marlon idk like 5
When a hydronium ion concentration equals 1 mole per liter, what is the pH of the solution?
0
How many different isomers are possible for a hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C3H8?
1
When a hydronium ion concentration equals 1x10-5 moles per liter, what is the pH of the solution?
5
The average pH of rainwater is about Cl2 + 2Br- > 2Cl- + Br2
5.6
The theory of continental drift is credited to
Alfred Wegener.
What is a heteroatom?
Any atom on an organic molecule other than hydrogen or carbon.
What correlation might you expect between an element's electronegativity and its ability to behave as an oxidizing agent? How about its ability to behave as a reducing agent?
Atoms with great electronegativity tend to behave as strong oxidizing agents and weak reducing agents.
A substance whose formula does not indicate hydroxide ions, OH-, yet which yields a basic solution when dissolved is
NH3
An acid and a base react to form a salt, which consists of positive and negative ions. Which forms the positive ions: the acid or the base? Which forms the negative ions?
The acid forms the negative ion, the base forms the positive ion.
Suggest why people once washed their hands with ashes.
The ashes act as a base and reacts with skin oils to produce solutions of soap.
In the above diagram, which atom behaves as the oxidizing agent, the lighter colored atom or the darker colored atom?
The lighter colored atom behaves as the oxidizing agent.
How does ingested methanol lead to the damaging of a person's eyes?
The methanol is metabolized into formaldehyde, which is toxic to most living tissue.
When a hydronium ion concentration equals 1x10-10 moles per liter, what is the pH of the solution? Is the solution acidic or basic? `
The pH of this solution is 10, which is basic.
What happens to the pH of an acidic solution as water is added?
The pH will increase as the solution becomes more dilute.
The temperatures in a fractionating tower at an oil refinery are important, but so are the pressures. Where might the pressure in a fractionating tower be greatest, at the bottom or at the top? Defend your answer.
The pressure is greatest at the bottom because the higher temperature means a greater number of vaporized molecules.
Which contains more hydrogen atoms: a five-carbon saturated hydrocarbon molecule or a five-carbon unsaturated hydrocarbon molecule?
The saturated hydrocarbon has more hydrogen atoms.
What element is used for the vulcanization of rubber?
What element is used for the vulcanization of rubber?
Is the following chemical equation balanced? 3 Fe2O3 + C > 2 Fe3O4 + CO
YES
Is the following chemical equation balanced? CH4 + 2 O2 > CO2 + 2 H2O
Yes
A pH of 7 signifies
a neutral solution
Why is heat often added to chemical reactions performed in the laboratory?
all of the above
Carbon gives rise to so many different kinds of molecules because it
is able to form bonds with itself and many other elements.
Most of Earth's seismic activity, volcanism, and mountain formation occur along
plate boundaries.
Rocks with an imprint of Earth's magnetic code contain
polarity, latitude of origin, and the direction of the magnetic pole at the time of formation.
Within the structure of most addition polymers can be found a backbone polymer of
polyethylene.
The velocity of a seismic wave depends on
the type of material it travels through.
Diethyl ether's effectiveness as an anesthetic is enhanced by its great
volatility.
Regions in which earthquakes are common are also regions in which
volcanoes are common.
What coefficients balance the following equation? ___ P4 (s) + ___ H2 (g) > ___ PH3 (g)
1, 6, 4
When a hydronium ion concentration equals 1x10-13 moles per liter, what is the pH of the solution?
13
Correctly identify the following functional groups in this organic molecule?amide, ester, ketone, ether, alcohol, aldehyde, amine:
2 = amide, 6 = aldehyde, 7 = amine, 8 = ether
Which set of coefficients balance the following chemical equation? ___ AlO3H3 > ___ Al2O3 + ___ H2O
2, 1, 3
The carbon of the carbonyl is bonded to how many atoms?
3
Which set of coefficients balance the following chemical equation? ___ MgO + ___ Fe > ___ Fe2O3 + ___ Mg
3, 2, 1, 3
Which set of coefficients balances the following chemical equation? ___ Al + ___ O2 > ___ Al2O3
4, 3, 2
When the hydroxide ion concentration equals 1x10-5 moles per liter, what is the pH of the solution?
9
What is the relationship between the hydroxide ion and a water molecule?
A hydroxide ion is a water molecule minus a hydrogen nucleus.
Water is formed from the reaction of an acid and a base. Why is it not classified as a salt?
A salt is an ionic compound, whereas water is a covalent compound.
In the following chemical reaction, which species is oxidized? Cl2 + 2Br- > 2Cl- + Br2
Br
Identify the acid or base behavior of each substance in these reactions: H3O+ + Cl- > H2O + HCl
H3O+ acts as an acid, Cl- acts as a base, H2O acts as a base, HCl acts as an acid.
Why do we use the pH scale to indicate the acidity of a solution rather than simply stating the concentration of hydronium ions?
It is more convenient, since the concentration of hydronium ions is so small.
Suggest an explanation for why aspirin has a sour taste.
It is the acidic nature of aspirin that gives rise to its sour taste.
The longest mountain chain in the world is the
Mid-Ocean Ridge.
Which atom is oxidized, the light colored atom or the darker colored atom?
Only the darker colored atom is oxidized.
Why are plate boundaries the sites of most geologic activity?
Plates interact with one another at their boundaries.
Which waves indicate the most extensive shadow? Why?
S waves?because they cannot travel through the liquid outer core
What happens to the corrosive properties of an acid and a base after they neutralize each other? Why?
The corrosive properties are neutralized because the acid and base no longer exist.
How does an atom's electronegativity relate to its ability to become oxidized?
The greater the electronegativity of an atom, the lower its ability to become oxidized.
What is the hydroxide ion concentration in an aqueous solution where the pH equals 5?
The hydronium ion concentration equals 1x10-5.
Why does a glowing splint of wood burn only slowly in air, but rapidly in a burst of flames when placed in pure oxygen?
There is a greater number of collisions between the wood and oxygen molecules.
The yeast in bread dough feeds on sugar to produce carbon dioxide. Why does the dough rise faster in a warmer area?
There is a greater number of effective collisions among reacting molecules.
Both corrosion and combustion
Two of the above are correct.
What is the difference between a saturated and an unsaturated hydrocarbon?
Unsaturated hydrocarbons have fewer hydrogens per carbon.
In the following chemical reaction, which species is oxidized? Zn + Cu2+ > Zn2+ + Cu
Zn
Many people hear about atmospheric ozone depletion and wonder why we don't simply replace that which has been destroyed. Knowing about CFCs and how catalysts work, explain how this would not be a lasting solution.
all of the above
One solution to the problem of our overflowing landfills is to burn plastic objects instead of burying them. What would be some of the advantages and disadvantages of this practice? disadvantage: toxic air pollutants; advantage: reduced landfill volume disadvantage: loss of vital petroleum-based resource; advantage: generation of electricity disadvantage: discourages recycling; advantage: provides new jobs
all of the above
The ultimate cause of tectonic plate motion is the *second law of thermodynamics. * tendency for heat to spread out. *escape of heat from Earth's interior.
all of the above
Why do heteroatoms make a difference in the physical and chemical properties of an organic molecule? *Each heteroatom has its own characteristic chemistry *They enhance the polarity of the organic molecule. * They add extra mass to the hydrocarbon structure.
all of the above
How many different isomers are possible for a hydrocarbon with the molecular formula C100H102?
an incredibly large number
Organisms found in the ocean trenches
are Earth's deepest dwellers.
The upper mantle can be divided into two zones, the
asthenosphere in the lower upper mantle and part of the lithosphere in the upper part of the upper mantle.
We measure the "acidity" of a solution by measuring the concentration of hydronium ions, H3O+. What does it mean to say one has a "neutral" solution?
both B and C
Amides and carboxylic acids are related in that they
both contain carbonyl groups.
Movement of the lithosphere
causes earthquakes and volcanic activity.
The Mohorovicic discontinuity is believed to take place because of a
change in the composition of rocks on both sides of the boundary.
Ketones and aldehydes are related in that they both
contain a carbonyl group.
An aromatic hydrocarbon
contains a ring of double and single bonds.
Continental crust extends farther down into the mantle than oceanic crust because
continental crust is thicker than oceanic crust.
High-density and low-density polyethylene
differ in how the polymeric chains are branched.
In the 1950s a plot of the position of the magnetic North Pole through time revealed that
either the magnetic poles had migrated through time or the continents had moved.
Energy is required to break apart a chemical bond to overcome
electrical forces of attraction.
The most likely places for earthquakes to occur is at
fault lines along plate boundaries.
Earth's magnetic field is attributed to the
flow of molten fluid in Earth's outer core.
Addition polymers are
formed without the loss of small molecules.
If a strong acid has a great tendency to lose hydrogen ions, then a strong base has a great tendency to
gain them.
The difference between an exothermic and endothermic reaction is that an exothermic reaction
has energy as a product and an endothermic reaction has energy as a reactant.
A chemical is most likely to behave as an acid when it
has only a weak attraction for hydrogen ions.
What types of hydrocarbons are more abundant in higher octane gasoline?
highly branched hydrocarbons
The Ring of Fire
is the location of about 75 percent of the world's volcanoes.
The electric energy provided in electrolysis
is used to cause a chemical change.
The crustal surface and the uppermost section of the mantle is called the
lithosphere.
Which would you expect to be move viscous, a polymer made of long molecular strands or one made of short molecular strands? Why?
long molecular strands because they tend to tangle among themselves
Alfred Wegener supported his theory of continental drift by
making a connection between the rocks, rock structures, and plant and animal fossils found in both Africa and South America.
Mountains tend to form in long narrow ranges because `
mountains are the result of plate convergence?plates coming together.
What heteroatom is characteristic of an amine?
nitrogen
Is the following chemical equation balanced? ZnS + O2 > ZnO + SO2
no
Hydrocarbons release a lot of energy when ignited. Where does this energy come from?
nuclear fusion in the Sun
To say a chemical equation is balanced means the
number of times each element appears as a reactant is equal to the number of times it appears as a product.
Many alcohols are soluble in water because
of hydrogen bonding.
The carbon atom of a carbonyl group in an aldehyde may be bonded to
one carbon atom, one oxygen atom, and one hydrogen atom.
Under what conditions does an oxidizing agent donate electrons?
only when it accepts electrons
Secondary waves can travel through all areas of the earth except the
outer core.
Carbon dioxide makes rainwater acidic by
reacting with the water to form carbonic acid.
A refrigerator delays the spoilage of food by
slowing down the rate of chemical reactions within microorganisms.
The San Andreas fault
stretches from the Gulf of California to Cape Mendocino, California, and separates the Pacific Plate from the North American Plate.
When you stretch a rubber band, you are applying
tensional stress.
Two structural isomers differ from each other by
the arrangement of atoms.
What physical property of hydrocarbons is used for fractional distillation?
the boiling temperature
The theory of continental drift is supported by
the jig-saw fit of the continents at their continental margins, paleoclimatic data, and paleontology.
