt politicians get booted out of office for acts of turpitude, like taking bribes in exchange for lucrative government contracts. Turpitude often follows the word moral, and acts of moral turpitude are usually crimes that are unusually sick or corrupt. noun فساد corruption, decadence, depravity, decay, immorality, turpitude پستی baseness, meanness, inferiority, degradation, debasement, turpitude دلواپسی anxiety, worry, inquietude, turpitude دنايت ذاتی

decimation

noun: destroying or killing a large part of the population The decimation after atomic bombs were dropped on Hiroshima and Nagasaki is incomprehensible. noun تلفات زیاد decimate از هرده نفر یکی را کشتن decimate

hegemony

noun: dominance over a certain area Until the Spanish Armada was defeated in 1587, Spain had hegemony over the seas, controlling waters stretching as far as the Americas. Hegemony is political or cultural dominance or authority over others. The hegemony of the popular kids over the other students means that they determine what is and is not cool. leadership or dominance, especially by one country or social group over others. استیلا برتری

apotheosis

noun: exaltation to divine status; the highest point of development As difficult as it is to imagine, the apotheosis of Mark Zuckerberg's career, many believe, is yet to come. If your teacher says the term paper you handed in last week is a work of genius that sets a new gold standard for the school, he's telling you your work is the apotheosis of term papers. The epitome. Perfection. Hidden in the middle of apotheosis you'll find the Greek theos, meaning god. (Theology, the study of religion, has the same root.) Combine theos with apo "from" and you get a person, place, or thing that is so out-of-this-world amazing that it seems as if it's "from God." It's divine. You could make the assertion that Leonardo da Vinci was the apotheosis of genius and that the Mona Lisa is the apotheosis of all his paintings. noun ستایش اغراق امیز apotheosis اوج موفقیت خدا بودن حد اعلا noun the highest point in the development of something; culmination or climax. his appearance as Hamlet was the apotheosis of his career

largess

noun: extreme generosity and giving Uncle Frank was known for his largess, so his nephew was sad when he did not receive a present for his birthday. Largesse is extreme generosity. If your neighbors bring you an expensive watch from Switzerland because you fed their cat while they were traveling, thank them for their largesse. noun گشاده دستی generosity, largess سخاوت generosity, liberality, bounty, munificence, largess بخشش forgiveness, bounty, gift, mercy, grant, largess انعام tip, gratuity, reward, prize, bonus, largess ازادگی largess, liberalism, liberality, toleration دهش donation, give, liberality, largess, munificence وسعت نظر breadth, largess, liberalism بخشیدگی largess

chauvinism

noun: fanatical patriotism; belief that one's group/cause is superior to all other groups/causes Vegetarians argue that man is chauvinistic in his belief that animals do not consciously feel the pain we humans do. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Chauvinism means the belief that your country is superior to all others. If you traveled to China and complained about everything that was unfamiliar and talked about how much better things are back home, you'd be guilty of chauvinism. While the main meaning of chauvinism is an exaggerated sense of patriotism, or being convinced that your country is vastly better than any other, the word is most familiar in the sense of male chauvinism. When it's used this way, it means a belief that men are better than women. The word comes from a Napoleonic soldier, Nicholas Chauvin, who was famous for his extreme patriotism — in other words, his chauvinism. متعصب فنوتیک

temerity

noun: fearless daring No child has the temerity to go in the rundown house at the end of the street and see if it is haunted. Use the noun temerity to mean the quality of being unafraid of danger or punishment. If you have the temerity to jump off the bridge even after hearing about the risk of instant death, you truly are a nutcase. Someone who has the temerity to do something is usually considered to be bold in a foolish way. Near synonyms are audacity and recklessness. Temerity is from Middle English temeryte, from Latin temeritas, from temere "by chance, rashly." noun excessive confidence or boldness; audacity. no one had the temerity to question his conclusions synonyms: audacity, nerve, effrontery, impudence, impertine جسارت audacity, venture, temerity, insolence, effrontery, hardihood بی پروایی audacity, impetuosity, temerity, insouciance, incaution

avarice

noun: greed (one of the seven deadly sins) The Spanish conquistadors were known for their avarice, plundering Incan land and stealing Incan gold. Do you want more and more money? Or cookies? Or video games? Or anything? Then your heart is full of avarice, which you probably know better as greed. When people talk about greed, it's clearly not a good thing, but avarice has an even worse flavor to it. Avarice is often looked upon as a sin, and it's always considered despicable and evil. intense and selfish desire for something, especially wealth, power, or food. آز

asperity

noun: harshness of manner The editor was known for his asperity, often sending severe letters of rejection to amateur writers. Asperity is the harsh tone or behavior people exhibit when they're angry, impatient, or just miserable. When your supervisor's "Late again!" greeting causes your entire future to pass before your eyes, he is speaking with asperity. The harshness that asperity implies can also apply to conditions, like "the asperities of life in a bomb shelter." Or even more literally to surfaces, like "the asperity of an unfinished edge." But, most often, you will see asperity used in reference to grumpy human beings. noun harshness of tone or manner. he pointed this out with some asperity synonyms: harshness, sharpness, abrasiveness, roughness, severity, acerbity, noun تلخی و خشونت asperity خشونت violence, cruelty, roughness, severity, harshness, asperity ترشی pickle, acidity, acerbity, acidification, souse, asperity

panacea

noun: hypothetical remedy for all ills or diseases; a universal solution While the company credit card has made most large purchases easier, it is no panacea: some smaller basic transactions still must be conducted in cash. If someone offers you a pill that promises eternal life, don't take the pill. It's a panacea, a remedy that falsely claims to solve every problem ever. The Greek word pan means "all" (think of a panorama, a view where you can see everywhere). The Greek word for "cure" is akēs (which looks like the word "aches"). Those are the roots of panacea, a cure for all aches. But a panacea doesn't really cure everything; it just acts like it can. Use the word to describe an unbelievable solution, like a new law that will make everyone rich, or a robot that does your homework for you. نوش دارو panacea, cure-all اکسیر panacea, elixir علاج عام panacea راه حل فراگیر و جهان شمول

torpor

noun: inactivity resulting from lethargy and lack of vigor or energy After work, I was expecting my colleagues to be enthusiastic about the outing, but I found them in a state of complete torpor. Torpor is a state of mental and physical inactivity. "After a huge Thanksgiving meal, my family members fall into a torpor; no one can even pick up the TV remote." Torpor can be used in everyday speech, but it's also a scientific term for a state of deep sleep that allows animals to conserve energy. Certain species of bats, birds, and frogs rely on torpor for survival during tough times. While humans don't technically belong to this group of animals, they certainly appear to, especially after a large meal and on most Monday mornings. عدم فعالیت ناشی از آرامش مرگ کاذب not enthusiastic

inequity

noun: injustice by virtue of not conforming with rules or standards After decades of racial inequity, the "separate but equal" doctrine was successfully overturned. The noun inequity describes a situation that's not fair. If you feel, for example, that your brother gets to do whatever he wants while you must follow the rules to the letter, you might rage against inequity. The prefix in- in inequity means "not" or "opposite of." Equity, means "justice or fairness." Put it together and you get inequity: something that's unfair or unjust. The word can be used to describe a wide range of unfair situations, such as an inequity in a school's buying new equipment for the football team while the field hockey team continues to wear uniforms from 1981. noun بی عدالتی injustice, inequity بی انصافی injustice, inequity,

probity

noun: integrity, strong moral principles The ideal politician would have the probity to lead, but reality gravely falls short of the ideal of morally upright leaders. Though probity sounds like what you might do with a sharp stick, it actually means being morally and ethically above reproach, having integrity. If you show fiscal probity, it means you are responsible and ethical with your money. The story of George Washington chopping down the cherry tree and refusing to lie about it is a story of probity. The story was first told by a pastor, who may have made the whole thing up according to today's scholars, possibly to sell books -- no act of probity. noun the quality of having strong moral principles; honesty and decency. financial probity synonyms: integrity, honesty, uprightness, decency, morality راستی درستی پیروی دقیق از اصول probity

animosity

noun: intense hostility The governor's animosity toward his rival was only inflamed when the latter spread false lies regarding the governor's first term. Animosity is hatred. If your (supposed) best buddy embarrasses you in front of a big crowd, your friendship could turn into animosity. Animosity comes from the Latin word animus, meaning "spirit" or "mind." That's also the root of the word animated — literally, "full of spirit." So how did animosity get so negative? Over the centuries, the original meaning of "high spirits" soured into "hatred." Today we most often speak of animosity toward, between, among, or against people. Keeping your animosity in check might make steam come out your ears. خصومت و دشمنی

schadenfreude

noun: joy from watching the suffering of others From his warm apartment window, Stanley reveled in schadenfreude as he laughed at the figures below, huddled together in the arctic chill. When another person's bad luck secretly makes you feel good, that's Schadenfreude. Your brother's rejection from a college that also rejected you might give you a twinge of Schadenfreude. If you're fired from your difficult job, no one can blame you for a bit of Schadenfreude as you watch your replacement struggle with your old tasks. This German word perfectly captures that satisfied feeling everyone gets at times when someone else runs into misfortune. In German, Schadenfreude literally means "damage-joy," and it's always spelled with a capital S. The word came into English use in the 1920's, and you can spell it with a small s if you prefer. از بد بیاری یه نفر شاد شدن

discord

noun: lack of agreement or harmony Despite all their talented players, the team was filled with discord--some players refused to talk to others--and lost most of their games. اختلاف difference, disagreement, discrepancy, division, variation, discord عدم توافق disagreement, disharmony, discordance, disparity, discord, discrepancy نفاق discord, dissens ion, split, faction, factionalism, disunion Discord is the strife and tension that arises when two sides disagree on something, like the high-pitched screaming of two kids fighting over the front seat of the car. Discord can be broken down into the prefix dis, meaning "different," and cord, which stems from an old word for "heart." So that leaves us with "different hearts." So if we're talking about music, discord means a lack of harmony — tones that clash so badly your ears bleed. But when there's discord between people, their hearts are in different places — which usually results in more than a few raised voices clashing disharmoniously.

insouciance

noun: lack of concern Surprisingly, Hank had become a high-powered CEO; his high school friends remembered him as "Hanky Panky", who shrugged off each failed class with insouciance. Insouciance is a feeling of careless indifference. There's a certain amount of lightheartedness in insouciance, but rather than merely being cheerful, someone with insouciance truly couldn't care less. Insouciance has roots in the French in, meaning not, and se soucier, meaning "to care," giving the English word its "uncaring" meaning. Insouciance can be a positive state — like the childlike insouciance you feel when you are watching cartoons instead of paying your bills. However, insouciance is not always so sunny. Young voters are often accused of treating the right to vote with insouciance, meaning they just can't be bothered. بی اعتنایی سهل انگاری مسامحه

clemency

noun: leniency and compassion shown toward offenders by a person or agency charged with administering justice In the final moments of the trial, during his closing speech, Phillips was nearly begging the judge for clemency. Say you're playing a role-playing game and you end up in one of the other player's dungeons. You could try begging her for clemency — compassion shown by people in power towards people who rebel or break the law. Clemency is also a weather word, though nowadays it's much more common to hear people talk about "inclement weather" than, say, "the clemency of the storm." Derived from the Latin for "gentle", it came into usage in the 1550s. If you have trouble remembering its meaning, get rid of the "cle" and replace the "n" with an "r". You're left with "mercy", which more or less means the same thing. noun بخشندگی grace, munificence, bounty, clemency رحم uterus, womb, mercy, pity, compassion, clemency مروت generosity, manliness, mercy, humanity, kindness, clemency اعتدال عناصر clemency ملایمت عطوفت

raillery

noun: light teasing The new recruit was not bothered by the raillery, finding most of it light-hearted and good-natured. Use the noun raillery to describe a kind of joking or gentle teasing. There will probably be a bit of raillery between elementary school students on a field trip bus, for example. If you engage in raillery, you make fun of someone — but ***lightheartedlyبا نشاطی****, not in a way that would cause offense. The raillery between good friends or siblings might include laughter and teasing, or a joking banter back and forth. To rail is to complain, although its Middle French root, railler, means "to tease or joke," possibly from the Old Provençal word ralhar, "to scoff or to joke." noun good-humored teasing. There was laughter and raillery as he came aboard dripping, but Armand allowed the incident to be treated as a joke. synonyms: teasing, mockery, chaff, ragging, banter, badinage, leg-pulling, joshing, ribbing, kidding طنازی noun شوخی joke, prank, humor, fun, jest, raillery استهزا ridicule, raillery سرزنش blame, reproach, rebuke, scolding, twit, raillery

calumny

noun: making of a false statement meant to injure a person's reputation With the presidential primaries well under way, the air is thick with calumny, and the mud already waist-high. Use the noun calumny to characterize verbal attacks that are meant to destroy reputations or friendships. You've probably seen political ads during election time that rely on calumny to move voters. رسوایی ignominy, scandal, disgrace, infamy, notoriety, calumny بهتان افترا

malfeasance

noun: misconduct or wrongdoing (especially by a public official) Not even the mayor's trademark pearly-toothed grin could save him from charges of malfeasance: while in power, he'd been running an illegal gambling rink in the room behind his office. Whenever you see the prefix "mal-," you know it's not good. Malfeasance is bad behavior, especially from officials or people who should know better. If nothing else, the mal- in malfeasance will alert you to the fact that something bad is going on. If you know French, fease-, faise- will ring a bell, as it often means "to do." You can probably then infer that malfeasance means "to do bad." Today, it's usually a bad deed done by an official or an organization. You wouldn't accuse a dog who peed on the carpet of malfeasance, but you would accuse a mayor who took a bribe of malfeasance. noun wrongdoing, especially by a public official. This would occur whenever the public is made aware of official malfeasance or incompetence. کار خلاف قانون malfeasance بدکرداری depravity, malfeasance, misdeed noun بدکاری malfeasance, crime, felony

paragon

noun: model of excellence or perfection of a kind; one having no equal Even with the rise of Kobe Bryant, many still believe that Michael Jordon is the paragon for basketball players. noun: an ideal instance; a perfect embodiment of a concept تجسم کامل یک مفهوم تجلی بارز یک مفهوم Some say that Athens was the paragon of democracy, but these people often forget that slaves and women were still not allowed to vote. نمونه ی تمام عیار noun معیار standard, criterion, scale, yardstick, test, paragon مقیاس رفعت و خوبی paragon نمونه کامل paragon

recrimination

noun: mutual accusations The two brothers sat and cried, pointing fingers and making elaborate recriminations of the other's guilt Sometimes you accuse your opponent of refusing to compromise and he accuses you of the same thing. That's a recrimination, an accusation or insult that's hurled back at someone. If you've ever been in a verbal disagreement with someone, odds are that you've experienced recriminations. You can remember it by noticing that crim as in "crime" is part of the word. When recriminations fly back and forth between two sides, each accuses the other of crimes in the metaphorical sense. Once the emergencies of a disaster have been taken care of, recriminations are sometimes hurled at those in charge for the way the crisis was handled. noun an accusation in response to one from someone else. there are no tears, no recriminations synonyms: accusation(s), counteraccusation(s), countercharge(s), counterattack(s), noun اتهام متقابل recrimination تهمت متقابل recrimination

hauteur

noun: overbearing pride evidenced by a superior manner toward inferiors As soon as she won the lottery, Alice began displaying a hauteur to her friends, calling them dirty-clothed peasants behind their backs. Hauteur is an obnoxious display of overbearing pride and superiority over others. Rather than showing humility and respect, a bad king might act with hauteur toward his subjects. The noun hauteur stems from the Old English word haute, meaning "high in one's own estimation." Because it often develops as a result of power over others (or perceived power), it's often associated with royalty or politically powerful figures who throughout history have become vain and arrogant because of their position: A high-powered CEO might show hauteur toward the newly hired assistant; a professional athlete's hauteur may result from the media spotlight and multi-million-dollar contracts. noun haughtiness of manner; disdainful pride. Gone was the better-than-thou hauteur and proud carriage synonymous to Adrienne Clarke. synonyms: haughtiness, superciliousness, arrogance, pride, conceit, خود بزرگ بینی فخر فروشی

hubris

noun: overbearing pride or presumption Bill Clinton was criticized for his hubris, since he believed he could get away with anything once in the White House. Hubris is an excess of confidence: a boxer who shouts "I'm the greatest!" even though he's about to get pummeled by a much stronger opponent is displaying a lot of hubris. Hubris is from Greek, where it meant "excessive pride, violating the bounds set for humans" and was always punished by the gods. We no longer have the Greek gods, so in English it just refers to over-the-top self-confidence. If you call yourself the best in something, you better have the goods to back it up, since too much hubris can lead to embarrassment and humiliation. It's an age-old human failing: pride goeth before the fall. noun excessive pride or self-confidence. Arrogance, hubris , blind patriotism, and good old fashioned fear are our real enemy! synonyms: arrogance, conceit, haughtiness, hauteur, pride, self-importance, egotism, غرور اضافه و بیجا اعتماد به سقف

carping

noun: persistently petty and unjustified criticism What seemed like incessant nagging and carping about my behavior from my mother turned out to be wise and useful advice that has served me well. Carping is petty and unjustified criticism that just won't stop. People who find fault with you at every turn, who appreciate nothing and complain, complain, complain, are carping. Enough already! Your annoying aunt Mildred who constantly picks on you, listing all the things she thinks are wrong about the way you dress, the style of your hair, who you're dating, and where you're working? She's carping. Carping can also be used as an adjective, to describe someone who is overly critical and impossible to please — like that carping food critic who ruined the debut of your new restaurant. غرولند غر غر

gumption

noun: resourcefulness and determination Wallace Stegner lamented the lack of gumption in the U.S. during the sixties, claiming that no young person knew the value of work. If you have gumption, you have guts. People with gumption are determined and full of courage — and common sense, too. If you easily give up, and don't have a lot of confidence or smarts, then you are lacking in gumption. It takes gumption to get things done — especially difficult things. Someone who takes risks without being afraid has gumption. Having gumption is like having "chutzpah." We all could probably use more gumption. Like common sense, it isn't that common. کردانی عزم راسخ جرات personal courage and determination; toughness of character.

moment

noun: significant and important value Despite the initial hullabaloo, the play was of no great moment in Hampton's writing career, and within a few years the public quickly forgot his foray into theater arts. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study مهم باارزش

tyro

noun: someone new to a field or activity All great writers, athletes, and artists were tyros at one time—unknown, clumsy, and unskilled with much to learn. A tyro is a beginner, a new recruit, or someone who is just learning something. If you are the new guy at the job and you're wearing a big dorky badge that says "Trainee" on it, you are a tyro. Tyro isn't used much these days but it's similar to newbie, novice, or recruit. We have all been tyros at some point, but it doesn't necessarily prevent us from hazing the new kid, the next-generation tyro. Tyro can also be used as an adjective to describe someone new to a particular scene — such as "the tyro congressman" or "the tyro quarterback." مبتدی ناشی کارنابلد

malingerer

noun: someone shirking their duty by pretending to be sick or incapacitated At one time, our country was full of hardworking respectful people, but now it seems that everyone is a malingerer with little inclination to work. Have you ever pretended to be sick or hurt to get out of taking a test or doing a chore? Then you, my dear, are a malingerer, and should be ashamed of yourself. Shape up! Knowing that the prefix mal is from the Latin for "bad," we can tell right off that being a malingerer is not a good thing. This noun form of the verb malinger comes from the French malingre which means "sickly." (Obviously, it's bad to pretend to be sick.) In Jack London's Call of the Wild, the new dog, Pike, is referred to as "a clever malingerer and thief," giving a clear negative context to the word. آدم تمارض کرده ادم تبل و زیر کار درو طفره رو

firebrand

noun: someone who deliberately creates trouble Freddie is a firebrand: every time he walks into the office, he winds up at the center of heated argument. When someone is known for being wildly devoted to a cause or idea, they're called a firebrand. A firebrand enjoys pushing buttons and stirring up passions. Firebrand isn't such a tough word to remember if you think of that person's "brand" being "fiery." Someone who enjoys heating up the debate around a subject or lighting a fire under other people is a firebrand. "Fire" is their "brand." Firebrands come in all shapes and sizes: conservative, liberal, militant, creative. Anyone who takes a strong, provocative stance and challenges people with heated rhetoric might be labeled a firebrand. All it takes is guts and a willingness to stir things up. ادم فتنه انگیز firebrand آتیش بیار معزکه firebrand, brand اتیش پاره

maverick

noun: someone who exhibits great independence in thought and action Officer Kelly was a maverick, rarely following police protocols or adopting the conventions for speech common among his fellow officers. A maverick is a rebel, someone who shows a lot of independence. A maverick on a motorcycle might blaze his own trail, or show a maverick touch in a rough sport by wearing a helmet with the word "Mom" inside a heart. an unorthodox or independent-minded person. تکرو مستبد

pundit

noun: someone who has been admitted to membership in a scholarly field Steven Pinker's credentials are unquestioned as a pundit; he has taught at MIT and Stanford, teaches at Harvard, and has published a number of influential books on cognition, language, and psychology. Beware the pundit, a supposed expert who imparts deep knowledge to us more ignorant folks. Pundits are often blowhards, mere hacks, and you might well want to take what they say with a pinch of salt. expert noun دانشمند scientist, scholar, savant, pundit, erudite, oracle عالم world, universe, scientist, cosmos

desideratum

noun: something desired as a necessity The desideratum of the environmental group is that motorists should rely on carpooling. A desideratum is something you desire or want. It's a fancy word for a must-have. This official-sounding Latin word means something very common: anything you want or need. A new book could be a desideratum. A chocolate cake could be a desideratum. More commonly, a desideratum is something that is truly needed, like food or shelter. For many people, a happy marriage is a desideratum. For a politician, getting elected is a desideratum. You can almost see the word desire in desideratum, and that should help you remember it's an object of desire. noun something that is needed or wanted. integrity was a desideratum synonyms: requirement, prerequisite, need, indispensable thing, sine qua non, الزام ملزوم و مورد نیاز خواست و مقصود

chimera

noun: something desired or wished for but is only an illusion and impossible to achieve Many believe that a world free of war is a chimera—a dream that ignores humanity's violent tendencies. A chimera is something you've imagined that's bits and pieces of other things mashed together into a new horrible fantasy, something impossible in real life that only exists in your mind. In Greek mythology, a chimera is a monster that has a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail. And it breathes fire. No creature like that has ever existed, but the idea seemed real and terrifying to Greeks, and that's another meaning: an idea that feels real but is impossible, like the idea of a world without evil. Pronouncing the word is very possible though; just try it one of two ways: either kye-MEER-uh or kih-MEER-uh. Both work. آرمانی غیر واقعی noun (in Greek mythology) a fire-breathing female monster with a lion's head, a goat's body, and a serpent's tail. an organism containing a mixture of genetically different tissues, formed by processes such as fusion of early embryos, grafting, or mutation.

palimpsest

noun: something that has been changed numerous times but on which traces of former iterations can still be seen The downtown was a palimpsest of the city's checkered past: a new Starbucks had opened up next to an abandoned, shuttered building, and a freshly asphalted road was inches away from a pothole large enough to swallow a small dog. If you are writing fast and hastily erase something not quite all the way and continue writing right over the smudgy bit, then you've created a palimpsest — which means you can see traces of the earlier writing mixed in with the new. The noun palimpsest originally described a document, such as a page from a manuscript written on parchment, that had been rubbed smooth so it could be used again, with traces of the original writing showing through. The word still carries that meaning, but ancient manuscripts are rare these days, so you're more likely to hear palimpsest used to describe something that has traces of early stages showing through, like "the palimpsest of an urban neighborhood" — in which hints of earlier styles and designs are still evident among the new highrises. سلسله مراتب داریا خط سیی و تغییر دارای روند تغییر

anachronism

noun: something that is inappropriate for the given time period (usually something old). Dressed in 15th century clothing each day, Edward was a walking anachronism. An anachronism is something that doesn't fit its time period, like if you say you'll "dial" your smartphone. Anachronism comes from the Greek roots ana- which means "against" and chron- which means "time." Together they represent a situation in which something happens that should not because it belongs to another time period. You see anachronisms all the time in the movies — they occur when you see a jet fly over a Civil War battle! Or knights jousting over a maiden during the time of Shakespeare! noun نابهنگامی زمان anachronism, impertinence, prematurity بی موردی anachronism, triviality

constraint

noun: something that limits or restricts We don't have many resources, so we'll have to work with some very tight constraints. noun محدودیت limitation, restriction, constraint, circumscription, finiteness, finitude قید constraint, stipulation, qualification, reservation, rocker, bond فشار pressure, compression, press, push, stress, pressing A constraint is a limit or restriction. Hopefully your school won't cut the sports or music programs due to budget constraints! You might notice that constraint is similar to the verb constrict, as in boa constrictor. A constraint tightens around you like a snake and prevents you from doing what you want. Financial constraints prevent you from buying the latest electronic device. Are you tired of living under the constraint of your parents' rules? Sometimes your worries or feelings act as a constraint. You know that someone has become a close friend when you can talk to them without constraint.

anodyne

noun: something that soothes or relieves pain Muzak, which is played in department stores, is intended to be an anodyne, but is often so cheesy and over-the-top that customers become irritated. adjective: inoffensive Wilbur enjoyed a spicy Mexican breakfast, but Jill preferred a far more anodyne meal in the mornings. آرامش کننده تسکین بخش داروی مسکن و دوای ارام بخش

catalyst

noun: something that speeds up an event Rosa Parks's refusal to give up her bus seat acted as a catalyst for the Civil Rights Movement, setting into motion historic changes for African-Americans. A catalyst is an event or person causing a change. Getting kicked out of your parents' house might be a catalyst for becoming more independent.

exemplar

noun: something to be imitated Lena's homework is on the wall because it is an exemplar of clean, neat, and thoughtful work. A high school valedictorian is an exemplar of dedication and hard work. Most parents would love for their children to emulate a student with such excellent grades. Notice the similarity between the words exemplar and example. This word can mean both "perfect example" and "typical example." A fireman can be an exemplar of courage, and a building can be an exemplar of the architecture from a certain period. noun نمونه بارز sample, example, instance, model, specimen, exemplar سرمشق example, model, pattern, exemplar, fugleman, instance مثال example, instance, parable, exemplar, proverb, apologue

zeitgeist

noun: spirit of the times Each decade has its own zeitgeist—the 1990's was a prosperous time in which the promise of the American Dream never seemed more palpable. Zeitgeist is the spirit or essence of a particular time. In the 1920s, flappers and speakeasies contributed to that era's Zeitgeist. Zeitgeist is a word that comes straight from German — zeit means "time" and geist means spirit, and the "spirit of the time" is what's going on culturally, religiously, or intellectually during a certain period. Think about how something like Woodstock symbolized the 1960s: Woodstock was part of the Zeitgeist of the 1960s. Whatever seems particular to or symbolic of a certain time is likely part of its Zeitgeist. noun روال routine, rubric, Zeitgeist روحیه یا طرزفکر یک عصر یا دوره Zeitgeist

chagrin

noun: strong feelings of embarrassment Much to the timid writer's chagrin, the audience chanted his name until he came back on the stage. verb: cause to feel shame; hurt the pride of شرمسار کردن غرور کسی را له کردن حس حقارت کردن She never cared what others said about her appearance but was chagrined by the smallest comment from her mother. Chagrin is a noun that represents an emotion or feeling and it's an uncomfortable one. If you feel chagrin, it means that you are embarrassed or distressed as a result of a failure. The word chagrin, a noun, comes from the French word of the same spelling and means "melancholy, anxiety, vexation." An odd fact about the word in English is that it had been thought to be related to another, similar-sounding word, shagreen, "an untanned leather with a granular surface, prepared from the hide of a horse, shark, seal, etc." When one mistakes one word as a relative of another, it's called "false etymology." noun غم وغصه chagrin اندوه grief, distress, dolor, heartache, chagrin, dole الم chagrin ازردگی annoyance, chagrin, irritation, vexation تنگدلی chagrin, despondence, despondency

credulity

noun: tendency to believe readily Virginia's wide-eyed credulity as a five-year old was replaced by suspicion after she learned that Santa Claus didn't really exist. noun ساده لوحی credulity, gullibility, naivety, simplicity, simple-heartedness زود باوری credulity, gullibility Did you know that if you say credulity ten times fast it starts to sound like orange? If you believe that, then you have a lot of credulity. Credulity means gullibility, or a willingness to believe anything. Credulity is a tendency to believe in things too easily and without evidence. If a swindler is trying to sell you fake medicine, then he is "preying on your credulity." This noun is associated with being naïve, gullible or innocent. It shouldn't be confused with credibility, which means "believability," although it is often misused in this way. You might hear someone say, "the farfetched plot of that movie strained credulity," but what he or she really means is "believability," or "credibility."

resignation

noun: the acceptance of something unpleasant that can't be avoided Since Jack could not think of a convincing reason why he had to miss the seminar, he attended it with a sense of resignation. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Resignation can mean either stepping down from a job or accepting an unpleasant but inevitable situation. You could even feel resignation as you announce your resignation. Once you've announced or handed in your formal resignation to a job, organization, or political office, you're finished. You've formally quit or stepped down. If you've left the position due to budget cuts, you'll probably leave with a feeling of resignation — acknowledging that there's absolutely nothing you can do about it. noun استعفا resignation, abdication تسلیم submission, surrender, delivery, capitulation, resignation, deference کناره گیری ***** resignation, isolation, abdication, detachment, renunciation, demission تحمل و مدارا

verisimilitude

noun: the appearance of truth All bad novels are bad for numerous reasons; all good novels are good for their verisimilitude of reality, placing the readers in a world that resembles the one they know. Verisimilitude means being believable, or having the appearance of being true. You can improve your play by using the sounds and smells of the beach as well as lots of sand to create verisimilitude. Verisimilitude comes from the Latin verisimilitudo "likeness to truth" and is used to describe stories. In it, you'll see the word similar, meaning it is similar to what's real. Art that aims for realism seeks verisimilitude. An actual synonym for verisimilitude is truthlikeness. Tell that to your friends, and they'll probably think that your story lacks verisimilitude. noun the appearance of being true or real. the detail gives the novel some verisimilitude synonyms: realism, believability, plausibility, authenticity, credibility, lifelikeness باور پذیر حقیقت گرا واقعی

malapropism

noun: the confusion of a word with another word that sounds similar Whenever I looked glum, my mother would offer to share "an amusing antidote" with me—an endearing malapropism of "anecdote" that never failed to cheer me up. noun سوء استعمال کلمات malapropism استعمال غلط و عجیب و غریب لغات malapropism A malapropism occurs when you say one word but you mean another, like instead of saying a certain restaurant is prosperous, you say it is preposterous. As you can tell, malapropisms are often humorous, though sometimes the joke is on the speaker. The word malapropism, pronounced "mah-luh-PRAH-pih-zum," comes from the French phrase mal à propos, which means "ill-suited." Playwright Richard Brinsley Sheridan must have been thinking of the French phrase when he created his character Mrs. Malaprop, who made audiences howl with laughter when she used the wrong word. Examples include saying "allegory" instead of "alligator," and "illiterate him from your memory" instead of "obliterate."

contrition

noun: the feeling of remorse or guilt that comes from doing something bad Those who show contrition during their prison terms--especially when under review by a parole board--often get shortened sentences. In the truest sense, contrition is feeling sorry for committing a religious sin and being scared about the consequences. But anyone can feel general contrition for something they've done wrong. the state of feeling remorseful and penitent. ندامت پشیمانی Contrition is a strong, powerful feeling that people get when they've done something wrong. Originally, this feeling came from having sinned and a fear of going to hell for it. But over the years, the idea of contrition has gotten broader. Anyone can feel contrition if they do something wrong, whether it's a tiny thing like littering or a huge thing like murdering. If you did wrong and feel bad about it, you're feeling contrition — you're contrite. عذاب وجدان

denouement

noun: the final resolution of the many strands of a literary or dramatic work; the outcome of a complex sequence of events At the denouement of the movie, all questions were answered, and the true identity of the robber was revealed. You know that part of every movie after the big action scene, where things get explained, and the characters tie up loose ends? That's called the denouement, or the showing of how the plot eventually turns out. Denouement is a French word that literally means the action of untying, from a verb meaning to untie. The English word is pronounced like the French: day-noo-MON. The last syllable has a nasalized vowel instead of the n sound. You can use it outside the context of plays or novels, too: you might describe the denouement of an argument between two friends. noun the final part of a play, movie, or narrative in which the strands of the plot are drawn together and matters are explained or resolved. None of Wilder's leading characters, no matter how neat the final denouements of his films sometimes are, were ever anything but anti-heroes. synonyms: finale, final scene, epilogue, coda, end, ending, finish, close پایان نمایش نتیجه ی عمل نتیجه نمایش

apex

noun: the highest point The Ivy League is considered the apex of the higher education system. When there's no mountain left to climb and nothing but blue sky above, you know you've reached the highest peak — the apex. noun اوج climax, pinnacle, culmination, zenith, top, apex نوک tip, top, point, apex, head, beak

apogee

noun: the highest point The apogee of the Viennese style of music, Mozart's music continues to mesmerize audiences well into the 21st century. noun اوج climax, pinnacle, culmination, zenith, top, apogee اعلی درجه apogee, summit, tip-top نقطهء اوج apogee For an object in orbit around the earth, the apogee is the point that is highest or furthest from the earth. Early satellites had low apogees, so it wasn't long before they burnt up in the atmosphere. Apogee comes from two Greek words meaning "away" and "earth," so it's specific to things orbiting the earth. If you're talking about something orbiting the sun, the equivalent word is aphelion ("away" + "sun"). Because apogee denotes the highest point something reaches in an orbit before falling back, it can also figuratively refer to other highs. For example, "Child stars sometimes reach their apogee by 20, and there's nowhere to go but down from there."

zenith

noun: the highest point; culmination At the zenith of his artistic career, Elvis was outselling any other artist on the charts. Zenith means the high point--it comes from astronomy, where it describes the highest point in an arc traveled by a star or a planet or another celestial body. The sun reaches its zenith when it is as high in the sky as it is going to go on that day. اوج قله

serendipity

noun: the instance in which an accidental, fortunate discovery is made By pure serendipity, Sarah discovered, at a flea market in Peoria, a matching earring to replace the one that fell down the storm drain back home. If you find good things without looking for them, serendipity — unexpected good luck — has brought them to you. خوش شانس غیرمترقبه شانس الهی

nadir

noun: the lowest point For many pop music fans, the rap- and alternative-rock-dominated 90s were the nadir of musical expression. If a highly forgetful person loses his phone, his wallet, and then his car keys in separate instances all in one day, you could say that he has reached an organizational nadir. This means "lowest point." This was originally strictly an astronomical term and is the opposite of the word zenith, which is the part of the sky located directly above a person's head or, "high point." In fact, nadir is derived from the Arabic nazir, which means "opposite to." It is still used in astronomy to indicate the part of the celestial sphere located directly below an observer, but also more generally to describe the worst point of someone's life or career. noun پایین ترین نقطه lowest point

pith

noun: the most essential part of something When Cynthia hears a speaker presenting a complex argument, she is always able to discard the irrelevant details and extract the pith of what the speaker is trying to convey. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Pith is the central idea or essence of something. If you're in danger, you could exclaim, "I would greatly appreciate it if someone would provide assistance." Or, you could get right to the pith of your point by shouting, "Help!" In botanical terminology, pith refers to a spongy, central cylinder of tissue found inside the stems of most flowering plants. If you know a lot about plants, that fact should help you remember the primary definition of pith. If not, just take our word for it. You can think about the pith of an argument like the pith of a plant: both lie at the heart or core of something. عصاره و مغز هرچیز

eponym

noun: the name derived from a person (real or imaginary); the person for whom something is named Alexandria, Egypt is an eponym because it is named after Alexander the Great. An eponym is either a person for whom something is named, or a thing named for a person. Jules Leotard, a trapeze artist, inspired the creation of the eponym "leotard." Thanks, Jules. Words are formed in many ways: often, they are named after people. For example, the boycott was named after Charles C. Boycott. That makes Boycott an eponym, and boycott is also an eponym. Eponyms are the people who provide the names and the words that are formed from the names. St. Audrey is another eponym, because her name inspired the word tawdry. عنوان نام که بر روی اثری گذاشته شده به افتخار کسی نام گذاری شده

summit

noun: the peak or highest point After hiking for seven days, the climbers finally reached the summit of Mount Kilimanjaro. noun: a meeting of high-level leaders Since climate change policy has been mired in congressional fighting, this summit should help set the goals for president's next term. قله نشست سران What better place for the mountain-climbing summit than on the summit of the mountain. A summit can mean either a meeting between people who are interested in the same subject or the peak of the mountain.

heyday

noun: the pinnacle or top of a time period or career During the heyday of Prohibition, bootlegging had become such a lucrative business that many who had been opposed to the 18th Amendment began to fear it would be repealed. ریعان جوانی heyday اوج خوش بختی heyday سمتالراس A heyday is a peak of popularity or success. If you hear someone say "Hey! Back in the day, I was the best boxer in the city! No one could beat me!" he might be remembering his heyday as a fighter. If you remember a time in the past when you were doing something really well or getting a lot of attention or fame, you might be reminiscing about your heyday. A person or an organization — and even a thing — can have a heyday, or a peak time when everything goes well. The good news is that a heyday can come again and again, so while your heyday as student president might be just a memory, there might be a heyday as governor of your state years later.

dispatch

noun: the property of being prompt and efficient She finished her thesis with dispatch, amazing her advisors who couldn't believe she had written 60 scholarly pages so quickly. verb: dispose of rapidly and without delay and efficiently As soon as the angry peasants stormed the castle, they caught the king and swiftly dispatched him. This word has other definitions, but these are the most important ones to study Anything that needs to be mailed, sent off, or quickly shipped needs to be dispatched. Letters, official reports, teams of police — if it has somewhere to be, you can dispatch it to get there. Sometimes spelled despatch, this word was first used in the early 1500s as a verb meaning "to send off in a hurry." These days we get hurried dispatches in noun and verb form, from journalists sending in their war zone stories to emergency squads getting dispatched to the scene of an accident. And in its most sinister sense, dispatch means to kill off without delay. سریع و کارآمد noun اعزام dispatch, dispatching, send-out ارسال transmission, forwarding, dispatch, transmittance, transmittal, consignment مخابره transmission, communication, dispatch, traffic, connection, contact گسیل dispatch verb فرستا دن despatch, dispatch, send, forward, issue, refer اعزام کردن detach, dispatch, send out گسیل داشتن dispatch, send گسیل کردن dispatch

candidness

noun: the quality of being honest and straightforward in attitude and speech Although I was unhappy that the relationship ended, I appreciated her candidness about why she was ready to move on from the relationship. the quality of being honest and straightforward in attitude and speech شفافیت صداقت

volubility

noun: the quality of talking or writing easily and continuously The professor's volubility knows no bounds; he could talk through a hurricane and elaborate a point from one St. Patrick's Day to the next. the quality of being facile in speech and writing چرخندگی volubility چرب زبانی volubility, flippancy, unction روانی fluency of speech

altruism

noun: the quality of unselfish concern for the welfare of others Albert Schweitzer spent most of his life doing missionary work as a doctor in Africa, seeking no reward, apparently motivated only by altruism. نوع دوستی altruism, humanism نوع پرستی philanthropy, altruism, benevolence بشر دوستی If you see a stranger getting beaten up on the playground and you rush in to rescue them, you have done something unselfish to help another person, otherwise known as an act of altruism. Use the noun altruism to refer to feelings or actions that show an unselfish concern for other people. In science, altruism refers to animal behavior that could be harmful to the animal itself but that contributes to the survival of the animal group. It's related to the adjective altruistic. Someone known for their altruism is an altruist.

rapprochement

noun: the reestablishing of cordial relations Although Ann hoped that her mother and her aunt would have a rapprochement, each one's bitter accusations against the other made any reconciliation unlikely. noun (especially in international relations) an establishment or resumption of harmonious relations. there were signs of a growing rapprochement between the two countries synonyms: reconciliation, increased understanding, noun ایجاد روابط حسنه rapprochement نزدیکی proximity, vicinity, affinity, rapprochement, approximation, imminence تمایل بدوستی rapprochement Rapprochement is the reestablishment of a happy relationship or arrangement. A peace treaty between warring nations is a kind of rapprochement. People who usually get along sometimes come into conflict: formerly allied nations go to war, friends feud, and spouses divorce. If a conflict ends and the parties go back to being on good terms, they achieve rapprochement. This term is most often used in international politics — for example, when two countries make peace after a long war, that's rapprochement. The word means "reunion" or "reconciliation" in French, and its root is rapprocher, "to bring near."

primacy

noun: the state of being first in importance The primacy of Apple Computers is not guaranteed, as seen in the recent lawsuits and weak growth. Something with primacy has first importance. If you are deciding who to take on an all-expenses-paid trip up the Amazon, the quality of being chill and fun might take primacy over the number of years you've been friends. Primacy comes from primary, meaning first, and it is like a condition of always having first place. If you are the teacher's pet, you might have primacy over your classmates. You can also talk about primacy within a field. Madonna, Beyonce, and Shakira have all at one time or another achieved primacy in the field of pop music. Keep practicing, maybe you'll be next. noun تقدم priority, primacy, precedence, preference, lead, precession برتری superiority, advantage, oun the fact of being primary, preeminent, or more important. the primacy of air power in the modern war

ascendancy

noun: the state that exists when one person or group has power over another The ascendancy of the Carlsbad water polo team is clear—they have a decade of championships behind them. When you assume ascendancy over someone else, you become more powerful than they are. Ascendancy is the state of being in a higher position. If you look at ascendancy, you see the word, ascend, which means to go up. Ascendancy is not so much about going up, but about being up. Another word for it is dominance, especially in the context of foreign or domestic relations. In school, if you question a teacher's ascendancy, you might be told to go to the principal's office. In this case, you're challenging the teacher's authority. استیلا برتری چیره گی تعالی sublimation, sublimity, ascendancy, eminence, ascendency, god تفوق

mendacity

noun: the tendency to be untruthful I can forgive her for her mendacity but only because she is a child and is seeing what she can get away with. Mendacity is a tendency to lie. Your friend might swear that he didn't eat your secret chocolate stash, but you'll find it hard to believe him if he's known for his mendacity. untruthfulness noun دروغ گویی lying, mendacity, prevarication, leasing کذب false, falsehood, lie, untruth, mendacity, leasing

temperance

noun: the trait of avoiding excesses Welles wasn't known for his temperance--he usually ate enough for two and drank enough for three. noun اعتدال moderation, temperance, sobriety, mean میانه روی moderation, temperance طرفداری از منع نوشابه های الکلی temperance خود داری restraint, abstinence, equanimity, forbearance, abstention, temperance

indifference

noun: the trait of seeming not to care In an effort to fight indifference, the president of the college introduced a new, stricter grading system. a lack of interest or concern noun سهل انگاری indifference, nonchalance, insouciance, laches بی علاقگی indifference, apathy, unconcern, inappetence, lethargy, stupidity لاقیدی indifference, unconcern, nonchalance سردی coldness, frigidity, aloofness, iciness, disinterest, indifference a lack of interest or concern

diminutive

noun: to indicate smallness He prefers to be called a diminutive of his name: "Bill" instead of "John William." adjective: very small When he put on his father's suit and shoes, his appearance was that of a diminutive youth. Diminutive means small. A diminutive person is short and small. A diminutive word is a "cute" version of a word or name: for example, "duckling" is a diminutive of "duck" and Billy is a diminutive form of the name William. A diminutive name or word is formed from another by the addition of a suffix expressing smallness in size: a booklet is a small book, a dinette is a small version of a dining set. The adjective diminutive descends from Middle English, from Old French, from Late Latin dīminūtīvus, from Latin dēminuere "to lessen." فنچ کوچیک ریز

qualm

noun: uneasiness about the fitness of an action While he could articulate no clear reason why Harkner's plan would fail, he nevertheless felt qualms about committing any resources to it. A qualm is a feeling of uneasiness, or a sense that something you're doing is wrong, and it sounds almost like how it makes your stomach feel. If you had qualms about taking candy from the bulk bins at the store, your conscience probably told you to go back to the cashier and pay. Qualm entered English in the 16th century, with meanings like "doubt" and "uneasiness." Usually a qualm comes from doubt about an action and a feeling that you are doing, or are about to do, something wrong. It isn't a bad feeling about another person's behavior but about your own. If you have qualms about lying to get into the over-18 dance club, you might decide to follow your gut-check and meet your friends for coffee instead. تردید doubt, uncertainty, skepticism, suspicion, hesitancy, qualm حس عذاب وجدان

travail

noun: use of physical or mental energy; hard work; agony or anguish While they experienced nothing but travails in refinishing the kitchen, they completed the master bedroom in less than a weekend. noun درد زایمان labor, travail, labour مشقت hardship, difficulty, adversity, travail, affliction, toil رنج زحمت travail verb رنج بردن suffer, travail, take care, toil درد کشیدن pain, travail, twinge If you've had to bust your behind, burn the midnight oil, and shed blood, sweat, and tears to get where you are today, you could say you've endured significant travail. In other words, back-breakingly hard mental exertion or physical labor. Travail comes to us from a sinister Latin word: trepalium, meaning "instrument of torture." The closest English word is probably toil, though travail means you're not just exerting monumental effort but suffering as you do so. If your life has been hard-knock enough to be the stuff of old blues songs or Shakespearean tragedies, you've had your share of travails. In French, incidentally, travail simply means work. The Spanish trabajo (work) is closely related.

opulence

noun: wealth as evidenced by sumptuous living Russian oligarchs are famous for their opulence, living in fancy homes and dining on expensive caviar. Something with opulence is drenched in wealth and luxury. You'll need gold brocaded curtains, diamond-encrusted watches, and a world-renowned personal chef if you want to add some opulence to your life. great wealth or luxuriousness. توانمندی غنا وفور

goosebumps

reflex erection of hairs of the skin in response to cold or emotional stress or skin irritation

syncretic

relating to a historical tendency for a language to reduce its use of inflections.وابسته به همتایی

serendipity

the occurrence and development of events by chance in a happy or beneficial way. نعمت غیر مترقبه If you find good things without looking for them, serendipity — unexpected good luck — has brought them to you.

defenestrate

throw (someone) out of a window. she had made up her mind that the woman had been defenestrated, although the official verdict had been suicide remove or dismiss (someone) from a position of power or authority. the overwhelming view is that he should be defenestrated before the next election

vindicate

to clear of accusation, blame, suspicion, or doubt with supporting arguments or proof show to be right by providing justification or proof دفاع کردن از defend, vindicate, assert, champion حمایت کردن از maintain, protect, assist, sustain, uphold, vindicate پشتیبانی کردن از

intimate

to suggest something subtly verb: to suggest something subtly At first Manfred's teachers intimated to his parents that he was not suited to skip a grade; when his parents protested, teachers explicitly told them that, notwithstanding the boy's precocity, he was simply too immature to jump to the 6th grade. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Intimate means being close. A small restaurant is called intimate because you're sitting close to the other people, and your best friends are considered your intimate friends This adjective can mean very friendly, or very personal or private. The original spelling was intime, from French, from Latin intimus "innermost," from intus "within." The related verb intimate means to hint or suggest. Intimate is also a noun meaning a close friend or associate. And when you get intimate with someone, it can mean that you're sexually involved. چیزی را با ذکاوت پیشنهاد کردن صمیمی sincere, intimate, cordial, warm, heartfelt, hearty خودمانی intimate, familiar, friendly, private, bosom, close محبوب popular, beloved, favorite, loved, cherished, intimate noun محرم

upbraid

upbraid verb: to reproach; to scold Bob took a risk walking into the "Students Barbershop"—in the end he had to upbraid the apparently drunk barber for giving him an uneven bowl cut. No, upbraid isn't what girls get done at a salon before prom. When you upbraid people, you scold them, tell them off, and criticize them. (You could, however, upbraid your stylist after a bad haircut.) سرزنش کردن blame, scold, berate, snub, upbraid, chide ملامت کردن

dovetail

verb verb: fit together tightly, as if by means of an interlocking joint Although Darwin's evolution and Mendel's genetics were developed in isolation from one another, they dovetail very well. Vocabulary.com DictionaryAdvanced Search List Builder Random Word dovetail A dovetail is a joint in woodworking where two sides are fitted together with interlocking pieces. You can also use the word dovetail to show how other things fit well together — like how your picnic plans nicely dovetail with the sunny forecast. A well-made dovetail is a beautiful thing, with wooden projections that slide into notches perfectly, the two sides forming a corner. When things fit this way, you can say they dovetail — they fit easily and work well together. Your plan to dress up as a Jedi knight dovetails well with your brother's Darth Vader costume, for example. Dovetails got their name from the tail feather-like shape of the joint's pieces. verb جفت کردن mortise, dovetail, couple, accompany, به هم متصل شدن

disaffect

verb بی میل شدن cloy, disaffect از علاقه و محبت کاستن disaffect adjective: discontented as toward authority After watching his superior take rations from the soldiers, he quickly became disaffected and rebelled. to cause to lose affection or loyalty dissatisfied with the people in authority and no longer willing to support them.

misattribute

verb: To erroneously attribute; to falsely ascribe; used especially of authorship. I made a mistake; I misattributed "Crime and Punishment" to Leo Tolstoy when it was actually written by Fyodor Dostoyevsky. اشتباه اختصاص دادن اشتباه نسبت دادن

eke

verb: To live off meager resources, to scrape by Stranded in a cabin over the winter, Terry was able to eke out an existence on canned food. manage to support oneself or make a living with difficulty امرار کردن گذران کردن To eke out is to get by with difficulty or a struggle. When you just eke out a living, you live from check to check, barely managing to pay all your bills. You'll often find eke out followed by "a living," or "an existence," describing the process of working hard for every bit of money. You can also use it to mean "squeeze out," or "win after a struggle," the way an underdog baseball team just barely ekes out a win over its rival. And finally, you can make something last longer, or eke it out: "She'll eke out that chili for a whole week, I bet." بخور و نمیر داشتن امرار معاش کردن

morph

verb: To undergo dramatic change in a seamless and barely noticeable fashion. The earnestness of the daytime talk shows of the 1970's has morphed into something far more sensational and vulgar: today guests actually stand up and threaten to take swings at one another. To morph is to change from one shape to another. A cute bunny, for example, might morph into a killer dragon in a fairy tale or an animated film. Morph comes from the word metamorphosis, which is a Greek word meaning "a transforming." As a verb, it has only been around since the 1980s, when computers allowed animators to make things change shape in an apparently seamlessly way. With the right skills, you can morph a toaster into a highly intelligent robot that helps fight crime, offers dating advice to the protagonist of the film, and still makes an excellent piece of toast. verb change smoothly from one image to another by small gradual steps using computer animation techniques. 3-D objects can be morphed into other objects noun an image that has been morphed by computer animation. The sounds ushering from the two morphs on the screen weren't any better, though, and he couldn't block those out. suffix denoting something having a specified form or character. endomorph abbreviation morphological or morphology. تغییر دادن عوض شدن

countermand

verb: a contrary command cancelling or reversing a previous command By the time the colonel countermanded his soldiers not to land in enemy territory, a few helicopters had already touched down amid heavy gunfire. When an officer in the military shouts, "Belay that order, Private!" that is a countermand. A countermand is an order that cancels or reverses an earlier command. Countermand is also used as a verb meaning "to cancel or revoke." Counter means "opposing" or "opposite," and mand is short for "mandate" or "command." Put them together and you've got countermand — an "opposing command." When you issue a countermand, you cancel the original command and usually replace it with a new one. Countermand is often used in a military context, but it can be applied more widely. If your parents tell you to take out the trash, you might countermand these orders by telling your little brother to do it instead. noun an order revoking a previous one. I forthwith mounted, and went off, lest I should receive a countermand verb revoke (an order). an order to arrest the strike leaders had been countermanded synonyms: revoke, rescind, reverse, undo, repeal, retract, withdraw, quash noun برگرداندن حکم صادره countermand verb فسخ کردن annul, cancel, countermand, disannul, rescind, terminate لغو کردن cancel, annul

finagle

verb: achieve something by means of trickery or devious methods Steven was able to finagle one of the last seats on the train by convincing the conductor that his torn stub was actually a valid ticket. When you finagle, you get out of something using devious methods, like when you pretend you're sick to avoid taking a pop quiz. Finagle is a word with a usually negative connotation, as it means to get something by being dishonest or tricking someone. To get a student discount from a bookstore by pretending you're a student is to finagle the store clerk. Finagle might also mean to get your way by being clever, as when you convince your sister that what she really wants for her birthday is that video game you've been dreaming of for months. verb بازرنگی بدست اوردن finagle باحیله بدست اوردن finagle

expound

verb: add details or explanation; clarify the meaning; state in depth The CEO refused to ***expound on*** the decision to merge our department with another one, and so I quit. "some sugar," "some onions," and "some flour" as ingredients, you might ask the cook to expound by adding measurements of how much of each to use. When you expound, you explain or provide details. verb به تفصیل شرح دادن expound, expand, expatiate تفسیر کردن interpret, translate, expound, construe, explicate, gloss واضح کردن clear, clarify, expound to explain in detail

lionize

verb: assign great social importance to Students in the U.S. learn to lionize Jefferson, Franklin, and Washington because they are the founding fathers of the nation. to treat as a celebrity verb شیر کردن lionize, bield, defy مورد توجه زیاد قرار گرفتن lionize give a lot of public attention and approval to (someone); treat as a celebrity.

relegate

verb: assign to a lower position When Dexter was unable to fulfill his basic duties, instead of firing him, the boss relegated him to kitchen cleanup. verb واگذار کردن concede, cede, assign, relegate, give, transfer منتسب کردن relegate, refer طبقه بندی کردن classify, categorize, sort, assort, relegate, subdivide انداختن drop, throw, cast, put, launch, relegate Relegate means assign to a lower position. If the quarterback of the football team stops making decent throws he might be relegated to the position of benchwarmer, while another kid is given the chance to play. Relegate rhymes with delegate--both words derive from the Latin legare "send." Relegate means to send someone down in rank. Delegate means to send someone in your place to complete a task. In the workplace, managers who can't figure out how to delegate may get relegated to a lesser rank. رتبه ی شغلی کسی را تنزل دادن

beg

verb: assume something is true (usu. followed by "the question", meaning that you ask a question in which you assume something that hasn't been proven true) By assuming that Charlie was headed to college—which he was not—Maggie begged the question when she asked him to which school he was headed in the Fall. To beg is to ask for something in an earnest, pleading way. You might beg your roommates to be quiet if you're desperately trying to get some sleep. You can beg your parents to let you go to a concert with your friends, and you can beg your sister for forgiveness after you inadvertently hurt her feelings. In either case, you are imploring, asking sincerely for something you want. Many dogs are skilled at this, and will beg by sitting beside you while you eat, looking adorable. Another way to beg is to ask for desperately needed charity — to solicit money or food from strangers. "beg the question" "beg the point in the discussion" Type of: circumvent, dodge, duck, elude, evade, fudge, hedge, parry, put off, sidestep, skirt avoid or try to avoid fulfilling, answering, or performing (duties, questions, or issues) دور زدن طفره رفتن از سوال

impugn

verb: attack as false or wrong Though many initially tried to impugn Darwin's theory, in scientific circles today, the idea is taken as truth To impugn means to call into question or attack as wrong. If your usually grumpy brother is suddenly nice and sweet, you'll impugn his motives if you're smart — he probably just wants something from you. The root of impugn is the Latin pugnare which means "to fight," so when you impugn, you are fighting or attacking, but by saying that something is false or wrong. If a candidate has a record that cannot be impugned, his or her opponent might go for a character attack. If you take pride in your work, you will be especially insulted if someone impugns your professionalism or integrity. verb dispute the truth, validity, or honesty of (a statement or motive); call into question. the father does not impugn her capacity as a good mother synonyms: call into question, challenge, question, dispute, query, take issue with زیر سوال بردن مورد اعتراض قرار دادن یک اشتباه

impute

verb: attribute (responsibility or fault) to something He imputed his subpar performance on the test to a combination of stress and poor sleep. The verb impute can be used to blame someone for doing something bad, give credit for good work, or just tell it like it is, like when you impute your lateness to my not telling you where to meet me. When you impute something, you name the cause of something that has happened. For example, you might impute your ability to sing well to the thousands of dollars your parents spent in voice lessons. In other words, you name the source. You can also impute a person, like imputing to a teacher your love of learning — he or she helped you become more interested in school and your classes verb represent (something, especially something undesirable) as being done, caused, or possessed by someone; attribute. the crimes imputed to Richard synonyms: attribute to, ascribe to, assign to, credit to, connect with, associate with verb نسبت دادن attribute, ascribe, impute, attach, credit دادن give, give, grant, admit, impute, render متهم کردن accuse, incriminate, indict, denounce, impute, criminate

ascribe

verb: attribute or credit to History ascribes The Odyssey and The Iliad to Homer, but scholars now debate whether he was a historical figure or a fictitious name. Ascribe means to give credit to, like if you ascribe the A you got on your group project to the hard work of your partners! Ascribe's Latin root is ascribere, meaning basically "to write in.'' Makes sense, because ascribe is often used to*** link writers to their words***. Many a quirky quote, like "Age is an issue of mind over matter. If you don't mind, it doesn't matter," is ascribed to that famous scribe Mark Twain. It can also be a way of blaming something — you might ascribe your bad attitude to your mom because she won't let you have cupcakes for dinner. verb نسبت دادن attribute, ascribe, impute, attach, credit اسناد دادن ascribe دانستن know, learn, knew, have, con, ascribe حمل کردن carry, transport, bear, haul, portage, ascribe کاتب ascribe رونوشت برداشتن ascribe, transcribe

eschew

verb: avoid and stay away from deliberately; stay clear of Politicians are the masters of eschewing morals; academics are the masters of eschewing clarity. verb اجتناب کردن avoid, eschew, pass خود داری کردن withhold, desist, eschew, forbear, refrain Eschew comes from a word meaning dread, or shun. So to eschew something isn't simply to avoid it, the way you would avoid walking in a puddle--it's stronger than that. You eschew things that you find morally or aesthetically wrong, or that you have chosen to find wrong. A dieter might eschew a chocolate sundae, not because he doesn't like it, but because he's afraid of what it will do to his waistline.

differentiate

verb: be a distinctive feature, attribute, or trait (sometimes in positive sense) Mozart's long melodic lines differentiate his compositions from other works of late 18th century music. verb: evolve so as to lead to a new species or develop in a way most suited to the environment مشتق شدن گونه ی جدیدی تولید شدن Animals on Madagascar differentiated from other similar animal species due to many years of isolation on the island. To differentiate is to identify the differences between things, to discriminate among them. For example, if the light is dim at the party, you might find it hard to differentiate between the spicy bean dip and the chocolate sauce. You can see different in differentiate. This will help you remember that it has to do with finding how things are different, or making them different. For example, identical twins look alike but if you get to know them, personality traits, speech patterns and their likes and dislikes help differentiate one from another. Also, when you wear a team uniform the number on your back helps coaches differentiate between teammates when everyone is playing fast. differentiate فرق قائل شدن differentiate

impede

verb: be a hindrance or obstacle to Since the police sergeant had to train the pair of new hires, progress in his own case was impeded. مانع شدن barricade, prevent, hamper, exclude, hinder, impede مشکل کردن impede باز داشتن To impede something is to delay or block its progress or movement. Carrying six heavy bags will impede your progress if you're trying to walk across town in a hurry. Impede comes from the Latin impedire which literally means "to hold the feet," formed from the prefix in- "in" plus pes "foot." Think about walking with a cast on your foot--how slow and awkward that would be. If you struggle with reading, that might impede your progress in your social studies class. An impediment is something that impedes, such as a physical defect that affects speech--a speech impediment. دست و پا گیر شدن

flummox

verb: be a mystery or bewildering to Mary's behavior completely flummoxes me: I never have any idea what her motivations might be. Does the word flummox bewilder, confound, dumbfound and generally mystify you? Well, fear no more, because flummox means all of these things! Things that flummox you are probably not that serious, and often pretty amusing and informal: a TV remote or a crossword puzzle, for example, rather than something major like why your boyfriend or girlfriend broke up with you. (Now that's unfathomable.) Get this: linguists are actually mystified as to where the word flummox comes from — they're flummoxed, in other words. It may come from an old English word, flummock, meaning "to make untidy or confuse," but no one is really sure. Now, what could be more suitable? سرگردان کردن گیج کردن verb (of something complicated or unaccountable) cause (someone) to feel completely baffled. she was perplexed by her husband's moodiness synonyms: puzzle, baffle, mystify, bemuse, bewilder, در جواب عاجز کردن

browbeat

verb: be bossy towards; discourage or frighten with threats or a domineering manner During the interrogation, the suspect was browbeaten into signing a false confession. To browbeat is to intimidate with language. Picture yourself in a police station. The cops are trying to get you to talk by using tough, even abusive, language. They are browbeating you. When someone browbeats you, they're giving you a beating with their mouth and their mind. If your parents have to browbeat you into cleaning your room, they nag you, yell at you and they may even make fun of you and your bad cleaning habits. While the word brow means forehead, think that they're using their head, or brow, to beat you down. It's a figurative, rather than a literal, beating. verb intimidate (someone), typically into doing something, with stern or abusive words. a witness is being browbeaten under cross-examination synonyms: bully, intimidate, force, coerce رئیس بازی دراورن verb تشر زدن browbeat, threaten نهیب زدن به browbeat, intimidate

exemplify

verb: be characteristic of Lincoln exemplified the best of not only America, but also the potential greatness that exists within each person. verb: clarify by giving an example of Please present some case studies that exemplify the results that you claim in your paper. If you exemplify something, you're the perfect example of it. Say you wear frilly shirts, knee-high boots, and black eye-make-up — you exemplify the fashion world's obsession with pirates. Exemplifying something can also mean make it clearer by offering an illustration or an example. If you want to exemplify your argument that, say, pirate gear is fashionable, you might want to show your friends some pictures of celebrities wearing eye patches. نمونه بارز بودن از با مثال توضیح دادن

vacillate

verb: be undecided about something; waver between conflicting positions or courses of action Some students vacillate between schools when deciding which to attend, while others focus only on one school. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study waver; fluctuate Vacillate means to waver back and forth, unable to decide. You might vacillate between ordering waffles and pancakes at your favorite diner — it's hard to pick just one when both are so tasty!

obtain

verb: be valid, applicable, or true The custom of waiting your turn in line does not obtain in some countries, in which many people try to rush to front of the line at the same time. Obtain means to get something that is not so easy to come by such as knowledge, rights, or a large amount of money. You wouldn't say you obtained a pair of pants, unless they were one of a kind. At times in its history, obtain has meant to be victorious or to succeed. Today, it mostly means to acquire, but keeping its prior meanings in mind helps you to use it in the right way. College degrees are something that you obtain as is permission from your parents to go to a party. When you obtain something, you have worked hard to get it, so you are pretty happy to have it. *** به سختی رسیدن به دست آوردن قابل اجرا بودن معتبر بودن

prevail

verb: be widespread in a particular area at a particular time; be current: شایع شدن prevail During the labor negotiations, an air of hostility prevailed in the office. verb: prove superior Before the cricket match, Australia was heavily favored, but India prevailed. Prevail means to successfully persuade someone of something. If you were a Presidential advisor and you convinced him to make a National Day of Pet Appreciation, then you prevailed upon him to recognize pets. Prevail can be used for different kinds of success. If you prevail upon someone, you have influence on them. If you prevail over someone, you win. Say you're a big fan of a losing team. You might cheer, "Despite all odds, we will prevail!" To use prevail there has be some kind of contest. That could be internal, like when you're on a diet and your desire to eat chocolate cake prevails over your discipline. مستولی شدن prevail verb چیره شدن overcome, dominate, prevail چربیدن preponderate, predominate, prevail

languish

verb: become feeble Stranded in the wilderness for four days, the hiker languished, eating protein bars and nuts. To languish is to become pitiful or weak because you're sick, in love, or stuck somewhere. A prisoner might languish in jail, longing for her freedom. Languish, like languid, is from the Latin word languere which means to "be weak or faint." Your houseplants might languish in a dark dry corner. A Romantic poet might languish on a velvet couch with the back of her hand to her forehead. People in operas love to languish: The main character in La Traviatta, Violetta, languishes from longing and eventually tuberculosis. verb (of a person or other living thing) lose or lack vitality; grow weak or feeble. synonyms: reduction, decrease, downturn, downswing ضعیف شدن تحلیل رفتن suffer from being forced to remain in an unpleasant place or situation. رنجور عشق شدن زایل شدن فاسد شدن

importune

verb: beg persistently and urgently After weeks of importuning the star to meet for a five-minute interview, the journalist finally got what she wanted. Sure, to importune is to beg, but use it only when you're talking about going beyond mere begging into more urgent territory. The woman importuned the judge to release her innocent brother from jail. The original Latin term actually meant something closer to "to bother." Bear that in mind when you're deciding whether to use importune, because that's the kind of begging you'd want to be talking about when you do. Imagine needing something so badly that you cannot stop asking for it: then you might importune someone to get it. After a year of being importuned, dad let me have the car. مصرانه خواستن importune اصرار کردن به importune عاجز کردن annoy, bay, disable, harass, hassle, importune سماجت کردن importune, insist, persist ابرام کردن importune, urge Sure, to importune is to beg, but use it only when you're talking about going beyond mere begging into more urgent territory. The woman importuned the judge to release her innocent brother from jail. The original Latin term actually meant something closer to "to bother." Bear that in mind when you're deciding whether to use importune, because that's the kind of begging you'd want to be talking about when you do. Imagine needing something so badly that you cannot stop asking for it: then you might importune someone to get it. After a year of being importuned, dad let me have the car.

flounder

verb: behave awkwardly; have difficulties Sylvia has excelled at advanced calculus, but ironically, when she has to deal with taxes, she flounders. A flounder is a flat fish with both eyes on one side of its head; and, as a verb, to flounder is to wobble around like a fish out of water. To flounder is to be unsteady or uncertain. It's probably from the Dutch word floddern, "to flop about," or it's a mix of founder ("to fail") and blunder ("do something clumsy"). If you flounder in the ocean, you need a surfer dude to scoop you up. You don't have to be in water, though; you can flounder any time you're a little wobbly — like after a long hike or during the last hour of the SATs. Either way, when you flounder, you wish you were a flat fish at the bottom of the sea. دست و پا کردن flounder, struggle در گل تقلا کردن flounder بال بال زدن

elicit

verb: call forth (emotions, feelings, and responses) Just smiling--even if you are depressed--can elicit feelings of pleasure and happiness. When you elicit, you're bringing out a response of some sort. A good comedian elicits a lot of laughs. verb بیرون کشیدن evoke, extract, draw, elicit, solicit, aspirate استخراج کردن extract, exploit, elicit, draw out, educe, pan evoke or draw out (a response, answer, or fact) from someone in reaction to one's own actions or questions.

rescind

verb: cancel officially The man's driver's license was rescinded after his tenth car accident, which meant he would never be allowed to legally drive again. If you get a call saying a company has decided to rescind your job offer, it's back to the classifieds for you. Rescind is an official reversal. verb باطل ساختن rescind, override, falsify لغو کردن cancel, annul, override, repeal, abrogate, rescind فسخ کردن annul, cancel, countermand, disannul, rescind, terminate

rile

verb: cause annoyance in; disturb, especially by minor irritations Dan is usually calm and balanced, but it takes only one intense glare from Sabrina to rile him. To rile someone is to annoy or bother them. For example, a friend might rile you by constantly texting when you're trying to have a conversation with her. You can also rile water, meaning you make it muddy by stirring it up. The verb rile is derived from roil, and they basically mean the same thing. However, rile is more commonly used to mean "annoy" and roil mostly describes stirred liquid. If you rile up your sister, what you say makes gets her worked up, ready to argue with you. When a kid splashes around in the tub, the water is roiled — but if it gets all over the floor, his parents will be riled. verb هم زدن rile مغشوش کردن confuse, adulterate, rile, flummox, mix up, unsettle ازردن fash, hurt, aggrieve, ail, annoy, rile

stultify

verb: cause one, through routine, to lose energy and enthusiasm As an undergraduate Mark felt stultified by classes outside his area of study; only in grad school, in which he could focus solely on literary analysis, did he regain his scholarly edge. When something stultifies you, it drains you of your energy, enthusiasm, or pleasure. A well-acted Shakespeare play can be a thrill. A poorly acted one can stultify like nothing else. The verb stultify is sometimes used in place of "bore" or "exhaust," but only if something is so boring or exhausting that it makes you feel as though you might just die. It's a very negative word. If you're in a relationship that's stultifying, you should find a way out. Relationships should make you feel more alive, not less. Constant construction noise can have a stultifying effect, leaving a person almost unable to function. از پا درآوردن ذله کردن با کارهای روتین

disseminate

verb: cause to become widely known Before the effects of anesthesia were disseminated, patients had to experience the full pain of a surgery. Disseminate means to spread information, knowledge, opinions widely. Semin- derives from the Latin word for seed; the idea with disseminate is that information travels like seeds sown by a farmer. spread or disperse (something, especially information) widely. پخش کردن مثل بذر پاشاندن

perpetuate

verb: cause to continue If you do not let him do things for himself, you are merely perpetuating bad habits that will be even harder to break in the future. Some things should last forever and others should not be perpetuated at all. Things that should NOT be perpetuated? Ugly rumors, arms races, and your Aunt Martha's annual fruit cake. Be careful not to confuse perpetuate with perpetrate. Although they differ in spelling by only one letter, they differ greatly in meaning. If you perpetuate something, you help it last. Perpetrate, on the other hand, means to commit a criminal act. Needless to say, you wouldn't want to perpetuate the acts of perpetrators! Some things should last forever and others should not be perpetuated at all. Things that should NOT be perpetuated? Ugly rumors, arms races, and your Aunt Martha's annual fruit cake. Be careful not to confuse perpetuate with perpetrate. Although they differ in spelling by only one letter, they differ greatly in meaning. If you perpetuate something, you help it last. Perpetrate, on the other hand, means to commit a criminal act. Needless to say, you wouldn't want to perpetuate the acts of perpetrators! make (something, typically an undesirable situation or an unfounded belief) continue indefinitely. verb همیشگی کردن perpetuate دائمي کردن perpetuate جاودانی ساختن perpetuate

crystallize

verb: cause to take on a definite and clear shape Only after fifteen minutes of brainstorming did Samantha's ideas for the essay crystallize. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to stud cause to take on a definite and clear shape "He tried to crystallize his thoughts" Synonyms: crystalise, crystalize, crystallise Type of: form, shape give shape or form to شکل دادن shape, crystallize, model, tool

denigrate

verb: charge falsely or with malicious intent; attack the good name and reputation of someone Count Rumford denigrated the new theory of heat, demonstrating that it was wholly inadequate to explain the observations. to slur someone's reputation verb لکه دار کردن blemish, tarnish, foul, taint, smear, denigrate بد نام کردن defame, vilify, denigrate, malign, asperse, attaint سیاه کردن begrime, black, ruin, make bitter, make black, denigrate سیاه ساختن blacken, denigrate

glean

verb: collect information bit by bit Herb has given us no formal statement about his background, but from various hints, I have gleaned that he grew up in difficult circumstances. Seeing a word in context lets you glean information about how it's used. Glean means to gather bit by bit. You might say, "I couldn't understand her accent, but from what I could glean, she needs money to take the bus." In the Book of Ruth in The Bible, Ruth meets her future husband when she asked permission to glean from his fields, which means follow the grain cutters, gathering the seed kernels that have fallen on the ground. For the very poor at this time, gleaning was often means of getting food. verb اینسو انسو جمع کردن glean خوشه چینی کردن plagiarize, glean

derive

verb: come from; be connected by a relationship of blood, for example Many words in the English language are derived from Latin, including the word "derive." verb: reason by deduction; establish by deduction From the multiple set of footprints in the living room, the investigator derived an important clue: Sheila was not alone in the room at the time of the murde If you want to talk about something that comes from something else, but you want to sound sophisticated and maybe financial or scientific, use derive, like so: That scent? It's derived from a solution of roses boiled with toothpicks. verb نتیجه گرفتن derive, deduce, conclude, gather مشتق کردن derive مشتق شدن derive, branch منتج کردن derive استنتاج کردن derive, infer, conclude, evolve, induce, subsume ناشی شدن از derive, proceed, rise

vanquish

verb: come out better in a competition, race, or conflict For years, Argentina would dominate in World Cup qualifying matches, only to be vanquished by one of the European countries during the late stages of the tournament. To vanquish is to be the complete and total winner, to overpower and overcome, whether in a contest, a race, or a war. It generally suggests a total trouncing, to the point of humiliation — or worse — for the loser. Sometimes words for the same thing are effective in different ways because they offer different levels of meaning. For example, in a game, you can simply win, or you can vanquish your opponent. The former is enough, but the latter makes that defeat sound so much worse, like a total rout. Philosopher Friedrich Nietzsche once stated, "Against war it may be said that it makes the victor stupid and the vanquished revengeful." درهم شکستن break down, overwhelm, smash, vanquish, crash, force مغلوب ساختن defeat, vanquish, overcome

proscribe

verb: command against My doctor proscribed my habit of eating donuts with chocolate sauce and hamburger patties for breakfast To proscribe something is to forbid or prohibit it, as a school principal might proscribe the use of cell phones in class. Proscribe sounds similar to the word prescribe, but be careful: these words are essentially opposite in meaning. While proscribe means forbid, prescribe is used when a doctor recommends a medicine or remedy. Of course, if you want an excuse for not following your doctor's orders, you could say you were confused about the meaning of these two words — but that would be lying, which is proscribed by most people's value systems. And it would also be bad for your health. verb بازداشتن از proscribe تحریم کردن boycott, ban, blackball, lock out, prohibit, proscribe نهی کردن verb forbid, especially by law. strikes remained proscribed in the armed forces synonyms: forbid, prohibit, ban

vie

verb: compete for something While the other teams in the division actively vie for the championship, this team seems content simply to go through the motions of playing. verb رقابت کردن compete, challenge, vie, contend, corrival, rival رقیب شدن corrival, vie هم چشمی کردن vie, compete To vie for something means to compete for it. Two teams may vie for the gold medal, but one will have to go home with silver. Vie may be spelled the same as the French word, vie, but they are pronounced differently, vī and vē respectively, and are not related in meaning or history. English vie comes from the Latin verb meaning "to invite" as in to invite a challenge. Be careful of the spelling which includes an ie to y shift. "He intends to vie for the top prize," but "He is vying for the top prize."

dissemble

verb: conceal one's true motives, usually through deceit To get close to the senator, the assassin dissembled his intentions, convincing many people that he was a reporter for a well-known newspaper. verb conceal one's true motives, feelings, or beliefs. an honest, sincere person with no need to dissemble synonyms: dissimulate, pretend, feign, act, masquerade, sham, fake, bluff, posture, To dissemble is to hide under a false appearance, to deceive. "When confronted about their human rights record, the Chinese government typically dissembles." Dissemble is a little more complicated than a straight lie or denial. When you dissemble, you disguise your true intentions or feelings behind a false appearance. To dissemble is to pretend that you don't know something, to pretend that you think one way when you act another way. "My boyfriend was dissembling the whole time. He was a married father of two." لاپوشانی کردن پنهان کردن دورویی کردن تلبیس کردن dissemble تدلیس کردن dissemble **** resemble

subsume

verb: contain or include The rogue wave quickly subsumed the pier and boardwalk, destroying everything in its path. verb: consider (an instance of something) as part of a general rule or principle Subsume means to absorb or include. A successful company might subsume a failing competitor through a merger, or love may subsume you in the early stages of a romance. Subsume is a verb that comes from the Latin words sub, which means "from below," and sumere, which means "take." So subsume means "to take from below," like a sneak attack by some kind of deep-sea creature. Sailors and scuba divers should beware of monsters from the blackest depths waiting to subsume them. Don Quixote of La Mancha subsumes all other modern novels, demonstrating modern literary devices and predating even the idea of a postmodern, metanarrative. رده بندی کردن classify, subsume, categorize شامل کردن subsume استقراء کردن subsume استنتاج کردن

proselytize

verb: convert (someone) to another religion, philosophy, or perspective Lisa loves her Mac but says little about it; by contrast, Jake will proselytize, interrogating anyone with an Android about why she didn't purchase an iPhone. To proselytize is to try to persuade someone to switch to your religious beliefs or your way of living. If you are going to proselytize, try not to be too pushy! The word proselytize can specifically refer to religious evangelism, as in: "Proselytizing is a fundamental component of Mormonism." Proselytize, however, can also be used for any situation when people are trying to convince others to try something or to join something. TV ads proselytize about the pleasures of life with mouthwash, friends proselytize about how great their favorite video games are, and moms proselytize about the benefits of eating vegetables. To proselytize is to try to persuade someone to switch to your religious beliefs or your way of living. If you are going to proselytize, try not to be too pushy! The word proselytize can specifically refer to religious evangelism, as in: "Proselytizing is a fundamental component of Mormonism." Proselytize, however, can also be used for any situation when people are trying to convince others to try something or to join something. TV ads proselytize about the pleasures of life with mouthwash, friends proselytize about how great their favorite video games are, and moms proselytize about the benefits of eating vegetables. verb convert or attempt to convert (someone) from one religion, belief, or opinion to another. the program did have a tremendous evangelical effect, proselytizing many synonyms: evangelize, convert, save, redeem, win over, preach (to), recruit, verb بدین تازه وارد شدن یا کردن رای کسی را زدن سعی در برگرداندن نظر و باورهای یک فرد

implicate

verb: convey a meaning; imply By saying that some of the guests were uncomfortable, the manager implicated to the hotel staff that it needed to be more diligent. verb: to indicate in wrongdoing, usually a crime The crime boss was implicated for a long list of crimes, ranging from murder to disturbing the peace. The verb implicate means "to connect or involve in something." For example, your cousins might implicate you in the planning of a big party for your grandparents. Implicate comes from the Latin word implicare, meaning "to entwine, involve." When you implicate someone, you bring him or her into a group or to pitch in on a project. Implicate can have criminal connotations when it means "to connect in an incriminating manner," like when detectives figure out who drove the getaway car in the bank robbery — that person will be implicated for his or her role in the crime. درگیر کردن شرکت دادن در یک طرح یا گروه مشمول جرم کردن متهم به جرم کردن دلالت کردن

lacerate

verb: deeply hurt the feelings of; distress The teacher was fired for lacerating a student who wrote a poor essay. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study The verb lacerate means to cut or tear. So the envelope that gave you that nasty paper cut? It lacerated your finger. Something usually needs to be sharp or jagged to lacerate you, like broken glass or a sharp stick. You won't be getting lacerated anytime soon by lace or cotton balls, that's for sure. But watch out for sharp-tongued people hurling hateful words your way; those snide remarks and personal digs can lacerate feelings like a knife slicing through butter. از نظر عاطفی ضربه زدن ضربه عمیق روحی زدن مجروح کردن پاره کردن verb tear or make deep cuts in (flesh or skin). the point had lacerated his neck synonyms: cut (open), gash, slash, tear, rip, rend, shred, score, scratch, scrape, graze

delineate

verb: describe in detail Though you pronounce it duh-LIN-ee-ate, there is a "line" in the middle of delineate. This might help you remember that to delineate is to outline and define something in detail or with an actual marking of lines and boundaries. After a brief summary of proper swimming technique, the coach delineated the specifics of each stroke, spending 30 minutes alone on the backstroke. verb ترسیم نمودن delineate معین کردن determine, ascertain, define, specify, designate, delineate

enumerate

verb: determine the number or amount of The survey enumerates the number of happy workers and the number of unhappy workers. verb: specify individually, one by one I sat and listened as she enumerated all of the things she did not like about the past three months. To enumerate is to list or count off one by one. Before you ask for a raise, you'd better be able to enumerate all the reasons why you deserve more money. Tally, total, add up, compute — however you put it, enumerate is basically just another way to say "count." As in, "How do I love thee? Let me enumerate the ways." This verb came about in the 1610's as a variation on the Latin enumerates, which means "to reckon up or count over." To quote Paul Valery, the French critic, essayist, and poet, "Science is feasible when the variables are few and can be enumerated; when their combinations are distinct and clear." verb برشمردن enumerate, re-count شمردن enumerate, count, account, number, figure, tally یکایک شمردن enumerate بشمار اوردن enumerate, numerate محسوب داشتن enumerate, reckon

perturb

verb: disturb in mind or cause to be worried or alarmed Now that Henry is recovering from a major illness, he no longer lets the little trivialities, such as late mail, perturb him Imagine a couple of snakes getting loose in a pet shop, and the manager running around trying to round up the snakes and calm down the customers, and you'll picture a perturbed person. Perturbed means flustered and confused. When you're perturbed, you're upset by something, and rattled enough by it to be thrown off your usual calmness into a state of confusion. In astronomy, perturbation is defined as "the effects on a large body when it is subjected to gravitational effects from more than one other large body." When a planet is perturbed in astronomy, it is pulled in different directions by strong forces, which is a great metaphor for what happens to a person who is perturbed. verb اشفتن agitate, disquiet, disturb, flurry, fluster, perturb ناراحت کردن disquiet, discomfiture, distemper, discomfit, discomfort, perturb مزاحم شدن intrude, buttonhole, annoy, disturb, intromit, perturb

deign

verb: do something that one considers to be below one's dignity Deign means to reluctantly agree to do something you consider beneath you. When threatened with the loss of her fortune, an heiress might deign to get a job, but she might look down her nose at the people she'd have to work with. Deign has the same origins as dignity. Both descend from the Latin word, dignare, meaning "to deem worthy." If you deign to do something, you don't feel it's worthy of your lofty stature, but you do it anyway — it's like you're doing someone a really big favor. Instead of admitting his wrongdoing, the politician who is accused of taking bribes might indignantly declare, "I won't deign to dignify your ridiculous accusations with a response!" verb do something that one considers to be beneath one's dignity. she did not deign to answer the maid's question درخواست اجابت کردن با شرایط خود بزرگ کردن The master of the house never deigned to answer questions from the servants dignity کرامت تمکین کردن تحت بزرگی یک نفر بودن

quail

verb: draw back, as with fear or pain Craig always claimed to be a fearless outdoorsman, but when the thunderstorm engulfed the valley, he quailed at the thought of leaving the safety of his cabin. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Smaller than the chicken and not as well known as the pigeon, quail is like the often-overlooked middle child of the ground-dwelling bird family. Quail can also mean to cringe in fear or pain. So if you are a quail, you might quail at the thought of quail-hunting season. Quail is a broad, catchall word; it can refer to any one of many small domestic game birds. So if you're bragging about the quail you shot on a hunting trip to your uptight, bird-obsessed pals, they might demand to know if it was the Bobwhite quail, the Valley quail or the Scaled quail, to name just a few. If you use this word as a verb, it means to draw back in fear or pain. You might quail in fear at the sight of a playground bully. A good way to remember this verb meaning is to think of how the word chicken is also associated with fear. شانه خالی کردن از میدان در رفتن حرکت در رفتن جوجه ها از ترس را می گویند پس زدن عقب کشیدن

extrapolate

verb: draw from specific cases for more general cases By extrapolating from the data on the past three months, we can predict a 5% increase in traffic to our website. When you extrapolate, you use specific details to make a general conclusion. For example, if you travel to Canada and encounter only friendly, kind natives, you might extrapolate that all Canadians are friendly. The verb extrapolate can mean "to predict future outcomes based on known facts." For example, looking at your current grade report for math and how you are doing in class now, you could extrapolate that you'll likely earn a solid B for the year. Another meaning of extrapolate is "estimate the value of." You could extrapolate how much your antique watch is worth by finding how much similar watches sold for at recent auctions. نتیجه گیری استقرائی کردن تعمیم دادن برون یابی کردن

flag

verb: droop, sink, or settle from or as if from pressure or loss of tautness; become less intense After the three crushing defeats in the last three games, the team's enthusiasm began to flag. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study A flag is a piece of cloth that represents a country, group, or institution. If you're particularly proud of your Irish heritage, you might fly an Irish flag in your front yard. A real flag enthusiast might fly the American flag, their state flag, their city's flag, and the flag of their parents' birth countries. There are also flags used for signaling on ships at sea and during races and sporting events, and flags that represent armies or advertise products. When flag is used as a verb, it means "to lose energy or enthusiasm." When students start to flag in the afternoon, they tend to take a quick nap — sitting up at their desks تحلیل رفتن از پا افتادن peter, flag, founder, wash up پژمرده کردن flag سست شدن weaken, flag, grow feeble, grow weak, subside

bowdlerize

verb: edit by omitting or modifying parts considered indelicate To receive an R rating, the entire movie was bowdlerized because it contained so much violence and grotesque subject matter. To bowdlerize means to edit offensive parts out of something. If the hero in an R-rated movie adapted for TV exclaims, "Oh shoot fudge darn!" but his lips seem to be saying something else, that movie has been bowdlerized. The word bowdlerized comes from the name of Dr. T. Bowdler, who decided to publish an edition of Shakespeare without sexual references or double-entendres (which is when a word has two meanings, one of them cheeky). Mr. Bowdler thought he was performing a great service for humanity, but generally if we call something bowdlerized, we're implying that it was edited in a prudish way. verb remove material that is considered improper or offensive from (a text or account), especially with the result that it becomes weaker or less effective. a bowdlerized version of the story synonyms: expurgate, censor, blue-pencil, cut, edit, سانسور کردن ادیت کردن نکات بد اخلاقی را حذف کردن

machinate

verb: engage in plotting or enter into a conspiracy, swear together The rebels met at night in an abandoned barn to machinate. To machinate is to scheme or plan something. You might, for example, machinate a way to defeat the more popular candidate in an election for school president. You can use the verb machinate in two ways: to arrange or plan in a carefully detailed way, or to plot in an equally careful but somewhat sneaky or underhanded way. While a teacher might machinate to best organize and inspire her class, a movie villain also machinates in order to defeat the hero. Both meanings come from the same root, the noun machination, "plotting or intrigue," which is ultimately rooted in the Latin machina, "device or machine." تدبیر کردن طرح ریختن دسیسه کردن نقشه فریب کشیدن verb engage in plots and intrigues; scheme. They have no place machinating behind the scenes now.

augment

verb: enlarge or increase; improve Ideally, the restaurant's augmented menu will expand its clientele and increase its profits. Do you need to make something bigger, better, or stronger? Then you need to augment it. To augment is to increase the amount or strength of something. Maybe your bike isn't getting around very well on hills: the bike needs to be augmented with a better set of tires. People augment their computers and phones all the time, adding new gadgets and apps. They augment the storage space in their cars by buying roof racks. If the President decides to augment taxes, taxes are going up. When you see the word augment, think "More!" Do you need to make something bigger, better, or stronger? Then you need to augment it. To augment is to increase the amount or strength of something. Maybe your bike isn't getting around very well on hills: the bike needs to be augmented with a better set of tires. People augment their computers and phones all the time, adding new gadgets and apps. They augment the storage space in their cars by buying roof racks. If the President decides to augment taxes, taxes are going up. When you see the word augment, think "More!" افزودن add, increase, enhance, augment, append, eke زیاد کردن increase, augment, raise, propagate, add, boost تقویت کردن reinforce, augment, amplify, bolster, amplify, fortify تکمیل کردن

elude

verb: escape understanding While some physics concepts might elude newbies, with a little grit and a good teacher, almost anyone can develop a deep understanding of the subject. Elude means evade, or be hard to grasp. "Tom eluded his captors by hiding under a table. Martha tried to understand chemistry, but the subject continued to elude her." Elude has a slippery feeling to it. You elude the police, math can elude you — and that yak you went to see on safari but never got a glimpse of, you might say that he has eluded you as well. Delude means "to deceive," and there are times when someone can both delude and elude you — like when the conman took your money and then escaped out the back door. verb طفره رفتن dodge, evade, elude, avoid, shirk, jink گریختن

banish

verb: expel from a community, residence, or location; drive away The most difficult part of the fast was banishing thoughts of food. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study To banish is to get rid of. Think very carefully before you banish someone from your group. Someday, you may want that person around again. طرد کردن banish, discard, excommunicate, reject دور کردن تبعید کردن

debunk

verb: expose as false ideas and claims, especially while ridiculing Richard Dawkins tries to debunk religious belief, but his ridicule tends to push people away from his points rather than convince them. When you debunk something you show it to be false. Many magicians, including Houdini and Penn and Teller, have worked to debunk the idea that magic is anything other than a very clever illusion. To debunk something is to prove it wrong. The idea that music education is frivolous and should be the first item cut from the budget is something that music teachers work hard to debunk — in fact, they've done it by proving that students perform better in schools with strong music programs. The verb debunk was first used by an American writer, William Woodward, in 1923, to mean "take the bunk out of something." Bunk means "nonsense." دیگران را از یاوه و مزخرف بودن چیزی آگاه کردن

bemoan

verb: express discontent or a strong regret While the CFO carefully explained all the reasons for the cuts in benefits, after the meeting employees bemoaned the cuts as further evidence that management was against them. Some people love to complain, don't they? Complainers also tend to bemoan things, which can be translated to "Oh no! Why me?" A more casual expression for bemoan is to moan and groan. If you step in a puddle and get your shoes wet, you might moan and groan about, or bemoan, your bad luck to whoever will listen. Just about any bad or annoying thing can be bemoaned. In fact, people love to bemoan how much other people are moaning and groaning about things! verb گریه کردن cry, weep, mourn, bemoan, sob, give سوگواری کردن lament, mourn, bemoan, bewail افسوس خوردن regret, bemoan, rue, sigh

decry

verb: express strong disapproval of The entire audience erupted in shouts and curses, decrying the penalty card issued by the referee. When you dye your hair pink and orange, your mother decries your act as a horror and bursts into tears. She criticizes your choice of colors, stating that pink and purple would have looked better. You might decry learning French, declaring it as a waste of time. Yet many English words come from French. When the French conquered England in 1066, they brought with them their language as well as their social system. Because French was spoken mostly by the ruling class, many of the loan words are formal. Decry comes from the Old French descrier, to cry out or announce. When you decry something, you simultaneously condemn it and discredit it, a formal act. verb publicly denounce. they decried human rights abuses synonyms: denounce, condemn, criticize, censure, attack, rail against, run down, verb رسوا کردن decry, dissociate, gibbet, scandalize, traduce تقبیح کردن denounce, decry, ابراز نارضایتی کردن

objurgate

verb: express strong disapproval of The manager spent an hour objurgating the employee in the hopes that he would not make these mistakes again. How dare you! To objurgate is to scold or reprimand. Don't objurgate yourself, or beat yourself up if you didn't know it — it's an old word that people don't use much anymore. To scold — or to express your disgust and condemnation of — is to objurgate, although this useful word has become quite rare. You're more likely to hear someone use words like castigate or reprimand these days. Objurgate comes directly from the Latin obiurgare, "to chide or rebuke." تقبیح کردن denounce, decry, condemn, objurgate سرزنش کردن blame, scold, berate, snub, upbraid, objurgate سخت مورد انتقاد قرار دادن objurgate verb rebuke severely; scold. In addition, he anticipated the modern poets in objurgating the custom of garnishing poems with archaisms.

renege

verb: fail to fulfill a promise or obligation We will no longer work with that vendor since it has reneged on nearly every agreement. To renege is to go back on your word or fail to keep a promise. Not quite lying, reneging is more a sin of omission — failing to do what you said you would. The Latin negāre means "to deny," so by reneging on your word, you are denying someone whatever you promised them. In card games, you are said to renege if you play against the rules. To renege may be wrong, but it's not necessarily a punishable offense (unless you put that promise legally binding in writing). Still, it certainly doesn't make you look good! پیمان شکنی کردن دبه کردن انکار کردن نقض عهد کردن

abjure

verb: formally reject or give up (as a belief) While the church believed that Galileo abjured the heliocentric theory under threat of torture, he later wrote a book clearly supporting the theory. Abjure means to swear off, and it applies to something you once believed. You can abjure a religious faith, you can abjure your love of another person, and you can abjure the practice of using excessive force in interrogation. Abjure is a more dramatic way to declare your rejection of something you once felt or believed. When you see its Latin roots, it makes sense: from ab- (meaning "away") and jurare ("to swear"). When you abjure something, you swear it away and dissociate yourself with it. You might abjure the field of astrology after receiving a bad fortune, or you might abjure marriage after a bitter divorce. verb solemnly renounce (a belief, cause, or claim). his refusal to abjure the Catholic faith synonyms: renounce, relinquish, reject, forgo, disavow, نقض کردن انکار کردن مرتد شدن دست کشیدن از یک باور

ingratiate

verb: gain favor with somebody by deliberate efforts Even though Tom didn't like his new boss, he decided to ingratiate himself to her in order to advance his career. عیاری کردن verb ارضاء کردن ingratiate خود شیرینی کردن ingratiate داخل کردن incorporate, insert, ingratiate, insinuate, interpolate, intromit مورد لطف و عنایت قرار گرفتن ingratiate طرف توجه کسی قرار گرفتن ingratiate مورد لطف و توجه قرار گرفتن ingratiate

entice

verb: get someone to do something through (often false or exaggerated) promises Harold enticed his wife, Maude, to go on a vacation to Hawaii, with promises of luaus on the beach and all-you-can-eat seafood buffets. Let's say your friend wants to go to the movies and you don't want to. Your friend might try to entice you by offering to buy you popcorn and a soda. Entice means to persuade with promises of something. The word entice means to lure or tempt someone by promising them something that they like. It is a little manipulative but in a fairly straightforward way. You always know it when someone is enticing you. If a company really wants to hire you, they will entice you with a good salary and generous benefits. The promise of a gold star is often enough to entice small children to get good grades. جلب کردن entice, attract, engross, solicit, catch, atone اغوا کردن entice, tempt, seduce, wile, lure, crimp فریفتن وسوسه کردن

delegate

verb: give an assignment to (a person) Since the senior manager had to go on many international business trips, she was forced to delegate many of her responsibilities to two lower-level managers. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Delegate lends an official air to passing off your work. If you don't like cleaning the bathroom, you can try to delegate that task to your little brother. A delegate is also an elected official, or the person who is doing the task you delegated them to do. In presidential primaries in the United States, you do not vote for a candidate, you vote for a delegate whose job it is to vote for that candidate at a convention. Be careful with how you pronounce the end of the word. The elected official is pronounced DE-lə-git whereas delegate as a verb should be DE-lə-gāt. noun a person sent or authorized to represent others, in particular an elected representative sent to a conference. نماینده verb entrust (a task or responsibility) to another person, typically one who is less senior than oneself. محول کردن وکالت دادن

sanction

verb: give authority or permission to The authorities have sanctioned the use of the wilderness reserve for public use; many expect to see hikers and campers enjoying the park in the coming months. noun: a legal penalty for a forbidden action International sanctions have been placed on certain shipping lanes that were thought to be involved in human trafficking. noun تصویب ratification, approval, passage, enactment, resolution, sanction فرمان command, decree, order, steering wheel, edict, sanction جواز license, permit, pass, sanction, immunity, paper ضمانت اجرایی قانون sanction فتوای کلیسایی تایید رسمی دارای مجوز قانونی دانستن verb ضمانت اجرایی معین کردن sanction

underscore

verb: give extra weight to (a communication) While the hiking instructor agreed that carrying a first aid kit could be a good idea under certain circumstances, he underscored the importance of carrying enough water. noun تاکید emphasis, underscore, stress, affirmation, assertion, accent زیرین خط underscore خط یا علامتی زیرچیزی کشیدن underscore to emphasize to emphasize underscore verb: give extra weight to (a communication) While the hiking instructor agreed that carrying a first aid kit could be a good idea under certain circumstances, he underscored the importance of carrying enough water

enjoin

verb: give instructions to or direct somebody to do something with authority The government agency enjoined the chemical company to clean up the hazardous dump it had created over the years. To enjoin is to issue an urgent and official order. If the government tells loggers to stop cutting down trees, they are enjoining the loggers to stop. Enjoin looks like it should mean bring together, and at one time, it did have that meaning. But in current usage, the only thing enjoin brings together is a command and the person on the receiving end of that order. If your doctor enjoins you to stop smoking, he is suggesting strongly that you quit. سفارش کاری دادن مقرر داشتن دستور دادن

burgeon

verb: grow and flourish China's housing market is burgeoning, but some predict that the growth is merely a bubble and will burst much like the U.S. real estate bubble of 2008. Use the verb burgeon to describe something that is growing, expanding, and flourishing. If you have a green thumb, in the spring your flower gardens may burgeon. If you don't have a green thumb, your collection of plastic plants may burgeon. Although burgeon means to grow and flourish, it doesn't necessarily have to apply only to plants. Your town can have burgeoning downtown development. Your tiny retirement account can burgeon into an excellent emergency fund if you invest even a small amount each month. You may have a burgeoning career as a villain if you overthrow a planet by using your mind-controlling ray gun on the populace. noun هدف target, aim, goal, purpose, objective, burgeon verb جوانه زدن peep, germinate, sprout, bud, nip, burgeon شروع برشد کردن burgeon در امدن eventuate, burgeon, enter, erupt, measure, prove

besiege

verb: harass, as with questions or requests; cause to feel distressed or worried After discovering a priceless artifact in her backyard, Jane was besieged by phone calls, emails, and reporters all trying to buy, hold or see the rare piece of history. verb surround (a place) with armed forces in order to capture it or force its surrender; lay siege to. verb محاصره کردن girt, surround, besiege, gird, blockade, begird To besiege means to attack with an army, or to pester with many requests. When all your teachers ask you to hand in assignments on the same day, you can end up feeling besieged. The source of the word besiege in its military sense is the Latin word for "seat." When an army settles down in front of a fort or other site of attack, they are besieging it or taking a seat there. Picture them continually bombarding the fortress with arrows and cannon shot, and you've got the picture of the figurative sense of the word, "to pester with requests, etc." ******* If you get a lot of spam in your e-mail, you are besieged with advertisements — and maybe also besieged with worries that you'll get a virus!********* به ستوه امدن ذله شدن

frustrate

verb: hinder or prevent (the efforts, plans, or desires) of I thought I would finish writing the paper by lunchtime, but a number of urgent interruptions served to frustrate my plan. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Frustrated is an adjective that describes feeling disappointed and unsuccessful. If you try to fix your car for hours and hours but it still won't work, you will feel frustrated. If you have ever been frustrated while writing, you may have dropped your pen — or pushed away your keyboard — and stared angrily out the window, thinking, "How will I ever do this?" Well, that pent-up doubting that has made you stop is a sure sign you are frustrated. Plans, too, can be frustrated, like the snow that frustrates our efforts to run our errands. verb نا امید کردن frustrate, disappoint, wet blanket خنثی کردن neutralize, thwart, undo, counteract, foil, negate عقیم کردن frustrate, spay, sterilize, castrate, mock, narrow down باطل کردن undo, cancel, override, invalidate, void, dispense عقیم گذاردن frustrate, thwart, narrow down frustrated ناامید

frustrate

thwart

verb: hinder or prevent (the efforts, plans, or desires) of I wanted to spend a week in New York this autumn, but the high costs of travel and lodging thwarted my plans. A villain's worst nightmare is the superhero who always seems to thwart his efforts, preventing him from carrying out his plans to take over the world. Thwart is a word you'll hear in a lot of action movies, and usually it's the hero who is trying to thwart the evil plan of some super-villain. Yet even mere mortals can be thwarted in their efforts; the word simply means to prevent someone from carrying out his or her plans. An aggressive driver can thwart your attempt to snag a parking space at a crowded mall by pulling into the space before you. An aggressive shopper at that same mall can thwart your efforts to buy the last Dancing Snoopy doll by grabbing it off the shelf first. خنثی کردن neutralize, thwart, undo, counteract, foil, negate خنثی نمودن thwart, neutralize, negate, annihilate, cancel, frustrate عقیم گذاردن prevent (someone) from accomplishing something.

stymie

verb: hinder or prevent the progress or accomplishment of The engineers found their plans stymied at every turn and were ultimately able to make almost no progress on the project. The verb stymie means to obstruct or hinder. Constantly texting with your friends will stymie your effort to finish your homework. Stymie was first used on the golf course in Scotland, where it referred to an opponent's ball blocking your own ball's path to the cup. From there a verb sense developed, until finally stymie came to mean blocking with any obstacle, not just a golf ball. verb قرار گرفتن perch, lie, stand, sit, stymie مانع شدن barricade, prevent, hamper, exclude, hinder, stymie گیر کردن falter, foul, stammer, stick, stymie

encumber

verb: hold back The costume encumbered all my movements and caused me to sweat profusely. To encumber is to weigh someone or something down with a physical or psychological burden. You may find yourself encumbered by a heavy backpack or with anxieties. Either way, it's a heavy load to bear! You can also use encumber to describe something that restricts you in some way: you're so encumbered by your homework load you can't go to the concert Saturday night. The root, cumber, has several shades of meaning — including "to burden" and "to be overwhelmed." verb restrict or burden (someone or something) in such a way that free action or movement is difficult. she was encumbered by her heavy skirts synonyms: hamper, hinder, obstruct, impede, cramp, اسباب زحمت شدن encumber دست و پای کسی را گرفتن encumber بار شدن روی دیگران

enthrall

verb: hold spellbound She was so enthralled by the movie that she never heard people screaming, "Fire! Fire!" in the neighboring theater. When something is so fascinating that it holds all your attention, it is said to enthrall — whether it's a thrilling action-adventure film, a breathtaking work of art, or even the person you have a crush on. If you've even fallen under someone's spell, it won't surprise you to learn that when enthrall first entered the English language it carried the meaning of "to hold in mental or moral bondage" or "to enslave." Nowadays the verb enthrall is used to describe something so wonderful and captivating that the person experiencing it feels like a slave. If you enthrall someone, you make them powerless — in a sense, a slave to your charms. مفتون ساختن اسیر کردن شیفته کردن verb capture the fascinated attention of. she had been so enthralled by the adventure that she had hardly noticed the cold synonyms: captivate, charm, enchant, bewitch, fascinate, beguile,

irk

verb: irritate or vex My little sister has a way of irking and annoying me like no other person. ی میل بودن irk, hesitate بیزار بودن رنجاندن offend, vex, annoy, mortify, irk, irritate ازردن The verb irk means "annoy," so if the incessant barking of your next door neighbor's pug is driving you crazy, you can say that the noise irks you. Being irked is an individual thing — what drives you crazy might be something your friend doesn't even notice. For example, it might irk your grammarian friend every time he hears someone says "ain't," but other people don't mind it. The earliest version of the word irk, irken, meant "to feel weary or tired," but it later came to mean "to tire of or to be disgusted with."

preclude

verb: keep from happening or arising; make impossible verb: keep from happening or arising; make impossible The manager specified that all other gates be locked, to preclude the possibility of persons without tickets entering the arena undetected. verb مانع جلو راهایجاد کردن

guffaw

verb: laugh boisterously Whenever the jester fell to the ground in mock pain, the king guffawed, exposing his yellow, fang-like teeth. A guffaw is a belly laugh: a laugh that bubbles up with good feeling and plenty of volume. At the end of a stressful day of work, it's good to have some guffaws with your friends. قه قه زدن از ته دل خندیدن Guffaw operates just like the word laugh: you can give a guffaw, or you can guffaw. It comes from the Scottish word gawf, which is onomatopoetic, meaning that it's spelled the way it sounds. Imagine a big happy Scotsman snorting "gawf, gawf, gawf" at the end of a joke, and you'll know what a guffaw is. Refined ladies and gentlemen don't guffaw--and are much the worse for it.

belittle

verb: lessen the importance, dignity, or reputation of A good teacher will never belittle his students, but will instead empower them. To belittle means to put down, or to make another person feel as though they aren't important. Saying mean things about another person literally makes them feel "little." To belittle someone is a cruel way of making someone else seem less important than yourself. A candidate for office might belittle his opponent by pointing out during a press conference that his fellow candidate has an inferior intellect. Belittling doesn't have to come in the form of verbal abuse. A manager who forces his administrative assistant to scrub his office floor with a toothbrush belittles her as well. verb کسی را کوچک کردن belittle کم ارزش کردن debunk, belittle, abase, downgrade تحقیر نمودن abase, belittle

reconcile

verb: make (one thing) compatible with (another) Peggy was unable to reconcile her kind friend Jane with the cruel and merciless character Jane played on television. Reach for the verb reconcile to make different things come together or resolve a matter. verb وفق دادن adapt, reconcile, suit, tune, attune, adjust تطبیق کردن jibe, reconcile, check, collate, compare, fit صلح دادن reconcile اشتی دادن reconcile, accord, agree, conciliate راضی ساختن reconcile

elucidate

verb: make clearer and easier to understand verb: make clearer and easier to understand Youtube is great place to learn just about anything--an expert elucidates finer points so that even a complete novice can learn. Youtube is great place to learn just about anything--an expert elucidates finer points so that even a complete novice can learn. verb روشن کردن clarify, turn on, illuminate, elucidate, light, lighten توضیح دادن explain, illustrate, elucidate, clarify, clear, enucleate If you elucidate something, you explain it very clearly. If you don't understand fractions, a visit to the pie shop may elucidate the subject for you. Elucidate is from Late Latin elucidare, from the Latin prefix e- "thoroughly" plus lucidus "clear, bright." This Latin adjective is the source of English lucid, which describes someone who thinks clearly or something that is clear enough to understand.

tarnish

verb: make dirty or spotty, as by exposure to air; also used metaphorically Pete Rose was one of the best baseball players of his generation, but his involvement with gambling on baseball games has tarnished his image in the eyes of many. لکه دار کردن To tarnish is to become dull or discolored. Silver tends to tarnish easily, which is why your mother is always having you polish the family silver. As a noun, a tarnish is the dull layer of corrosion that sometimes forms on metal items, usually the result of the metal reacting to oxygen in the air. Metals are most likely to tarnish, but so can anything that once felt sparkly and bright but has lost its luster — even you. If the new kid just beat you in chess, your reputation as the best chess player in your class has started to tarnish. Better not lose again!

incense

verb: make furious When Herb bought football tickets for a game on the day of their wedding anniversary, Jill was incensed. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study To be incensed is to be beyond mad. It's how you feel when fighting with your cell phone company's customer service representative whose only response is to quote company policy verbatim from a script. The Latin root of the word incense is incendere, meaning "to set on fire." Yes, it's the same root for the incense sticks burned in dorm rooms and churches. For this use, however, think instead about burning tempers instead of burning sticks. آتش به پا کردن آتش برافروختن verb خشمگین کردن

incense

verb: make furious When Herb bought football tickets for a game on the day of their wedding anniversary, Jill was incensed. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Incense means both "to make angry" and a stick that burns slowly and emits a strong smell. If your new college roommate burns incense in your tiny dorm room, you might get incensed and storm out. How can a word that means a substance that is burned for its sweet odor come to mean "make very angry"? Both have to do with the idea of burning, and the Latin root incendere, "to set on fire." A stick of incense must be lit, or set on fire to release its smell. When you are incensed by something, such as your teacher slamming you with homework on the night of the prom, you feel like you are burning with anger. خشمگین کردن anger, infuriate, vex, aggravate, make angry, incense

mitigate

verb: make less severe or harsh I can only spend so much time mitigating your disagreements with your wife, and at certain point, you need to do it on your own. verb: lessen the severity of an offense If it weren't for the mitigating circumstances, he would have certainly lost his job. Choose the verb mitigate when something lessens the unpleasantness of a situation. You can mitigate your parents' anger by telling them you were late to dinner because you were helping your elderly neighbor تخفیف دادن relieve, mitigate, assuage, discount, abate, alight تسکین دادن soothe, mitigate, propitiate, pacify, quell, smooth سبک کردن lighten, alleviate, mitigate, ease, simplify, attenuate خرد ساختن turn down, bate, curtail, damp down, decompress, mitigate خرد کردن

embellish

verb: make more attractive by adding ornament, colour, etc.; make more beautiful McCartney would write relatively straightforward lyrics, and Lennon would embellish them with puns and poetic images. The word "bell" shows up in the middle of embellish, and bells are something that decorate, or embellish something, making it more attractive. If you embellish speech, though, it can get ugly if you add a lot of details that aren't true. Embellish often has the positive meaning of adding something to make it more handsome or beautifully decorated. But, while adding bells to something looks great at first, after a couple of hours of bells ringing in the ears, what was meant to embellish and beautify can get annoying. That's what can happen when you embellish by adding too many false or exaggerated details to a story. Embellishing with true, colorful details and vivid descriptions is what can really enhance the beauty of a story. verb زینت دادن embellish, trim, bedeck, adorn, overset زیبا کردن beautify, embellish, smarten up, adorn, groom, titivate ارایش کردن embellish, adorn, attire, bedeck, manicure

compound

verb: make more intense, stronger, or more marked Her headache was compounded by the construction crew outside, which had six jackhammers going at the same time. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study If you compound a problem you add something to it to make it worse, like say, putting water on a grease fire. Compound means to combine; a compound is a combination or mixture of two or more things. Compound has several specialized uses. A compound is either a mixture or two or more things, or a heavily guarded residence, such as a drug lord might have. In botany, a compound leaf consists of more than one part. In linguistics, a compound is a word that consists of two or more independent words. In chemistry, a compound is a substance created when atoms from chemical elements join together. وخیم تر کردن شدید تر کردن پیچیده تر کردن

ossify

verb: make rigid and set into a conventional pattern Even as a young man, Bob had some bias against poor people, but during his years in social services, his bad opinions ossified into unshiftable views. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Ossify means to become bony. When a baby is born, some of their "bones" are actually soft cartilage, which allows for growth. As the child grows, these soft areas ossify into actual bone. The knee cap, for example, begins to ossify between ages 3 and 6. From the literal "to become bony" meaning of ossify, we get the more figurative meaning: to become rigid or hardened. Although you and other young people may be willing to effect social changes, many older voters have ossified in their opinions. Convincing these rigid thinkers that these changes are good for the country will be quite the challenge. If your kids sneak food to their rooms, you may find ossified cheese under the beds. Even mice won't touch that! cease developing; be stagnant or rigid. ossified political institutions synonyms: become inflexible, become rigid, fossilize, calcify, rigidify, stagnate سخت و سفت شدن قرص و محکم شدن

buttress

verb: make stronger or defensible China's economy has been buttressed by a global demand for the electronic parts the country manufactures. You can buttress an argument with solid facts or your financial portfolio with safe investments. You may find that giving compliments to everyone you meet buttresses your popularity. To buttress is to sustain or reinforce. A buttress is a structure that adds stability to a wall or building, and this innovation played a significant role in the evolution of architecture. Think of a medieval cathedral. It's an incredibly tall, open building filled with light from vast windows. Without buttresses supporting the walls and carrying the weight of the ceiling away from the building and down to the ground, this cathedral would be impossible. Picture this when you use buttress figuratively as a verb meaning to strengthen and support. increase the strength of or justification for; reinforce. تقویت کردن شمع پشتیبان شمع بستن محکم بستن

conflate

verb: mix together different elements or concepts In her recent book, the author conflates several genres--the detective story, the teen thriller, and the vampire romance--to create a memorable read. Conflate is a more formal way to say "mix together." You probably wouldn't say you conflated the ingredients for a cake, but if you blended two different stories together to make a new one, conflate would work. The verb conflate comes to us from the Latin word conflare, which literally means "to blow together." So think of using this word when you want to talk about two things getting thrown together and combined. Things that have been conflated often seem mixed up or confused, as when you conflate two different ideas, taking parts of one and parts of another to build your own Frankenstein version of things. verb combine (two or more texts, ideas, etc.) into one. the urban crisis conflates a number of different economic and social issues synonyms: mix, blend, fuse, unite, integrate ادغام شده ترکیب مخلوط

tender

verb: offer up something formally The government was loath to tender more money in the fear that it might set off inflation. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study If you're tender, it means you're fragile, sensitive, easily bruised or gentle. Young, easily cut beef and a sentimental heart can both be called tender. مناقصه پیشنهاد دادن

appease

verb: pacify by acceding to the demands of Neville Chamberlain, the British prime minister during WWII, tried to appease Hitler and in doing so sent a clear message: you can walk all over us. Appease means to make or preserve peace with a nation, group, or person by giving in to their demands, or to relieve a problem, as in "the cold drink appeased his thirst." تسکین دادن فرونشاندن آرام کردن

devolve

verb: pass on or delegate to another The company was full of managers known for devolving tasks to lower management, but never doing much work themselves. verb: grow worse (usually "devolve into") The dialogue between the two academics devolved into a downright bitter argument You've probably heard that organisms evolve over time. Well, life is complicated, and sometimes things devolve instead — to devolve is to get worse instead of better. The de- in devolve is a clue to its meaning. When things devolve, they deteriorate, degenerate, fall apart, go to the dogs, and generally end up worse. When a classroom gets loud and rowdy, a teacher might say the class has devolved. There is another, less negative, meaning of devolve. You can devolve responsibilities: for example, the U.S. government could devolve a certain responsibility to the states. The non-negative meaning of devolve is kind of like passing things on in a will. If I devolve something to you, you inherit it. verb واگذاردن devolve, betake, give over محول کردن devolve, delegate authority, vest تفویض کردن abdicate, confer, devolve, resign, vouchsafe transfer or delegate (power) to a lower level, especially from central government to local or regional administration

exalt

verb: praise or glorify The teenagers exalted the rock star, covering their bedrooms with posters of him. You might like your manager, but if you exalt her, it means you really put her on a pedestal and treat her like royalty. verb تمجید کردن exalt, praise, laud علم کردن exalt, apotheosize, celebrate, fame, glorify, laud بلند کردن pick up, lift, ennoble, raise, exalt, heave متعال کردن exalt, sublimate تجلیل کردن celebrate, ennoble, glorify, exalt

antedate

verb: precede in time Harry was so unknowledgable that he was unaware the Egyptian pharaohs antedated the American Revolution. When things antedate something else, they come before it, or happen earlier than it does. World War I antedates World War II. Another way to say antedate is precede or predate. It's common to find the word antedate when people talk about history, for obvious reasons. Papyrus antedates modern paper, and paper antedates the desktop computer, which antedates the smartphone and tablet. Your parents' birth antedates your own, and your great-grandparents' lives antedate both yours and your parents'. In Latin, the prefix ante means "before." verb پیش بودن antedate foretaste, dope, anticipate, prognosticate, augur, antedate جلوانداختن antedate, anticipate, forward پیش از تاریخ حقیقی تاریخ گذاشتن antedate

hamper

verb: prevent the progress or free movement of As the rain water began to collect in pools on the highway, it began to hamper the flow of traffic. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study Anything that hampers slows progress or makes it difficult to do something. You might think that the presence of your parents hampers your ability to look cool. The verb hamper is for those times when normal progress is slow but not shut down completely. Hamper often describes travel during bad weather, like icy conditions that could hamper holiday travel. Hamper means "slow going." You may have heard of noun form of hamper, a container for holding dirty laundry: If your hamper is full, the need to do laundry could hamper your plans of going out and having fun. verb مانع شدن barricade, prevent, hamper, exclude, hinder, stop مانع شدن از block, hamper از کار بازداشتن hamper

exonerate

verb: pronounce not guilty of criminal charges The document clearly indicated that Nick was out of the state at the time of the crime, and so served to exonerate him of any charges To exonerate someone is to declare him not guilty of criminal charges. This word is pretty much only used in reference to proceedings in a court of law. A word with a similar meaning that might be familiar is "acquit." to free from blame verb تبرئه کردن exonerate, exculpate, acquit, assoil, clear, excuse مبرا کردن absolve, exonerate, exculpate روسفید کردن acquit, assoil, exculpate, exonerate

afford

verb: provide with an opportunity The summit of Mt. Kilimanjaro affords a panoramic view that encompasses both Tanzania and Kenya. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study To afford means you have enough money or time for something. If you only have ten dollars on you, you can't afford to buy a twenty-dollar hat. Afford is a verb that has to do with means. You either have a surplus and therefore can afford something, or else you have a deficit and can't. It can be in the monetary sense: "$100 for cashmere socks? I can't afford that!" It can also refer to time: "Since my train wasn't scheduled to leave for another hour, I could afford to wait for my sister ten more minutes." Or even access: "The castle walls afforded a wonderful view of the moat." verb have enough money to pay for. the best that I could afford was a first-floor room synonyms: pay for, bear the expense of, have the money for, spare the price of provide or supply (an opportunity or facility). the rooftop terrace affords beautiful views synonyms: provide, supply, furnish, offer, استطاعت داشتن از توان کاری برامدن

retract

verb: pull inward or towards a center; formally reject or disavow a formerly held belief, usually under pressure Email is wonderfully efficient, but once something awkward or damaging has been sent, there is no way to retract it. Have you ever said something you wish you could retract, or take back? You're not alone. Even newspapers and magazines have sections where the editors can retract something written that was incorrect. The sense of the word retract meaning to draw back or withdraw comes from the mid-16th century, and its meaning was clear when Napoleon Bonaparte said, "In politics...never retreat, never retract...never admit a mistake." Still, sometimes you wish you could retract something you said or did. Cats can retract their claws, and some snakes can retract their fangs, but words spoken in anger can never be fully retracted, or taken back. verb جمع شدن gather, backlog, snuggle, retract, congregate, assemble عقب کشیدن withdraw, draw back, recede, retract, roll back, set back تو رفتن enter, retract

brook

verb: put up with something or somebody unpleasant While she was at the chalkboard, the teacher did not brook any form of talking--even a tiny peep resulted in afternoon detention. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study A brook is a small stream. On a hot day, you might enjoy wading in a babbling brook. As a verb, brook is a rather stuffy word for "put up with." The lord of the manor might say, "I will brook no trespassing on my land." Brook is tailor-made for talking about what you won't stand for—it's always "brook no..." If you brook no criticism of your friend, it means you won't let people speak ill of her. If you brook no brooks, it means you've developed a bizarre stream-hating fetish and will spend the rest of your days trying to stop their flow. تحمل نکردن کنار نیامدن طاقت نداشتن

resolve

verb: reach a conclusion after a discussion or deliberation After much thought, Ted resolved not to travel abroad this summer because he didn't have much money in his bank account. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study To resolve is to settle or make a decision about something — often formal. A college's board of directors might resolve to recruit more minority students. As a noun, resolve refers to a strong determination to do something. If you make a New Year's resolution to exercise every day, you'll need plenty of resolve to stick with your program. The verb descends from Middle English resolven "to dissolve," from Latin resolvere "to untie." In English, the obsolete sense of "to dissolve" can be seen in this line from Shakespeare: "O, that this too too solid flesh would melt, thaw, and resolve itself into a dew." اتخاذ تصمیم بعد از بحث

bristle

verb: react in an offended or angry manner As we discussed the painting, I noticed the artist's wife bristling at our criticisms, ready to defend her husband's work. A bristle is a stiff hair — the kind men shave off their face or the kind badgers have all over. Bristle also means to get angry. Tell an animal rights activist you use a badger's bristle shaving brush and you'll get the idea. The emotional meaning of to bristle comes from the fact that most animal bristles used by man are so-called erectile hairs — the ones that stand up on the neck or along the back of animal when it's angry or surprised. A common word associated with bristle is hackle, another name for such erectile animal hairs. Thus the saying "to get one's hackles up," which is pretty much identical to bristling. به سیخ کشیدن اماده جنگ شدن bristle رویه تجاوزکارانه داشتن bristle

discriminate

verb: recognize or perceive the difference Sarah couldn't discriminate between a good wine and a bad wine, so she avoided wine tastings. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study When you discriminate between two things, you can tell the difference between them and can tell them apart. The ability to discriminate between similar objects is important. For example, if you want to be a good root farmer, it helps if you can discriminate between a turnip and a parsnip. However, some people take it too far and discriminate against other people, treating them differently based on their physical characteristics or abilities. To be able to discriminate between a turnip and a radish is good, but to discriminate against people is not. متمایز کردن تمیز دادن فرق گذاشتن

truncate

verb: reduce the length of something The soccer game was truncated when the monsoon rain began to fall. The verb truncate means to cut off or shorten. You can truncate a board that is too long using a power saw, a chain saw, or perhaps even a karate kick. Truncated is an adjective that means "cut short," like a truncated picnic, caused by the sudden downpour. The word comes from the root truncate, which is of Latin origin, and means "cut off." When an object is truncated, its end or point is cut off, like a truncated arrow that is safe for kids to play with. Truncated can also refer to something that ends earlier than planned — everyone was angry at the truncated concert until they learned that the singer had broken his leg when he fell on stage. verb shorten (something) by cutting off the top or the end. verb کوتاه کردن shorten, truncate, curtail, brief, dock, stag

debase

verb: reduce the quality or value of something The third-rate script so debased the film that not even the flawless acting could save it from being a flop. To debase something is to make it corrupt or impure. If your lemonade stand sells "pure lemonade," you'd insist on using real lemons instead of a mix; using a mix would debase your product. Debase is often used in the context of two things: coins and people. To debase a coin is to replace some of the precious metal in the coin with metal of lesser value. To debase a person is to corrupt them, often by driving them to perform an immoral act like (gasp!) using the lemonade mix. Just promise us you won't do it. وار کردن humiliate, debase, disgrace, blemish, reproach, affront عیب دار کردن debase, addle, blemish, cripple, damage, deform پست کردن

snub

verb: refuse to acknowledge; reject outright and bluntly Wheeler was completely qualified for the committee, but the board snubbed him, choosing an obviously lesser qualified candidate instead. To snub is to ignore or refuse to acknowledge someone. If you want to snub your former best friend, you can refuse to even look at her when you pass in the hallway. When you snub someone, you deliver an insult by pretending to not even notice someone that you know. There's an element of disdain and rejection to a snub, as if you're too good to even acknowledge the person. As a noun, a snub is that act of cold rejection. Your former friend probably noticed the snub, and she'll probably snub you from now on. Snub also means "very short," like the nose on a bulldog. verb rebuff, ignore, or spurn disdainfully. he snubbed faculty members and students alike synonyms: rebuff, spurn, repulse, cold-shoulder, brush off, give the cold shoulder to, keep at arm's l دفع کردن با سردی رد کرد ن

balk

verb: refuse to comply The students were willing to clean up the broken glass, but when the teacher asked them to mop the entire floor, they balked, citing reasons why they needed to leave. If you balk at your mother's suggestion that you take on more responsibility, you're saying no to added chores. To balk means to refuse to go along with. A donkey balks when it refuses to move forward. This is a good picture for balk which is often used in conjunction with demands. Demands are something people often balk at like a donkey refusing to move. In baseball, a pitcher balks when he or she begins a pitch by winding up, but does not complete it. It is as if he is refusing to complete a started pitch, and it is against the rules. noun مانع obstacle, barrier, hindrance, impediment, hurdle, balk مرز border, boundary, frontier, edge, bound, balk زمین شخم نشده balk verb طفره رفتن از balk, avoid مانع شدن barricade, prevent, hamper, exclude, hinder, balk امتناع ورزیدن balk

repudiate

verb: reject as untrue or unfounded Many in the public believed the rumors of a UFO crash outside town, so the chief of police did everything he could to repudiate the rumors. refuse to accept or be associated with. verb انکار کردن deny, disclaim, recant, renege, repudiate, forsake رد کردن reject, throw down, refuse, deny, decline, repudiate منکر شدن deny, abnegate, disown, repudiate refuse to accept or be associated with. To repudiate something is to reject it, or to refuse to accept or support it. If you grow up religious, but repudiate all organized religion as an adult, you might start spending holidays at the movies, or just going to work.

spurn

verb: reject with contempt She spurned all his flattery and proposals, and so he walked off embarrassed and sad. If you reject your mother's offer to buy you a pair of lederhosen with a snort and eye roll, you are spurning her generosity. ***To spurn means to reject with disdain***. Originally, to spurn was to kick away. Though it's not used in that context so often anymore, being spurned still feels like a kick in the gut. You can reject someone kindly, or let them down easily, but you can't** spurn someone with anything but malice. verb پشت پا زدن spurn reject with disdain or contempt. پشت پا زدن spurn

cede

verb: relinquish possession or control over Eventually, all parents must cede control of their growing childrens' educations and allow their offspring some autonomy. verb صرفنظر کردن از cede, forgo واگذار کردن concede, cede, assign, relegate, give, transfer ترک کردن ول کردن To cede is to give up or surrender land, position, or authority. "She reluctantly ceded the coveted position as the baby of the family to her brother when he was born. She would not, however, cede her bedroom to him." Cede is a word often used in discussing diplomatic issues. It is more commonly used in reference to actual physical things, like geographic areas or objects, but can also be used in reference to attitudes or opinions. "The rebels ceded territory after the siege failed." "Dad tried but finally ceded control and let me have my own Facebook account." verb give up (power or territory). they have had to cede control of the schools to the government synonyms: surrender, concede, relinquish, yield, part with, give up,

circumscribe

verb: restrict or confine Their tour of South America was circumscribed so that they saw only popular destinations and avoided the dangerous parts of cities. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study verb restrict (something) within limits. their movements were strictly monitored and circumscribed synonyms: restrict, limit, keep within bounds, curb, confine, restrain, regulate, control draw (a figure) around another, touching it at points but not cutting it. To circumscribe is to limit or restrict. If you spend too much time watching TV instead of fulfilling other obligations, you might circumscribe your TV-watching time to one hour daily (or two hours, if your favorite show is on). Circumscribe comes from the Latin words circum, meaning "around," and scribere, meaning "to write." If the word circumscribe causes you to think of geometry class, give yourself a pat on the back. In geometry, circumscribe means to draw one geometric figure around another figure so that the two figures touch but don't intersect. If you studied geometry but this sounds unfamiliar, perhaps you should have taken our advice about watching too much TV. verb محدود کردن limit, restrict, curb, narrow, confine, circumscribe محدود ومشخص کردن circumscribe نوشتن در دور circumscribe

abrogate

verb: revoke or relinquish formally; do away with As part of the agreement between the labor union and the company, the workers abrogated their right to strike for four years in exchange for better health insurance. Abrogate means to abolish or avoid. When someone cuts in front of you in line, they are abrogating your right to be the next one served. When you cut in line, you are abrogating your responsibility to those who were in line before you. The Latin root of this word is made up of the prefix ab- "away" and rogare "to propose a law." What does it mean if you propose a law away? You repeal it, of course, so abrogate means to officially revoke, cancel or abolish. The meaning of this word has expanded a bit since its earliest usage, but it still appears most often in a legal or political context, or when serious rights and responsibilities are being discussed. verb repeal or do away with (a law, right, or formal agreement). a proposal to abrogate temporarily the right to strike synonyms: repeal, revoke, rescind, repudiate, overturn, annul, disallow, cancel, الغا کردن ابطال کردن

pillory

verb: ridicule or expose to public scorn After the candidate confessed, the press of the opposing party took the opportunity to pillory him, printing editorials with the most blatantly exaggerated accusations. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study A pillory is a wooden frame with cutouts for someone's head and hands. Long ago, people found guilty of a crime could be sentenced to be locked in a pillory for a certain amount of time for punishment but also for public humiliation. The verb pillory means to be punished by being locked in a pillory, but references to this form of punishment are historic and it is no longer used — you might see references today to someone in a pillory in a cartoon. As a modern verb, pillory means both to criticize harshly and to expose to public ridicule. Someone who is caught doing something immoral may be pilloried and people who believe they have been unfairly criticized say they have been pilloried, but often only after they've been exposed! در انظار عمومی مسخره کردن تحقیر کردن attack or ridicule publicly. he found himself pilloried by members of his own party synonyms: attack, criticize, censure, condemn, denigrate, lambaste, savage, stigmatize

lampoon

verb: ridicule with satire Mark Twain understood that lampooning a bad idea with humor was the most effective criticism. When you make fun of something by imitating it in a humorous way, you're lampooning it. The writers at The Onion, Saturday Night Live and FunnyOrDie.com are all experts in the art of the lampoon. Lampoon can be both a verb and a noun. To lampoon is ridicule. A lampoon is a parody or satire. Imagine you were frustrated by having your allowance reduced, so you wrote a funny play portraying mom and dad as dictators extracting lots of unfair taxes from their people. That's lampooning. And it probably won't help your allowance situation. verb هجو کردن lampoon, satirize کنایه زدن verb publicly criticize (someone or something) by using ridicule, irony, or sarcasm. the senator made himself famous as a pinch-penny watchdog of public spending, lampooning dubious federal projects synonyms: satirize, mock, ridicule, make fun of

arrogate

verb: seize and control without authority Arriving at the small town, the outlaw arrogated the privileges of a lord, asking the frightened citizens to provide food, drink, and entertainment. To arrogate is to take over. When the teacher steps out of the classroom and some bossy student marches up to the chalkboard and begins scolding the other kids? The student is trying to arrogate the teacher's authority. When someone takes control of something, often without permission, such as when a military general assumes the power of a country's government after getting rid of the previous leader, they arrogate power or control to themselves. Occasionally the verb arrogate means something like "assert one's right to," or take something that is deserved, but more often it implies a taking by force. verb take or claim (something) for oneself without justification. they arrogate to themselves the ability to divine the nation's true interests synonyms: assume, take, claim, appropriate, seize, expropriate, wrest, usurp, commandeer ادعای بیجا کردن قم پز درکردن

grovel

verb: show submission or fear Every time Susan comes to the office, Frank grovels as if she were about to fire him. To grovel is to beg like a hungry dog. You don't have to be a canine though; you might grovel for a better grade (please don't). If you grovel you risk getting the opposite of what you want, because people (like teachers) don't like people down at their feet begging for something. But if you cheat on your date, you may have to grovel to get him or her back. Grovel also means to crawl around on your belly — you could grovel on gravel, but that might really hurt. The word comes from the Vikings; in Old Norse the word grufe means "prone" (lying flat) which is probably how Vikings liked to see the people they were conquering. You grovel when you want something but also when you're afraid. ***crawl around on your belly*** verb دمر خوابیدن grovel lie or move abjectly on the ground with one's face downward. خزیدن به دست و پای کسی افتادن از ترس

palaver

verb: speak (about unimportant matters) rapidly and incessantly During the rain delay, many who had come to see the game palavered, probably hoping that idle chatter would make the time go by faster. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study verb talk unnecessarily at length. it's too hot for palavering Palaver is a type of empty nonsense or useless talk. During an election year, you might tire of hearing the palaver of politicians. Whether you call it malarkey, hokum, mumbo-jumbo, or truthiness, there are a lot of words for talk that cannot be trusted or believed. Palaver is part of this club. Specifically, palaver tends to be hot air — empty words from a blowhard. Palaver can also be sweet talk — a type of flattery. You can use this word as a verb too: by palavering, you might try to impress someone or get someone to do you a favor. پرحرفی کردن فک زدن وراجی کردن ور زدن

squander

verb: spend thoughtlessly; waste time, money, or an opportunity Fearing his money would be squandered by his family, he gave all of it to charity when he died. To squander means to spend extravagantly, thoughtlessly, or wastefully. If you need to save for college, don't squander your income on nightly sushi dinners. Squander used to mean scatter, and the way we use it now implies throwing something (like money) all over the place. You can squander time as well as money. If you have a big deadline but you are chatting away or looking at social networking sites, you are squandering your time. If you have an opportunity to play for a major league baseball team but show up late to tryouts and criticize the coach, you have probably squandered your chance noun اسراف squander, profusion, prodigality, dissipation, improvidence ولخرجی profligacy, prodigality, lavishness, squander verb برباد دادن squander, misspend

vilify

verb: spread negative information about Todd was noble after the divorce, choosing to say only complimentary things about Barbara, but Barbara did not hesitate to vilify Todd. To vilify someone is to spread nasty stories about them, whether true or not. verb بد نام کردن defame, vilify, denigrate, malign, asperse, attaint بدگویی کردن vilify, abuse, maledict بهتان زدن vilify to malign, to defame, to utter abusive statements against

dissipate

verb: squander or spend money frivolously ولخرجی کردن سبکسرانه خرج کردن با بی مغزی خرج کردن پولهارا به ولخرجی به باد دادن The recent graduates dissipated their earnings on trips to Las Vegas and cruises in Mexico. verb: to disperse or scatter Kathleen's perfume was overwhelming in the cramped apartment, but once we stepped outside the smell dissipated and we could breathe once again. پراکنده کردن پخش کردن متفرق کردن Dissipate means "disperse" or "fade away" — as a bad smell will dissipate (usually) if you wait long enough. Dissipate can also mean "spend or use wastefully." If you win the lottery, you might suddenly find yourself with a group of new friends encouraging you to dissipate your money (on them). Note that dissipate can be used with or without an object: "Once you dissipate your wealth, your new group of friends will dissipate without a trace."

promulgate

verb: state or announce The President wanted to promulgate the success of the treaty negotiations, but he had to wait until Congress formally approved the agreement. To promulgate is to officially put a law into effect. Your state may announce a plan to promulgate a new traffic law on January 1st. Laws aren't the only things you can promulgate. The word promulgate comes from the Latin word promulgatus, meaning "make publicly known." Someone can promulgate values, belief systems, and philosophies — it just means they're promoted or made public. For example, you might write an article to promulgate the benefits of eating only organic foods. verb promote or make widely known (an idea or cause). these objectives have to be promulgated within the organization synonyms: make known, make public, publicize, spread, communicate, propagate, اطلاع رسانی عمومی کردن verb اعلام کردن declare, promulgate, notify, blazon, acclaim, enunciate ترویج کردن promulgate, promote, cultivate انتشار دادن issue, advertise, announce, promulgate, propagate

emulate

verb: strive to equal or match, especially by imitating; compete with successfully To really become fluent in a new language, emulate the speech patterns of people who speak the language. When you emulate someone, you imitate them, especially with the idea of matching their success. When someone is impressive because of their great skills, brains, strength, or accomplishments, others will emulate them. To emulate is to imitate and model yourself after someone. People emulate role models — people they want to be like. After Michael Jordan retired from the NBA, player after player tried to emulate Jordan's game and success. It's hard to be as good as someone like that, but having a hero to emulate can be helpful in many areas of life. verb برابری جستن با emulate تقلید کردن imitate, mimic, emulate, assume, pattern, simulate هم چشمی کردن با emulate

squelch

verb: suppress or crush completely After the dictator consolidated his power, he took steps to squelch all criticism, often arresting any journalist who said anything that could be interpreted as negative about his regime. verb خرد کردن grind, squelch, minify, smash, chop, abate له کردن squish, mangle, squash, pummel, squelch, contuse noun سرکوبی repression, squelch When you squelch something, you're putting an end to it. You can squelch an idea or a rebellion. This word has several meanings, but it's usually a verb for crushing things. A mean remark could squelch your self-confidence, and a powerful military could squelch an invading country. Squelching can also mean to make a squelch-like sucking sound — or to slop, slosh, splash, and squish through the mud. There's also a type of electric circuit that cuts off when the signal is weak: that's a squelch circuit, which squelches the connection. سرکوب کردن خورد کردن له کردن

preempt

verb: take the place of or have precedence over A governmental warning about an imminent terrorist attack would preempt ordinary network programming on television. If everyone at the lunch meeting is vying for the last roast beef sandwich, but you grab it first, you preempt your colleagues from getting it. Let them eat liverwurst. Preempt means to displace or take something before others can. Preempt combines the Latin prefix prae- "before" with emere "to buy." Think old-fashioned land grabs, midnight madness sales, and seating at concerts. It can also mean to replace one thing with another that's more important. For instance, if the president is speaking or the football game is running long, brace yourself; the network just might preempt your favorite show. verb take action in order to prevent (an anticipated event) from happening; forestall. acquire or appropriate (something) in advance verb باحق شفعه خریدن pre-empt به انحصار دراوردن pre-empt حق تقدم پیدا کردن pre-empt

connive

verb: taking part in immoral and unethical plots With the help of the prince, the queen connived to overthrow the king. To connive is to plan or plot to do something illegal or wrong. Conniving is considered dishonest and cowardly. If someone accuses you of conniving, that's definitely not a compliment. Conniving usually occurs in secret, and people who connive are up to no good. Criminals planning a bank robbery are conniving. Crooked politicians looking for a bribe are conniving. Villains connive, and conniving is associated with conspiracies and dishonesty. The opposite of conniving is being honest and straightforward. نیرنگ کردن خدعه کردن نقشه شوم داشتن

pontificate

verb: talk in a dogmatic and pompous manner The vice-president would often pontificate about economic theory, as if no one else in the room were qualified to speak on the topic. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study To pontificate is to talk in a dogmatic and pompous manner. To pontificate properly, you need to be a know-it-all with very strong opinions and the urge to share them. Pontificate comes from the French word pontiff, another word for the Pope, the leader of the Roman Catholic Church. As a verb (pronounced pon-TIF-i-kate), it meant "to perform the functions of the Pope or other high official in the Church." The noun pontificate (pronounced pon-TIF-i-kit) refers to the government of the Roman Catholic Church. Another word for this is the papacy. متعصبانه و سخت و ثقیل صحبت کردن از خودراضی گونه صحبت کردن

bridle

verb: the act of restraining power or action or limiting excess New curfew laws have bridled people's tendency to go out at night. verb: to react with anger or to take offense The hostess bridled at the tactless dinner guests who insisted on eating before everybody had gotten their food. When you're riding a horse and scream "Whoa!" to make it stop, you're pulling on the reins, which are attached to a thing called the bridle, the buckled straps around a horse's head that help you control its movements. The word bridle comes from the Old English bridel meaning "rein, curb, restraint," which is precisely what the purpose of a bridle is — to help restrain a horse's movements when necessary. You can bridle a horse, which is the act of putting a bridle on it. If you yank too hard on the reins, your horse might bridle, or take offense to your aggressiveness, just like you might bridle if someone insulted you. رام کردن کنترل کردن ***** سیخ شدن اناده جنگ شدن

deliberate

verb: think about carefully; weigh the pros and cons of an issue Emergency situations such as this call for immediate action and leave no room to deliberate over options. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study To deliberate means to carefully think or talk something through — it also means slow and measured, the pace of this kind of careful decision making. If you chose deliberately, you make a very conscious, well-thought-through choice. The verb deliberate ends with an "ate" sound — at the end of a trial, after the evidence is presented, the twelve members of a jury retreat to a room to deliberate, i.e., talk through the trial and come to a verdict. The adjective deliberate ends with an "it" sound. If you walk with a deliberate pace, you're slow and steady. adjective عمدی deliberate, intentional, purposeful, premeditated, aforethought, designed verb سنجیدن measure, evaluate, figure out, weigh, compare, deliberate کنکاش کردن deliberate, consult تعمد کردن deliberate تعمق کردن ponder, consider, deliberate, perpend, think over, turn over اندیشه کردن bethink, ponder, trow, cogitate, deliberate, meditate

espouse

verb: to adopt or support an idea or cause As a college student, Charlie espoused Marxism, growing his beard out and railing against the evils of the free-market. Use the verb espouse to describe the actions of someone who lives according to specific beliefs, such as your friends who espouse environmentalism and as a result walk whenever possible instead of taking the car. verb nominate, betroth, designate, engage, espouse, trothplight (v.) to take up as a cause, support (I love animals so much that I espouse animal rights.) حامی بودن طرفدار بودن

kowtow

verb: to bow or act in a subservient manner Paul kowtowed to his boss so often the boss herself became nauseated by his sycophancy. Kowtow is derived from the Chinese word k'o-t'ou, which literally means "knock the head." As a verb, kowtow has the sense of "sucking up" or "flattering." Maybe you're wondering when it would be appropriate to kowtow. The answer? When you want to worship, show respect, gain favor, or flatter. You might need to kowtow to your teacher if you failed a test, but if you kowtow to all your neighbor's requests, you might wind up mowing his lawn all summer. تعظیم کردن سجده کردن ستایش کردن چاپلوسی کردن

hector

verb: to bully or intimidate The boss's hectoring manner put off many employees, some of whom quit as soon as they found new jobs. To hector is to boss around or verbally bully someone. An older brother might hector his little sister until she hands over part of her Halloween candy. When you bombard someone with words, nagging and badgering until you get what you want, you hector. A teacher might feel the need to hector a class that consistently forgets to hand in homework assignments, and a playground bully might hector another child to give him her lunch money. The verb hector comes from the character in Greek mythology — Hector — who rallied the Trojans to keep fighting. verb talk to (someone) in a bullying way. she doesn't hector us about giving up things synonyms: bully, intimidate, browbeat, harass, torment, plague, coerce, strong-arm, threaten, menace, bulldoze noun قلدری کردن bully, hector, strong-arm

confound

verb: to cause confusion Though Harry loved numbers, calculus confounded him. verb: mistake one thing for another Americans often confound sweet potatoes with yams, and refer to both vegetables by the same name. If you have an identical twin, you've probably tried dressing alike so that people confound you with, or mistake you for, one another. You've also probably learned that, unfortunately, this trick doesn't work on your mom.

fete

verb: to celebrate a person After World War II, war heroes were feted at first but quickly forgotten. an elaborate party (often outdoors) A fête is a party, often one thrown in someone's honor. You'll find fête used as both a verb and a noun. If you want to fête someone, throw them a fête. Fête is a word taken directly from French. In fact, sometimes in English you'll see a circumflex accent over the first "e" in fête. This makes it especially easy to remember, because this accent looks almost like a party hat. جشن

corroborate

verb: to confirm or lend support to (usually an idea or claim) Her claim that frog populations were falling precipitously in Central America was corroborated by locals, who reported that many species of frogs had seemingly vanished overnight. To corroborate is to back someone else's story. If you swear to your teacher that you didn't throw the spitball, and your friends corroborate your story by promising that you were concentrating on math homework, she might actually believe you. For example, a witness in court corroborates the testimony of others, and further experimentation can corroborate a scientific theory. Near synonyms are substantiate and confirm. Corroborate, originally meaning "to support or strengthen," was borrowed from Latin corrōborāre, formed from the prefix cor- "completely" plus rōborāre "to strengthen" (from rōbur "strength"). تایید کردن confirm, vouch, corroborate, second, support, uphold تقویت کردن reinforce, augment, amplify, bolster, amplify, corroborate اثبات کردن confirm or give support to (a statement, theory, or finding). the witness had corroborated the boy's account of the attack

vituperate

verb: to criticize harshly; to berate Jason had dealt with disciplinarians before, but nothing prepared him for the first week of boot camp, as drill sergeants vituperated him for petty oversights such as forgetting to double knot the laces on his boots. توبیخ کردن rebuke, rail, reprehend, tell off, vituperate بد گفتن vituperate ناسزا گفتن revile, curse, swear, vituperate سرزنش کردن blame, scold, berate, snub, upbraid, vituperate To vituperate is to speak or write in an extremely negative way about someone. Just as vituperation consists of negative, explosive, malicious outbursts, to vituperate is to communicate in this way. Negative political ads vituperate against opponents. When you insult someone and swear at them, you vituperate. People with a short temper tend to vituperate often — it's similar to railing, vilifying, and reviling. The root word is the Latin vituperationem, "blame or censuring," from vitium, "fault or defect."

excoriate

verb: to criticize very harshly Entrusted with the prototype to his company's latest smartphone, Larry, during a late night karaoke bout, let the prototype slip into the hands of a rival company—the next day Larry was excoriated, and then fired. When it comes to "telling someone off," excoriate is reserved for the most severe cases. So, before you excoriate your little sister for borrowing your favorite jacket without permission, consider whether she truly deserves such harsh treatment. If you excoriate someone, you let that person know that you really, really disagree with them. This verb goes beyond mere criticism; it implies anger, a harsh and insulting tone, and even a scathing attack. Synonyms of excoriate include denounce, decry, and condemn. In a medical sense, excoriate means "to tear skin off by chafing." A bad rug burn can excoriate your skin. If someone excoriates you verbally, it might make you feel like you've been physically excoriated. excoriate سرزنش تند و تیز تراشیدن shave, scrape, carve, trim, whittle, excoriate پوست چیزی را کندن excoriate پوست کندن از flay, decorticate, excoriate, shell, debark

execrate

verb: to curse and hiss at Though the new sitcom did decently in the ratings, Nelson railed against the show, saying that it was nothing more than an execrable pastiche of tired clichés and canned laughter. Just when you thought you knew every word in the book for hate, here's a new one: execrate. The word means to despise or also to curse. Broken down to its Latin root, the word execrate means the opposite of being sacred or devoted to. When you execrate something you, are cursing it instead of making it holy. The word is not used all that often. If you say to someone, "I execrate you!" they might think you're casting an evil spell on them. Which in a way, by cursing them, you are. بی حرمت کردن ناسزا گفتن verb مکروهداشتن execrate نفرت کردن از execrate بد خواندن execrate, misread

hoodwink

verb: to deceive or trick someone Someone tried to hoodwink Marty with an email telling him that his uncle had just passed away, and to collect the inheritance he should send his credit card information. To hoodwink someone means to trick or mislead them. Beware of fake ATMs that try to hoodwink you into giving over your bank card and your code, only to keep them both and steal all your money. An excellent, old-fashioned word is hoodwink, and you'll be happy you know it when you have to read Victorian novels in which characters are repeatedly hoodwinked. It is an Old English compound which meant "to blindfold" 600 years ago but quickly began to be used figuratively. Think about the expression, to pull the wool over someone's eyes, as having the same image and meaning. Has your big sister ever hoodwinked you into doing her chores for her? verb deceive or trick (someone). an attempt to hoodwink the public synonyms: deceive, trick, dupe, outwit, fool, delude, inveigle, cheat, take in, hoax, mislead, اغفال کردن فریب دادن

imbibe

verb: to drink or absorb as if drinking Plato imbibed Socrates' teachings to such an extent that he was able to write volumes of work that he directly attributed, sometimes word for word, to Socrates. Imbibe is a fancy word for "drink." If you need to imbibe ten cups of coffee just to get out of the house, you might have a caffeine problem. Although the verb imbibe means to take in liquids of any sort, if you don't specify the liquid, people are likely to infer you mean an alcoholic beverage. You can also use it figuratively. If you have imbibed every detail about every battle of the U.S. Civil War, you must find the subject interesting drink (alcohol). حلیل بردن undermine, imbibe, fiddle away, stub, use up نوشیدن drink, imbibe, bib اشباع کردن saturate, glut, imbue, imbibe, imbrue, impregnate در کشیدن absorb, imbibe, inbreathe

expunge

verb: to eliminate completely When I turned 18, all of the shoplifting and jaywalking charges were expunged from my criminal record. To expunge is to cross out or eliminate. After Nicholas proved he had been in school on the day in question, the absence was expunged from his record. Expunge is often something you do to a document. When government censors block out text in documents before making them public, they are expunging the text. You can also use the word in a more metaphorical sense. The principal tried to expunge all traces of bullying from the school by implementing a kindness initiative and treating all complaints as serious. پاک شدن محو شدن خراشیدن

immure

verb: to enclose, usually in walls The modern supermarket experience makes many feel claustrophobic, as they are immured in walls upon walls of products. When you immure someone or something, you put it behind a wall, as in a jail or some other kind of confining space. You may recognize the -mur- in immure as the root for "wall," as in mural, which is a painting on a wall, or intramural, literally "inside the walls," as, for instance, the walls of a school — intramural sports are played among teams from the same school. You don't need a jail to immure someone. Rapunzel was immured in her tower. At the end of Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, the lovers are immured in the tomb. enclose or confine (someone) against their will. her brother was immured in a lunatic asylum synonyms: confine, intern, shut up, lock up, پشت دیوار محصور کردن زندانی کردن با دیوار کشیدن زندانی کردن محصور کردن

begrudge

verb: to envy someone for possessing or enjoying something Sitting all alone in his room, Harvey begrudged the happiness of the other children playing outside his window. verb: to give reluctantly We never begrudge money spent on ourselves. To begrudge someone for something is to wish them ill for it or to envy them. Try not to begrudge his getting the promotion over you — he's been at the company longer. An understudy might begrudge the lead her role and even go so far as to put glass in her shoes so she can't perform. An easy way to remember the meaning of this verb is to note the noun grudge lurking inside it. A grudge is ill will that you hold toward someone: to begrudge is to hold that grudge. If you begrudge your friend his happiness because he got the nicer car, your friendship will suffer. verb غبطه خوردن begrudge, envy حسرت بردن رشک ورزیدن verb give reluctantly or resentfully.

reproach

verb: to express criticism towards At first, Sarah was going to yell at the boy, but she didn't want to reproach him for telling the truth about the situation. Reproach means to mildly criticize. If you show poor manners at your grandmother's dinner table, she will reproach you. verb عیب جویی کردن از reproach, blame سرزنش کردن blame, scold, berate, snub, upbraid, reproach to find fault with, blame

champion

verb: to fight for a cause Martin Luther King Jr. championed civil rights fiercely throughout his short life. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study مبارزه کردن جنگیدن A champion is a winner, or someone who's really good at something. If you are a champion chess player, you are a superstar! When crowds sing Queen's "We Are the Champions" at football games, they are celebrating the fact that their team won. Champion comes from the Latin word campionem for "gladiator, fighter." Rarr! No need to grab your sword, but a champion is also a person who fights for a cause. If you are the champion of fundraising, you keep pushing to raise money. As a verb, to champion means to protect or fight for something. You champion your little brother by defending him against meanies — no matter what, you are always on his side.

belie

verb: to give a false representation to; misrepresent The smile on her face belies the pain she must feel after the death of her husband. بد جلوه دادن افترا زدن به belie, traduce بد وانمود کردن belie دروغ گفتن عوضی نشان دادن belie

appropriate

verb: to give or take something by force The government appropriated land that was occupied by squatters, sending them scurrying for another place to live. verb: to allocate The committe appropriated the funds to its various members. This word has other definitions, but these are the most important ones to study تخصیص دادن verb take (something) for one's own use, typically without the owner's permission. his images have been appropriated by advertisers synonyms: seize, commandeer, expropriate, annex, arrogate, sequestrate, sequester, take over, hijack; steal, take, swipe, nab, bag, pinch; plagiarize, copy, poach, steal, borrow, rip off برای خود برداشتن غصب کردن به زور گرفتن قاپیدن devote (money or assets) to a special purpose. there can be problems in appropriating funds for legal expenses synonyms: allocate, assign, allot, earmark, set aside, devote, apportion Something appropriate is correct and fits the situation. A sweater-vest with reindeer on it is appropriate holiday apparel, even if it's totally embarrassing. The adjective appropriate is used when something is suitable or fitting. It comes from the Latin appropriare, which means "to make something fit, to make something one's own." Going back even further, appropriate is related to the Latin word proprius, "to belong to a person, thing, or group." Another appropriate way to use this word is as a verb, meaning to steal or seize something, the way you'd appropriate your sister's sandwich if she left it sitting near you.

wax

verb: to gradually increase in size or intensity Her enthusiasm for the diva's new album only waxed with each song; by the end of the album, it was her favorite CD yet. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study The verb wax is most often found in the company of its opposite, "wane." To wax is to grow larger or increase, whereas wane means to grow smaller or decrease. As the moon grows towards fullness, it waxes. It wanes, or diminishes in size, as the new moon approaches. This is the most common context for the verb wax, but it is also used to describe other phenomena that grow or increase, particularly those that are cyclical. Figuratively, if you wax eloquent, lyrical or poetic about something, you talk about it at great length and with growing enthusiasm. The noun wax refers to chemical compounds that can be shaped and molded, for example into candles, when warm. رو به بدر رفتن wax

defray

verb: to help pay the cost of, either in part or full In order for Sean to attend the prestigious college, his generous uncle helped defray the excessive tuition with a monthly donation. If your mother says she will defray the cost of your next move, say thank you. She means she will take on some of the expenses for you. Your school band might hold a bake sale fundraiser to defray the cost of new band uniforms. When they do this, the amount raised will be taken off the total cost of the uniforms so that each individual band member has to pay less. If you live in New York and are invited for a job interview in California, the company may defray the expenses of your plane ticket and hotel, especially if they really want to hire you. verb تسویه کردن defray, compromise, liquidate, liquidize, pay off, settle هزینه ی چیزی را متقبل شدن

stem

verb: to hold back or limit the flow or growth of something To stem the tide of applications, the prestigious Ivy requires that each applicant score at least 330 on the Revised GRE. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study A stem is a plant's stalk, and it's also a verb meaning "grow out of." So roses have stems, and your idea to give roses to your mom for her birthday stems from her love of flowers. جلوی رشد را گرفتن قطع کردن The construction sector last month warned that British infrastructure faced "severe setbacks" if Britain did not train enough workers to stem a shortfall in laborers from European Union countries.

hobble

verb: to hold back the progress of something Bad weather has hobbled rescue efforts, making it difficult for crews to find bodies in the wreckage. When you hobble, you walk awkwardly or unsteadily because you're in pain. You might wipe out on your bike and then hobble back home, pushing it in front of you. People who hobble, walking with a limp or a shuffle, have most often been injured in some way, though a disabled or elderly person might hobble as well. You can call the walk itself a hobble as well: "I knew that football tackle hurt when I saw your hobble as you left the field." The root of hobble is Old English — it's related to the Dutch hobbelen, "rock from side to side." verb walk in an awkward way, typically because of pain from an injury. he was hobbling around on crutches synonyms: limp, walk with difficulty, walk lamely, move unsteadily, walk haltingly لنگیدن limp, clop, halt, hobble, lag, stagger مانع حرکت شدن hobble شلیدن hobble, limp لنگ لنگان راه رفتن hobble

cow

verb: to intimidate Do not be cowed by a 3,000-word vocabulary list: turn that list into a deck of flashcards! This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study If it lives on a farm, makes a mooing sound, and produces milk, it is probably a cow. Most people would immediately identify a cow, the large, cud-chewing female of what is known as "cattle." Cows are typically domesticated farm animals, though the females of wilder bovine relatives are also called cows. The verb form of cow, "to frighten or subdue," comes from the docile nature of most cows — they are fairly easy to intimidate, or easily cowed. The Old English root is cu, from the Indo-European gwous, which might have developed from the sound that cows make. verb ترساندن scare, frighten, intimidate, terrorize, deter, cow تضعیف روحیه کردن demoralize, cow verb ترساندن scare, frighten, intimidate, terrorize, deter, threaten مرعوب کردن intimidate, terrify, unnerve تشر زدن به intimidate نهیب زدن به browbeat, intimidate

exasperate

verb: to irritate intensely As a child, I exasperated my mother with strings of never-ending questions. It's understandable if you get exasperated, or really frustrated, if you're standing in the supermarket's express lane and everyone in front of you has way more than the 10-item maximum. Over the centuries, nothing much has happened to the definition of this word — the Latin original means "irritated to anger." Speaking of which, let's get back to the supermarket, a veritable hotbed of exasperated people pushing wobbly-wheeled shopping carts their children try to fill with cartoon-branded junk food, brushing past unstable store displays that come tumbling down, enduring inoffensive but flavorless supermarket music, and emerging into the cold light of day unable to remember where they parked the car. کلافه شدن verb اوقات تلخی کردن scold, exasperate, huff از جا در بردن exasperate خشمگین کردن anger, infuriate, vex, aggravate, make angry, exasperate بدتر کردن

check

verb: to limit (usually modifying the growth of something) Deserted for six months, the property began to look more like a jungle and less like a residence—weeds grew unchecked in the front yard noun: the condition of being held back or limited When government abuses are not kept in check, that government is likely to become autocratic. This word has other definitions, but these are the most important ones to study منع کردن هرس کردن the act of restraining power or action

hedge

verb: to limit or qualify a statement; to avoid making a direct statement When asked why he had decided to buy millions of shares at the very moment the tech company's stock soared, the CEO hedged, mentioning something vague about gut instinct. A hedge is a living fence made of closely planted bushes, which, as they grow and get trimmed and shaped, form a wall of green. Hedge can also be used as a verb. If someone asks you a question and you hedge, you're avoiding a straight answer. If you hedge your bets, you're trying to minimize risk or loss — that is, you're trying to cover yourself no matter what happens. If you're not sure, for instance, what your boss's political views are, you can hedge your bets by not revealing yours. حاطه کردن hem, corral, encompass, beset, ring, hedge طفره زدن wriggle, evade, dally, dodge, elude, hedge از زیر در رفتن hedge surround or bound with a hedge. limit or qualify (something) by conditions or exceptions. protect oneself against loss on (a bet or investment) by making balancing or compensating transactions.

inure

verb: to make accustomed to something unpleasant Three years of Manhattan living has inured her to the sound of wailing sirens; she could probably sleep through the apocalypse. To inure is to get used to something difficult or unpleasant. If after spending an hour in your brother's room, you stop noticing the stinky-sock smell, you have become inured to the odor. Although the Latin roots of inure mean "in work," it may be easier to think of "in use" when you see inure. Got new shoes that give you blisters? When they are "in use" long enough, your feet will become inured to the spots that rub, and while you may have calluses, you will not be in pain. You can be inured to more abstract things too. When weathermen constantly play up the next big snowstorm or blizzard, you become inured to it and stop paying attention to them. verb accustom (someone) to something, especially something unpleasant. these children have been inured to violence synonyms: harden, toughen, season, temper, condition, accustom, habituate, familiarize, acclimatize, adjust, adapt, desensitize ******** come into operation; take effect. a release given to one of two joint contractors inures to the benefit of both آموخته شدن عادت کردن

consecrate

verb: to make holy or set apart for a high purpose At the church of Notre Dame in France, the new High Altar was consecrated in 1182. Consecrate means to make holy or to dedicate to a higher purpose. You need to consecrate a building to turn it into a church, but you can also consecrate a week in New York City to the pursuit of the perfect bagel. The secr part of consecrate comes from the Latin sacer "sacred." Remember that something consecrated is dedicated to God and thus sacred. And then remember that the meanings of words tend to stretch; over time this one moved from "dedicated to God" to "dedicated to whatever": jelly donuts, the perfect tan, finding a solution to Rubik's Cube. verb ویژه کردن consecrate تخصیص دادن allot, allocate, apportion, consecrate, give, design تقدیس کردن edify, hallow, bless, celebrate, consecrate, enshrine

qualify

verb: to make less severe; to limit (a statement) Chris qualified his love for San Francisco, adding he didn't like the weather there as much as he liked the weather in Los Angeles. This word has other definitions, but this is the most important one to study Make sure you know the context when using the word qualify. In one sense, it means to be right for, to measure up. In another sense, though, qualify means to change something slightly, to limit it or add a condition to it. If you want to qualify for your driver's license, remember not to drive through that final stop sign without stopping. I guarantee you that if you don't stop you will not qualify. You don't just get your Eagle Badge. You have to qualify for it—there's a lot to do before you get it. The word might be used in its other sense like this: If you plan to get married, keep your vows simple: say "I do." Don't qualify them by saying something like "I do...except sometimes, when I don't." If you have to qualify your wedding vows, don't get married.

remonstrate

verb: to make objections while pleading The mothers of the kidnapped victims remonstrated to the rogue government to release their children, claiming that the detention violated human rights. verb تعرض کردن remonstrate, attack, harass با تعرض و نکوهش گفتن remonstrate Remonstrate means to call someone on something that's wrong. If your mother yells at you in public, you might call this getting chewed out. She might call it remonstrating. Either way, it's embarrassing. Remonstrate has its roots in a Latin verb meaning "to show," and it used to mean "to make plain." Which is why remonstrate is a word that puts the glow of respectability on the action of yelling at someone or telling them that they're wrong. The sense is that the person remonstrating is the victim — they're just making the injustice plain. verb make a forcefully reproachful protest. he turned angrily to remonstrate with Tommy synonyms: protest, complain, expostulate, argue with, take issue with; object strongly to, complain v

conciliate

verb: to make peace with His opponents believed his gesture to be conciliatory, yet as soon as they put down their weapons, he unsheathed a hidden sword. The verb conciliate means to placate, appease, or pacify. If you are eating at a restaurant and the waiter accidentally spills a drink on you, the manager may try to conciliate you by picking up the tab for your meal. You may be more familiar with the term conciliation --it can mean the flowers you bring to conciliate your girlfriend after a fight, or a politician's conciliatory offer to fund a new playground to a community that's just lost its school. Conciliate comes from the Latin word conciliare, meaning "to unite." Conciliare in turn comes from the Latin word concilium, meaning "council." If you remember their common etymology, you can remember that, like council, conciliate is spelled with only one l. conciliation مصالحه کردن verb ساکت کردن silence, pacify, appease, soothe, quiet, conciliate ارام کردن calm, assuage, conciliate, appease, soothe, allay اشتی دادن reconcile, accord, agree, conciliate

disabuse

verb: to persuade somebody that his/her belief is not valid As a child, I was quickly disabused of the notion that Santa Claus was a rotund benefactor of infinite largess—one night I saw my mother diligently wrapping presents and storing them under our Christmas tree. verb از حقیقت اگاه کردن disabuse از اشتباه دراوردن disabuse Disabuse means to free someone of a belief that is not true. Many teachers of health find that when they teach, they spend as much energy disabusing kids of false beliefs as they do giving them the facts. Disabuse is often connected to the word notion or idea. In singing lessons, you must disabuse young singers of the idea that they can sing better by singing louder. In the first year of college, many people are disabused of the idea that the way they are is "normal," by meeting so many people who represent other ways to be.

badger

verb: to pester Badgered by his parents to find a job, the 30-year-old loafer instead joined a gang of itinerant musicians. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study verb اذیت کردن offend, pester, hock, harass, tease, badger ازار کردن Badger is to bother. Persistently. On and on. Without stop. Relentlessly. Over and over. Endlessly. It comes from the name of that chipmunk-like animal that burrows into the ground. If you badger someone, you get under their skin. A badger is an animal that digs tunnels under ground to keep warm. To badger can also mean to persuade someone through constant annoying efforts. You might badger your mom to add another hour to your curfew or badger your friend to give you a turn with a video game he has been hogging. بستوه اوردن

propitiate

verb: to placate or appease The two sons, plying their angry father with cheesy neckties for Christmas, were hardly able to propitiate him - the father already had a drawer full of ones he had never worn before or ever planned to. If you forgot flowers on your Mom's birthday, you can still propitiate her by sending a bouquet the next day. Propitiate means to appease someone or make them happy by doing a particular thing. Handy strategy for lovers, too. One of the most common uses of propitiate historically was in the sense of appeasing the Gods, often with a gift in the form of an animal or human sacrifice. Fortunately, for most people today flowers and candy will do the trick. But then again, some Moms can be tough to appease. If you forgot flowers on your Mom's birthday, you can still propitiate her by sending a bouquet the next day. Propitiate means to appease someone or make them happy by doing a particular thing. Handy strategy for lovers, too. One of the most common uses of propitiate historically was in the sense of appeasing the Gods, often with a gift in the form of an animal or human sacrifice. Fortunately, for most people today flowers and candy will do the trick. But then again, some Moms can be tough to appease. verb تسکین دادن soothe, mitigate, propitiate, pacify, quell, smooth خشم را فرو نشاندن propitiate استمالت کردن propitiate, soothe خشم کسی را فرونشاندن atone, propitiate, subdue one's anger

contrive

verb: to pull off a plan or scheme, usually through skill or trickery Despite a low GPA, he contrived to get into college, going so far as to write his own glowing letters of recommendation. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study When you contrive, you make a plan or a plot. It may take you longer to contrive your way out of doing your homework than would to actually do it. Even though contrive often has a false or cunning feel to it, it is not always a bad thing. Mental effort is always required though, as contrive is often used in connection with inventing schemes and plans to make something happen. Contraption, a complicated mysterious device that does something, is related to contrive. Have you ever seen a Rube Goldberg contraption? When you contrive to do something, your plan may end up being that complicated. verb تعبیه کردن improvise, devise, contrive, prepare, work out تدبیر کردن devise, contrive, meditate, compass, design, machinate (v.) to plan with ingenuity, invent; to bring about as the result of a scheme or plan

peruse

verb: to read very carefully Instead of perusing important documents, people all too often rush to the bottom of the page and plaster their signatures at the bottom. Traditionally, peruse has meant to read or examine something carefully. But informally, it can have the opposite meaning, to read something casually and quickly.

ferret

verb: to search for something persistently Ever the resourceful lexicographer, Fenton was able to ferret out the word origin of highly obscure words. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study You may be familiar with ferrets, those adorable little mammals that look like cheap minks. Well, the verb to ferret means to act like a ferret: to dig for something until you find it. Ferrets are great at digging, so it's no surprise that we acknowledge their skills when we make the verb ferret, which almost always comes attached to the preposition "out." Woodward and Bernstein worked tirelessly to ferret out the names of the guys who raided the Watergate offices. When you're ready, I'm going to ask you to ferret out those two photos from that stack of photo boxes. verb (of a person) hunt with ferrets, typically for rabbits. کنجکاوی کردن مصرانه دنبال چیزی رفتن

adjudicate

verb: to serve as a judge in a competition; to arrive at a judgment or conclusion Only those with the most refined palates were able to adjudicate during the barbeque competition. To adjudicate is to act like a judge. A judge might adjudicate a case in court, and you may have to adjudicate in the local talent show. Do you see a similarity between judge and adjudicate? When you add the common Latin prefix ad meaning "to" or "toward," you have a pretty good idea what the word means. But a judge isn't the only person who can adjudicate. If you're fighting with your little brother or sister and make them cry, your parents may adjudicate and send you to your room. verb make a formal judgment or decision about a problem or disputed matter. the committee adjudicates on all betting disputes داوری کردن به محاکمه رفتن به حکم دادن رفتن

prevaricate

verb: to speak in an evasive way The cynic quipped, "There is not much variance in politicians; they all seem to prevaricate" When you prevaricate, you lie or mislead. Now, go ahead and tell me whether you already knew that meaning, and don't prevaricate about it — give me the story straight! دروغ گفتن lie, gab, fib, prevaricate, belie, weasel دوپهلو حرف زدن prevaricate, equivocate زبان بازی کردن quibble, equivocate, palter, prevaricate طفره رفتن مغلطه کردن When you prevaricate, you lie or mislead. Now, go ahead and tell me whether you already knew that meaning, and don't prevaricate about it — give me the story straight! While prevaricate basically means to lie, it also has the sense of making it hard to know exactly what the lie was. You talk in a confusing way, go back and forth, and as deliberately as possible mislead someone. Government officials, bureaucrats, and sneaky types prevaricate in the hopes that it will be too difficult to figure out whether they've been doing something wrong. Don't prevaricate with your parents — it will definitely make you look guilty, but they just won't be sure of what!

equivocate

verb: to speak vaguely, usually with the intention to mislead or deceive After Sharon brought the car home an hour after her curfew, she equivocated when her parents pointedly asked her where she had been. When you are unwilling to make a decision and almost intentionally go back and forth between two choices, you are equivocating. When politicians equivocate, they are often afraid of upsetting, and thus alienating, voters with their decisions. A key part of equivocate is the root vocate which come from the Latin vocare or "voice." When you give your voice to two opposing views in order to mislead or keep your options open, you're equivocating. Think of the expression, to talk out of both sides of your mouth. If you want to go to a party and your parents keep saying "maybe, it depends," tell them to stop equivocating and give you a straight answer. verb use ambiguous language so as to conceal the truth or avoid committing oneself. "Not that we are aware of," she equivocated verb دوپهلو حرف زدن prevaricate, equivocate زبان بازی کردن quibble, equivocate, palter, prevaricate ابهام بکار بردن equivocate دروغ گفتن lie, gab, fib, prevaricate, belie, equivocate طفره رفتن dodge, evade, elude, avoid, shirk, equivocate

exhort

verb: to strongly urge on; encourage Nelson's parents exhorted him to study medicine, urging him to choose a respectable profession; intransigent, Nelson left home to become a graffiti artist. French roots for the word exhort mean "thoroughly encourage," so to exhort is to fill up with encouragement! "When he heard the crowd exhort him with stomping and cheers, he knew that he could finish the marathon." Some synonyms for exhort include stimulate, excite, and urge on. Words and shouts can exhort, and this is especially true when the recipient of those chants fears coming up short with an effort. Exhortations may make the difference between winning or losing and marching on or giving up. A sergeant might exhort his troops after a defeat just as a dad can exhort his daughter after a missed note during a piano recital. strongly encourage or urge (someone) to do something. تشویق و ترغیب کردن exhort, lead on مجاب کردن

underwrite

verb: to support financially The latest symphony broadcast was made possible with underwriting from the Carnegie Endowment. To underwrite is to insure or promise to be financially responsible in case of loss or damage. An insurance agent can underwrite your renter's insurance policy, which protects you if there's a fire or robbery, for example. verb در زیر سندی نوشتن underwrite امضاء کردن sign, underwrite, undersign تعهد کردن guarantee, undertake, underwrite

capitulate

verb: to surrender (usually under agreed conditions) Paul, losing 19-0 in a ping-pong match against his nimble friend, basically capitulated when he played the last two points with his eyes closed. To capitulate means to give in to something. If your parents refuse to raise your allowance, you might try to argue until they capitulate. Good luck! واگذار کردن توافقی تسلیم شدن To capitulate is to surrender outright or to give in under certain terms. Either way, you're agreeing to something you don't really want. The word comes from the Latin roots caput ("head") and capitulum ("headings"), a reference to the official agreement drawn up when someone formally surrendered.

dupe

verb: to trick or swindle Once again a get-rich-fast Internet scheme had duped Harold into submitting a $5,000 check to a sham operation. noun: a person who is easily tricked or swindled The charlatan mistook the crowd for a bunch of dupes, but the crowd was quickly on to him and decried his bald-faced attempt to bilk them A dupe is a furry, ceremonial hat occasionally worn during ancient pagan rituals... or not. Dupe actually means "trick or deceive." We're sorry we tried to dupe you into believing the wrong definition. verb گول زدن dodge, outwit, deceive, defraud, dupe, fool noun ساده دل dupe, gull, noddy, simpleton

meander

verb: to wander aimlessly A casual observer might have thought that Peter was meandering through the city, but that day he was actually seeking out those places where he and his long lost love had once visited. meander To meander means to wander aimlessly on a winding roundabout course. If you want some time to yourself after school, you might meander home, taking the time to window shop and look around. Meander comes from a river in modern-day Turkey, the Maiandros, which winds and wanders on its course. Today, a stream or a path meanders, as does a person who walks somewhere in a roundabout fashion. If your speech meanders, you don't keep to the point. It's hard to understand what your teacher is trying to impart if he keeps meandering off with anecdotes and digressions. Pronounce meander with three syllables not two — me-AN-der. پرسه زدن بی هدف دور زدن

attenuate

verb: to weaken (in terms of intensity); to taper off/become thinner. Her animosity towards Bob attenuated over the years, and she even went so far as to invite him to her party. Attenuate is a verb that means to make or become weaker. The effects of aging may be attenuated by exercise (or by drinking from the fountain of youth). The versatile word attenuate denotes a weakening in amount, intensity, or value. As a verb, attenuate is usually transitive, meaning it needs an object to be complete, such as in the sentence: "This tanning process tends to attenuate the deer hide, making it softer." The word can be intransitive in past tense, as in "The rain attenuated, ending the storm." And it can even be used as an adjective to describe something weakened: "Even an attenuated solution will remove the stain." adjective رقیق thin, watery, attenuate, rare, ethereal, lenis نازک thin, fine, slim, tender, soft, attenuate verb رقیق کردن dilute, thin, attenuate, extenuate, rarefy, rarify ضعیف شدن weaken, attenuate, conk, pine, waste نازک کردن thin, attenuate, extenuate تقلیل دادن reduce, scrimp, attenuate, cut, lessen, cut back لاغر کردن macerate, atrophy, attenuate, emaciate, slenderize, thin The versatile word attenuate denotes a weakening in amount, intensity, or value. As a verb, attenuate is usually transitive, meaning it needs an object to be complete, such as in the sentence: "This tanning process tends to attenuate the deer hide, making it softer." The word can be intransitive in past tense, as in "The rain attenuated, ending the storm." And it can even be used as an adjective to describe something weakened: "Even an attenuated solution will remove the stain."

desecrate

verb: to willfully violate or destroy a sacred place After desecrating the pharaoh's tomb, the archaeologist soon fell victim to a horrible illness. The word consecrate from the Latin consecrare means "to make sacred." Substituting the prefix con- with de- reverses the meaning. When preparing for a foreign occupation, the military instructs troops not to desecrate sacred sites and risk offending the local population. You can also desecrate someone's memory if you spread malicious lies about him after his death. بی حرمت کردن

pine

verb: to yearn for Standing forlornly by the window, she pined for her lost love. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study If you pine for someone, you desperately want to see them, be with them, or perhaps smother them with kisses. If you're texting your ex-boyfriend over 50 times a day, there's a pretty good chance that you still pine for him. have an intense feeling of longing for something, typically something that one has lost or been separated from. اشتیاق دیدار داشتن آرزو دیدار داشتن

patronize

verb: treat condescendingly She says she genuinely wanted to help me, but instead she patronized me, constantly pointing out how I was inferior to her. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study If you patronize a business, you shop there regularly. But if someone patronizes you, it's not so pleasant — they talk to you as if you were inferior or not very intelligent. Patronize comes from Latin patronus "protector, master," related to pater "father." So if you patronize a person, you talk down to them like a father might do to his child or a master to his apprentice. If you want to take an advanced class and your advisor warns you of all the hard work, you can tell him to stop patronizing you — you know a hard class involves hard work. This sounds much better than saying, "I'm not stupid!" حامی مشتری پر و پا قرص دست انداختن نگاه عاقل اندر سفیه رئيس وار رفتار کردن ترحم کردن

cosset

verb: treat with excessive indulgence The king and queen cosseted the young prince, giving him a prized miniature pony for his fifth birthday. To cosset is to pamper or spoil. Your mom might cosset her beloved lap dog, feeding him homemade meals and singing him to sleep. If your parents used to cosset you when you were little, they may have protected you from injury and indulged your every whim. Your temptation might be to cosset small children or elderly relatives, pampering them and shielding them from difficulty. In the 17th century, cosset had the additional sense of "fondle and caress," as you might cuddle a baby or a puppy. Earlier, the word was a noun meaning "a lamb raised as a pet." verb care for and protect in an overindulgent way. all her life she'd been cosseted by her family synonyms: pamper, indulge, overindulge, mollycoddle, coddle, baby, pet, mother, nanny ناز پرورده کردن به ناز پروردن به تنعم پرورش دادن خیلی لوس با اوردن

fawn

verb: try to gain favor by extreme flattery The media fawned over the handsome new CEO, praising his impeccable sense of style instead of asking more pointed questions. This word has other definitions but this is the most important one to study A fawn is a young deer, but it's also a verb meaning to try and win favor by flattering. You might fawn over Bambi if you want to hang out with the cute and fuzzy gang. As a verb, fawn either refers to an attempt to get on someone's good side, or, oddly enough, to give birth to a deer. If you're a human, fawning is an age-old art that might get you what you want but can be very unattractive. If you ever come into possession of a great fortune, watch out for sudden friends who want to fawn over you and shower you with presents. They probably have dollar signs in their eyes. اظهار دوستی کردن fawn تملق گفتن flatter, fawn, sweet-talk

foment

verb: try to stir up public opinion After having his pay cut, Phil spread vicious rumors about his boss, hoping to foment a general feeling of discontent. تحریک کردن افکار عمومی to arouse or incite

avert

verb: turn away Afraid to see the aftermath of the car crash, I averted my eyes as we drove by. verb: ward off or prevent The struggling video game company put all of its finances into one final, desperate project to avert bankruptcy. To avert is to turn away or to prevent. You might avert your gaze or avert a disaster — either way, you are avoiding something. The verb avert comes from Latin roots that mean "to turn away from." Averting has that sense of deflecting, turning away, or preventing something (usually bad) from happening. You might put salt on an icy sidewalk to avert accidents, or you might avert a toddler's meltdown by supplying a lollipop. روی گرداندن verb گردانیدن wield, avert گذراندن pass, survive, avert, while, fare, outwear دفع کردن ward off, fend, exorcise, stave off, countercheck, avert ممانعت کردن

deter

verb: turn away from by persuasion His mother tried to deter him from joining the army, but he was too intoxicated with the idea of war to listen. verb: try to prevent; show opposition to The government's primary job should involve deterring paths to war, not finding ways to start them. Deter means to discourage, or literally "to frighten away." Halloween decorations that are too scary might deter trick-or-treaters, and the risk of being expelled deters kids from cheating in school. discourage (someone) from doing something, typically by instilling doubt or fear of the consequences. ترساندن scare, frighten, intimidate, terrorize, deter, threaten باز داشتن try to prevent; show opposition to ممانعت کردن مخالفت کردن

goad

verb: urge on with unpleasant comments Doug did not want to enter the race, but Jim, through a steady stream of taunts, goaded him into signing up for it. A goad is a pointy stick or other instrument used to prod something along. To goad is to poke something with that pointy stick. Either way, the pointiness is really essential for making things leap into action. Originally spelled gad, meaning "spearhead," goad first came into use as a verb in the 1570s. But say you left your pointy goading stick at home. Have no fear! You can goad people with words, too. Literally or figuratively, a goad prods and pokes and provokes people into doing something. A sheep herder might hustle his flock along with a goad, just as your mom's constant nagging and goading might finally get you sit up straight at the dinner table. a spiked stick used for driving cattle. provoke or annoy (someone) so as to stimulate some action or reaction. drive or urge (an animal) on with a goad. سیخونک سخونک زدن تحریک کردن برای انجام کاری

maunder

verb: wander aimlessly Max liked to maunder down by the seaside and pick up whatever sea shells he would stumble upon. بی هدف پرسه زن verb: speak (about unimportant matters) rapidly and incessantly After drinking two espressos each, the animated couple would maunder loudly, annoying the other patrons in the coffee shop. When you maunder, you talk in a rambling mutter. People being questioned by reporters should try to answer articulately — they shouldn't just maunder in response. The difference between a great speech and an interminably boring one is that a good speaker keeps it short (and often funny), but a bad one tends to maunder in a mumbling voice. A novelist who tends to have her characters maunder on endlessly needs a skilled editor. Although maunder sometimes also means "wander aimlessly," it doesn't come from the similar meander but probably from a root meaning "to beg." verb talk in a rambling manner. Dennis maundered on about the wine synonyms: ramble, prattle, blather, rattle, chatter, jabber, babble, yak, حرف مفت زدن وراجی کردن پرت و پلا گفتن

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