Marine Biology

The Phoenicians were known for

1. Achieving coastal exploration by using biremes (ancient warship with two decks) 2. First civilization to become western navigators and traders. Sailed extensively from Mediterranean sea, red sea, eastern Atlantic ocean, black sea and Indian ocean. 3. They were around 1550 BC - 300 BC 4. Developed ship types for war and trade using sails and oars for propulsion 5. Coastal navigators used star and tides to navigate 6. Seal as far east as the Azores and Canary Island

Undersea node

1. Data and power transmission 2. Current, pressure waves 3. Salinity, temperature, oxygen and CO2 4. Turbidity and fluorescence

Marine Laboratories

1. First laboratory was Stazione Zoologica, founded in Naples, Italy in 1872 2. First American marine laboratory was the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole, Massachusetts in 1888 3. Scripps Institution of Oceanography, La Jolla, California founded in 1903

The United States Exploring Expedition "Wilkes Expedition"

1. From 1838-1842 2. 1st scientific expedition 3. Led by Lt. Charles Wilkes, included 11 naturalist and artists 4. Wilkes was court martialed by extreme punish his crew 5. Only two of the six ships came back 6. The expedition explored 280 islands in the South Pacific, collecting information about people, culture, flora and fauna 7. Sponsored by the U.S government 8. Led the groundwork for American scientific endeavors 9. Collected over 10,000 new animals and plant specimens 10. This collection formed the basis of the new Smithsonian Institution in Washington D.C

Dr. Sylvia Earle

1. From 1935 - now 2. American marine biologist 3. Led all women team of aquanauts in Tektite II project of 1970 4. Tektite was an underwater habitat in Virgin Islands funded by NASA to stimulate living in space 5. Achieved record depth dive of 120 feet in JIM suit

Middle-Paleolithic at Klasies river mouth, South Africa (125,000 BP) is evidence for:

1. Human habitation by the ocean as early as 125,000 BP 2. Acquired food sources from sea 3. Seasonal migration to and from coastline 4. Utilized dugout canoes for coastal travel

Vikings

1. In the Common Era (995 CE) led by Leif Eriksson discovered "Vinland" or North America 2. First documented European transoceanic mariners and explorer (800-1000 AD) 3. Vikings used sail and oar-powered longships called Knorrs 4. Explored Scandinavia, Mediterranean, Europe and west to Iceland, Greenland and Vinland 5. L'Anse aux Meadows is an archaeological site of Leif Erikson's settlement in Newfoundland, Canada 6. Vinland was the first European settlement in the Americas and documented in the Icelandic Sagas.

Why is it important to study marine biology?

1. Life on Earth probably originated in the sea 2. Marine life provides food, medicine, and raw material to humans. 3. Marine organisms produce around half the oxygen used by aerobic organisms like human 4. Ocean helps to regulate Earth's climate, because high specific heat of water 5. The marine environment support recreation and tourism worldwide 6. Marine organisms can cause problems directly to human life on their property (microorganisms can directly affect human health and power plant use seawater from the ocean to cool internal part in the power plant)

Jacques Cousteau

1. Lived 1910-1997 2. Inventor of aqua lung (Scuba) 3. First test of Aqual lung on the summer of 1942 in the Mediterranean coast 4. Aqua lung in difference than submarine it would not disturb marine life around it 5. Popularize of marine biology with his TV series 6. In 1960 Cousteau help to stop nuclear waste in the Mediterranean sea

Ferdinand Magellan

1. Lived from 1480 - 1521 AD 3. Portuguese mariners who led Spanish expedition to explore the southeast Asian 'spice island' 2. Led the first expedition to sail around the globe, this and other voyages increased our knowledge of the oceans in 1519 AD 3. Led the first circumnavigation of the world 4. Killed in the Philippines, but the circumnavigation was completed by Juan Sebastian Elanco 5. Voyages accelerated the expansion of colonialism and imperialism around the world

James Cook (English sea captain)

1. Lived from 1728-1779 2. Captain in Royal Navy, explorer, navigator, cartographer 3. Mapped Newfoundland (island) 4. One of the first to make scientific observation and include naturalist among his crew (Joseph Bank) which brought back animals and flora around the world 5. In 1768 started to explore all the oceans 6. Completed three voyages to the Pacific on HMS Endeavour (This exploration was done to acquire more land for England) 7. First documented European to see and contact Antarctic ice fields, Hawaii, new Zealand, Tahiti and other pacific Island 8. First to use chronometer, which helped him to make reliable charts 9. Circumnavigated New Zealand 10. Killed in 1779 by native Hawaiians at Kealakekua Baby

Charles Darwin

1. Lived from 1809 - 1882 2. Graduated from Cambridge University 3. He was a shipboard naturalist in the 19th century 4. In 1831 sailed around the world HMS Beagle for five years; he made detailed observation of all aspect in where he developed his theory natural selection 5. Darwin explained the formation of the distinctive rings of coral reef called atolls 6. Studied barnacle and other forms of marine life 7. Wrote the Origins of Species in 1859 on specification by the process of natural selection

Charles Wyville Thompson

1. Lived from 1830-1882 2. Obtained permission of Royal Society in Britain to use a Navy ship HMS challenger for scientific exploration "the 2nd scientific purpose expedition" 3. Completed an oceanographic expedition with government funds 4. It collected more information than ever in human history 5. The challenger expedition laid the foundation of modern marine science 6. HMS Challenge (1872-1876) was the first research vessel equipped with scientific laboratories for studying natural history and chemistry and equipment 7. Mapped 7000 nautical miles and discovered over 4700 new species.

Aristotole

1. Lived from 384 BC - 322 BC 2. Father of marine biology 3. Spent most of his life on the island of Lesbos 4. Made observation of marine life 5. His biology was grounded in systemic observation and collection of data 5. Described marine biological processes: Metabolism, Temperature, information processing, embryo-genesis and inheritance

Christopher Columbus

1. Lived in 1451-1506 AD 2.Rediscovered the "New World" in 1492 3. He was from Italy, and worked as a explorer, navigator and colonist 4. He was familiar with Iceland (west land Vinland) and the voyages of the Vikings 5. Sailed under flag of Spain to Caribbean, Central America and south America 6. Ships were caravels, small, lightly maneuverable sailing ships 7. Initiated European colonization in the Americas 8. Ships were nina, pinta and santa maria.

Edward Forbes

1. Lived in 1815-1854 2. Advanced dredging technologies in 1840 3. Discovered many new deep water organisms 4. Developed the "Azoic Hypothesis", that there was no life below the 300 fathoms (It was disproved 25 years later) 5. Collected deep sea specimens in water of Britain and Aegean 6. Published on jellyfish, starfish and mollusks 7. Carried out extensive traveling of the sea floor in the 1840 and 1850 8. Discovered many previously unknown organisms and recognized that sea-floor life varies at different depths

DSV Alvin

1. Manned deep ocean research submersible built by the US. Navy and Woods Hold Oceanographic Institute 2. Made 4400 dives with two scientists and pilot 3. Led to significant discoveries like life at hydrothermal vents, mid-ocean ridges, black smoker and wreck of the RMS titanic, among other

What is the difference between Marine biology vs biological oceanographers?

1. Marine biology tends to study marine life from the perspective of the organism (what an organisms eats) instead oceanographer tend to take the perspective of the ocean (how food energy cycles through the system) 2. Marine biology tends to study organisms living relatively close to shore, whereas biological oceanographers focus on life in the open ocean.

Polynesians

1. People from Taiwan diffused through Micronesia, Melanesia and then to Polynesia as far as Easter Island, Hawaii and New Zealand around 3000 B.C 2. Used outrigger canoes and double-hulled canoes 3. Used stars, ocean currents, wind pattern, shape of wave swells, and migration of birds to navigate

Important tools for ocean observation

1. Sonar, sound navigation and ranging - Used to map seafloor depths and formation 2. Scuba, or underwater breathing apparatus 3. Remote sensing - satellites that are used to view larges expanses of ocean at the ocean's surface only 4. Remotely operated vehicle (ROV's) controlled from the surface 5 .AUV autonomous underwater vehicle (operate independent) 6. Submarines - penetrate in depth

Research vessel

1. The most important tool of the oceanographer 2. Floating laboratories allow oceanographer and marine biologist to explore marine environment for weeks, months or even years without returning to the land-based facility

Rachel Carson

1. United States biologist remembered for her opposition to the use of pesticides that were hazardous to wildlife (1907-1964) 2. Wrote the best seller the Sea around Us, increased awareness of ocean and marine science 3. Woods Hole scientists for U.S Bureau of Fischeries 4. Wrote Silent Spring that increased public awareness about dangers of DDT and other pesticide on animal life 5. Miss Carson maintains that the balance of nature is a major force in the survival of a man; whereas modern chemist, modern scientists believes that man is steadily controlling nature 6.Scientists began to examine the environmental impact of a new synthetic pesticide DDT. The US government used DDT to protect American troops from insect-borne disease like typhus. 7.Rachel Carson believed that there was a collateral damage to wild life using the DDT, this eventually help the government to regulate pesticide. 8.DDT was sprayed over to a million people and helped to stopped the pandemic in Napoli Italy. 9.Marine Biologist and Environmental Activist 10. Woods Hole scientist for U.S Bureau of Fisheries

William Beebe and Otis Barton

1. Used bathysphere to observe marine life off bermuda, they were the first ocean explorers to go deeper than light penetrated 2. 1930-1934 3. First observation of deep water animals in their natural environment 4. They would describe the animal to the scientists on the surface like Gloria Hollister 5. William Beebe was a supportive and mentor for many female scientists 6. In 1934 they went down to 3,028 feet down.

Marine biology incorporates other sciences..

1.Microbiology 2.Ecology 3.Zoology 4.Meteorology 5.Physics 6.Chemistry (Inorganic and Organic) 7.Geology 8.Botany

When were made the shell beads jewelry and fishhook found?

110,000 years ago.

When was made the stone blade found in Africa?

165,000 years ago

When did most of the ancient Greek knowledge was lost and disorted?

During the Dark ages

What is marine biology?

The study of the living organisms that inhabit the seas, ocean or any type of salty water and their interactions with each other and their environment.

What biological oceanographers study?

They study the physical aspects of the ocean, including tides, current, waves and the chemical makeup of seawater (the non living environment) "Che TiCuWa"

Migration from Africa to Europe, probably involved boats? True or False?

True

Were Arabs active trades in the middle age and would travel long journeys to eastern Africa, southeast Asia and India? True or False?

True

Underwater Research Station (Aquarius)

Underwater research and residential facility located in the Florida Keys. This underwater lab is located approx 60 feet underwater and allows researches to stay in depth for days or weeks without surfacing.

What did many pacific islander used to navigate over vast distance?

Winds and pattern, they also had a wide knowledge of marine life