MAP Chapter 2
surface tension
A dust particle floating on a water surface illustrates hydrophilic attraction. chemical tension. heat capacity. static electricity. surface tension.
synthesis
AB → A + B is to decomposition as A + B → AB is to synthesis. metabolism. combustion. exchange. replacement.
polar covalent bonds
Formation of hydrogen bonds requires hydrogen atoms and what else? polar covalent bonds oxygen water ionic bonds
lipids and carbohydrates
From the description of baby Sean's stool, what macromolecules do you suspect are NOT being digested? carbohydrates and nucleic acids proteins only nucleic acids only lipids and carbohydrates
all of the answers are correct
Fructose is a carbohydrate. a hexose. found in male reproductive fluids. an isomer of glucose. All of the answers are correct.
58 g/mol
Given the following approximate values, calculate the molecular weight for NaCl. Atomic number for Na: 11, Atomic weight for Na: 23 g/mol, Atomic number for Cl: 17, Atomic weight for Cl: 35 g/mol, Boiling point for Cl: -34 °C 28 g/mol 11 g/mol 34 g/mol 40 g/mol 58 g/mol
has a full outer shell
Helium (He) has an atomic number of 2. It is chemically stable because it has a full outer electron shell. lacks electrons, thus the He atom is stable. readily ionizes to react with other atoms. will form a covalent bond with another He atom. is neutral in electrical charge.
nuclei
Radioisotopes have unstable nuclei. ions. protons. isotopes. electron clouds.
protons
The "atomic number" of an atom is determined by the number of ________ it has.
c. protons + neutrons
The "atomic weight" of an atom reflects the average number of a. protons. b. neutrons. c. protons + neutrons. d. protons + neutrons + electrons. e. electrons.
half life
The ________ of a radioactive substance is the time required for 50 percent of a given amount of radioisotope to decay. deterioration point half-life entropy decay-point mid-life
pH
The ________ of a solution is the negative logarithm of the hydrogen ion concentration expressed in moles per liter. acidity solubility charge basicity pH
protons in an atom
The atomic number represents the number of chemical bonds the atom may form. electrons in an atom. neutrons in an atom. protons and neutrons in an atom. protons in an atom.
polar covalent bonds
water molecules are formed by nonpolar covalent bonds polar covalent bonds Hydrogen bonds ionic bonds
cl-
which of the following is not a cation? Ca2+ K+ Na+ Mg2+ Cl-
are formed by the association of ions with opposite charges
ionic bonds such as sodium chloride are bonds created by the gaining of electrons are formed by the association of ions with opposite charges share electrons are formed by the association of ions with the same charge
2
Oxygen (atomic number 8) requires how many additional electrons to fill its outer electron shell? 8 1 2 4 6
atoms that form the main reactive area for a particular compound
A functional group is best described as reoccurring clusters of atoms that function in the body even if temperatures and pH reach extreme values. elements that occur in a salt and that can neither be hydrolyzed nor dehydrated. elements that form at high pH and who can successfully resist the action of buffers. atoms that form the main reactive area for a particular compound. amino acids in a globular protein such as hemoglobin, immunoglobulins, and albumins.
polar covalent bonds
A molecule of water (H2O) is formed by what type of bond? weak bonds polar covalent bonds ionic covalent bonds nonpolar covalent bonds
glycogen
A polysaccharide that is formed in liver and muscle cells to store glucose is lactose. fructose. cellulose. glycogen. sucrose.
neutral
A solution containing equal numbers of hydrogen ions and hydroxide ions is neutral. acidic. alkaline. basic. in equilibrium.
base; acid
A(n) ________ removes hydrogen ions and a(n) ________ releases hydrogen ions. base; acid molecule; acid element; compound acid; base compound; element
fatty acids with one double-carbon covalent bond
According to research, which of the three types of fatty acids is the healthiest? trans fatty acids with artificially induced double-carbon covalent bonds polyunsaturated fatty acids with more than one double-carbon covalent bond saturated fatty acids with no double-carbon covalent bonds According to research, which of the three types of fatty acids is the healthiest? trans fatty acids with artificially induced double-carbon covalent bonds polyunsaturated fatty acids with more than one double-carbon covalent bond saturated fatty acids with no double-carbon covalent bonds fatty acids with one double-carbon covalent bond
the covalent bond between phosphates is broken down, releasing energy
Adenosine triphosphate is considered a high-energy compound. But how is that energy transferred to the cellular machinery? ATPase is used to combine phosphate molecules. This in turn provides energy for metabolism. Decay of ATP allows the release of pent-up energy. ATP is generated from anabolic reactions. Therefore, it builds up electrons to transfer. The covalent bond between phosphates is broken down, releasing energy.
8 protons, 8 electrons, 10 neutrons
An atom of oxygen has an atomic number of 8 and a mass number of 18. How many of each type of subatomic particle does it contain? 26 total subatomic particles 8 protons, 8 neutrons, and 8 electrons The atomic number and the mass number do not provide enough information to determine how many of each subatomic particle is present. 8 protons, 8 electrons, and 10 neutrons
water and carbon dioxide
An example of an inorganic substance is water and carbon dioxide. water. glycerol. carbon dioxide. fructose.
sucrose
An example of an organic substance is nitric oxide. carbonic acid. sodium chloride. oxygen. sucrose.
NaHCO3
An important buffer in body fluids is HCl. H2O. NaCl. NaOH. NaHCO3.
When Na donates an electron to Cl, the Na atom becomes a cation and the Cl atom an anion. Since (+) and (-) charges attract each other, the Na+ and the Cl-; ions associate together, forming an ionic bond.
As part of his diagnostic testing, baby Sean underwent a sweat chloride test that measures the levels of NaCl in the sweat from the skin on the forearm. How does the bond between NaCl form? When Na donates an electron to Cl, the Na atom becomes a cation and the Cl atom an anion. Since (+) and (-) charges attract each other, the Na+ and the Cl-; ions associate together, forming an ionic bond. The positive Na cation forms a hydrogen bond with the negative Cl anion. Na atoms have a single electron in their valence, while Cl atoms have seven valence electrons. By sharing a pair of atoms and forming a covalent bond, both Cl and Na satisfy their valence shell requirements. Cl atoms only need one electron to complete their valence shells, while Na atoms have a single electron in their valence shells. Na and Cl atoms form a covalent bond by sharing a pair of electrons. But since the Cl atom has a greater electronegativity than the Na atom, the electrons are shared unequally; thus, they form a polar covalent bond.
No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability.
Atoms of oxygen have a total of 8 electrons. Are these atoms stable, and why or why not? No, because the atoms have only 6 valence electrons, but need 8 for stability. No, because only atoms with 2 valence electrons are stable. Yes, because oxygen is in the air we breathe and it doesn't hurt us. Yes, because the Octet Rule says stable atoms have 8 electrons.
Digestive enzymes catalyze decomposition reactions of complex food molecules into absorbable fragments; without its enzyme, a substrate cannot be degraded.
Baby Sean has cystic fibrosis, which causes thick mucus secretions that can block ducts like the pancreatic duct, leading to insufficient enzymes in the small intestine. Why are these enzymes important? Digestive enzymes are protein molecules that are required to transport food molecules across the intestinal walls for efficient absorption of nutrients. There are no consequences because there are other enzymes available to catalyze the decomposition reactions. Digestive enzymes catalyze dehydration synthesis reactions that generate important macromolecules like polysaccharides. Baby Sean has cystic fibrosis, which causes thick mucus secretions that can block ducts like the pancreatic duct, leading to insufficient enzymes in the small intestine. Why are these enzymes important? Digestive enzymes are protein molecules that are required to transport food molecules across the intestinal walls for efficient absorption of nutrients. There are no consequences because there are other enzymes available to catalyze the decomposition reactions. Digestive enzymes catalyze dehydration synthesis reactions that generate important macromolecules like polysaccharides. Digestive enzymes catalyze decomposition reactions of complex food molecules into absorbable fragments; without its enzyme, a substrate cannot be degraded.
oxygen
By weight, which element is the most plentiful in the human body? sulfur oxygen potassium sodium carbon
+2
Calcium's atomic number is 20. It forms ions with 18 electrons. What is the electrical charge of a calcium ion? +2 -1 -2 +1
Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so
Carbon atoms have four valence electrons. Are they likely to react with other atoms, and why or why not? Yes, because they can become more stable by doing so. No, because they do not have enough valence electrons. No, because they have an even number of valence electrons so they are already stable. Yes, but only with other stable atoms.
endergonic
Chemical reactions that absorb energy are called equilibrial. exchange. exergonic. decomposition. endergonic.
endergonic
Chemical reactions that absorb energy are said to be __________. exothermic exergonic endergonic thermal
enzymes
Chemical reactions that occur in the body are accelerated by electrons. cofactors. hormones. enzymes. vitamins.
exergonic
Chemical reactions that yield energy, such as heat, are said to be activated. endergonic. neutral. exergonic. thermonuclear.
coordinate and direct local cellular activities
Cholesterol is an important lipid derivative in our bodies. Which of the following is not a function associated with cholesterol? important for cell growth and division serve as a precursor for testosterone maintain plasma membrane integrity coordinate and direct local cellular activities
organic
Compounds that contain carbon as the primary structural atom are called ________ molecules. catabolic inorganic anabolic carbonic organic
involve the sharing of one to three pairs of electrons.
Covalent bonds: always result in slight electrical charges at different atoms. involve the sharing of one to three pairs of electrons. involve the sharing of 8 pairs of electrons. always result in equal distribution of electrons between the atoms.
lower
Enzymes __________ the activation energy required for a reaction to proceed to completion.
carbohydrates
Each of the following is an inorganic compound except water. salts. carbohydrates. bases. acids.
are insert gases
Elements that have atoms with full outer shells of electrons will form many compounds. frequently form hydrogen bonds. will normally form cations. are inert gases. will normally form anions.
Ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges.
How do ions form ionic bonds? Ions of opposite electrical charges are attracted to each other to balance the charges. One atom swaps all of its negative electrons for all of the other atom's positive protons. Ions of the same type are drawn together because they are attracted to their own kind. Two atoms come together to share their electrons.
water molecules
Hydrophilic molecules readily associate with acids. hydrophobic molecules. water molecules. lipid molecules. salts.
polar covalent
If a pair of electrons is unequally shared between two atoms, a(n) ________ bond occurs. hydrogen single covalent double covalent triple covalent polar covalent
positively charged cation
If an atom loses an electron, it becomes a __________. positively charged cation negatively charged cation positively charged anion negatively charged anion
6 protons and 8 neutrons
If an element is composed of atoms with an atomic number of 6 and a mass number of 14, then a non-isotopic atom of this element contains 6 protons and 8 neutrons. 8 electrons. 6 protons and 8 electrons. 8 neutrons. 6 protons.
18
If an isotope of oxygen has 8 protons, 10 neutrons, and 8 electrons, its mass number is 12. 26. 16. 18. 8.
Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
In a covalent bond, Adjacent atoms share a single electron. An atom loses electrons to another to gain stability. An atom gains one or more electrons from another atom to gain stability. Atoms share one or more pairs of electrons.
anions
In an aqueous solution, cations are attracted toward salt. hydrogen ions. anions. buffers. sodium.
cation; anion
In an ionic bond, the electron donor is the ________, whereas the electron acceptor is the ________. base; acid acid; base anion; cation salt; ion cation; anion
lose water molecules
In dehydration synthesis reactions, compounds convert hydrogen and oxygen to water. lose water molecules. gain water molecules. gain electrons. convert water molecules to hydrogen and oxygen.
water, causing decomposition
In hydrolysis reactions, compounds react with water, causing synthesis. water, causing decomposition. glucose, causing decomposition. carbon, causing decomposition. hydrogen, causing decomposition.
pathways
In living cells, complex metabolic reactions proceed in a series of steps called cascades. pathways. increments. maneuvers. degrees.
The R groups between the amino acids are different
In sickle cell anemia, there is a replacement in the amino acid sequence of hemoglobin of glutamic acid by valine. What is the difference between glutamic acid and valine? The R groups between the amino acids are different. Glutamic acid has a lower pH than valine, so the resulting protein is more acidic. Valine does not form a correct peptide bond. The protein resulting from this substitution binds more oxygen.
an electron or electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another
Ionic bonds are formed when hydrogen forms bonds with negatively charged atoms. a pair of electrons is shared unequally by two atoms. two or more atoms lose electrons at the same time. atoms share electrons. an electron or electrons are completely transferred from one atom to another.
the attraction of opposite electrical charges
Ions in an ionic molecule are held together due to the presence of water molecules. the attraction of similar charges of the ions' protons. each electron orbiting all of the ions in the molecule. the attraction of opposite electrical charges. the sharing of electrons.
anions
Ions with a negative charge are called radicals. isotopes. positrons. cations. anions.
neutrons in the nucleus
Isotopes of an element differ in the number of a. protons in the nucleus. b. electrons in the nucleus. c. electrons in energy shells. d. electron clouds. e. neutrons in the nucleus.
potential
Kinetic energy is stored as ________ energy when a spring is stretched. plausible potential possible probable positive
hydrophobic
Molecules that do not readily interact with water are called hydrophobic. inert. hydrophilic. unstable. stable.
hydrophobic compounds
Nonpolar organic molecules are good examples of hydrophobic compounds. solutes. molecules that will dissociate when placed into water. hydrophilic compounds. electrolytes.
the surface tension created by the hydrogen bonds between water molecules kept it from entering the water
On a camping trip, you are sitting by a pond, watching the fire. You observe a particle of ash fall and hit the surface of the water. It sits there for a moment before sinking and dissolving. Why was it able to sit there for a few seconds? The surface tension created by the hydrogen bonds between water molecules kept it from entering the water. The surface tension formed from the hydrogen bonds between water molecules was low. As a result, the ash could not penetrate the water. The carbon in the ash does not interact with hydrogen bonds. The temperature of the ash was so much hotter than the water that it evaporated the water at that spot.
hydration spheres
Oppositely charged ions in solution are prevented from combining by hydrogen bonding. heat capacity of water. water's nonpolar nature. hydration spheres. free radicals.
radiostopes
The benefits of radiation therapy usually outweigh the negative side effects, such as radiation sickness. The instability of which of the following substances allows radiation therapy to work? a. protons b. electrons c. valence electrons d. radioisotopes
number of electrons in the outermost shell
The chemical properties of an atom are determined by the __________. number of electrons in the outermost electron shell number of neutrons in the nucleus number of protons in the nucleus mass of the nucleus
dehydration synthesis
The formation of a complex carb is which type of reaction? dehydration synthesis decarboxylation hydrolysis phosphorylation
protons + neutrons
The mass of an atom is largely determined by the number of ________ it has. protons protons + neutrons neutrons protons + electrons electrons
glucose
The most important metabolic fuel molecule in the body is protein. sucrose. glucose. vitamins. caffeine.
protons + nucleus
The nucleus of an atom consists of a. neutrons. b. protons + neutrons. c. protons. d. protons + electrons. e. electrons.
d. atoms
The smallest stable units of matter are a. protons. b. neutrons. c. electrons. d. atoms. e. molecules
glucose
The structure shown is composed of which monomer? lauric acid guanine glucose alanine
fatty acids
Triglycerides are composed of glycerol and three __________. structure of fatty acid fatty acids nucleotides monosaccharides amino acids
an atom that has either gained or lost electron(S)
What is an ion? an atom that loses all of its protons an atom that is sharing electrons with another atom an atom that has either gained or lost electron(s) an atom that has lost one or more neutrons
it is the ability of our bodies to break down the linkages between the glucose molecules
Wheat produces starch and cellulose, both of which are polysaccharides. While we rely on one for energy, we cannot digest the other. What causes such a physiological difference in digestion? It is because cellulose is in the stalk and starch is in the seed. The chemical formulas are more complicated for cellulose. There are more glucose molecules linked together in cellulose, making it energetically more difficult to digest. It is the ability of our bodies to break down the linkages between the multiple glucose molecules.
the outermost electrons
When an ionic bond forms, which part(s) of the atoms are directly involved? the outermost electrons the protons both the protons and the electrons the neutrons
covalent bonds
When atoms complete their outer electron shell by sharing electrons, they form ionic bonds. anions. covalent bonds. cations. hydrogen bonds.
a disaccharide is formed
When two monosaccharides undergo a dehydration synthesis, a polysaccharide is formed. two new monosaccharides are formed. hydrolysis occurs. a disaccharide is formed. a starch is formed.
hydrogen
Which element commonly has only a proton as its nucleus? neon argon hydrogen helium carbon
c
Which element do organic compounds always contain? N P H2O C
pH of 4 is greater
Which has the greater concentration of hydrogen ions, a substance with a pH of 5 or a substance with a pH of 4? They are both equal; 4 and 5 are relative values. A pH of 5 is greater. A pH of 4 is greater. pH 9, if you mixed the solutions. There is not enough information to determine the answer.
covalent, ionic, hydrogen
Which of the following correctly ranks the types of chemical bonds, in order, from strongest to weakest? covalent, ionic, hydrogen ionic, hydrogen, covalent hydrogen, ionic, covalent hydrogen, covalent, ionic
they are consumed during the reaction
Which of the following descriptors is false regarding enzymes? They are consumed during the reaction. They affect only the rate of a chemical reaction. They function as biological catalysts. They are proteins. They lower the activation energy required for a reaction.
only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules
Which of the following distinguishes hydrogen bonds from covalent bonds? Only hydrogen bonds can form between molecules. Only covalent bonds can form between molecules. Only hydrogen bonds can form within molecules. Only ionic bonds can form within molecules.
pH 14
Which of the following has the highest concentration of hydroxide ions? pH 14 pH 7 pH 2 pH 10 pH 1
coming into contact with excessive amounts of radioactive isotopes
Which of the following is common to everyone who experiences radiation sickness? a. coming into contact with excessive amounts of radioactive isotopes b. being in close proximity to a nuclear reactor accident c. experiencing nausea, vomiting, and loss of appetite d. having x-rays taken at the dentist's office
two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas
Which of the following is not a result of hydrogen bonds? Two hydrogen atoms join together to form a molecule of hydrogen gas. Two strands of DNA are linked together taking a shape similar to a ladder. An enzyme has a unique shape that allows it to bond only with specific molecules. Some hair is straight, some wavy, and some very curly.
atoms
Which of the following is not produced through chemical bonding? the heart cells atoms adipose (fat) tissue
The electrons are shared unequally
Which of the following is true of polar covalent bonds? The same number of electrons are gained by one atom as are lost by another. They are rather weak bonds. The electrons are shared unequally. Electrons are shared equally.
phospholipid
Which of the following molecules is a structural component of the plasma membrane? lipoprotein phospholipid glycoprotein proteoglycan
water molecules form hydrogen spheres around ions
Which of the following statements about water is true? Water composes the smallest portion of total body weight. Water is a poor solvent. Water molecules form hydration spheres around ions. Water is composed of nonpolar covalent molecules.
enzymes are consumed during a reaction
Which of the following statements concerning enzymes is FALSE? Enzymes are consumed during a reaction. Enzymes function as biological catalysts. Enzymes are proteins. Enzymes lower the activation energy of a reaction.
silicon, fluorine, tin
Which of these lists contains only trace elements? silicon, fluorine, tin boron, oxygen, carbon cobalt, calcium, sodium sulfur, chlorine, oxygen selenium, hydrogen, calcium
valence electrons
Which parts of atoms can interact (react) to form chemical bonds? protons the nucleus of each atom valence electrons the orbitals
thermal inertia
Which property of water helps keeps body temperature stabilized? kinetic energy lubrication thermal inertia reactivity surface tension
neutrons
Which subatomic particles contribute to an atom's mass number but not its atomic number? neutrons protons electrons None of them—atomic number and atomic mass number are essentially the same thing.
protons and neutrons
Which type(s) of subatomic particles can be located within the nucleus of an atom? neutrons only protons and electrons protons and neutrons electrons only
two
the max number of electrons the first energy level can hold is one two four eight
