March 4
2 chamber heart has how many circuts
1
lancelets have how many chambers in their hearts
1
2 chambered heart has how many atrium and how many vessicles
1 and 1
3 chambered heart has how many circuts
2
fish have how many chambers in their hearts
2
mammals, birds, and crocodilians have _____ completely separated circulatory systems
2
3 chambered heart has how many atrium and vessicles
2 and 1
amphibians, turtles, and squamates have how many chambers in their hearts
3
mammals, birds, and crocodilians have how many chambers in their hearts
4
mammals, birds, and crocodilians have _____ heart with _______ separate atria and _____ separate ventricles
4 2 2
In your group: Compared with the interstitial fluid that bathes active muscle cells, blood reaching these muscle cells in arteries has a _____. A. higher PO2 B. greater bicarbonate concentration C. lower pH D. lower osmotic pressure
A.
In your group: When submerged, frogs receive most of their O2 from capillaries within the skin. Which of the following structures would contain blood with the highest O2 concentration in a submerged frog that is not able to breathe using its lungs? A. Right atrium B. Left atrium C. Aorta D. Ventricle E. Pulmonary vein
A.
In your group: Why is an open circulatory system less efficient than a closed circulatory system? A. It is more difficult to deliver O2 to specific tissues when needed. B. There is no heart to pump the blood. C. Open circulatory systems lack hemoglobin. D. Nutrients cannot be delivered to tissues in an open circulatory system. E. All of the above
A.
Mammalian, bird, and crocodile hearts have four chambers with two separate atria and ventricles to ensure _____ distinct circuits for blood flow. A. Two B. Three C. Four D. Eight
A.
Most of the carbon dioxide produced by humans is _____. A. converted to bicarbonate ions by an enzyme in red blood cells B. bound to hemoglobin C. transported in the erythrocytes as carbonic acid D. simply dissolved in the plasma
A.
Which of the following is not one of the reasons that closed circulatory systems are more efficient than open circulatory systems? A. Open systems rely exclusively on simple diffusion for transport, whereas closed systems rely on pumping mechanisms. B. Transport within closed systems is more rapid than in open systems. C. Blood can easily be directed to specific areas in closed systems, but not in open systems. D. Compared to open systems, closed systems operate better under higher pressure.
A.
Carbon dioxide levels in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid affect pH. This enables the organism to sense a disturbance in gas levels as _____. A. the brain directly measures and monitors oxygen levels and causes breathing changes accordingly B. the medulla oblongata, which is in contact with cerebrospinal fluid, monitors pH and uses this measure to control breathing C. the brain alters the pH of the cerebrospinal fluid to force the animal to retain more or less carbon dioxide D. stretch receptors in the lungs cause the medulla oblongata to speed up or slow breathing
B.
Organisms with a circulating body fluid that is distinct from the fluid that directly surrounds the body's cells are likely to have _____. A. an open circulatory system B. a closed circulatory system C. a gastrovascular cavity D. branched tracheae
B.
The only vertebrates in which blood flows directly from respiratory organs to body tissues without first returning to the heart are the _____. A. amphibians B. fishes C. mammals D. reptiles
B.
A decrease from pH 7.4 to pH 7.2 causes hemoglobin to _____. A. release all bound carbon dioxide molecules B. bind more oxygen molecules C. serve as a buffer D. give up more of its oxygen molecules
D.
Dr. Kinkle's four-year old daughter Sally is having a temper-tantrum in Krogers since he won't buy her Fruit Loops (you know how he is). In a final attempt to get her way, she yells, "I'm gonna hold my breath 'til I die!" What is the primary reason Dr. Kinkle is unconcerned. A. It is impossible for Sally to control the contraction of her diaphragm and intercostal muscles since they are made up of smooth muscle. B. As Sally holds her breath, the decreasing levels of oxygen in her blood will lead to stimulation of the respiratory control center in her brain. C. Sally is too young to hold her breath for more than 30 seconds. D. As Sally holds her breath, the increasing levels of carbon dioxide in her blood will lead to stimulation of the respiratory control center in her brain.
D.
If the O2-binding curves were plotted for the following molecules at the pH levels indicated, with pO2 on the x-axis and % oxyhemoglobin saturation on the y-axis, which curve would be to the left of all the others? A. Adult human hemoglobin at pH 7.2 B. Fetal human hemoglobin at pH 7.6 C. Adult human hemoglobin at pH 7.6 D. Myoglobin at pH 7.6
D.
In which way are crocodilians different from other reptiles? A. They have open circulation B. They have bigger atria C. They have lungs but no gills D. They have a 4-chambered heart
D.
In your group: To adjust blood pressure independently in the capillaries of the gas-exchange surface and in the capillaries of the general body circulation, an organism would need a(n) _____. A. open circulatory system B. Hemocoel C. two-chambered heart D. four-chambered heart
D.
The rate at which a gas diffuses between two locations is _______ the surface area involved. A. unrelated to B. positively related to C. the square root of D. negatively related to
D.
A two-cycle heart of a bird or a mammal is more efficient than the amphibian heart in all of the following except A. it can pump twice as much blood. B. it creates a true double circulatory system. C. it separates oxygenated and nonoxygenated blood. D. it increases the speed of the blood through the lungs. E. it exchanges gases by mixing aerated and nonaerated blood.
E.
In your group: Which of the following statements about vertebrate circulatory systems is false? A. Crocodilians have a four-chambered heart. B. In birds and mammals, pressures in the pulmonary circuit are lower than those in the systemic circuit. C. The ventricle of turtles, snakes, and lizards is partly divided by a septum. D. Amphibians have two atria and one ventricle. E. In fishes, blood passes through the gills, returns to the heart, and then is pumped to the body.
E.
reptiles have modifications that separate the blood in the heart which include
a septum that partially subdivides the ventricle
animals that have open circulatory systems
arthropods and mollusks
in open systems how do the organs receive blood
bathed in blood
in closed systems how do the organs receive blood
blood conveyed directly to organs
fishes have a true ______ heart
chamber pump
Earthworms have a ____ circulatory system
closed
4 chambered hearts have ______ separation
complete
fishes circulation developed _____ with gills
concurrently
4 chambered hearts of mammals and birds evolved how
convergently
in amphibian circulation the right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the systemic circulation, and the left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs. these two types of blood do/do not mix in the atria
do not
amphibians and most reptiles have what kind of circulation
double
double circulatory system of mammals and birds is thought to have been important in the evolution of
endothermy
invertebrates with a pseudocoelem use the _______ for circulation
fluids of the body cavity
sponges pass water through a series of channels in their bodies and other cnidarians circulate water through a
gastrovascular cavity
the _____ pumps hemolymph through a network of channels and cavities. then it drains back to the central cavity
heart
in mollusks and arthropods open circulatory system, there is no distinction between the circulating fluid and the extracellular fluid of the body tissues. this fluid is called
hemolymph
closed systems have ____ pressure
high
advantage of three chambered heart
high pressure in the vessels pushes blood to lungs and body
open system is _____ regulated
less
closed circulatory systems move fluids in a
loop
open systems have ____ pressure
low
Did gills evolve into lungs
no
sponges, hydra, and nematodes have ____ circulatory system
no
advantage of two chambered heart
no mixing of bloods
open circulatory systems move fluids in a ____ path
one-way
grasshoppers have a ____ circulatory system
open
simus venosus has aserved as a
pace maker
reptiles that have 3 chambered hearts also have
partial separation by a septum
double circulation has what two circulations
pulmonary- blood moves between heart and lungs systemic- moves blood between the heart and rest of the body
in a four chambered heart the_____ atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and delivers it to the ____ ventricle, which pushes it to the lungs, the _____ atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and delivers it to the ____ ventricle, which pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body
right right left left
advantage of four chambered heart
sends dirty blood to lungs and clean blood to the rest of our body without mixing them
in amphibians and most reptiles, lungs required a
separate circulation
amphibian heart has a____ ventricle
single
first chamber of fish heart
sinus venosus and atrium
open system has ____ blood return to the heart
slow
animals that don't have a circulatory system
sponge, hydra, nematode
some organisms can survive without circulatory systems because
their body systems are already in contact with the environment
in the open circulation of an insect, hemolymph is pumped from a _______ into the cavities of the insects body; the hemolymph returns to the _____
tubular heart blood vessels
second chamber
ventricle and conus arteriosus
animals that have closed circulatory systems
vertebrates, earthworms
in the closed circulation of the earthworm, blood pumped from the hearts remain within a system of ____ that returns it to the _____
vessels heart
Sponges and most Cnidarians use what as a circulatory fluid?
water