Marketing Research Final
3. Which of the following sampling methods is a non-probability sampling method? A. Convenience Sampling B. Simple Random C. Cluster Sampling D. Systematic Random E. Stratified Random
#3 Correct answer: A, convenience sampling is an example of non-probability sampling, while the rest of the answer choices (B-E) are all examples of probability sampling
1. Which scale type would you use to measure female vs male? a. Ordinal b. Nominal c. Ratio d. Interval
-The correct answer is b. Nominal. This is because nominal scale type is used to measure no level of intensity and is used as a frequency count. Ordinal is not correct because we are not measuring the order. Ratio is not correct because we are not dealing with numbers at all, just categories. Finally, Interval is not correct because we are not measuring absolute differences.
2. (T/F) The three elements of a conceptual framework are constructs, variables, and brand loyalty.
-This is false because the 3 elements are constructs, variables, and relationships.
3. (T/F) The goals of qualitative research designs are to understand participants rather than fit into predeterminded categories and to probe more deeply into areas quantitative cannot.
-This is true because those are the two main goals of qualitative research.
3) What is something to avoid while creating a successful questionnaire? A. Screening questions B. Double-barreled questions C. Using various types of scales D. Ordering questions from general to specific
1) B. is the correct answer. Double-barreled questions address more than one issue in one question and can be confusing for participants. The others are all essential for creating a successful questionnaire. Screening questions can ensure you are speaking to people that are within your target population, Various types of scales reduce the common method variance by forcing participants to think deeply about their answers, and ordering questions from general to specific help participants ease into the questionnaire without much immediate stress.
1) Which of the following is a Probability sampling method? A. Quota sampling B. Cluster sampling C. Convenience sampling D. Judgement sampling
1) B. is the correct answer. Quota, convenience and judgement sampling are classified as non-probability sampling methods because the probability of selecting each sample unit is unknown. Cluster sampling is where sampling units are divided into mutually exclusive and are collectively exhaustive. It is most used when dealing with populations from different geographical areas.
True or False: Scale points are a combination of labels assigned using a set of rules. A. True B. False
1) False is the correct answer. Scale points are designated degrees of intensity for each response. The definition provided in the answer is actually for scale descriptors.
1. Which of the following options are considered primary data? A. in depth interview B. census C. experiment D. A & C E. none of the above
1. D: in depth interviews & experiments are both considered primary data, while a census is considered external secondary data.
1. A survey asks," What is your age?". This is an example of a _____ scale a) nominal b) ordinal c) interval d) ratio
1:D. The answer is ratio because unlike nominal, ordinal, and interval the scale applies to all of the following: Includes named and ordered variables, proportionate interval between such variables, and most importantly it can accomodate an absolute zero unlike an interal scale which has no absolute zero.
2. ANOVA is used for comparison between 2 or more means. A. true B. false
2. A: ANOVA is a test that can determine whether two or more means are statistically different from one another.
2) We use the Chi-Square test for interval or ratio scales. True False
2: False The answer is false because a Chi-Square test is used only when looking at nominal and ordinal variables. In an interval or ratio scale it gets split up to one sample or two.
3. At a 95% confidence level, what sample size is required with an acceptable error of 0.5 and a standard deviation of 7? A. 533.61 ≈ 534 B. 0.0196 ≈ 1 C. 752.95 ≈ 753 D. 1304.65 ≈ 1305
3. C: n = (Z2) x σ 2/e2; Z is equal to 1.96 due to the 95% confidence level, the standard deviation is 7, and the error is 0.5.
Which type of research collects data to determine cause-and-effect relationships? a) Casual b) Descriptive c) Exploratory d) Surveys
3: A The answer is casual research because descriptive research answers who, what, when, why questions. Exploratory research is used to gain insights into a problem. The answer would not be surveys because that is simply a way to conduct research, and not a type of research in itself. Casual research is used to determine what variables cause a dependent variable
On a normal distribution curve, what percentage of values is within one standard deviation of the mean? A. 68% B.95% C.99.7%
A 68%
Jarett just opened his own grocery store not long ago. Although the store is doing well, Jarett wants to gain a deeper understanding of what exactly consumers consider when deciding where to shop. What research approach would be most effective for Jarrett? A. Exploratory Research B. Descriptive Research C. Causal Research
A. Exploratory research bc it would be most effective in that it is used to deepen the understanding of consumer motivations, attitudes, and behaviors that are not easily accessible with other methods.
Consider the example below. When an outlier is added to a normally distributed group, which measure of central tendency will be most drastically affected? 8 9 11 11 12 13 13 13 69 A. Mean B. Median C. Mode
A. Mean
(1) Sansbury Eye Center wants to know whether preference for contacts or glasses is associated with gender A. None of these tests B. Anova C. One-sample T-test D. Independent Sample T-test
A. NONE. The variables are categorical, therefore a Chi-square test would be used Anova - determines whether three or more means are statistically different One Sample t-test- compares a sample mean w a particular value Independent - compares two means collected from two independent samples
Please indicate the type of scale for the following measurement: With which political beliefs do you typically align with - Democrat, Republican, or Independent? A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Interval D. Ratio
A. Nominal
(3) Which one is FALSE about Interval Scales? a. They are less powerful than ordinal scales b. They are most used in Marketing Research c. Enable researchers to know how far apart measured objects are on a particular attribute d. Allows to compare relative levels of a measured attribute between groups
A. Ordinal scales describe the information about the order of choices like the variables in a survey on customer satisfaction. Interval scales provide information on the order of the values and the differences between each one.
The Null and Alternative Hypotheses are formulated CORRECTLY: H0 = there is no difference in amount spent depending on type of clothing HA = consumers spend more money on workout clothes than business clothes A. TRUE B. FALSE
A. TRUE. The Null statement must contain a form of equality. The alternative must include a contradiction to the null hypothesis in including inequality or a "greater/less than" statement.
All of the following are sources of external secondary data except: A. Quarterly Sales Reports B. US Census C. Consumer Panels D. Industry Data
A. is correct because quarterly sales reports are a form of internal secondary data
The statistical test that compares three or more means is A. T-test B. Paired samples test C. ANOVA d. One sample T-test
ANOVA
1. Gender and Hair Color are examples of which of the following scales? A. Nominal B. Ordinal C. Ratio D. Interval
ANS: Nominal because it is meant assigns objects into specific categories, and it does not require the use of numerical values. Ratio is a scale that has a true scale and defined equal intervals between each point. Ordinal puts specific elements into specific orders. Interval data has differences in measurements but no true zero.
2. True or False. Anova is used to determine whether there is a significant difference between means of 2 populations.
ANS: True because Anova is used for 2 or more, a T test could be used in this situation.
3. True or False. Quantitative data is gathered using statistical and mathematical analysis of numerical data.
ANS: True because quantitative data uses numbers, and Qualitative data uses words, objects, pictures, and symbols.
Topic 1: Data source (primary, secondary data) True or False? A questionnaire is an example of a secondary data source.
Answer- False. A questionnaire is an example of a primary data source because it is collected directly from the source/customer. In order for it to be a secondary source, the data would have been gathered by another party directly from the source before you obtained it.
Topic 3: Hypothesis testing True or False? When testing a hypothesis, you can either accept or reject the alternative hypothesis.
Answer- False. You can only reject or fail to reject the null hypothesis. You use the null hypothesis in your summary because that is the theory that you are testing, not the alternative. Also, you cannot accept the null hypothesis because it is impossible to prove a negative; meaning there either is significant difference or there is not. Therefore, your only options when summarizing a hypothesis test is to reject the null or fail to reject the null.
Topic 2: Scale types (nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio) True or False? You are filling out a job application and they ask you to state your gender, Male or Female. This is an example of a nominal scale.
Answer- True. This is an example of a nominal scale because there is no quanititative value to the two varibles, Male or Female. The options are simply labels, unlike with interval scale where there is a numeric scale present.
3. Which one of these is NOT a type of marketing research scale? a. Interval b. Ordinal c. Numerical d. Ratio
Answer: C (Numerical is not a scale type. The four scale types are nominal, interval, ratio, and ordinal)
A hypothetical variable, that is not observable, made up of a set of components that are thought to be related? a. Variable b. Relationships c. Construct d. Measurements e. Techniques
Answer: C; construct Explanation: Constructs are ideas formed in someone's mind, and involve a combination of characteristics from variables to be considered a construct
True/False question: Exploratory research provides answers to who, what, when, where, and how question provide information about competitors, target markets, and environmental factors?
Answer: False Explanation: the answer is False because this describes a descriptive research design which involves collecting quantitative data. Exploratory research attempts to gain insight into problems be deepening the understanding of the problem.
2. T/F: Primary data is information collected for a purpose other than the research at hand; internal or external.
Answer: False (This is the definition of secondary data. Primary data is information that has been gathered specifically for the research objectives at hand.)
Question #2: What type of scale is being used in this survey question? Where do you reside? On Campus The City Outside The City 1 2 3 1.) Nominal Scale 2.) Ordinal Scale 3.) Interval Scale 4.) Ratio Scale
Answer: The correct answer is option 1, (Nominal Scale) because a nominal scale describes a variable with categories that do not have a natural order or ranking. The answer is not an ordinal scale because ordinal scales provide a ranked order from first to last or best to worst. It is also not interval scale because interval scales also include ranked order but have equal intervals or distance between numeric options. Lastly, it is not ratio scale because this survey does not include an absolute zero point.
Question #3: Is the mean severely impacted if the data set contains extreme values? 1.) True 2.) False
Answer: The correct answer is option 1, (True) because the mean takes into consideration all data values in a data set; an extreme value can skew the average if it is greatly outside the average of the rest of the data. These extreme values are known as outliers.
Target wants to know if the average in store spending for each of their customers is significantly greater than $25. What type of test should be used to accurately answer this situation? 1.) ANOVA 2.) Independent Sample T-Test 3.) One Sample T-Test 4.) Paired Sample T-Test
Answer: The correct answer is option 3, (One Sample T-Test) because a one sample t-test compares the mean of your sample data to a known value. The test also assumes that the data is independent, collected randomly and approximately normally distributed. The answer is not paired sample t-test because that test compares two means that are from the same individual, object, or related units. It is also not ANOVA because it is used to determine whether there are any statistically significant differences between the means of three or more independent groups. Lastly, it is not an independent sample t-test because that test compares the means of two independent groups to determine whether there is statistical evidence that the population means are significantly different.
1. T/F: independent-sample t-test is used when the data of two samples are statistically independent.
Answer: True (This is exactly when you use a two-sampled t-test.)
3. What type of data will determine the outcome of the Kentucky Derby? a. Nominal b. Ordinal c. Ratio d. Interval
Answer: b; Ordinal Explanation: Ordinal data is based on the ranked ordered with which the horses finish.
3: "exploratory research describes more about the problem being studied than the other types of research methods"
Answer: false Exploratory research is the initial research into an idea, while descriptive research goes more in depth in describing the phenomenon
FILL IN THE BLANK - In a Chi Square test, if our test statistic is less than the critical value, we will ___________. A. Reject the null hypothesis. B. Fail to reject the null hypothesis. C. Accept then null hypothesis. D. Ignore the null hypothesis.
B is the correct answer because if test statistic is < critical value we cannot reject the null. We also know that C is incorrect because we cannot outright accept the null hypothesis but must instead fail to reject.
True/False - According to the Central Limit Theorem, the smaller the sample size, the closer it is to normal. A. True B. False
B is the correct answer because the opposite is actually true. According to the Central Limit Theorem, the larger the sample size, the closer it is to a normal sample.
Which of the following is an example of a nominal scale type? A. Time it takes to take a test B. Favorite color C. ratings of books (poor, fair, good) D. Time of day on a 12 hour clock
B. Favorite Color
What is the first step in hypothesis testing? a. select appropriate data b. formulate H0 & H1 c. Data collection d. Choose level of significance
B. Formulate H0 &H1
If USC wants to know how gender influences the selection of a major, they need to perform a i. Chi-Square Test ii. Linear Regression iii. ANOVA test A. I, II, III B. I only C. I or II only D. II or III only E. None of the above
B. I
Which type of scale is used to determine gender? A. Ordinal B. Nominal C. Interval D. Ratio
B. Nominal because it is providing a type of descriptor
Which of the following is NOT a factor to consider regarding probability sample size? A. Variability of the population characteristic under investigation. B. Level of confidence desired in the estimate. C. Ratio of sample size to total population size. D. Degree of precision desired in estimating the population characteristic.
C is the correct answer because answers A, B and D, are the three key factors to consider when determining probability sample size.
Which of the following is false about the introductory section of a questionnaire? A. it provides an overview of the research b. the companies involved are named and identified c. alerts reader that the responses may be anonymous d. certifies the legitimacy of the research
C. Alerts the reader that the responses may be anonymous Introductory section guarantees responses that will be anonymous
Which of the following is true of unstructured questions? A. Easier to analyze B. Less self-expression opportunity for respondents C. Allows collection of richer data D. Less prone to error and biases
C. Allows collection of richer data
Causal research is used for A. collecting quantitative data B. Gaining insights into the problem C. Collecting data to determine cause and effect relationships D. Understanding chi-square
C. Collecting data to determine cause and effect relationships
What is an example fo a comparative question? A) What gender do you identify as? B) How old are you? C) How do you normally get to and from Five Points D) How many days a week do you go to Five points
C. Comparative questions are questions where to get the answer you are comparing two separate things.
What research design is used for a problem where the researcher has no past data? A. Descriptive B. Causal Research C. Exploratory Research D. Video Research
C. Exploratory research
What is the purpose of sampling? A. To gain knowledge about a part of the population B. To gain knowledge about the people that we chose to include in the sampling C. To gain knowledge about the population
C. because the sample size that we chose randomly to carry out the research will represent for the whole population
Which of the Following is not a type of Probability Sampling Design? A. Cluster Sampling B. Systematic Random C. Stratified Random D. Judgement Sampling E. Simple Random
Correct Answer D Only D, Judgement Sampling is not Probability Sampling as it is a type of Non-Probability Sampling A),B),C),E) are all types of Probability Sampling
What is the degree of precision in determining sample size? A. Level of certainty desired in the estimate (z) B. The acceptable amount of error in estimating the population characteristic C. How much variation exists in the population characteristic in consideration D. None of the above
Correct Answer: B A is the factor of level of confidence B is the factor of precision necessary when determining probability sample size, thus the correct answer C is the factor of variability necessary to consider in sample size D is irrelevant as b is correct
Pros when considering qualitative research are: A. Rich Data B. Quick Data Collection Times C. High Reliability D. Both A & B E. All of the above
Correct Answer: Both A & B Because qualitative data is interested in observing consumers and their natural behaviors, it does have the pros of usually being quick to collect and of rich data being collected. However, because qualitative data relies on consumers analyzing and explaining their own behaviors, the data collection is not highly reliable from a statistical prospective.
What are the requirements of variables for an ANOVA test? A. Dependent variable to be metric, independent variable to be metric B. Dependent variable to be categorical, independent variable to be categorical C. Dependent Variable to be metric, independent variable to be categorical D. Dependent Variable to be categorical, independent variable to be metric
Correct Answer: C An Anova requires C, the dependent variable to be metric (ratio or interval) and the independent variable to be categorical (nominal), this allows the ANOVA to be built and create a comparison between multiple means that are different from each other by an analysis of the means variance.
Which of the following is NOT an example of secondary data? A. Multiple source data B. Survey-based data C. Representative samples D. Documentary data
Correct Answer: C. Representative Samples Explanation: Secondary data is already existing data that is gathered from studies, surveys or experiments run by other people or for other research. The other three answers all fall into this category. Representative samples are not even secondary or primary data, but a primary source. A representative sample is a group chosen from a larger population that adequatly replicates this larger group that researchers are trying to analyze or gain insight into. This sample is used to collect primary data through first-hand methods. Seeing how representative samples are the only example that can't be classified as secondary data here, C. is the correct answer. (note that survey-based data could also be primary data if you collect it on your own)
In hypothesis testing, a Type 2 error occurs when A. The null hypothesis is not rejected when the null hypothesis is true B. The null hypothesis is rejected when the null hypothesis is true C. The null hypothesis is rejected when the alternative hypothesis is true D. The null hypothesis is not rejected when the alternative hypothesis is true
Correct Answer: D. The null hypothesis is not rejected when the alternative hypothesis is true Explanation: To begin with, A and C are not errors at all, they are what is supposed to occur in both of those situations. B describes what is known as a Type 1 error, when the null is rejected when it is actually true. So we are only left with option D, which describes a Type 2 error and is the correct answer for this question. [we didn't cover type II error in this class so don't worry if you don't get this]
True/False: The curve of a Normal Distribution is asymmetrical around a vertical line drawn through the mean
Correct Answer: False Explanation: The curve of a Normal Distribution is symmetrical around the vertical line through the mean, not asymmetrical.
An experiment using a 95% confidence level will require a larger sample size than an experiment using a 99% confidence level. - True - False
Correct Answer: False The more confidence we want from an estimation, the larger a sample size we require. This makes sense theoretically: the more responses or observations taken into account during an experiment, the more confident we can be in the results. But also if we look at the sample size formula: n=(Z^2)×σ^2⁄e^2 "Z" correlates to our confidence level and as our confidence level increases, as does our Z variable, thus increasing our "n" or sample size.
If I am planning on only using Secondary Data in my research design, I could use any of the follow sources except which: A. Focus Group Data B. US Census Data C. Survey Data D. Field Experiment Data
Correct Answer: US Census Data US Census Data is an example of Secondary, not Primary, Data because it is information that has been collected for a purpose offer than my own research. All of the other answer choices are examples of Primary Data, or information that has been gathered specifically for my research problem at hand.
In a questionnaire for Mountain Dew, you are asked to rate your satisfaction with the product on a scale of 1-7. This is an example of what type of scale? A. Ordinal B. Nominal C. Ratio D. Interval
D, an interval scale
Of the following, which group would not collect external data? a.Government agencies b. Trade Associations c. Social Media Agencies d. Accounting Departments
D. Accounting departments collect internal data in order to track sales, costs, and customer demographics
What are the primary functions of a questionnaire? A. Form specific questions by translating the research objectives B. Raise accuracy of the recordings C. Establish consistency between questions asked to various participants D. Develop cooperation and involvement E. All of the above
E. All of the above
What are all the steps to calculate Chi-Square? Please arrange these following options in the right order to calculate Chi Square 1. Calculate row and column proportions. 2. Calculate row and column totals 3. Calculate x^2 statistic 4. Calculate expected frequencies 5. Used observed data to create the contingency table A. 1,2,3,4,5 B. 1,4,3,5 C. 2,1,4,3,5 D.4,1,2,5,3 E.2,1,4,5,3
E. The 5 steps to calculate the chi-square are: Calculate row and column totals, calculate row and column proportions, calculate expected frequencies, use observed data to create the contingency table and calculate x^2 statistic
Which of the following qualitative research methods records behavior in natural settings to understand how social and cultural influences affect individuals behaviors and experiences? A. Ethnography B. Questionnaire C. Social Media Monitoring D. Causal Research
Explanation: The correct answer is A because the definition of Ethnography is a research method that records behavior in natural settings to understand social and cultural influences. Questionnaire and Causal Research are not types of qualitative research methods, and Social Media Monitoring is described as observational research based on social media conversations.
True or False: Demographic questions should always come at the beginning of a questionnaire. True False
Explanation: The correct answer is B (False) because demographic questions should always come at the end of a questionnaire in order to establish a comfort zone with the respondents.
Please choose the statistical test that fits the following scenario: Is the average rent for off campus University of South Carolina students significantly higher than $600? A. Paired Sample T Test B. Chi Square Test C. One Sample T Test D. ANOVA
Explanation: The correct answer is C, because there is only one sample (off campus University of South Carolina Students) that we are looking at. The answer is not A (Paired Sample T Test) because there are not two dependent samples in this scenario, and the answer is not D (ANOVA) because we are only looking at one sample rather than two or more. Lastly, Chi Square is not the answer because our data is neither nominal nor ordinal.
An ANOVA test can be performed only if both the independent and dependent variables are metric (ratio or interval)
False
T/ F: The following scale is an example of a balanced scale Very good.. Good .. Somewhat Good.. Bad.. Very Bad
False
T/F: Correlation means causation
False
T/F: Descriptive research attempts to gain deep insights into the problem and provides answers to who, what, when, where, and how
False
T/F: It is possible to reject the alternative hypothesis
False
T/F: Primary data tends to be cheaper than secondary research
False
T/F: Sample size formula can be used for non-probability samples
False
T/F: Two pros of qualitative research are the data is rich and low reliability
False
T/F: Constructs can be measured directly
False Constructs cannot be measured directly because it is an unobservable concept
T/F: Various techniques for measuring a scale's validity include test-retest, internal consistency, and equivalent form
False These techniques measure a scale's reliability, not validity. Reliability is determined by how a scale measures the quantity or concept in a consistent or reproducible manner
True or false: If a marketing researcher draws a sample size of n=25, then he can claim that the sample is normally distributed.
False- A sample size of n>=30 is needed for the sample to be normally distributed. This number ensures that the population being sampled is entirely represented. The bigger the sample size, the better.
True or false: The statement below describes an interval scale: How long did it take to finish the 5k?
False- This would be a ratio scale because time has a natural zero. Interval scales do not have a true natural zero. More examples of a ratio scale where there can be an absence of the property are weight, height, length, etc. An example of an interval scale would be temperature because there cannot be an absence of this property.
T/F: You use an independent sample t-test when comparing two independent groups in order to determine whether there is statistical evidence to prove that the means are the same
False- an independent sample t-test is used to determine whether or not the means are significantly different, not to prove that they are the same.
T/F: An independent sample t-test is used to measure the difference between the means within two related groups
False. An independent sample t-test measures the difference between the means in two unrelated groups
T/F: In an independent sample t test, by rejecting the null hypothesis, you are suggesting that the means in the sample are equal to each other
False. By rejecting the null hypothesis, you are suggesting that the means in the sample are different
Information that is reliable measures the quantity or concept it is supposed to measure A. True B. False
False. Information that measures the quantity or concept it is supposed to measure is valid not reliable.
T/F: Non- Probability sampling methods consist of simple random, systematic random, quota, and convenience sampling.
False. Non-probability sampling methods are convenience, judgement/purposive, quota, and snowball.
T/F: Secondary data is collected through in depth interviews?
False. Primary data is collected through in depth interviews because the point of primary data is to collect research for a specific problem
T/F: In ANOVA, we fail to reject the null hypothesis if the F-ratio is greater than the critical value
False. We have evidence to reject the null hypothesis if the F-ratio is greater than the critical value
T/F Scale Types: The five scale types are: nominal, ordinal, interval, ratio, and numerical
False: nominal ordinal, interval, and ratio
T/F: The introductory section of a questionnaire typically does not include a certificate of legitimacy.
False: the introductory section of a questionnaire should include some form of legitimacy so that the audience knows that the research is accurate and reliable
Indicate the type of scale you would use to measure the temperature (in Fahrenheit) on a given date in NYC. a. Nominal b. Interval c. Ratio d. Ordinal
Interval because it is used for quantitative variables and does not have a true zero.
A construct is observable and can be measured directly. A. True B. False
The answer is false because a construct is unobservable and cannot be measured directly. The correct statement would be that a variable is observable and can be measured directly.
Cookout wants to determine their average milkshake consumption for their location in Five Points. Past research shows that variation (SD) is 6 milkshakes. If a 99% confidence level is required, and the error is not to exceed ±0.5, then what sample size would you recommend? A. 959 B. 392 C. 553 D. 479
The correct answer is 959. To calculate sample size, use the formula n=(z^2)× ( σ^2 ⁄ e^2). The "z" for a 99% confidence level is 2.58. Therefore,n=(2.58^2)× (6^2 ⁄ 0.5^2). The answer 392 is incorrect because that is calculated with a 90% confidence interval (z=1.65). The answer 553 is incorrect because that was calculated with a 95% confidence interval (z=1.96). Lastly, 479 is incorrect because that was calculated without squaring your error of ±0.5.
ANOVA stands for what? (A) Analysis of Variety (B) Analysis of Variance (C) Analysis of Variables
The correct answer is B because ANOVA stands for Analysis of Variance.
What type of scale is being used when asked whether you're a Freshman, Sophomore, Junior, or Senior at the University of South Carolina? (A) Nominal (B) Ordinal (C) Interval (D) Ratio
The correct answer is B, Ordinal, because the students year in school is classified using a title meaning it can be either nominal or ordinal. Additionally there is a meaningful order to the scale based on their education level meaning the only answer can be an ordinal scale.
A sample is meant to be representative of the general population and their needs. (A) True (B) False
The correct answer is True because that is the whole purpose of taking a sample.
Questions about a respondent's personal or demographic characteristics should be placed at the of the questionnaire. A. Introduction B. Screening questions C. Transition D. End
The correct answer is end. It is important to put demographic questions at the very end of the questionnaire so that a comfort zone is established for the respondent. If demographic questions were asked upfront, the respondent would be reluctant. The introduction is incorrect because the function of the introduction is to give an overview of the research. Screening questions is incorrect because these questions identify the prospective respondents and eliminate unqualified respondents. Lastly, transition is incorrect because these questions just ask about research-related objectives.
2. True or False. Miguel gives a survey to the first person he sees at the mall. This is an example of convenience sampling.
This answer is True because the definition of convenience sampling is samples that are made based on convenience. Thus, Miguel asking the first person he sees (it's convenient) is an example of convenience sampling.
1. Probability sampling enables the researcher to evaluate the validity and the reliability of the data collected. T or F
This answer is true because the definition of probability sampling is probability sampling enables the researcher to evaluate the validity and the reliability of the data collected by computing the probability that the sample findings are different from the defined target population.
3. True or False. You can always set a high degree of confidence and a high degree of precision.
This is false because the higher degree of confidence you require, the lower your degree of precision will need to be. The only way to raise precision and confidence higher, is to have a higher sample size.
T/F Simple random sampling produces unbiased estimates of the population's characteristics
True
T/F: A nominal scale measures non-numeric variables
True
T/F: A variable is observable and can be measured directly
True
T/F: In a set of numbers outliers affect the mean
True
T/F: causal research is the investigation of research into cause and effect relationships
True
The Covid-19 numbers displayed on DHECs updated website is an example of secondary data? True or False
True
T/F: demographic questions should appear at the end of the questionnaire?
True, because this allows for a comfort zone to be established and participants will be less reluctant to answer
T/F: Nominal Data is data that is used for naming or labelling variables without quantitative value
True- Nominal data uses things like names or places
True or false: The mean is the most sensitive measure of central tendency even though the mean, median, and mode are equal in a normal distribution.
True- This is because the mean is the measure that includes all the values in a data set for its calculation. A change in any of the numbers will affect the value of the mean. Mode and median may not be affected by a change in the data set.
T/F We use ANOVA to compare three or more means
True. ANOVA is a statistical test that shows data on two or more independent samples
T/F: ANOVA requires dependent variable to be metric and the independent variable to be categorical
True. In order for ANOVA to work, the dependent variable must be a ratio or interval measure and the iv used must be nominal or ordinal
T/F: Nominal scales assign responses into mutually exclusive categories
True: Nominal scales assign responses into mutually exclusive categories and count frequencies.
Variables & Constructs: What is the independent variable in an experiment where we are studying how one's income level affects one's rating on a scale of a luxury vehicle a. Income Level b. Luxury Vehicle c. Rating a Vehicle d. Participant
a. The income level is the independent variable as the rating depends on the income level
1. What is the most cost and time effective method of research to determine how many apartment residents prefer paying extra money per month for fully furnished apartments, or paying less monthly for unfurnished apartments? A. Exploratory B. Descriptive C. Causal
answer: Descriptive research would be the most cost and time effective research method because: It allows for direct questioning and focuses on the different qualities the researcher would be looking to get answers on.
2. Formulate a hypothesis on the given situation. A student is testing if the amount of mentos added to a Diet Pepsi will affect how big the explosion is.
answer: H0: The amount of mentos added to a Diet Pepsi will have no effect on the size of the explosion H1: The amount of mentos added to a Diet Pepsi bottle will determine the size of the explosion because: The null hypothesis is testing a baseline, no difference variable whereas the alternative hypothesis tests for the opposite reaction.
3. Is a textbook considered a primary source or a secondary source?
answer: Secondary source because: It is not the source of data, but is a compilation of data from other sources. [it is a secondary data because if you want to use a textbook as a data source, you are not collecting the data on your own instead you are using the data that had been collected by the authors.]
True/False: 1. "a larger sample size is more likely to result in a normal distribution"
answer: True. This is because a small sample size results in the lack of data, which is more disperse
2. "proper interval scales have unequal intervals that center around a mean"
answer: false Questions don't center around a mean and interval scales have equal intervals to evenly disperse responses
Which of the following is not a measure of central tendency? a. Mean b. Variance c. Mode d. Median
b. Variance is a measure of dispersion
Which of the following scale types is used in the following question: "Do you prefer to watch TV shows or Movies?" a. Ordinal b. Ratio c. Nominal d. Interval
c. nominal
Which is not one of the suggestions and tips to design good questionnaires? A. Avoid to ask unanswerable, loaded, and double barreled questions B. Be clear about how long the questionnaire will take C. Consider adding option for participants to skip questions D. Questions should be presented as a flow from specific to general E. Questions should be presented in logical order
d)Questions should be presented as a flow from specific to general
A construct in statistics is a. something that cannot be measured directly b. a broad proposed attribute c. a building d. a and b
d. a and b
Which of the following is an example of probability sampling?a. simple random b. systematic random c. Stratified random d. All of the above
d. all of the above