Management Information Systems
Define Scalability
-Scalability: •Ability to expand to serve larger number of users
Three Principle Levels of Hierarchy
-Senior Management -Middle Management +Scientists and Knowledge workers -Operational Management +Production and Service workers +Data workers
Decision-support systems are most commonly used by the operations management level of an organization. TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE
High product differentiation is a sign of a transparent marketplace. TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE
________ are not held liable for the messages they transmit.
Regulated common carriers
'Synergies' occur when the output of some units in a firm can be used as inputs to other units, lowering cost and generating profits. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
A business model describes how a company produces, delivers, and sells a product or service to create wealth. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
An organization's MIS and DSS supply an ESS with summarized information. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Because of their special claims to knowledge, wisdom, and respect, professionals take on special rights and obligations. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
In a demonstration of network economics, the more people that use eBay's site, the greater the value of the site. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Information systems technology can be viewed as a factor of production that can be substituted for traditional capital and labor from the point of view of economics. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Intranets link different systems and networks within a firm. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Laws and regulations creating fair, stable market environments are examples of complementary social assets required to optimize returns from IT investments. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
One example of a business process is shipping a product to a customer. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
The behavioral approach to information systems leaves aside technical solutions to instead analyze the psychological, social, and economic impacts of systems. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
The problem with Web browsers' Do Not Track options is that Web sites aren't obligated to honor these settings. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Explain Transaction Cost Theory
Firms seek to economize on transaction costs (the costs of participating in markets). •Vertical integration, hiring more employees, buying suppliers and distributors -IT lowers market transaction costs for firm, making it worthwhile for firms to transact with other firms rather than grow the number of employees.
According to several court findings, the general functional features of software are protected by copyright law. TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE
COPPA is a set of five principles developed by the FTC that most American and European privacy law is based on. TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE
Creative work driven by new knowledge and information is an insignificant part of management responsibility. TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE
Cross-functional systems are being phased out in favor of systems that support business processes within a single functional group, such as human resources. TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE
For nonroutine decision making, senior managers rely on management information systems. TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE
Gaining unapproved access to a computer is not a federal crime. TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE
The value chain model classifies all company activities as primary activities. TRUE OR FALSE?
FALSE
6.Internet platforms
Hardware, software, management services to support company Web sites (including Web-hosting services), intranets, extranets -Internet hardware server market: IBM, Dell, Sun (Oracle), HP -Web development tools/suites: Microsoft (Visual Studio and .NET), Oracle-Sun (Java), Adobe, Real Networks
What is the Web Services concept?
Software components that exchange information using Web standards and languages XML: Extensible Markup Language •More powerful and flexible than HTML •Tagging allows computers to process data automatically
Investment in IT is 33% of all invested capital. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
Most Internet businesses do very little to protect the privacy of their customers. TRUE OR FALSE
TRUE
The three main dimensions of information systems are management, organizations, and information technology. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
UPS's use of Web-based tools that allow customers to embed UPS functions such as tracking and cost calculations into their own Web sites was an information systems solution used to achieve customer intimacy. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Web beacons are tiny, invisible software programs hidden in e-mail messages and Web pages that are used to track and report a user's online behavior. TRUE OR FALSE?
TRUE
Technology dimension of information systems
• Computer hardware and software • Data management technology • Networking and telecommunications technology • Networks, the Internet, intranets and extranets, World Wide Web • IT infrastructure: provides platform that system is built on
Business perspective on information systems:
• Information system is an instrument for creating value • Investments in information technology will result in superior returns: o Productivity increases o Revenue increases o Superior long-term strategic positioning
3 activities of an Information system (know the details of each activity)
• Input • Processing • Output
Business firms invest heavily in information systems to achieve six strategic business objectives (know the details for each)
• Operational excellence • New products, services, and business models • Customer and supplier intimacy • Improved decision making • Competitive advantaged • Survival
The 4 basic concepts form the underpinning of an ethical analysis of Information Systems
• Responsibility • Accountability • Liability • Due Process
Hierarchy of authority
• Senior management • Middle management • Operational management • Knowledge workers • Data workers • Production or service workers
Transaction Processing Systems (TPS)
-Serve operational managers and staff -Perform and record daily routine transactions necessary to conduct business +Ex: Sales order entry, payroll and shipping -Allows managers to monitor status of operations and relations with external environment -Serve predefined, structured goals and decision making
Decision support systems (Model driven and Data driven)
-Serves Middle Management -Support Non-routine decision making +Ex: What is the impact on production if December sales double? -May use external information as well TPS/ MIS data -Model Driven DSS +Voyage- estimating system -Data Driven DSS +Intrawest's marketing analysis system
What are the 2 dimensions of collaboration technologies?
-Space (or location)—remote or co-located -Time—synchronous or asynchronous
Spyware?
-Spyware •Surreptitiously installed on user's computer •May transmit user's keystrokes or display unwanted ads
Which of the following best illustrates the use of information systems to focus on market niche?
A department store creating specialized products for preferred customers.
________ is a feature of social institutions that means mechanisms are in place to determine responsibility for an action.
Accountability
What is Virtualization?
Allows single physical resource to act as multiple resources (i.e., run multiple instances of OS) -Reduces hardware and power expenditures -Facilitates hardware centralization
New products, services, and business models
Business Model- Describes how a company produces, delivers and sells a product or service to create wealth. Information systems and technology a major enabling tool for new products, services, business models Ex: Apple's iPad, Google's Android OS and Netflix
The Interdependence Between Organizations And Information Systems
Business Strategic Objectives, Business Processes (Business Firm)- Software (Information System) +Hardware +Data Management +Telecommunications
To manage relationships with your customers, you would use a(n) ________ system.
CRM
Input
Captures raw data from an organization or external enviroment
1.Computer hardware platforms
Client machines •Desktop PCs, laptops •Mobile computing: smartphones, tablets -Servers •Blade servers: ultrathin computers stored in racks -Mainframes: •IBM mainframe equivalent to thousands of blade servers -Top chip producers: Intel, AMD
Computer/Computer program vs. information system
Computers and software are technical foundation and tools, similar to the materials and tools used to build a house
Processing
Converts raw data into meaningful form
What are Cookies?
Cookies •Identify browser and track visits to site •Super cookies (Flash cookies)
The fundamental set of assumptions, values, and ways of doing things that has been accepted by most of a company's members is called its
Culture
4.Data management and storage
Database software: •IBM (DB2), Oracle, Microsoft (SQL Server), Sybase (Adaptive Server Enterprise), MySQL -Physical data storage: •EMC Corp (large-scale systems), Seagate, Western Digital -Storage area networks (SANs): •Connect multiple storage devices on dedicated network
How does IT flatten organizations?
Decision making is pushed to lower levels. •Fewer managers are needed (IT enables faster decision making and increases span of control).
How does digital media pose a challenge to Intellectual Property rights?
Digital media different from physical media (e.g., books) •Ease of replication •Ease of transmission (networks, Internet) •Difficulty in classifying software •Compactness •Difficulties in establishing uniqueness
Define Organizational Politics
Divergent viewpoints lead to political struggle, competition, and conflict. •Political resistance greatly hampers organizational change.
E-Business
E-business -Use of digital technology and Internet to drive major business processes
What is E-Government?
E-government: -Using Internet technology to deliver information and services to citizens, employees, and businesses
Product differentiation
Enable new products or services, greatly change customer convenience and experience -Example: Google, Nike, Apple -Mass customization
Define Organizational Culture
Encompasses set of assumptions that define goal and product •What products the organization should produce •How and where it should be produced •For whom the products should be produced •May be powerful unifying force as well as restraint on change
What are the five basic types of Organizational Structure?
Entrepreneurial: •Small start-up business -Machine bureaucracy: •Midsize manufacturing firm -Divisionalized bureaucracy: •Fortune 500 firms -Professional bureaucracy: •Law firms, school systems, hospitals -Adhocracy: •Consulting firms
What is the FIP, and what its principles?
Fair information practices: -Set of principles governing the collection and use of information •Basis of most U.S. and European privacy laws •Based on mutuality of interest between record holder and individual •Restated and extended by FTC in 1998 to provide guidelines for protecting online privacy -Used to drive changes in privacy legislation •COPPA •Gramm-Leach-Bliley Act •HIPAA •Do-Not-Track Online Act of 2011
Explain Agency Theory
Firm is nexus of contracts among self-interested parties requiring supervision. -Firms experience agency costs (the cost of managing and supervising) which rise as firm grows. -IT can reduce agency costs, making it possible for firms to grow without adding to the costs of supervising, and without adding employees.
What is an Information System?
Information System- Can be defined technically as a set of interrelated components that collect (or retrieve), process, store and distribute information to support decision making, coordination and control. Information systems may also help managers and workers analyze problems, visualize complex subjects and create new products..
Intranets
Internal corporate networks based on internet technology
What is Software Outsourcing?
Most companies purchase software from external resources because its cheaper -Apps •Small pieces of software that run on the Internet, on your computer, or on mobile device •Refer commonly to mobile applications -iPhone, Android •Tie user to platform
________ is a new data analysis technology that finds hidden connections between data in disparate sources.
NORA
What are the negative consequences (quality of life) of information systems?
Negative social consequences of systems •Balancing power: although computing power decentralizing, key decision making remains centralized •Rapidity of change: businesses may not have enough time to respond to global competition •Maintaining boundaries: computing, Internet use lengthens work-day, infringes on family, personal time •Dependence and vulnerability: public and private organizations ever more dependent on computer systems
What are the health risks associated with IT?
Repetitive stress injury (RSI) •Largest source is computer keyboards •Carpal tunnel syndrome (CTS) -Computer vision syndrome (CVS) •Eyestrain and headaches related to screen use -Technostress •Aggravation, impatience, fatigue
Explain the relationship among Routines, Business Processes, and the Business Firm.
Routines (standard operating procedures) •Precise rules, procedures, and practices developed to cope with virtually all expected situations •Business processes: Collections of routines •Business firm: Collection of business processes
Define Organization (Technical and Behavioral definitions)
Technical definition: •Formal social structure that processes resources from environment to produce outputs •A formal legal entity with internal rules and procedures, as well as a social structure -Behavioral definition: •A collection of rights, privileges, obligations, and responsibilities that is delicately balanced over a period of time through conflict and conflict resolution
What are Disruptive Technologies? What are First Movers, and Fast Followers?
Technology that brings about sweeping change to businesses, industries, markets -Examples: personal computers, word processing software, the Internet, the PageRank algorithm -First movers and fast followers •First movers—inventors of disruptive technologies •Fast followers—firms with the size and resources to capitalize on that technology
What is the Law of Mass Digital Storage?
The amount of data being stored each year doubles
Which of the following best describes the primary reason for implementing a new information system, from a business perspective?
The system will create new value for the firm, beyond its costs.
Internet
The world's most largest and widely used network
What are the 3 external sources for software?
Three external sources for software: •Software packages and enterprise software •Software outsourcing -Contracting outside firms to develop software •Cloud-based software services -Software as a service (SaaS) -Accessed with Web browser over Internet -Service Level Agreements (SLAs): formal agreement with service providers
Improved decision making
WITHOUT ACCURATE INFORMATION - Managers must use forecast, best guess and luck + These result in -Overproduction, underproduction -Misallocation of resources -Poor response times Poor outcomes raise costs Ex: Verizon's Web-based digital dashboard to provide managers with real-time data on customer complaints, network performance, line outages and so on.
Walmart's continuous replenishment system allows it to
achieve low-cost leadership.
Nike's forays into information technology represent an effort to
achieve product differentiation.
The interaction between information systems and organizations is influenced
by the development of new information technologies.
The Online Privacy Alliance
encourages self regulation to develop a set of privacy guidelines for its members.
Which of the following is a firm's CPO responsible for?
ensuring that the company complies with existing data privacy laws
Which of the following systems would you expect to deliver integrated, personalized business content through a Web portal interface?
executive support systems
Psychologists study information systems with an eye to understanding
how human decision makers perceive and use formal information.
FWO's use of SharePoint for project management is an example of using information systems to achieve which business objective?
improved decision making
Verizon Corporation's use of a Web-based digital dashboard to provide managers with precise real-time information illustrates which business objective?
improved decision making
All of the following are considered disruptive technologies except
instant messaging.
Which of the following best describes intellectual property?
intangible property created by individuals or corporations
All of the following statements are true about information technology's impact on business firms except
it helps firms expand in size.
Executive support systems are information systems that support the
long-range planning activities of senior management.
In a hierarchical organization, the upper levels consist of
managerial, professional, and technical employees.
A business process in the ________ function is producing bills of material.
manufacturing and production
An organization is seen as a means by which primary production factors are transformed into outputs consumed by the environment according to the ________ definition of organizations.
microeconomic
A firm can exercise greater control over its suppliers by having
more suppliers.
In the information age, the obligations that individuals and organizations have regarding the preservation of existing values and institutions fall within the moral dimension of
quality of life.
Order data for baseball tickets and bar code data are examples of
raw input.
The ________ framework developed by the U.S. Department of Commerce allows U.S. businesses to legally use personal data from EU countries.
safe-harbor
The ________ function is responsible for identifying customers.
sales and marketing
The three principal levels within a business organization hierarchy are
senior management, middle management, and operational management.
When a software product is considered ________, it becomes difficult to hold software producers liable for flaws in their product.
similar to books
As per the ________, if an action cannot be taken repeatedly, it is not right to take at all.
slippery-slope rule
Data management technology consists of the
software governing the organization of data on physical storage media.
The temp agency that you own is having serious difficulties placing temps because few of them are familiar with Internet research. Investing in training software to enhance your workers' skills is an example of using technology to achieve which business objective?
survival
The expenses incurred by a customer or company in lost time and resources when changing from one supplier or system to a competing supplier or system are known as
switching costs.
When two organizations pool markets and expertise that result in lower costs and generate profits, it is referred to as creating
synergies
The principal liaison between the information systems groups and the rest of the organization is a(n)
systems analyst.
According to research on organizational resistance, the four components that must be changed in an organization in order to successfully implement a new information system are
tasks, technology, people, and structure.
The more any given resource is applied to production, the lower the marginal gain in output, until a point is reached where the additional inputs produce no additional output. This is referred to as
the law of diminishing returns.
All of the following are reasons for the increased business focus on collaboration and teamwork, except for
the need for more efficient work hierarchies.
One of the drawbacks of patent protection is
the years of waiting to receive it.
When a firm buys on the marketplace what it cannot make itself, the costs incurred are referred to as
transaction costs.
To monitor the status of internal operations and the firm's relations with the external environment, managers need ________ systems.
transaction processing
A(n) ________ is typically a major source of data for other systems.
transaction processing system
A virtual company
uses networks to link people, assets, and ideas.
An example of an organizational complementary asset is
using the appropriate business model.
What is Business Intelligence (BI)?
-Data and software tools used for organizing and analyzing data -Used to help managers and users make improved decisions
What is the difference between Information and Data?
-Data are streams of raw facts -Information is data shaped into a meaningful form
Competitive advantaged
-Delivers better performance -Charging less for superior products -Responding to customers and suppliers in real time Ex: Apple, Walmart, UPS
According to agency theory, the firm is viewed as a(n)
"nexus of contracts" among self-interested individuals.
Define Core Competencies
-Activity for which firm is world-class leader -Relies on knowledge, experience, and sharing this across business units -Example: Procter & Gamble's intranet and directory of subject matter experts
Investing in information technology does not guarantee good returns. What are the factors that cause variation in the returns?
-Adopting the right business model -Investing in complementary assets (organizational and management capital)
What are Complementary assets?
-Assets required to derive value from a primary investment -Firms supporting technology investments with complementary assets receive superior returns Ex: Invest in technology and the people to make it work properly
What is the Behavioral Approach?
-Behavioral issues (strategic business integration, implementation -Psychology, economics and sociology
What is a Business?
-Can be seen as a collection of business processes
What is a Value Web?
-Collection of independent firms using highly synchronized IT to coordinate value chains to produce product or service collectively -More customer driven, less linear operation than traditional value chain
What is MIS (the field of study)?
-Combines computer science, management science and operations research and practical orientation with behavioral issues FOUR MAIN FACTORS -Suppliers of hardware and software -Business Firms -Managers and employees -Firm's environment (Legal, Social and Cultural Context)
What are the 4 key technology trends that raise ethical issues?
-Doubling of computer power •More organizations depend on computer systems for critical operations. -Rapidly declining data storage costs •Organizations can easily maintain detailed databases on individuals. -Networking advances and the Internet •Copying data from one location to another and accessing personal data from remote locations are much easier. -Advances in data analysis techniques •Profiling -Combining data from multiple sources to create dossiers of detailed information on individuals •Nonobvious relationship awareness (NORA) -Combining data from multiple sources to find obscure hidden connections that might help identify criminals or terrorists -Mobile device growth •Tracking of individual cell phones
What is the Technical Approach to information systems?
-Emphasizes mathematically based models -Computer science, management science and operations research
What are Business Processes?
-Flow of materials, information and knowledge -Set of activities, steps -May be tied to functional area or be cross- functional
Define the IS Department
-Formal organizational unit responsible for information technology services •Often headed by chief information officer (CIO) •Other senior positions include chief security officer (CSO), chief knowledge officer (CKO), chief privacy officer (CPO) •Programmers •Systems analysts •Information systems managers
HTML?
-HTML/HTML5 •Web page description language •HTML5 is latest evolution -Embeds media, animation -Supports cross-platform apps, offline data storage
What are the 5 moral dimensions of the Information Age?
-Information rights and obligations -Property rights and obligations -Accountability and control -System quality -Quality of life
How do Information Systems raise ethical questions?
-Information systems raise new ethical questions because they create opportunities for: •Intense social change, threatening existing distributions of power, money, rights, and obligations •New kinds of crime
What are Keystone firms?
-Keystone firms: Dominate ecosystem and create platform used by other firms
What are the 4 strategies for dealing with the competitive forces (enabled by IT)?
-Low-cost leadership -Product differentiation -Focus on market niche -Strengthen customer and supplier intimacy
What are the characteristics of Supply Chain Management Systems?
-Manage Firm's relationship with suppliers -Share information about: +Orders, Production, inventory levels, deliveries of products and services -Goals: Right amount of products to destination with least amount of time and lower cost
Business Intelligence Systems
-Management Information Systems (MIS) -Decision Support Systems (DSS) -Executive Support Systems (ESS)
Explain Network Economics
-Marginal cost of adding new participant almost zero, with much greater marginal gain -Value of community grows with size -Value of software grows as installed customer base grows
Niche firms?
-Niche firms: Rely on platform developed by keystone firm -Individual firms can consider how IT will help them become profitable niche players in larger ecosystems
What is the Sociotechnical Approach?
-Optimal organizational performance achieved by jointly optimizing both social and technical systems used in production - Helps avoid purely technical approach
What is the Business information value chain?
-Raw data acquired and transformed through stages that add value to that information -Value of information system determined in part by extent to which it leads.to better decisions, greater efficiency and higher profits
Define End-Users
-Representatives of other departments for whom applications are developed -Increasing role in system design, development
Management Information Systems (MIS)
-Serve Middle Management -Porvide reports on firms current performance, based on data from TPS -Provide answers to routine questions with predefined procedures for answering them -Typically have little analytic capability
Explain Service Oriented Architecture
-Set of self-contained services that communicate with one another to create a working software application -Software developers reuse these services in other combinations to assemble other applications as needed •Example: an "invoice service" to serve whole firm for calculating and sending printed invoices -Dollar Rent A Car •Uses Web services to link online booking system with Southwest Airlines' Web site
Executive support systems
-Support Senior Management =Address Non-routine decisions +Requiring judgement, evaluation and insight -Incorporate data about external events (new tax laws or competitors) as well as summarized information from internal MIS and DSS +Ex: Digital dashboard with real-time view of firm's financial performance: working capital, accounts recievable, accounts payable, cash flow and inventory
What are the characteristics of Enterprise Applications?
-Systems for linking the enterprise -Span functional areas -Execute business processes across firm -Include all levels of management -Four major applications +Enterprise Systems +Supply Chain Management Systems +Customer Relationship Management Systems +Knowledge Management Systems
What are the 3 ways Intellectual Property is protected?
-Three main ways that intellectual property is protected: •Trade secret: intellectual work or product belonging to business, not in the public domain •Copyright: statutory grant protecting intellectual property from being copied for the life of the author, plus 70 years •Patents: grants creator of invention an exclusive monopoly on ideas behind invention for 20 years
Strengthen customer and supplier intimacy
-Use information systems to develop strong ties and loyalty with customers and suppliers -Increase switching costs -Example: Netflix, Amazon
Focus on market niche
-Use information systems to enable a focused strategy on a single market niche; specialize -Example: Hilton Hotels' OnQ system
What is a Virtual Company?
-Virtual company uses networks to ally with other companies to create and distribute products without being limited by traditional organizational boundaries or physical locations -Example: Li & Fung manages production, shipment of garments for major fashion companies, outsourcing all work to more than 7,500 suppliers
Web beacons/bugs?
-Web beacons (Web bugs) •Tiny graphics embedded in e-mails and Web pages •Monitor who is reading e-mail message or visiting site
What are the 7 components of IT infrastructure?
1. Computer hardware platforms 2.Operating system platforms 3.Enterprise software applications 4.Data management and storage 5.Networking/telecommunications platforms 6.Internet platforms 7.Consulting system integration services
Explain the 5-step Ethical Analysis process
1. Identify and clearly describe the facts. 2.Define the conflict or dilemma and identify the higher-order values involved. 3.Identify the stakeholders. 4.Identify the options that you can reasonably take. 5.Identify the potential consequences of your options.
7.Consulting system integration services
Even large firms do not have resources for full range of support for new, complex infrastructure -Leading consulting firms: Accenture, IBM Global Services, HP, Infosys, Wipro Technologies -Software integration: ensuring new infrastructure works with legacy systems -Legacy systems: older TPS created for mainframes that would be too costly to replace or redesign
Know the evolution of IT infrastructure (General-purpose Mainframe and minicomputer era, Personal Computer era, etc.)
Evolution of IT infrastructure -General-purpose mainframe and minicomputer era: 1959 to present •1958: IBM first mainframes introduced •1965: Less expensive DEC minicomputers introduced -Personal computer era: 1981 to present •1981: Introduction of IBM PC •Proliferation in 80s, 90s resulted in growth of personal software -Client/server era: 1983 to present •Desktop clients networked to servers, with processing work split between clients and servers •Network may be two-tiered or multitiered (N-tiered) •Various types of servers (network, application, Web) Evolution of IT infrastructure (cont.) -Enterprise computing era: 1992 to present •Move toward integrating disparate networks, applications using Internet standards and enterprise applications -Cloud and mobile computing: 2000 to present •Cloud computing: computing power and software applications supplied over the Internet or other network -Fastest growing form of computing
Which of the following types of system helps coordinate the flow of information between the firm and its suppliers and customers?
Extranet
Operational Excellence
Improved efficiency to attain higher profitability Information systems, an important tool for achieving greater efficiency and productivity Walmart, largest retailer in the world. Walmart Retail Link System links suppliers to stores for superior replenishment system
How does IT enhance business processes?
Increasing efficiency of existing processes +Automating steps that were manual Enabling entirely new processes +Change the flow of information +Replace sequential steps with parallel steps +Eliminates delays in decision making +Support new business models
What is a Business Ecosystem?
Industry sets of firms providing related services and products •Microsoft platform used by thousands of firms •Walmart's order entry and inventory management
Survival
Information technologies as necessity of business Industry level changes +Ex: Citibank's introduction of ATMs Governmental regulations requiring record keeping Ex: Toxic Substances Control Act- Regulates the exposure of workers to more than 75,000 chemicals Sarbanes- Oxley Act- Intended to make public firms more accountable Dodd- Frank Act- Intended to strengthen regulations of the banking industry.
What is Intellectual Property?
Intellectual property: intangible property of any kind created by individuals or corporations Intellectual property: intangible property of any kind created by individuals or corporations
Which of the following statements best describes organizational culture?
It is a set of assumptions and values accepted by most members.
What is Java?
Java: •Object-oriented programming language •Operating system, processor-independent
A peer at work takes small amounts of office supplies for her own use at home, saying that this is a tiny loss to the company. You tell her that if everyone were to take office supplies, then the loss would no longer be minimal. Your rationale expresses which historical ethical principle?
Kant's Categorical Imperative
Network
Links two or more computers to share data or resources such as a printer
Management dimension of information systems. What is the role of Managers?
Managers set organizational strategies for responding business challenges In addition managers must act creatively +Creation of new products and services +Occasionally recreating the organization
What are Mashups?
Mashups •Combinations of two or more online applications, such as combining mapping software (Google Maps) with local content
What is Moore's law?
Moore's law and microprocessing power •Computing power doubles every 18 months •Nanotechnology: -Shrinks size of transistors to size comparable to size of a virus
What is cloud computing?
On-demand (utility) computing services obtained over network •Infrastructure as a service (IaaS) •Platform as a service (PaaS) •Software as a service (SaaS) -Cloud can be public or private -Allows companies to minimize IT investments -Drawbacks: Concerns of security, reliability -Hybrid cloud computing model
2.Operating system platforms
Operating systems •Server level: 65% run Unix or Linux; 35% run Windows •Client level: -90% run Microsoft Windows (Windows 8, Windows 7, etc.) -Mobile/multitouch (Android, iOS) -Cloud computing (Google's Chrome OS) •Enterprise software applications -Enterprise application providers: SAP and Oracle -Middleware providers: IBM, Oracle
What is Feedback in an information system?
Output is returned to appropriate members of the organization to help evaluate or correct input stage
Define Ethics.
Principles of right and wrong that individuals, acting as free moral agents, use to make choices to guide their behaviors
Extranets
Private intranets extended to authorized users outside the organization
Low-cost leadership
Produce products and services at a lower price than competitors -Example: Walmart's efficient customer response system
What is open-source software?
Produced by community of programmers -Free and modifiable by user -Examples: Apache web server, Mozilla Firefox browser, OpenOffice
________ is the use of computers to assemble data from different sources to create electronic dossiers of detailed information about individuals.
Profiling
What are the characteristics of Customer Relationship Management Systems?
Provide information to coordinate all of the business processes that deal with customers •Sales •Marketing •Customer service -Helps firms identify, attract, and retain most profitable customers
Explain Porter's competitive forces model. What are the 5 competitive forces?
Provides general view of firm, its competitors, and environment -Five competitive forces shape fate of firm: 1.Traditional competitors 2.New market entrants 3.Substitute products and services 4.Customers 5.Suppliers
Which of the following ailments is caused by tens of thousands of repetitions under low-impact loads?
RSI
Know how IT and organizations influence each other. What are the Mediating Factors?
Relationship influenced by organization's •Structure •Business processes •Politics •Culture •Environment •Management decisions
________ enable management to make better decisions regarding organizing and scheduling sourcing, production, and distribution.
SCMs
Organizational dimension of information systems.
Separation of business functions -Sales and Marketing -Human Resources -Finance and Accounting -Manufacturing and Production Unique Business Processes Unique Business Culture Organizational Politics
Customer and supplier intimacy
Serving customers well leads to customers returning which raises revenues and profits Ex: High end hotels that use computers to track customer preferences and used to monitor and customize environment Intimacy with suppliers allows them to provide vital inputs, which lowers cost. Ex: JCPenney's Information system which links sales records to contract manufacturer
Define IT infrastructure
Set of physical devices and software required to operate enterprise -Set of firmwide services including: •Computing platforms providing computing services •Telecommunications services •Data management services •Application software services •Physical facilities management services •IT management, education, and other services -"Service platform" perspective •More accurate view of value of investments
Which of the following decisions requires knowledge based on collaboration and interaction?
Should we work with outside vendors on new products and services?
What are the characteristics of a fully digital firm?
Significant business relationships are digitally enabled and mediated Core business processes are accomplished through digital networks Key corporate assets are managed digitally
What are the requirements for Collaboration?
Successful collaboration requires an appropriate organizational structure and culture, along with appropriate collaboration technology.
What are the characteristics of Knowledge Management Systems?
Support processes for capturing and applying knowledge and expertise •How to create, produce, deliver products and services -Collect internal knowledge and experience within firm and make it available to employees -Link to external sources of knowledge
You have been hired by a non-profit agency to implement a system to handle their donations. The system must be able to handle and record telephone, SMS, and Internet donations, provide up-to-the-minute reports, and create highly customizable mailing lists. In addition, event fundraisers need to be able to quickly access a donor's information and history. Which of the following systems will best meet these needs?
TPS with MIS capabilities
5.Networking/telecommunications platforms
Telecommunication services •Telecommunications, cable, telephone company charges for voice lines and Internet access •AT&T, Verizon -Network operating systems: •Windows Server, Linux, Unix -Network hardware providers: •Cisco, Alcatel-Lucent, \Juniper Networks
Define Time shifting and space shifting
Time Shifting- Refers to business being conducted 24/7 rather than in a narrow work day such as 9-5 Space Shifting- Means that work takes place in a global workshop as well as within national boundaries. Work is accomplished physically wherever in the world it is best accomplished.
What is the Total Cost of Ownership?
Total cost of ownership (TCO) model •Analyzes direct and indirect costs •Hardware, software account for only about 20% of TCO •Other costs: Installation, training, support, maintenance, infrastructure, downtime, space, and energy -TCO can be reduced •Use of cloud services, greater centralization and standardization of hardware and software resources
Output
Transfers processed information to people or activities that use it
Management Information Systems
Tries to achieve this broader information systems literacy. MIS deals with behavioral issues well as technical issues surrounding the development, use and impact of information systems used by managers and employees in the firm
What are the features of Organizations?
Use of hierarchical structure •Accountability, authority in system of impartial decision making •Adherence to principle of efficiency •Routines and business processes •Organizational politics, culture, environments, and structures
What is Social Business?
Use of social networking platforms, internal and external -Engage employees, customers, and suppliers -Goal is to deepen interactions and expedite information sharing -"Conversations" -Requires information transparency •Driving the exchange of information without intervention from executives or others
What Metcalfe's Law?
Value or power of a network grows exponentially as a function of the number of network members. •As network members increase, more people want to use it (demand for network access increases).
Disciplines that contribute to the technical approach to information systems are
operations research, management science, and computer science.
Know the characteristics of the types of information systems (What types of employees use them, and at what level in the organization? Also what types of decisions are addressed with them?)
• Transaction processing systems • Management information systems • Decision support systems (Model driven and Data driven) • Executive support systems • What is Business Intelligence (BI)?
Systems from a constituency perspective
• Transaction processing systems: support operational level employees • Management information systems and decision-support systems: support managers • Executive support systems: support executives
Responsibility
•Accepting the potential costs, duties, and obligations for decisions
Define Privacy
•Claim of individuals to be left alone, free from surveillance or interference from other individuals, organizations, or state; claim to be able to control information about yourself
E-Commerce
•E-commerce -Subset of e-business -Buying and selling goods and services through Internet
3.Enterprise software applications
•Enterprise software applications -Enterprise application providers: SAP and Oracle -Middleware providers: IBM, Oracle
Due Process
•Laws are well-known and understood, with an ability to appeal to higher authorities
Accountability
•Mechanisms for identifying responsible parties
Liability
•Permits individuals (and firms) to recover damages done to them
