Many students read and reread the chapter or look at the slides many times.

How are inferences and knowledge related to our perceptions?

Knowledge and inferences are the basis of top-down processing that allows for a prediction about what we are experiencing.

What is a scene schema?

Knowledge of what a scene typically contains

Suppose you are in your kitchen writing a grocery list, while your roommate is watching TV in the next room. A commercial for spaghetti sauce comes on TV. Although you are not paying attention to the TV, you "suddenly" remember that you need to pick up spaghetti sauce and add it to the list. Your behavior is BEST predicted by which of these models of attention?

Late selection

How did the introduction of the digital computer influence cognitive psychology?

Theorists began to model the way the brain works in stages after the information processing model of computers.

How is the theory of natural selection and evolution related to perception?

These processes may have shaped the visual system to contain more neurons that respond to the objects that are found regularly in our environment.

What is the commonality between the Helmholtz, regularities, and Bayesian approaches to perception?

These three approaches all have the idea that the environment plays an important role in our perception of objects.

Which of the following is one way of studying structural connectivity in the brain that examines water and how it diffuses along with nerve fibers?

Track-weighted imaging (TWI)

The existence of what adds an anticipatory quality to learning and using language?

Transitional probabilities

Which of these attention model components produces two levels of output?

Treisman's attenuator

A security team is stationed on different rooftops surrounding a large city plaza. Three of the team members radio into the command center that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the team members in different locations to report seeing the same object?

Viewpoint invariance

The areas of the brain that are important in the ability to process, understand, and produce language are

Wernicke's area and Broca's area.

When does bottom-up processing start?

When environmental energy stimulates the receptors

What is the process of unconscious inference?

When our perceptions are the result of inferences that we make about the environment

tactile signals

based on touch, experimenting feeling (different things)

Which school of thought removed the mind from the study of psychology?

behaviorism

contrast behaviorism and cognitivism

behaviorism = removed mind from study of psychology cognitivism = learning is via receival, organization, storage, and retrieval

During a visit to the local museum, you appreciate the incredible beauty of the paintings displayed. Your ability to see the paintings as complete pictures rather than individual, disconnected dots of color, texture, and location occurs through a process called

binding.

The sequence of steps that includes the image on the retina, changing the image into electrical signals, and neural processing is an example of

bottom-up processing.

The reason that continuity errors in films such as a misplaced prop from one scene to the next scene are often missed by viewers can be explained by

change blindness.

In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press one button if the light on the left was illuminated and another button if the light on the right was illuminated, they were engaged in a

choice reaction time task.

The ability to focus on one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli is called

cocktail party effect.

Attention, perception, and memory are all different types of mental processes in which the mind engages. These are known as different types of

cognition.

A mental conception of the layout of a physical space is known as a(n)

cognitive map.

The branch of psychology concerned with the scientific study of the mind is called

cognitive psychology.

Illusory conjunctions are

combinations of features from different stimuli.

Structuralists believed the subject matter of psychology was ______________, and behaviorists believed the subject matter of psychology could not be _______________.

consciousness; consciousness

Wernicke's area

controls language reception - a brain area involved in language comprehension and expression; usually in the left temporal lobe. CANT UNDERSTAND WORDS

Colin Cherry's experiment in which participants listened to two different messages, one presented to each ear, found that people

could focus on one message and ignore the other one at the same time.

semantic memory

general knowledge and facts

You look at a rope coiled on a beach and are able to perceive it as a single strand because of the law of

good continuation.

brain neuron

has a cell body to detect info from the environment

receptor

has a specialized receiving area (not a cell body) to detect info from the environment

A bottom-up process is involved in fixating on an area of a scene that

has high stimulus salience.

The principles that there are complex structural pathways that operate dynamically and that serve different functions are describing the brain's

neural networks

People perceive vertical and horizontal orientations more easily than other orientations according to the

oblique effect.

John Watson believed that psychology should focus on the study of

observable behavior.

In Schneider and Shiffrin's experiment, in which participants were asked to indicate whether a target stimulus was present in a series of rapidly presented "frames," divided attention was easier

once processing had become automatic.

The investigation of how behavior is strengthened by presentation of positive reinforcers (e.g., food) or withdrawal of negative reinforcers (e.g., shock) is best known as

operant conditioning.

The process by which small objects become perceptually grouped to form larger objects is the principle of perceptual

organization.

Speech segmentation is defined as

organizing the sounds of speech into individual words.

Eye tracking software is used by researchers to determine where a person is looking and how the path their eyes take while scanning an image. The scanning of an image by shifting our attention from one fixation to another is referred to as

overt attention.

The use of a machine that tracks the movement of one's eyes can help reveal the shifting of one's

overt attention.

A 10-month-old baby is interested in discovering different textures, comparing the touch sensations between a soft blanket and a hard wooden block. Tactile signals such as these are received by the

parietal lobe.

The "filter model" proposes that the filter identifies the attended message based on

physical characteristics.

The fact that trees are more likely to be vertical or horizontal than slanted is an example of

physical regularity.

If kittens are raised in an environment that contains only verticals, you would predict that most of the neurons in their visual cortex would respond best to the visual presentation of a

picket fence.

Ebbinghaus's "memory" experiments were important because they

plotted functions that described the operation of the mind.

In class today, your professor was discussing the idea that the face's identity is indicated by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons. Your professor was talking about

population coding.

Behaviorists believe that the frequency of behavior increased with the presentation of

positive reinforcers.

The notion that every stimulus pattern is seen in such a way that the resulting structure is as simple as possible is called the law of

pragnanz.

According to Treisman's feature integration theory, the first stage of perception is called the

preattentive stage.

what does the frontal lobe control?

problem solving, emotional traits, reasoning (judgement), speaking, voluntary motor activity

Edgar Adrian studied the relationship between nerve firing and sensory experience by measuring how the firing of a neuron from a receptor in the skin changed as he applied more pressure to the skin. He found that the

rate of nerve firing increased as he increased the pressure.

If the intensity of a stimulus to a touch receptor is increased, this tends to increase the

rate of nerve firing.

Dendrite is to axon as:

receive is to send.

population coding

representation of a particular object by the pattern of firing of a large number of neurons

While watching your friend's eyes as they look at an old class photo, you notice that their eyes are making rapid, jerky movements. These are called

saccadic eye movements.

The analysis and combination of colors, orientations, and characteristics of each location within a scene are used to create a

saliency map of the scene.

Entering a church service and seeing someone selling hot dogs and cotton candy from a cart near the altar would be perceived as a violation of

scene schema.

In class, your professor asked you to identify the suitcase in two different contexts and record the time it took for you to identify it. You were considerably faster in identifying the suitcase in an airport than at a playground. This difference in time is supported by

scene schema.

When Sam listens to his girlfriend Susan in the restaurant and ignores other people's conversations, he is engaged in the process of

selective attention.

When people visualize the following scenes, an office, a department store clothing section, a lion, and a microscope, they tend to include more details in the scenes of the office and department store and less with the scenes of the lion and microscope. This is most likely because most individuals from modern society have less knowledge of

semantic regularities in those scenes.

The representation of various characteristics of the environment by neurons refers to the

sensory code

Endel Tulving, one of the most prominent early memory researchers, proposed that long-term memory is subdivided into all of the following components EXCEPT

short-term memory.

Objects that share common features like shape, size, or color are seen as objects that belong to the same group is called the principle of

similarity

You are at a parade where there are a number of marching bands. You perceive the bands that are all in the same uniforms as being grouped together. The red uniforms are one band, the green uniforms another, and so forth. You have this perceptual experience because of the law of

similarity.

In Donders's experiment on decision making, when participants were asked to press a button upon presentation of a light, they were engaged in a

simple reaction time task.

When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Aki's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. River's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support

sparse coding.

what does the Parahippocampal place area (PPA) control?

spatial layout

specificity coding vs sensory coding DIFFERENTIATE + DEFINE POPULATION, SPARSE, SPECIFICITY (# of neurons activated. specificity 1 object coded by 1 neuron. spare - little. population - lot)

specificity code: the representation of a specific stimulus by the firing of neurons that respond only to that stimulus. mansion bell example sensory code: representation of various characteristics of the environment by neurons

The idea that an object could be represented by the firing of a specialized neuron that responds only to that object is called

specificity coding

When Carlos moved to the United States, he did not understand any English. Phrases like "Anna Mary Can Pi and I Scream Class Hick" didn't make any sense to him. Now that Carlos has been learning English, he recognizes this phrase as "An American Pie and Ice Cream Classic." This is an example of

speech segmentation.

The process of learning and transitional probabilities in language for different sounds and other characteristics is called

statistical learning.

A person's attention can be influenced by the color or movement of an object in a scene that they are viewing. This capturing of attention is related to

stimulus salience.

What does the parietal lobe control?

tactile signals; touch, pain

Strayer and Johnston's (2001) experiment involving simulated driving and the use of "hands-free" versus "handheld" cell phones found that

talking on either kind of phone impairs driving performance significantly and to the same extent.

The cocktail party effect is

the ability to pay attention to one stimulus while filtering out other stimuli.

episodic memory

the collection of past personal experiences that occurred at a particular time and place

Broadbent's model is called the early selection model because

the filter eliminates the unattended information right at the beginning of the flow of information.

Broadbent's model is called an early selection model because

the filter eliminates unattended information at the beginning of the information flow.

procedural memory

the gradual acquisition of skills as a result of practice, or "knowing how" to do things; motor skills; behaviors

autobiographical memory

the memory for events and facts related to one's personal life story; episodic memory

behaviorism

the science of behavior that focuses on observable behavior only the view that psychology (1) should be an objective science that (2) studies behavior without reference to mental processes. Most research psychologists today agree with (1) but not with (2).

At the Massachusetts Institute of Technology Symposium on Information Theory, George Miller presented a paper suggesting that

there are limits to the human ability to process information.

If a word is identified more easily when it is in a sentence than when it is presented alone, this would be an example of

top-down processing.

Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spits out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Maria's response was MOST affected by

top-down processing.

Perceiving machines are used by the U.S. Postal Service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of

top-down processing.

what does occipital lobe control?

vision

Anne Treisman's attenuator analyzes the incoming message in terms of all of these EXCEPT

whether the perceptual load is low or high.

As a result of gaps in the behaviorist paradigm, the new cognitive paradigm began to emerge in which decade?

1950s

when is the birthdate of cognitive psychology?

1967

Research on statistical learning for language has indicated that children are capable of this as young as

8 months old.

Which of the following statements BEST describes how neurons communicate with one another?

A chemical process takes place in the synapse.

Donald Broadbent was the first person to develop which of the following?

A flow diagram depicting the mind as processing information in a sequence of stages

What is the difference between a brain neuron and a receptor?

A receptor has a specialized receiving area instead of a cell body to detect information from the environment.

double dissociation

A situation in which a single dissociation can be demonstrated in one person, and the opposite type of single dissociation can be demonstrated in another person (i.e., Person 1: function A is present; function B is damaged; Person 2: function A is damaged; function B is present).

school of thought

A system of thinking that is based on a particular theory.

track weighted imaging

A technique for determining structural connectivity in the brain based on detections of how water diffuses along the length of nerve fibers.

Which of the following is the BEST analogy for the structural map of the brain?

An image of a large cities highways taken from a helicopter.

Which of the following principles is related to our tendency to perceive things as a continuous pattern rather than a complex, broken-up pattern?

Apparent movement

What is the relationship between the intensity of a stimulus to the rate of nerve firing?

As the intensity of the stimulus increases, the rate of the nerve firing increases.

What is the process by which features such as color, form, motion, and location are combined to create our perception of a coherent object?

Binding

compare and contrast operant vs classical conditioning

Both dogs think about food. one does something to get it and one does something bc they can't help it Operant conditioning = dog gets a reward when it sits. voluntary behavior to a stimulus. positive or negative reinforcers classical conditioning = dog salivates when it hears a bell bc the bell bc that reminds it of food. involuntary behavior to a stimulus

Palmer found that which object was MOST frequently recognized in the context of a kitchen scene?

Bread

Josiah is trying to speak to his wife, but his speech is very slow and labored, often with jumbled sentence structure. Josiah may have damage to which area of the brain?

Broca's area

What is the metabolic center of an individual neuron?

Cell body

By immediately turning to the correct direction despite it being unfamiliar, Tolman's rats were demonstrating knowledge of what?

Cognitive map

connectome

Comprehensive map of all structural connectivity (the physical wiring) in an organism's nervous system.

Broadbent's model of attention MOST closely resembles a flow diagram of which?

Computer

The so-called "cognitive revolution" occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) which being introduced?

Computers

Which approach to researching attention and binding uses a visual search task where participants are asked to locate a target that is located among distractors?

Conjunction search

Determining the sequence of DNA in humans was a major scientific advance that opened the door to new ideas about illness and approaches to treatment. An individual's unique DNA sequence is similar to which of the following?

Connectome

Broca's area

Controls language expression - an area of the frontal lobe, usually in the left hemisphere, that directs the muscle movements involved in speech. CANT SAY WORDS

Which early principle of brain functioning supported the idea that the brain operated as one complete organ rather than one organ that contain areas of specialization within it?

Cortical equipotentiality

Newell and Simon were among the first to use computers for artificial intelligence. What did their computer program do?

Created proofs for problems in logic

Which functional network is related with mind wandering?

Default mode network

Which of these is an experimental procedure used to study how attention affects the processing of competing stimuli?

Dichotic listening

What contains the words, stored in memory, each of which has a threshold for being activated?

Dictionary unit

Which of these is related to the automatic processing of tasks that are highly practiced?

Divided attention

Research on attention and neural networks has shown that there are two different networks that control for attention based on the task a person is focused on. Which network is the one that is associated with top-down processes?

Dorsal attention network

How is the electrical charge inside the neuron to the outside of the neuron different during action potential than it is during resting potential.

During action potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is positively charged compared to the outside, and during resting potential, the electrical charge inside the neuron is negatively charged compared to the outside.

Studying the course of forgetting newly learned information, Ebbinghaus discovered that most information is lost when?

During the first 2 days

Which of the following BEST describes the difference between episodic and semantic memory?

Episodic memories are autobiographical while semantic memories are general facts.

What does the principal of neural representation state?

Everything a person experiences is based on representations in the person's nervous system.

Which of the following is one of the functional networks determined by resting-state fMRI research?

Executive Control

Dr. Granito has programmed an app to randomly throughout the day ask cellphone users the question, "Are you watching YouTube?" to determine the frequency of time spent watching videos on their cell phones throughout the week. Which type of research is Dr. Granito MOST likely using?

Experience sampling

According to Broadbent's model of attention, which element is responsible for the finding that people are able to "tune out" unimportant information?

Filter

Which area of the cortex receives information from all of the senses and is responsible for coordination of the senses, as well as higher cognitive functions such as thinking and problem solving?

Frontal lobe

Consider the following definition of the mind: The mind is a system that creates representations of the world so that we can act within it to achieve our goals. Which element of the mind does this definition emphasize?

Functioning and survival

How are the Gestalt principles of organization different from Helmholtz's likelihood principle?

Gestalt's principles state that experience only plays a minor role in our perception, while Helmholtz's theory states that our knowledge of the environment plays a much larger role.

Due to our environment and the oblique effect, which shapes are we MORE likely to perceive with greater ease?

Horizontal and vertical

The introduction of research journals in the 1990s devoted to neuroimaging studies represented a shift in which significant development?

How people learn

Which of these illustrates how we can miss things even if they are clearly visible?

Inattentional blindness

While watching a video containing a card trick, you notice a person wearing a chicken costume in the background but your partner who watched the video with you did not see the person wearing a chicken costume. Which of these explains how your partner did not see it?

Inattentional blindness

Which of these supports the idea that the image on the retina is ambiguous and can be caused by a variety of different sources in a person's field of vision?

Inverse projection problem

In the Bayesian inference, what is the prior?

It is a person's initial belief about the probability of an outcome.

Which of the following statements is the MOST accurate with regard to specificity coding?

It is unlikely to be correct because there are too many stimuli in the world to have a separate neuron for each.

There are a number of different theories that have been proposed to explain the process of applying meaning to words and phrases. Dr. Kwaku is conducting an experiment using ambiguous words in sentences to examine if the meaning of the ambiguous word will affect a person's judgment about the sentence. This research is similar to which of these models of attention?

Late selection model

Which of these BEST explains the idea that our attention is selective based on the stimuli for final processing, which does not occur until after what we hear is analyzed for its meaning?

Late selection model of attention

How long does sensory memory last?

Less than 1 second

Levi has suffered damage to his occipital lobe, what is most likely to be one of symptoms he is experiencing?

Levi has an area of blindness in one location of his visual space.

How is the neural representation of memories related to sparse coding?

Memories are represented by a SPECIFIC PATTERN of nerve firing that is specific and unique to when we experienced that memory.

Penny is attempting to "call to mind" the feelings most prominent on the day a close friend was in a car accident. Which element of the mind is Penny using?

Memory

Recording the electrical signals from a single neuron require the use of which of the following equipment?

Microelectrodes

Which of the following helps to explain why movement is so important to our perception?

Movement allows people to continuously coordinate what we are perceiving with our actions toward what we are perceiving.

What is another name for the action potential?

Nerve impulse

What are the three different methods used for researching the localization of cognition in the brain?

Neuropsychology, single neuron recording, and brain imaging

Which substance is released when signals reach the synapse at the end of the axon?

Neurotransmitters

Which of the following regions of the brain contains the visual cortex?

Occipital Lobe

Resting State MRI

PET was therefore replaced by functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), which didn't involve radioactive tracers and which was capable of higher resolution Records brain activation using colors indicating the locations of increases and decreases in brain activity.

Einstein's proposition of the new way of understanding relativity is an example of which?

Paradigm shift

Sarah has experienced brain damage, making it difficult for her to understand spatial layout. Which area of her brain has MOST likely sustained damage?

Parahippocampal place area (PPA)

Which of the following is an example of unconscious inference?

Perceiving that a partially covered automobile continues beneath the cover

Spike has suffered damage to the brain after an injury. In order to identify which region is most affected, which technique would be effective?

Positron emission tomography (PET)

If Reece is describing how someone can do anything if they "put their mind to it," which component of the mind is Reece referencing?

Problem-solving

Which part of the nervous system picks up information from the outside environment?

Receptors

Which of the following is an example of an effect of top-down processing?

Recognizing a crying friend's sounds as words in a sentence

According to Atkinson and Shiffrin's model, which process allows information to move from short-term to long-term memory?

Rehearsal

Which of the following is related to the changes in functional connectivity activity?

Research indicates that there is a large amount of change in functional connectivity when we are younger but that this slows as we age.

In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments?

Simplicity

Before the advent of intercoms, old mansions had a sash in each room. Each sash was connected to a bell on a master board in the servants' office. When someone pulled a sash in a particular room, a bell corresponding to the room would ring on the master board, informing a servant where to go to provide assistance. This system is similar to which of the following?

Specificity coding

contrast structuralism and functionalism

Structuralists wish to divide the mind into units. Introspection. structure. it Is the overall experience determined by combing basic elements of experience called sensations while functionalists believe behavior helps an organism adapt to the environment. behavior and adaptation. function S ex: F ex: trying something before using it

What is the gap between the end of a neuron's axon and the dendrites or cell body of another neuron known as?

Synapse

What is one method that can explain how effective connectivity can change?

Synchronization

Which of these supports why people should not talk on their cell phones and drive?

Talking on the cellphone requires mental resources, so there are less mental resources for driving, which increases the chance of a car accident.

How does experience-dependent plasticity provide information to explain perception?

That experience shapes the nervous system and neural firing, which may also explain the increase of firing for horizontal and vertical images.

How are probabilities related to the Bayesian inference?

The Bayesian inference states that what we perceive is most likely related to our initial belief about the probabilities and available evidence to support those probabilities.

What is the difference between Gestalt perceptions and the Helmholtz, regularities, and Bayesian approaches to perception?

The Gestalt principles of perception emphasize the idea that the principles of organization are built-in and can override experiences

Which of these BEST explains the load theory of attention?

The ability to ignore task-irrelevant stimuli depends on the difficulty of the task.

If a Gestalt psychologist was baking a cake for an event, what would they be MOST focused on?

The cake

Raphael is sitting on the beach watching the waves and letting his mind wander. Which part of Raphael's brain is MOST likely highly active?

The default mode network

Why is it easier to study brain tissue from newborn animals than brain tissue from adults?

The density of cells in a newborn brain is small compared with the density in an adult brain.

Which stage in Treisman's attenuation model has a threshold component?

The dictionary unit

Which of these scenarios BEST describes effective connectivity?

The ease of a person driving their car from work to home on a highway and the traffic is flowing smoothly.

Which of the following are located in the visual cortex that detects information about angles, movement, and shape of an object?

The feature detectors

sparse coding

The idea that a particular object is represented by the firing of a relatively small number of neurons, and different object have different amounts of neurons

Nerve Net model

The idea that the nervous system consists of a network of connected nerves

When you compare older animation to more recent animation one of the things you will notice is that the images in the newer animation are more lifelike and the scenes appear more realistic. Part of what accomplishes this is by adding shadows, which of the following supports the addition of shadows as the reason for the change in our perception of animation?

The light-from-above assumption

How is the term mind used in this statement: "If you put your mind to it, I'm sure you can solve that math problem?"

The mind as problem solver

How does the difficulty of a task affect automatic processing?

The more difficult a task is to complete, the less likely automatic processing can occur even with practice.

How does the neuron doctrine differ from the nerve net model?

The neuron doctrine proposed that there are individual cells that are not connected that transmit signals within the nervous system.

Which of the following is an example of a physical regularity?

The oblique effect

How does the phenomenon of apparent movement work?

The perceptual system creates the perception of movement from stationary images.

Which of the following is true about Bayesian inference?

The probability of an outcome is determined by the prior probability and the likelihood of the outcome.

Quinn's significant other was in a car accident and hit their head during the crash. The doctor's suspect that they may be suffering from Wernicke's aphasia. Which of the following would support the doctor's diagnosis?

Their speech is incoherent as they are having problems with matching their words to the word's meaning and is unable to understand others.

Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of these conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?

When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate

How long does long-term memory last?

Years

You and your roommate are discussing the complexities of picking a pencil off the desk. Your roommate argues that this is something very simple to complete. You argue that this is much more complex than they realize. Based on what you have learned about perception, who is correct?

You argue that picking up the pencil requires you to see the pencil, locate its location on the desk, reach for the pencil, move your fingers to pick up the pencil, and pick up the pencil taking into account your perception of how much the pencil weights.

levels of analysis

a topic can be studied in a number of ways. different goals and perspectives Ex: check a car's brakes and acceleration. additionally, can check under the hood

Perception is essential for

acquiring knowledge.

Regarding children's language development, Noam Chomsky noted that children generate many sentences they have never heard before. From this, he concluded that language development is driven largely by

an inborn biological program.

A technique in which trained participants described their experiences and thought processes in response to stimuli is known as

analytic introspection.

Keisha has an orchestra concert in a week and has been practicing the violin every night after work. Keisha's sister asks her how her performance is coming, and Keisha's response tells her sister that she no longer needs to focus on the notes. This is an example of

automatic processing.

Action potentials occur in the

axon.

Donders's main reason for doing his choice reaction time experiment was to study

decision making.

Brain imaging has made it possible to

determine which areas of the brain are involved in different cognitive processes.

The technique where the participant's task is to focus on the message in one ear, called the attended ear, and to repeat what they are hearing out loud is known as

dichotic listening.

Your roommate comes home from working at the hospital and tells you about two patients that were in a car accident. One of the patients cannot recognize everyday objects like a cup or ball but can recognize the faces of the people in the hospital and family members. The other patient cannot recognize the faces of the people in the hospital but can recognize everyday objects like a cup and ball. You tell your roommate that this is an example of

double dissociation.

According to Ebbinghaus's research on memory, savings is a function of

elapsed time.

Top-down processes is to the dorsal attentional network as executive functions is to the

executive attention network.

The mechanism related to perception that causes a person's neurons to develop so they respond best to certain types of objects based on the frequency of exposure to those objects is related to

experience-dependent plasticity.

When recording from a single neuron, stimulus intensity is represented by the

firing rate of the action potentials.

Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n)

fixation.

Ziv is conducting a research study where participants are asked to watch four different video clips and during one of the four clips a random tone is played. The participants were then asked if they heard the tone. Ziv is MOST likely conducting research on

inattentional deafness.

As the salience of a stimulus increases, fixation tends to

increase.

The first experiments in cognitive psychology were based on the idea that mental responses can be

inferred from the participant's behavior.

The task of determining the object responsible for a particular image on one's retina is called the

inverse projection problem.

executive control

involved in directing attention as a person is carrying out tasks, plays a crucial role in creativity. Ex: Participants carried out the creative task of designing book covers while in a scanner that used fMRI to determine which areas of the brain were activated

In Donders's research on human decision making, he found that the time it took to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus was

less than one second.

Barbara has recently been diagnosed with abdominal cancer. Her oncologist wants to determine the best treatment method to eliminate the tumors. Her gastroenterologist is focused on relieving her symptoms and restoring normal digestive functioning. Barbara's psychologist works to help minimize her anxiety and keep her spirits up. The fact that these doctors are considering Barbara's situation with different goals and from different perspectives is similar to the idea of

levels of analysis

How our perception of illuminated shapes is influenced by shadows is related to the

light-from-above assumption.

The theory of unconscious inference includes the

likelihood principle.

Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of

localization of function.

If you are folding towels while watching television, you may find that you don't have to pay much attention to the act of folding while keeping up with the storyline on the TV show. Folding the towels would be an example of a(n)

low-load task.

Donders interpreted the difference in reaction time between the simple and choice conditions of his experiment as indicating how long it took to

make a decision about the stimulus.

The term semantics, when applied to perception, means the

meaning of a scene, often related to what is happening within the scene.

The Stroop effect demonstrates people's inability to ignore the

meaning of words.

Suppose twin teenagers are vying for their mother's attention. The mother is trying to pay attention to one of her daughters, though both girls are talking about different topics. According to the operating characteristics of Treisman's attenuator, it is most likely the attenuator is analyzing the incoming messages in terms of

meaning.

While studying for your history exam, you realize that have been reading the same section of your notes over and over, or zoned-out reading. This phenomenon is related to

mind wandering.

neuron doctrine

nerve tissue is made of individual cells which transmit signals within the nervous system