Management Exam 3

Which of the following theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives?

-Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory -McClelland's acquired needs theory -Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory -Herzberg's two-factor theory

Expectancy theory

-suggests that people are motivated by how much they want something and how likely they think they are to get it -belief that particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance

3 major steps when applying the characteristics job model:

1. diagnose the work environment to see whether a problem exists 2. determine whether job redesign is appropriate 3. consider how to design the job

4 conclusions trait theories offer us:

1. we cannot ignore the implications of leadership traits 2. the positive and "dark triad" traits suggest the qualities you should cultivate and avoid if you want to assume a leadership role in the future 3. organizations may want to include personality and trait assessments in their selection an evaluation processes 4. a global mind-set is an increasingly valued task-oriented trait

What are the steps of the perceptual process in the correct order?

1.Selective attention "did i notice something" 2. Interpretation & Evaluation "what was it i noticed and what does it mean?" 3. Storing in memory "remember it as an event, concept, person" 4. Retrieving from memory to make judgments & decisions "what do i recall about that?"

-leader member relations: ""do my subordinates accept me as a leader?" -task structure: "do my subordinates perform unambiguous, easily understood tasks?" -position power: "do I have power to reward and punish?"

3 dimensions of situational control

the extent to which a job allows the worker to make choices about scheduling different tasks and/or deciding how to perform them

Autonomy Example: College-textbook salespeople have more leeway, thus greater autonomy than toll-takers on a bridge

__________ is a form of interpersonal attraction that inspires acceptance and support

Charisma

______________ which was assumed to be an individual inspirational and motivational characteristic of particular leaders

Charismatic leadership

Ever since he and his wife started a family, Roberto has found it difficult to travel for his job. He is starting to think he should change jobs since he cant give as much as he did before to his current position. Roberto's situation reflects the idea of organizational ________

Commitment

_______________ is a leader behavior that is concerned with group members' needs and desires and that is directed at creating mutual respect or trust.

Consideration

_________ intelligence involves understanding and managing your feelings and the feelings around you

Emotional

_____________ leadership represents normatively appropriate behavior that focuses on being a moral role model.

Ethical

Jared is from the United States, but is working in Mexico. He believes that his culture, language, and behavior are superior to those of his Mexican employees. This illustrates which of the following concepts?

Ethnocentrism (ones native culture is superior)

The __________ dimensions of diversity include such factors as geographic location, educational background, and marital/parental status

External

weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced

Extinction

the extent to which workers receive clear, direct information about how well they are performing the job

Feedback Example: Basketball players vs. Engineers

__________ is the distribution of saving or "gains" to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased measurable productivity

Gainsharing

Primary dimensions of diversity are _________

Gender age ethnicity race sexual orientation physical abilities (not within our control)

Simply giving employees additional tasks of similar difficulty is known as __________ loading, whereas giving employees more responsibility such as in job enrichment is referred to as ___________.

Horizontal, Veritical

____________ leadership, a form of "leadership" characterized by a general failure to take responsibility for leading/ a "hands-off" leadership style

Laissez-faire

___________ create an organization's vision and strategic plan, and __________ implement that vision and plan.

Leaders; managers

the theory of motivation that asserts that people are motivated by physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs is ___________ theory.

Maslow's hierarchy of needs

self centered perspective, feelings of superiority, and a drive for personal power and glory.

Narcissism

strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative

Negative Reinforcement

_________ is characterized by value-adding behaviors such as making constructive statements about the department, taking a personal interest in the work of others, making suggestions for improvements, and mentoring new employees.

Organizational Citizenship

Diversity Wheel

Personality--> Internal Dimensions--> External Dimensions--> organizational Dimensions

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, in order for Josephina to seek fulfillment of her love needs, she must first satisfy which of the following needs?

Physiological and safety

Using rewards or positive consequences to strengthen a particular behavior

Positive Reinforcement

weakening a behavior by presenting something negative or withholding something positive

Punishment

suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behavior with negative consequences tends not to be repeated

Reinforcement theory

_________ focuses on providing increased service to others- meeting the goals of both followers and the organization- rather than to oneself.

Servant leadership

the extent to which a job requires a worker to use a wide range of different abilities and skills

Skill Variety Example: Chef has more than Starbucks Barista

the extent to which a job requires the worker to perform all the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end

Task Identity Example: Craftsperson who goes through all the steps of stained-glass window

The extent to which a job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside the organization

Task Significance Example: Technician has more than a person wiping down cars in a carwash

Locus of Control

The extent to which people believe they control their fate through their own efforts

Laura talks fast, walks fast, eats fast, and is in constant rush to accomplish everything she thinks she needs to do. which of the following BEST describes Laura's behavior?

Type A behavior pattern

_______ is defined as "employees' upward expression of challenging but constructive opinions, concerns, or ideas on work-related issues to their managers

Voice

Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model is composed of these 3 major elements:

a. 5 core job characteristics that affect b. three critical psychological states of an employee that in turn affect c. work outcomes (motivation performance, and satisfaction)

buffers

administrative changes, that managers can make to reduce the stressors that lead to employee burnout

Which is the BEST description of a proactive personality?

an individual who takes initiative and perseveres to influence the environment

they don't call Ed "Steady Eddy" for no reason. He is unfailingly calm, even under pressure or stress. It would appear that Ed has a high level of ________

emotional stability

___________ represents leadership the extent to which a leader creates perceptions of psychological empowerment in others

empowering

translating a message into understandable symbols or language

encoding

the _________ theory suggests that people compare the ratio of their own outcomes to inputs against the ratio of someone else's outcomes to inputs.

equity

_________ is your belief in your ability to influence dissimilar others in a global context

global mind-set

exchange, coalition, pressure, and legitimating tactics

hard tactics

conscientiousness

how dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented, and persistent on is

Equity theory

how fairly do you think you you're being treated in relation to others?

openness to experience

how intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broad-minded one is

extroversion

how outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive a person is

emotional stability

how relaxed, secure, and unworried one is

agreeableness

how trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted one is

_____________ are factors associated with job satisfaction- such as salary, working conditions, interpersonal relationships, and company policy- all of which the job context in which people work

hygiene factors

____________ leaders organize and define what employees should be doing to maximize output

initiating-structure

__________ is the expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the outcome desired

instrumentality

the satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment, that a person receives from performing a task is known as a(n) ___________ reward.

intrinsic

top four perspectives on motivation

job design, reinforcement, process, content

-open climate (interaction&feedback) -flatter hierarchy -formal flow for downward flow -confidential feedback for upward flow -promote horizontal flow -reward & promote teams vs. individuals

overcoming organizational barriers

______________ leadership is a form of leadership behavior characterized by a lack of leadership skills

passive

____________ ties employee pay to the number of job-relevant skills or academic degrees they earn

pay for knowledge

Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as ___________ pay.

performance (merit pay)

According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, a "control freak" might be described as an individual with normal achievement needs, a low level of affiliation needs and a very high level of __________ needs.

power

lack of concern for others, impulsive behavior and lack of remorse when your actions harm others

psychopathy

Coercive power

results from managers' authority to punish their subordinates

the person wanting to share information- called the message

sender

____________ focuses on providing increased service to others- meeting the goals of both followers and the organization-rather than to oneself.

servant-leadership

Under Fiedler's model, the level of influence as a leader has in his or her immediate work environment is called ___________ control.

situational

rational persuasion, inspirational appeals, consultation, integration, and personal appeals

soft tactics

why poor retention (listeners miss 75% of the message with meaning, retain 25%)

speak: 125-250 wpm think: 1000-3000 wpm

Stress is the feeling of tension and pressure; the source of that stress is known as a(n) _____________

stressor

The key correlates of job satisfaction are?

stronger motivation job involvement organizational commitment life satisfaction

Goal-setting Theory

suggests that employees can be motivated by goals that are specific and challenging but achievable.

Emotional Stability

the extent to which people feel secure and unworried and how likely they are to experience negative emotions under pressure

Self-Esteem

the extent to which people like or dislike themselves, their overall self-evaluation for managers: -expect different degrees of structure and compliance for each type -employ different reward systems for each type

three perspectives on motivation:

-Equity/justice theory -expectancy theory -goal-setting theory

Alcoholism

-becomes progressively worse -chronic -potentially fatal

Which of the following are common ways that employees express burnout?

-calling in sick -miss deadlines -take longer lunch breaks -show indifference to performance

barriers to Organizational communication

-climate: closed and no trust -hierarchy: top heavy and vertical -competition: limited power, status, rewards -Frames of reference: differ

Needs

-defined as physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior -can vary over time and from place to place

People's values and attitudes affect their workplace __________, which includes their actions and judgments.

behavior

Self-efficacy

belief in one's personal ability to do a task Low: learned helplessness

barriers to Interpersonal communication

bypassing limited frame of reference lack of language skills lack of listening skills

Which of the following are a characteristic of a Type A behavior pattern?

chronic, determined struggle to accomplish more in less time Competitive, Hurried, Deadline-focused

According to the self-determination theory, people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment and their behavior and well-being is influenced by what 3 innate needs?

competence, autonomy, and relatedness

the 4 major perspectives on motivation:

content process job design reinforcement

horizontal communications main purpose

coordination

machiavellianism

cynical view of human nature that condones opportunistic, and unethical ways of manipulating people

interpreting and trying to make sense of the message

decoding

says behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated, while behavior with unfavorable consequences tends to disappear

law of effect

Trevor knows it is up to him to make the new business plan work. Even if the board of directors steps in to guide the resources, it is still Trevor's job to carry out the plan. Which aspect of a core self-evaluation does Trevor demonstrate?

locus of control

a _______-control situation is one in which a leader's decisions cant produce predictable results because he or she can't really influence outcomes

low

why improve retention

lower hierarchy: 30% of time is listening, 70% is doing upper hierarchy: 70% of the time is listening

Fredrick has a disability and works at Goodwill Industries. Because he works best by concentrating on a single task, his boss assigns him the job of carrying packages from the front of the warehouse to the back. By reducing the number of tasks Frederick performs, his boss is engaging in scientific ____________.

management (opposite of job enlargement)

___________ indicates how well a particular medium conveys information and promotes learning

media richness

the pathway by which a message travels

medium

a state of reduced attention expressed in behavior that is rigid or thoughtless

mindlessness

The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are called ___________.

motivation (may be difficult to understand, it must be inferred from one's behavior)

_________ are factors associated with job satisfaction- such as achievement, recognition, and responsibility

motivation factors

Internal Dimensions of Diversity

they are visible and salient in people (creates stereotypes) Example: Obama got handed car keys to fetch a vehicle from valet parking

attempts to identify distinctive characteristics that account for the effectiveness of leaders are called the _________ approaches to leadership

trait

Leadership that focuses on clarifying employees' roles, explaining task requirements, and providing rewards or punishments based on performance is called ________________ leadership

transactional

Absenteeism is thought to be a precursor of ___________, when employees permanently leave their jobs.

turnover

_________ is value, the importance a worker assigns to the possible outcome or reward

valence