Management Exam 3
Which of the following theories of motivation would be characterized as content perspectives?
-Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory -McClelland's acquired needs theory -Deci and Ryan's self-determination theory -Herzberg's two-factor theory
Expectancy theory
-suggests that people are motivated by how much they want something and how likely they think they are to get it -belief that particular level of effort will lead to a particular level of performance
3 major steps when applying the characteristics job model:
1. diagnose the work environment to see whether a problem exists 2. determine whether job redesign is appropriate 3. consider how to design the job
4 conclusions trait theories offer us:
1. we cannot ignore the implications of leadership traits 2. the positive and "dark triad" traits suggest the qualities you should cultivate and avoid if you want to assume a leadership role in the future 3. organizations may want to include personality and trait assessments in their selection an evaluation processes 4. a global mind-set is an increasingly valued task-oriented trait
What are the steps of the perceptual process in the correct order?
1.Selective attention "did i notice something" 2. Interpretation & Evaluation "what was it i noticed and what does it mean?" 3. Storing in memory "remember it as an event, concept, person" 4. Retrieving from memory to make judgments & decisions "what do i recall about that?"
-leader member relations: ""do my subordinates accept me as a leader?" -task structure: "do my subordinates perform unambiguous, easily understood tasks?" -position power: "do I have power to reward and punish?"
3 dimensions of situational control
the extent to which a job allows the worker to make choices about scheduling different tasks and/or deciding how to perform them
Autonomy Example: College-textbook salespeople have more leeway, thus greater autonomy than toll-takers on a bridge
__________ is a form of interpersonal attraction that inspires acceptance and support
Charisma
______________ which was assumed to be an individual inspirational and motivational characteristic of particular leaders
Charismatic leadership
Ever since he and his wife started a family, Roberto has found it difficult to travel for his job. He is starting to think he should change jobs since he cant give as much as he did before to his current position. Roberto's situation reflects the idea of organizational ________
Commitment
_______________ is a leader behavior that is concerned with group members' needs and desires and that is directed at creating mutual respect or trust.
Consideration
_________ intelligence involves understanding and managing your feelings and the feelings around you
Emotional
_____________ leadership represents normatively appropriate behavior that focuses on being a moral role model.
Ethical
Jared is from the United States, but is working in Mexico. He believes that his culture, language, and behavior are superior to those of his Mexican employees. This illustrates which of the following concepts?
Ethnocentrism (ones native culture is superior)
The __________ dimensions of diversity include such factors as geographic location, educational background, and marital/parental status
External
weakening a behavior by ignoring it or making sure it is not reinforced
Extinction
the extent to which workers receive clear, direct information about how well they are performing the job
Feedback Example: Basketball players vs. Engineers
__________ is the distribution of saving or "gains" to groups of employees who reduced costs and increased measurable productivity
Gainsharing
Primary dimensions of diversity are _________
Gender age ethnicity race sexual orientation physical abilities (not within our control)
Simply giving employees additional tasks of similar difficulty is known as __________ loading, whereas giving employees more responsibility such as in job enrichment is referred to as ___________.
Horizontal, Veritical
____________ leadership, a form of "leadership" characterized by a general failure to take responsibility for leading/ a "hands-off" leadership style
Laissez-faire
___________ create an organization's vision and strategic plan, and __________ implement that vision and plan.
Leaders; managers
the theory of motivation that asserts that people are motivated by physiological, safety, love, esteem, and self-actualization needs is ___________ theory.
Maslow's hierarchy of needs
self centered perspective, feelings of superiority, and a drive for personal power and glory.
Narcissism
strengthening a behavior by withdrawing something negative
Negative Reinforcement
_________ is characterized by value-adding behaviors such as making constructive statements about the department, taking a personal interest in the work of others, making suggestions for improvements, and mentoring new employees.
Organizational Citizenship
Diversity Wheel
Personality--> Internal Dimensions--> External Dimensions--> organizational Dimensions
According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory, in order for Josephina to seek fulfillment of her love needs, she must first satisfy which of the following needs?
Physiological and safety
Using rewards or positive consequences to strengthen a particular behavior
Positive Reinforcement
weakening a behavior by presenting something negative or withholding something positive
Punishment
suggesting that behavior with positive consequences tends to be repeated, whereas behavior with negative consequences tends not to be repeated
Reinforcement theory
_________ focuses on providing increased service to others- meeting the goals of both followers and the organization- rather than to oneself.
Servant leadership
the extent to which a job requires a worker to use a wide range of different abilities and skills
Skill Variety Example: Chef has more than Starbucks Barista
the extent to which a job requires the worker to perform all the tasks needed to complete the job from beginning to end
Task Identity Example: Craftsperson who goes through all the steps of stained-glass window
The extent to which a job affects the lives of others, whether inside or outside the organization
Task Significance Example: Technician has more than a person wiping down cars in a carwash
Locus of Control
The extent to which people believe they control their fate through their own efforts
Laura talks fast, walks fast, eats fast, and is in constant rush to accomplish everything she thinks she needs to do. which of the following BEST describes Laura's behavior?
Type A behavior pattern
_______ is defined as "employees' upward expression of challenging but constructive opinions, concerns, or ideas on work-related issues to their managers
Voice
Hackman and Oldham's job characteristics model is composed of these 3 major elements:
a. 5 core job characteristics that affect b. three critical psychological states of an employee that in turn affect c. work outcomes (motivation performance, and satisfaction)
buffers
administrative changes, that managers can make to reduce the stressors that lead to employee burnout
Which is the BEST description of a proactive personality?
an individual who takes initiative and perseveres to influence the environment
they don't call Ed "Steady Eddy" for no reason. He is unfailingly calm, even under pressure or stress. It would appear that Ed has a high level of ________
emotional stability
___________ represents leadership the extent to which a leader creates perceptions of psychological empowerment in others
empowering
translating a message into understandable symbols or language
encoding
the _________ theory suggests that people compare the ratio of their own outcomes to inputs against the ratio of someone else's outcomes to inputs.
equity
_________ is your belief in your ability to influence dissimilar others in a global context
global mind-set
exchange, coalition, pressure, and legitimating tactics
hard tactics
conscientiousness
how dependable, responsible, achievement-oriented, and persistent on is
Equity theory
how fairly do you think you you're being treated in relation to others?
openness to experience
how intellectual, imaginative, curious, and broad-minded one is
extroversion
how outgoing, talkative, sociable, and assertive a person is
emotional stability
how relaxed, secure, and unworried one is
agreeableness
how trusting, good-natured, cooperative, and soft-hearted one is
_____________ are factors associated with job satisfaction- such as salary, working conditions, interpersonal relationships, and company policy- all of which the job context in which people work
hygiene factors
____________ leaders organize and define what employees should be doing to maximize output
initiating-structure
__________ is the expectation that successful performance of the task will lead to the outcome desired
instrumentality
the satisfaction, such as a feeling of accomplishment, that a person receives from performing a task is known as a(n) ___________ reward.
intrinsic
top four perspectives on motivation
job design, reinforcement, process, content
-open climate (interaction&feedback) -flatter hierarchy -formal flow for downward flow -confidential feedback for upward flow -promote horizontal flow -reward & promote teams vs. individuals
overcoming organizational barriers
______________ leadership is a form of leadership behavior characterized by a lack of leadership skills
passive
____________ ties employee pay to the number of job-relevant skills or academic degrees they earn
pay for knowledge
Pay for performance, basing pay on one's results, is also known as ___________ pay.
performance (merit pay)
According to McClelland's acquired needs theory, a "control freak" might be described as an individual with normal achievement needs, a low level of affiliation needs and a very high level of __________ needs.
power
lack of concern for others, impulsive behavior and lack of remorse when your actions harm others
psychopathy
Coercive power
results from managers' authority to punish their subordinates
the person wanting to share information- called the message
sender
____________ focuses on providing increased service to others- meeting the goals of both followers and the organization-rather than to oneself.
servant-leadership
Under Fiedler's model, the level of influence as a leader has in his or her immediate work environment is called ___________ control.
situational
rational persuasion, inspirational appeals, consultation, integration, and personal appeals
soft tactics
why poor retention (listeners miss 75% of the message with meaning, retain 25%)
speak: 125-250 wpm think: 1000-3000 wpm
Stress is the feeling of tension and pressure; the source of that stress is known as a(n) _____________
stressor
The key correlates of job satisfaction are?
stronger motivation job involvement organizational commitment life satisfaction
Goal-setting Theory
suggests that employees can be motivated by goals that are specific and challenging but achievable.
Emotional Stability
the extent to which people feel secure and unworried and how likely they are to experience negative emotions under pressure
Self-Esteem
the extent to which people like or dislike themselves, their overall self-evaluation for managers: -expect different degrees of structure and compliance for each type -employ different reward systems for each type
three perspectives on motivation:
-Equity/justice theory -expectancy theory -goal-setting theory
Alcoholism
-becomes progressively worse -chronic -potentially fatal
Which of the following are common ways that employees express burnout?
-calling in sick -miss deadlines -take longer lunch breaks -show indifference to performance
barriers to Organizational communication
-climate: closed and no trust -hierarchy: top heavy and vertical -competition: limited power, status, rewards -Frames of reference: differ
Needs
-defined as physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior -can vary over time and from place to place
People's values and attitudes affect their workplace __________, which includes their actions and judgments.
behavior
Self-efficacy
belief in one's personal ability to do a task Low: learned helplessness
barriers to Interpersonal communication
bypassing limited frame of reference lack of language skills lack of listening skills
Which of the following are a characteristic of a Type A behavior pattern?
chronic, determined struggle to accomplish more in less time Competitive, Hurried, Deadline-focused
According to the self-determination theory, people are driven to try to grow and attain fulfillment and their behavior and well-being is influenced by what 3 innate needs?
competence, autonomy, and relatedness
the 4 major perspectives on motivation:
content process job design reinforcement
horizontal communications main purpose
coordination
machiavellianism
cynical view of human nature that condones opportunistic, and unethical ways of manipulating people
interpreting and trying to make sense of the message
decoding
says behavior with favorable consequences tends to be repeated, while behavior with unfavorable consequences tends to disappear
law of effect
Trevor knows it is up to him to make the new business plan work. Even if the board of directors steps in to guide the resources, it is still Trevor's job to carry out the plan. Which aspect of a core self-evaluation does Trevor demonstrate?
locus of control
a _______-control situation is one in which a leader's decisions cant produce predictable results because he or she can't really influence outcomes
low
why improve retention
lower hierarchy: 30% of time is listening, 70% is doing upper hierarchy: 70% of the time is listening
Fredrick has a disability and works at Goodwill Industries. Because he works best by concentrating on a single task, his boss assigns him the job of carrying packages from the front of the warehouse to the back. By reducing the number of tasks Frederick performs, his boss is engaging in scientific ____________.
management (opposite of job enlargement)
___________ indicates how well a particular medium conveys information and promotes learning
media richness
the pathway by which a message travels
medium
a state of reduced attention expressed in behavior that is rigid or thoughtless
mindlessness
The psychological processes that arouse and direct goal-directed behavior are called ___________.
motivation (may be difficult to understand, it must be inferred from one's behavior)
_________ are factors associated with job satisfaction- such as achievement, recognition, and responsibility
motivation factors
Internal Dimensions of Diversity
they are visible and salient in people (creates stereotypes) Example: Obama got handed car keys to fetch a vehicle from valet parking
attempts to identify distinctive characteristics that account for the effectiveness of leaders are called the _________ approaches to leadership
trait
Leadership that focuses on clarifying employees' roles, explaining task requirements, and providing rewards or punishments based on performance is called ________________ leadership
transactional
Absenteeism is thought to be a precursor of ___________, when employees permanently leave their jobs.
turnover
_________ is value, the importance a worker assigns to the possible outcome or reward
valence