Marksmanship
How many "Fundamentals" of marksmanship are there?
Four
What two forces effect external ballistics?
Gravity and Wind Resistance
What is the most stable platform
Ground
What does a 0-3 mph wind feel like?
Hardly felt, but smoke drifts
What causes "vertical dispersion?"
Inconsistent sight picture and lack of focus on front sight
Shooters counter these forces on the bullet by:
Increasing the angle of departure (elevating the muzzle) to counter the effects of gravity Imparting spin and high velocities on the bullet counter air resistance and allow the bullet to fly in an nose forward manner at far distances.
On the ACOG, one click is equal to how many MOA?
Internal knob = 1/3 MOA(blade/coin slot) External knob = ½ MOA (knob)
What are the three ballistic phases?
Internal, External, Terminal
What is "follow through?"
It is the continuing to apply the two basic fundamentals of marksmanship until recoil has cased
Why is Minute of Angle important to you as a shooter
It is the unit of measure, used by all weapon systems, with which you will make windage and elevation adjustments
What does a 5-8 mph wind feel like?
Keeps leaves in constant movement
Back Up Iron Sight adjustments
M16A4 - 1 click = 1/2 MOA M4 - 1 click = 3/4 MOA
What MOA are the clicks on a windage knob from the M16A4 and the M4?
M16A4 = ½ MOA M4 = ¾ MOA
Does a bullet ever rise
NO it starts falling gravity
what makes up the shot process
Pre shot shot post shot
What does a 8-12 mph wind feel like?
Raises dust and loose paper
wind formula
Range(meters) X Velocity(MPH)/7= MOA of Drift
wind formula for half value wind
Range(meters) X Velocity(MPH)/7=MOA of Drift/2
what is in shot
Refine aim Breathing control Trigger control
The Integrated Act of Firing
Sight Alignment + Trigger Control
Q: What are the two firing tasks?
Sight Alignment, and Trigger Control
Sight Alignment
Sight alignment is the centering of the front sight, rear sight, and the shooters eye. Centering the tip of the front sight post vertically and horizontally in the rear sight aperture
Zeroing is covered by what
TC 3-22.9
Sight Picture
The addition of a target into properly aligned sights. The eye, the sights, and the target are all in one straight line.
How does altitude affect shots
The higher the altitude = thinner the air = less resistance on bullet = rounds will impact higher
what is zeroing
The purpose of battle sight zeroing is to align the sights with the weapon's barrel given standard issue ammunition. When this is accomplished correctly, the point of aim and the point of impact are the same at a given range....300 meters for the M16A2/M4. This sight setting provides the highest hit probability for most combat targets with minimum adjustment to the aiming point
Elements of wind effects
The time the projectile is exposed to the wind (DISTANCE to target). Direction the wind is blowing. Velocity of the wind
Line of Bore
This is a straight imaginary line that is drawn from the muzzle of the rifle out to the target
Line of Sight
This is what the shooter sees behind the sights and can be illustrated by drawing a straight imaginary line from your eye through the rear and front sights out to the target, this is how you aim.
What is the purpose of a firing position
To support the two basic firing tasks sight alignment trigger control
What causes "lateral dispersion?"
Trigger control and poor position
How many "Firing Tasks" are there?
Two
Mechanical zeroing the weapon is only necessary when?
When the weapon zero is questionable, when the weapon is newly assigned, and when the weapon sights have been serviced.
What is meant by "half value wind?"
Winds that blow at an angle from the front or rear are called half-value winds because they have about half the effect on the bullet as full-value winds
What is meant by "full value wind?"
Winds that blow from the left (9 o'clock) or right (3 o'clock) are called full-value winds because they have the most effect on the bullet.
What is meant by "no value wind?"
Winds that blow straight into the firer's face or winds that blow straight into the target are termed no-value winds because they have minimal effect on the bullet
misalignment of the sighting system creates
angular error. This error will increase with distance
Proper Stock Weld ensures what
consistent sight alignment and will improve accuracy
cycle of function
feeding chambering locking firing unlocking extracting ejecting cocking
What does a 3-5 mph wind feel like?
felt lightly in the face
wind indicators
felt skin, foliage movement, debris and dust movement, mirage
What is in post shot
follow through recoil management call the shot evaluate
Parallax
in a rifle scope is the apparent movement or displacement of objects when viewed from different perspectives. is the effect of misaligning things
Calling your shots-
is being able to tell where the bullet went by carefully watching your sights. If you don't know where the bullet went you were most likely watching the target, not your sights
Follow through
is continuing to apply the two basic fundamentals of marksmanship until recoil has ceased.
how should the trigger finger be placed in the trigger weld
naturally
what is in the pre shot
position natural point of aim sight alignment/picture hold
Cross eye dominance
refers to having opposite hand-eye domination. Most commonly, it means being right handed but being left-eye dominant. Cross dominance can be a huge factor in sports performance, especially in activities such as archery and shooting where cross dominance can cause the aim to be pulled toward the dominant eye.
Consistent Sight Alignment is achieved by
resting the full weight of your head on the stock in a manner that allows your Dominant Eye to look through the center of the rear sight aperture.
If shot groups are great but the groups themselves are all over the place what is the shooters problem
sight picture
Should the sight post be blurry or clear
sight post or reticle should appear clear when the eye is focused correctly
Mechanical zero is
simply the mechanically centering of a weapon systems sights
What is the shot process
the basic outline of individual engagement sequence all fires consider engagement, regardless of the weapon system
trigger control is
the movement of the trigger to the rear, in such a way so as to not disturb sight alignment
Natural point of aim is
where your position is naturally pointing when your body is relaxed
What has the biggest effect on bullet ballistic trajectories
wind
On the EO Tech, one click is equal to how many MOA?
½ MOA
On the Elcan, one click is equal to how many MOA?
½ MOA
On the M68 close combat optic, one is equal to how many MOA?
½ MOA
On the M4 back up iron sight, one click is equivalent to how many MOA?
¾ MOA
25m zero target 1 block is how many MOA
1 MOA
What are the two types of coaches?
1. Experienced 2. Peer
How can shooters counter these forces?
1. Increasing the angle of departure counters the effects of gravity 2. Imparting spin and high velocities counter the effects of air resistance
What are the five points of a "solid position
1. Non-Firing Hand 2. Rifle Butt 3. Firing Hand 4. Stock Weld 5. Elbows
What are the four elements of a "steady position?"
1. Support 2. Muscular Relaxation 3. Natural Point of Aim 4. Durability
lead formula
1/100 * range*7
One minute of angle is how many degrees?
1/60th of a degree
with a correctly battle zero the round will impact within what distance
10 in
with a 300 meter zero, how far below the line of sight is the bullet at 350 meters and 400m?
10 inches 20 inches
One minute of angle is how many inches at 100 meters?
1in
how many times does the bullet travel in the line of your sight
2 (25 and 300) actually 33m not 25 but **** it
On the M4 one click of the front sight post is equivalent to how many MOA?
2 MOA
What is the dot size on the M68 CCO?
2 or 4 MOA
What is the average group size at 25 meters?
2.5 cm
20" @ 500m = ?MOA
20"/ 5 = 4 MOA
how far must you bore sight your weapon at
25m
3 MOA @ 200m = ?inch
3 x (2)00 = 6 inches
what distance do you confirm a bore sight at
300m
4 MOA @300m = ?inch
4 x (3)00 = 12 inches
The standard 'E-Type' Silhouette is
40" tall and 20" wide.
5 MOA @ 300m = ?inch
5 x 3 = 15 inches
6" @ 600m = ?MOA
6"/ (6)00m = 1 MOA
6" @ 400m = ?MOA
6"/4 = 1.5 MOA
With a 300 meter zero, how far above the line of sight is the bullet at 150 meters?
7 to 10 inches
How much is it above point of aim at the 150-200 m target
7-10 in
M16 trigger lb
8-12
What is considered "consistent grouping?"
: 8/10 rounds from two consecutive 5 round shot groups fall within the 4cm circle
What causes "fliers?"
A: Poor trigger control
What is an acceptable group size?
An acceptable group size is 4/5 rounds inside a 2.5cm (1 in) area
What is a minute of angle (MOA)?
An angular unit of measure in fractions of degrees
Unknown distance zeroing
Battle Sight Zero (BSZ) Engaging targets without adjusting for distance Iron sights, Back-up iron sights (BUIS), M68, EOTEC
Should the Target be Clear or Blurry
Blurry
Known distance zeroing
Bullet Drop Compensating (BDC) Adjusting sights (the 4, 5, and 6 on the iron sights BDC represent 400-600 m) or changing aimpoint (ACOG reticle) for targets at known distances. Iron sights, BUIS, ACOG, ELCAN, Mark 4 Scope
What does a 12-15 mph wind feel like?
Causes small trees to sway
What causes "shifting groups?"
Changing point of aim and inconsistent head position
What is coaching?
Coaching is the process of having another Soldier observe the firer during the firing process to look for shooting errors that the firers themselves may not consciously know they are making
Coaching
Coaching is the process of having another Soldier observe the firer during the firing process to look for shooting errors that the firers themselves may not consciously know they are making.
How does temperature effect shots?
Colder air = more dense = more resistance on bullet = rounds will impact lower
What is the combat identification process?
Detect Identify Decide Engage Asses
Front Sight Post adjusments
Elevation M16A4 - 1 click = 1 ½ MOA M4 - 1 click = 2 MOA M4A1 - 1 click = 2 MOA
External ballistics
Everything that happens to the bullet from the time it exits the muzzle until it reaches the target.
Internal ballistics
Everything that happens to the bullet from the time the primer is struck until it reaches the muzzle of the barrel.
Terminal ballistics
Everything that happens to the projectile once it comes in contact with the target.
