Management 3302 ch11-15
b
According to Fiedler's contingency theory, relationship-oriented leaders with high Least Preferred Coworker (LPC) scores are better leaders under _____ situations. a. highly favorable b. moderately favorable c. less favorable d. unfavorable
b
Affinity patterns occur when: a. two or more database elements occur together in a significant pattern in which one of the elements precedes the other. b. two or more database elements tend to occur together in a significant way. c.three or more database elements occur intermittently in an unstructured way.
a
Alex works as an accountant in a pharmaceutical company. His job frequently demands that he work overtime. Lately, his health has been affected because of his workload. Alex is eligible for a promotion. But, the new position would demand longer working hours with double the current salary. Alex values his health over his pay check at the end of the month. In the context of expectancy theory, the promotion has a _____ for Alex. a. negative valence b. positive valence c. negative reinforcement d. positive reinforcement
d
Baked Delights, a startup bakery, recently collected data on the quality and pricing of the products of Sweet Tooth, the largest and most popular bakery in the region, to help set up its own business standards. This is an example of _____. a. business regulation b. suboptimization c. profiling d. benchmarking
a
In the communication process, _____ refers to putting a message into a written, verbal, or symbolic form that can be recognized and understood by the receiver. a. encoding b. decoding c. transmission d. reception
a
In the context of goal-setting theory, which of the following measures should managers take to motivate employees? a. Managers should make sure workers truly accept organizational goals. b. Managers should refrain from giving performance feedback. c. Managers should set broad and easy goals. d. Managers should not involve employees in goal setting
d
Organizational silence occurs when _____. a. an organization refuses to answer customer complaints b. an organization encourages employees to discuss company issues outside the organization c. managers encourage grapevine communications in an organization d. employees of an organization believe that telling management about problems will not make a difference
True
T/F According to goal-setting theory, managers should assign challenging goals to motivate employees.
False
T/F Association patterns help identify database elements that are different.
False
T/F Data mining is the process of collecting large amounts of raw data from different sources.
False
T/F Delayed feedback is much more effective than immediate feedback.
False
T/F Directive leadership is very similar to considerate leader behavior.
False
T/F Fiedler's contingency theory assumes that leaders can change and adapt their leadership styles.
False
T/F Listening is an involuntary behavior.
False
T/F Pay, benefits, and job security/organizational financial stability are considered very important intrinsic factors that motivate employees.
False
T/F According to the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, middle-of-the-road style occurs when leaders show a high concern for production and a low concern for people.
True
T/F Fiedler assumes that the favorableness of a situation for a leader depends on the degree to which the situation permits the leader to influence the behavior of group members.
True
T/F In the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, a leader who shows little concern for people or production is known as an impoverished leader.
False
T/F In the context of motivation, persistence of effort is concerned with the choices that people make in deciding where to put forth effort in their jobs.
False
T/F Managers should reduce employees' outcomes to restore equity.
False
T/F Pay, benefits, and job security/organizational financial stability are considered very important intrinsic factors that motivate employees.
b
When Lilah saw her guest wrinkling her nose, she realized that she had not cleaned the litter in her cat box. Nose wrinkling is an example of _____. a. Semiotics b. Kinesics c. Paralanguage d. Metalanguage
c
Which of the following defines motivation? a. It is the process of changing behavior by changing the consequences that follow behavior. b. It is the attractiveness or desirability of a reward or outcome. c. It is the set of forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal. d. It is the perceived relationship between effort and performance.
c
Which of the following describes positive reinforcement? a. It strengthens behavior by withholding an unpleasant consequence of a specific behavior. b. It weakens behavior by following behaviors with undesirable consequences. c. It strengthens behavior by following behaviors with desirable consequences. d. It weakens a behavior by making it less likely to occur.
b
Which of the following is true of transformational leaders? a. They make sure that employees do not have to make any sacrifices for their organization. b. They are able to make their followers feel that they are a vital part of their organization. c. They do what is best for themselves instead of their organizations. d. They have moral standards that put their interests before everyone else's.
d
Which of the following leads to sustainable competitive advantage? a. A similarity in information technology used across competing firms b. A high potential for competing firms to create or buy a company's information technology c. Continuous improvement of the hardware and software used by a company d. Using information technology to continuously improve the core functions of a company
d
Which of the following statements about feedforward control is true? a. It is also known as concurrent control. b. It is a mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies after they occur. c. It represents the extent to which it is possible to implement each step in the control process. d. It provides information about performance deficiencies by monitoring inputs rather than outputs
a
Which of the following statements is true of directive leadership? a. It involves letting employees know precisely what is expected of them. b. It involves being approachable and friendly to employees. c. It involves consulting employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions. d. It involves setting challenging goals and having high expectations of employees.
a
Which of the following statements is true of standards? a. A standard may have to be changed if it does not help in achieving company goals. b. A company's standard must always be the same as its competitors'. c. A standard should not align with employees' actual performance. d. A standard should always enhance the productivity of a firm's employees.
a
_____ occurs when performance improvement is attained in one part of an organization but only at the expense of decreased performance in another part. a. Suboptimization b. Process gain c. Organizational balance d. Optimization
c
_____ usually begins with the user telling the data mining software to look and test for specific patterns and relationships in a data set. a. Data integration b. Data binding c. Supervised data mining d. Unsupervised data mining
c
A decision support system (DSS):A decision support system (DSS): a. speeds up and simplifies the acquisition of information. b. uses external sources of data to provide managers the information to analyze organizational performance. c. is designed to help managers deal with specific kinds of problems. d. is a hybrid of executive information systems and intranets.
d
A local plumbing company installed global positioning satellite (GPS) tracking devices in all its trucks to make sure employees were going on service calls and not running personal errands. This is an example of _____. a. normative control b. adaptive control c. concertive control d. objective control
c
A person who attributes his or her success to hard work and failure to bad luck is likely to be experiencing a(n) _____. a. empowerment bias b. fundamental error of attribution c. self-serving bias d. reactive error of perception
b
According to goal-setting theory, _____ is the extent to which a goal is hard or challenging to accomplish. a. goal valence b. goal difficulty c. goal instrumentality d. goal ambiguity
c
According to some researches, deceptive answers have a slower onset than honest ones. In a job interview, these characteristics would be examples of _____ that may help the interviewer evaluate the job applicants. a. Semiotics b. Kinesics c. Paralanguage d. Metalanguage
c
According to the normative decision theory, which of the following is true of the CI decision-making style? a. A leader shares a problem with employees as a group, obtains their ideas and suggestions, and then makes a decision, which may or may not reflect their input. b. A leader uses information available at the time and solves the problem or makes a decision. c. A leader shares a problem and gets ideas and suggestions from relevant employees on an individual basis. d. A leader shares a problem with employees as a group, and they, together, generate and evaluate alternatives and try to reach an agreement on a solution.
b
By examining customer checkout details, a supermarket has learned that people who buy beer, typically, also buy a packet of salted snacks. As a result, the manager of the supermarket decides to place beer near the shelf with chips and pretzels. In this case, which of the following tools for processing information has the supermarket most likely used? a. Data integration b. Data mining c. Bar coding d. Radio frequency tagging
d
Concertive controls are based on: a. a company's corporate culture. b. the code of ethics of a company. c. a company's widely shared values and beliefs. d. beliefs that are shaped and negotiated by work groups.
a
Farah, a manager at Funmania Toys Inc., has complete control over the hiring and firing of employees in the company. She also has the authority to reward and punish employees for their work. This scenario illustrates that Farah has high levels of _____. a. position power b. initiating structure c. instrumentality d. task structure
a
Fusion is a fast-growing clothing chain that focuses on teenagers. Julie, the owner and founder of Fusion, consults with her employees on a daily basis for suggestions on what the stores should carry. An employee suggested that the stores should carry accessories like handbags. The employee's suggestion was an example of _____ communication. a. upward b. informal c. horizontal d. downward
a
Gigi, the owner of Café Mantra, gives small rewards—free movie tickets—to employees who regularly come to work on time and complete tasks assigned to them. Employees who break rules or deviate from company policy, however, often get a cut in their performance-linked incentives. Gigi appears to be using _____ with her employees. a. Bureaucratic control b. Objective control c. Normative control d. Concertive control
a
In 1965, one of the founders of Intel Corporation predicted that computer-processing power would double and that its cost would drop by 50 percent every two years. This is known as _____. a. Moore's law b. Amdahl's law c. Metcalfe's law d. Haitz's law
c
In Peill LLC, employees are known as associates and do not have titles or bosses in the traditional sense. Instead, associates make commitments to work on projects that they believe are most worthy of their time. As a result of doing away with traditional titles, the company is likely to encourage more _____ communication. a. upward b. informal c. horizontal d. downward
d
In industrial psychology, which of the following equations best represents job performance? a. Job Performance = Instrumentality/(Expectancy × Valence) b. Job Performance = Motivation/(Ability × Effort) c. Job Performance = Instrumentality × Expectancy × Valence d. Job Performance = Motivation × Ability × Situational Constraints
b
In the context of environmental contingencies, which of the following describes the formal authority system? a. It is the amount of emotional support that is provided by an employee's immediate work group. b. It is an organization's set of procedures, rules, and policies. c. It is the degree to which the requirements of a subordinate's tasks are clearly specified. d. It is a subordinate's ability to perform his or her job well.
c
In the context of equity theory, _____ occurs when a referent's outcome/input (O/I) ratio is better than one's own O/I ratio. a. distributive justice b. overreward c. underreward d. procedural justice
a
In the context of equity theory, pay, fringe benefits, status symbols, and job titles and assignments are examples of _____. a. outcomes b. referents c. inputs d. valences
b
In the context of motivation, _____ is concerned with the choices that people make about how long they will put forth effort in their jobs before reducing or eliminating those efforts. a. initiation of effort b. persistence of effort c. direction of effort d. termination of effort
d
In the context of subordinate contingencies, which of the following is true of externals? a. Externals believe that what happens to them is largely a result of their choices and actions. b. Externals like to have a say in what goes on at work. c. Externals greatly prefer a participative leadership style. d. Externals believe that what happens to them is caused by forces beyond their control.
b
Jose is a school teacher. If his students score less than 50 percent on their class tests, he assigns them extra homework. Jose is using _____. a. Feedforward control b. Feedback control c. Concurrent control d. Adaptive control
b
Noah, the chief executive officer of Rhombus Corp., believes in maintaining a friendly work environment involving employee benefits like flexible timing and insurance policies. Top managers in the company are approachable to the lower level employees, thus maintaining a horizontal hierarchy. Moreover, Noah does not give much attention to performance. According to the Blake/Mouton leadership grid, which of the following leadership styles is Noah using? a. Middle-of-the-road style b. Country club style c. Authority-compliance style d. Impoverished style
b
Pyramid Inc. conducted employee performance appraisals. One of the clerks, Fiona, is highly unsatisfied with her appraisal as she feels that she has been underrewarded in comparison to one of her coworkers, despite her hard work. She is frustrated and tries to restore equity by reporting about the inequity to her boss. She does so hoping that the issue will be solved. In this case, Fiona has tried to restore equity by: a. increasing inputs. b. increasing outcomes. c. retaining the same referent. d. staying with the company.
c
Relish Inc. is a famous fast food chain in the United States. However, increasing competition affected the company's market. Nicholas Cain, the CEO of Relish, created an online forum for employees to share ideas about innovative methods to attract customers. The forum overflowed with new ideas. Subsequently, Nicholas conducted a meeting to discuss the ideas and also introduced a recipe customization counter that was a grand success. The company has now earned back its customer base. According to path-goal theory, this leadership style is called _____. a. supportive leadership b. achievement-oriented leadership c. participative leadership d. directive leadership
c
Rose knew by the shrillness of her teacher's voice that she was really in trouble and would probably be placed in after-school detention. Rose's teacher used _____ to communicate dismay. a. Semiotics b. Kinesics c. Paralanguage d. Metalanguage
d
Sam is a customer service executive at an apparel store. He went beyond his primary job of assisting customers to suggesting outfits that would suit the customers. This gesture was well appreciated by the customers. The company's manager immediately rewarded Sam with a bonus to motivate Sam to repeat the behavior. Which of the following theories of motivation did the manager adopt in this case? a. Contingency theory b. Systems theory c. Equity theory d. Reinforcement theory
a
Sequence patterns appear when: a. two or more database elements occur together in a significant pattern in which one of the elements precedes the other. b. two or more database elements tend to occur together in a significant way. c. three or more database elements occur together in a significant way. d. three or more database elements occur together in an insignificant pattern in which two of the elements precede the other.
c
The final step in setting standards by benchmarking is to _____. a. determine what to benchmark b. identify the companies against which to benchmark one's standards c. collect data to determine other companies' performance standards d. determine the effects of benchmarking on the company's performance
a
The three kinds of information technology used by executives, managers, and workers inside a company to access and share information are: a. executive information systems, portals, and intranets. b. local area networks, extranets, and management control systems. c. electronic data interchange, web services, and extranets. d. expert systems, decision support systems, and virtual private networks.
a
The two critical steps required to make sure that data can be accessed by approved users and no one else are: a. authentication and authorization. b. authorization and empowerment. c. authentication and encryption. d. authorization and encryption.
c
To determine whether a control process is worthwhile, a company must consider its _____. a. dynamic costs b. feasibility costs c. regulation costs d. operational costs
a
When Liam, a marketing manager, drafts an email to communicate the targets for the upcoming months to his sales team, he is engaged in _____. a. encoding b. preparatory feedback c. decoding d. selective filtering
a
When Ruby was told that her favorite store would no longer stock her favorite brand of clip-on earrings, she assumed this meant that the company was no longer producing clip-on earrings, even though that was not the case. Ruby's incorrect assumption was due to _____. a. closure b. kinesics c. selective perception d. defensive bias
b
When an individual is contesting for a local political office, he or she makes lots of promises to people. When the individual wins the election and assumes office, he or she is often unable to carry out the political promises. In the context of leadership traits, the individual lacks _____. a. self-confidence b. integrity c. empathy d. drive
d
When people perceive that they have been treated unfairly, they may try to restore equity by: a. keeping inputs and outcomes constant. b. fixing a referent as constant. c. increasing inputs. d. increasing outcomes.
b
When setting standards by benchmarking, the first step is to determine _____. a. when to benchmark b. what to benchmark c. how to benchmark d. which companies to benchmark
d
When the CEO of a large corporation explained to his unionized employees why the company had to reduce healthcare coverage for its employees, he was engaged in _____ communication. a. upward b. informal c. horizontal d. downward
a
When the control process is described as cybernetic, it means that: a. constant attention to the feedback loop is required to keep a company's activity on course. b. the behaviors and actions of workers in online work communities are regulated. c. the control process is used for gathering information about performance deficiencies before they occur. d. the control process encourages managers to look beyond financial standards for performance measurement.
b
Which of the following best describes path-goal theory? a. Leaders must be matched to the right leadership situation. b. Leader behavior must be a source of immediate or future satisfaction for followers. c. Leader behavior must duplicate the characteristics of followers' work environments. d. Leaders are effective when the work groups they lead perform well.
c
Which of the following best describes radio frequency identification (RFID) tags? a. They represent numerical data of a product by varying the thickness and pattern of vertical bars. b. They require direct line-of-sight scanning for the radio waves to scan a product perfectly. c. They require a reader that tunes into a specific frequency to determine the number and location of products. d. They are installed in a handheld or pen-type scanner that reads and records data instantly.
b
Which of the following describes Fiedler's contingency theory? a. Leadership styles are inconsistent and often change. b. Leaders must be placed in or matched to a situation that fits their leadership style. c. Leaders are capable of adapting their leadership styles to fit the demands of different situations. d. Leaders can increase subordinate satisfaction and performance by clarifying and clearing the paths to goals.
a
Which of the following exemplifies an intrinsic reward? a. Richard thoroughly enjoys his job. b. Samantha receives a cash reward for good job performance. c. Dorothy is promoted as a senior executive. d. Rani receives an annual bonus.
b
Which of the following is a basic component of equity theory? a. Valences b. Referents c. Instrumentalities d. Expectancies
b
Which of the following is a function of leaders? a. Leaders solve the problems that employees face. b. Leaders inspire people and take a long-term view. c. Leaders try to control and limit choices for others. d. Leaders focus on the means of getting things done
a
Which of the following is a strategy for waste prevention and reduction? a. Good housekeeping b. Sub optimization c. Reduced production d. Workforce reduction
c
Which of the following is an advantage of the balanced scorecard? a. It reduces the need for innovation and learning. b. It eliminates the problem of regulation costs. c. It minimizes the chances of sub-optimization. d. It helps managers focus solely on financial measures.
d
Which of the following is an example of an extrinsic reward? a. A sense of accomplishment b. A feeling of responsibility c. A chance to learn something new d. A promotion to a higher position
b
Which of the following is one of the mistakes that managers tend to make when they are coaching employees? a. They address employees' problems immediately after the employees make mistakes. b. They wait too long before talking to employees about the problem. c. They refer the employees to externally appointed physiologists. d. They require the employees to pay for their additional training.
a
Which of the following is true of employees' reaction to underreward? a. They are frustrated or angered. b. They have a feeling of guilt. c. They exhibit high tolerance. d. They are satisfied with outcomes.
c
Which of the following is true of managers? a. They are critical to inspiring employees and setting long-term goals. b. They see themselves as promoters of change and challengers of the status quo. c. They are concerned with control and limiting the choices of others. d. They focus on vision, mission, goals, and objectives.
d
Which of the following is true of supportive leadership? a. It involves consulting employees for their suggestions and input before making decisions. b. It involves setting challenging goals and having confidence that employees will achieve them. c. It involves letting employees know precisely what is expected of them. d. It involves being approachable and friendly to employees and treating them as equals.
c
Which of the following statements about perception is true? a. People can perceive only similar things. b. People are unaffected by differences in stimuli. c. People experience stimuli through their own perceptual filters. d. People exposed to the same communication and information always have similar ideas and understandings
c
Which of the following web-based tools provides secure off-site access to data and programs? a. Decision support system b. Electronic data interchange c. Secure sockets layer encryption d. Executive information system
b
_____ are movements of the body and face that include arm and hand gestures, facial expressions, eye contact, folding arms, crossing legs, and leaning toward or away from another person. a. Proxemics b. Kinesics c. Paralanguage d. Semiotics
c
_____ are private company networks that allow employees to easily access, share, and publish information using Internet software. a. Extranets b. Data clusters c. Intranets d. Firewalls
d
_____ are the costs associated with implementing or maintaining control. a. Value costs b. Conversion costs c. Sunk costs d. Regulation costs
d
_____ are the costs associated with implementing or maintaining control. a. Value costs b. Conversion costs c. Sunk costs d. Regulation costs
b
_____ is a mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies after they occur. a. Feedforward control b. Feedback control c. Concurrent control d. Adaptive control
a
_____ is a mechanism for gathering information about performance deficiencies before they occur. a. Feedforward control b. Feedback control c. Concurrent control d. Adaptive control
b
_____ is defined as communicating with someone about non-job-related issues that may be affecting or interfering with the person's performance. a. Coaching b. Counseling c. Leading d. Directing
c
_____ is defined as the regulation of workers' behavior and decisions through widely shared organizational values and beliefs. a. Bureaucratic control b. Objective control c. Normative control d. Concertive control
a
_____ is defined as the use of hierarchical authority to influence employee behavior by rewarding or punishing employees for compliance or noncompliance with organizational policies, rules, and procedures. a. Bureaucratic control b. Objective control c. Normative control d. Concertive control
b
_____ is defined as the use of observable measures of worker behavior or outputs to assess performance and influence behavior. a. Bureaucratic control b. Objective control c. Normative control d. Concertive control
c
_____ is described as feedback that is disapproving without any intention of being helpful. a. Unsolicited feedback b. Bureaucratic feedback c. Destructive feedback d. Administrative feedback
c
_____ is the process by which individuals attend to, organize, interpret, and retain information from their environments. a. Active hearing b. Passive listening c. Perception d. Apprehension
a
_____ is the process of determining how well other companies perform business functions or tasks. a. Benchmarking b. Profiling c. Organizing d. Operant conditioning