Management Chapter 13

Factors that increase cohesiveness

Five factors: 1. Intergroup competition 2. Personal attraction 3. Favorable evaluation of the entire group by outsiders 4. Establish goals that members are likely to accept 5. Provide opportunities for success.

Behavioral norms: Norm conformity

Four sets of factors contribute: 1. Factors associated with the group are important 2. The initial stimulus that prompts behavior can affect conformity 3. Individual traits determine the individual's propensity to conform. 4. Situational factors, such as team size and unanimity, influence conformity

Behavioral norms: Socialization

Generalized norm conformity that occurs as a person makes the transition from being an outsider to being an insider in the organization.

Sent Role

In group role structure, the _____ role comprises the messages and cues that group members use to communicate their expectations to another member.

Role Conflict: Intrarole Conflict

May occur when the person gets conflicting demands from different sources within the context of the same role

Stages of group and team development: Storming

Members develop group structure and patterns of interaction.

Stages of group and team development: Performing

Members enact roles and direct effort toward goal attainment and performance.

Stages of group and team development: Forming

Members get acquainted and test interpersonal behaviors.

Role Conflict: Intrasender Conflict

Occurs when a single source sends clear but contradictory messages

Role Structures: Role overload

Occurs when expectations for the role exceed the individual's capabilities to perform.

Role Structures: Role conflict

Occurs when the messages and cues composing the sent role are clear but contradictory or mutually exclusive.

Why people join groups and teams: Interpersonal attraction

One reason people choose to form informal or interest groups is that they are attracted to one another. When people see a lot of each other, pure proximity increases the likelihood that interpersonal attraction will develop.

Role Structures: Role

The part an individual plays in a group that helps the group reach its goals.

Role Structures: Role structure

The set of defined roles and interrelationships among those roles that the group members define and accept.

Role Structures: Role ambiguity

-Arises when the sent role is unclear and the individual does not know what is expected of him or her. -When employees in an organization do not know what is expected of them, it results in _____.

Role Conflict: Interrole Conflict

-Conflict between two roles -Often arises between the roles one plays in different teams as well as between team roles and one's permanent role in a functional group

Informal leader

A person who engages in leadership activities but whose right to do so has not been formally recognized by the organization or group.

Types of groups and teams: Functional group

A(n) _____ group is a permanent group created by the organization to accomplish a number of organizational purposes with an unspecified time horizon.

Smoothing

Acknowledging the existence of conflict but downplaying its importance is known as _____.

Work Team

An increasingly popular type of team that is responsible for the daily activities of the organization is known as _____.

Consequences of cohesiveness

As teams become more cohesive, their members tend to interact more frequently, conform more to norms, and become more satisfied with the team.

Stages of group and team development: Norming

During the _____ stage of group development, members begin to accept one another and develop a sense of unity.

Factors that reduce cohesiveness

Five factors: 1. Decline happens as the group increases in size 2. When members of a team disagree on what the goals of the group should be 3. Intergroup competition 4. Domination by one or more persons in the group or team 5. Unpleasant experiences that result from group membership

Why people join groups and teams: Instrumental benefits

Membership is sometimes seen as instrumental in providing other benefits to the individual.

Behavioral norms: Norms

Standards of behavior that the group accepts for and expects of its members.

Cohesiveness

The extent to which members are loyal and committed to the group; the degree of mutual attractiveness within the group.

Why people join groups and teams: Group goals

The goals of the group may motivate people to join.

Role Conflict: Person-role Conflict

-Results from discrepancy between role requirements and the individual's personal values, attitudes, and needs -Likely to be caused if a person is told to do something unethical or illegal, or if the work is distasteful

Behavioral norms: Norm generalization

The norms of one group cannot always be generalized to another group.

Why people join groups and teams: Group activities

May be motivated to join a group because the activities of the group appeal to them.

Types of groups and teams: Informal or interest groups

A(n) _____ group is created by its own members for purposes that may or may not be relevant to organizational goals.

Types of groups and teams: Task groups

A(n) _____ is created by an organization to accomplish a relatively narrow range of purposes within a stated or implied time horizon.

Behavioral norms: Norm variation

Also can occur within a group or team. A common norm is that the least senior member of a group is expected to perform unpleasant or trivial tasks for the rest of the group.

Why people join groups and teams: Need satisfaction

Another reason for joining a group is to satisfy the need for affiliation.

Confrontation

Conflict resolution technique that requires a reasonable degree of maturity and uses a direct approach of addressing the conflict and working together to resolve it

Group

Consists of two or more people who interact regularly to accomplish a common purpose or goal.