Marriage and family exam
Which of the following is the most helpful "I-statement"?
"I felt really hurt when you said that." "I think you're being extremely selfish!" "I know exactly why you did that!" "I hate when you do that! It makes me so mad!" "I felt really hurt when you said that."
What are "I-statements" and what role can they play in communication?
"I" statements are ways we can replace words like you or why and use the word I instead. This is used because it can make arguments less attacking and can make for positive dialogue.
Children of divorce also are more likely to have been _____ meaning they were forced to take on adult responsibilities before they were developmentally mature enough to handle them.
"custody stunted" "custodialized" "adult rushed" "parentified" "parentified"
A surrogate birth can cost future parents between
$8,000 and $16,000 $25,000 and $45,000 $60,000 and $80,000 $150,000 and $175,000 $60,000 and $80,000
About _____ percent of all children (5.3 million) are living in a married stepfamily with one biological parent and one stepparent.
10 25 40 60 10
Mothers and children make up about _____ percent of the homeless population.
10 25 40 65 40
Heterosexual men are the primary breadwinners in about ______ percent of relationships.
10 25 40 75 40
In 2010, about __________ percent of wives with children between ages 6 and 17 earned wages.
10 25 50 75 75
Today, __________ percent of adopted children are of a different race than one or both of their parents.
10 30 40 50 40
What percent of U.S. women surveyed in 2001 said "no" to the question of whether "a woman needs the experience of motherhood to have a complete life?"
10 30 50 70 70
It is estimated that about __________ U.S. children are in foster care.
125,000 250,000 300,000 400,000 400,000
About ___ percent of children born to married parents will experience marital disruption.
20 40 60 80 40
According to research, about ________ of mothers had spanked their children.
20% 44% 75% 80% 44%
In 2011, couples dedicated approximately ____ hours weekly to housework.
21 28 45 52 28
A 2001 survey found found that approximately ___ percent of women agree that one can be a good mother and have a successful career.
25 40 65 90 90
The mean age of children in foster care is about __________years.
3 5 8 13 8
__________ is out-of-home placement with biological relatives of children who are in the custody of the state.
Foster care Formal kinship care Closed adoption Open adoption Formal kinship care
Which of the following is one of the reasons offered in the text for the slight decline in remarriage rates?
Many divorced persons who would have remarried in the past are now cohabiting in stepfamilies. The divorce rate has decreased dramatically. Economic constraints and uncertainties have discouraged divorced women, but not men. Marriage has clearly lost some of its popularity. Many divorced persons who would have remarried in the past are now cohabiting in stepfamilies.
The labor force emerged during the
Middle Ages. Colonial Period. Industrial Revolution. Great Depression. Industrial Revolution.
The frequency of divorce increased throughout most of the twentieth century.
True
A change in marital status is likely to result in
a decrease in the number of hours worked on the job. a near-total collapse of the kinship system. closer relationships with former in-laws. changes in one's community of friends. changes in one's community of friends.
Many parents display _______ in living arrangements and family structures or forms.
a marked fluidity strong stability inconsistent reality emotionally detachment a marked fluidity
Mike has agreed to go out to eat with his wife Ellen, but at the same time yawns and says that he is tired and had a hard day at work. Mike's behavior illustrates
a mixed or double message. checking-it-out. an "I" message. martyring. a mixed or double message.
What are "helicopter parents?" What are the possible long-term effects on a child who has been "hovered" over?
a parent who takes an overprotective or excessive interest in the life of their child or children. long-term effects it could have, has found hovered-over children grow up to be dependent, neurotic and less open than children who are left more to their own devices.
The American Psychological Association has taken the position that
abortion does not typically lead to severe or long-lasting emotional problems. those who have abortions are at risk for "abortion trauma." abortion is a mental health risk for most women. the decision to abort should be easy to make and act upon abortion does not typically lead to severe or long-lasting emotional problems.
Helping partners accept their spouses as they are instead of demanding change is called _________ therapy.
acceptance primal scream restitution status quo acceptance
LaToya and Christian have been having a bad day. LaToya asks Christian what is wrong. Christian replies, "Oh, nothing," but the look on his face and his body language suggest otherwise. Christian's behavior reflects
an "I" message. the silent treatment. checking-it-out. martyring. the silent treatment.
The text points out that children, fear of losing the child, religion, and a lack of financial resources are sometimes perceived by spouses as __________ divorce.
barriers to preludes to concomitants of consequences of barriers to
The text lists several advantages to earlier parenthood. Which is NOT among them?
better physical health grandparents are younger, and could help with the children more time to pursue a career before having children less of a "generation gap" between themselves and their children more time to pursue a career before having children
During the 1990s, declines in the teen birth rate were especially large for __________ women.
black Hispanic white Asian black
Compared to married mothers, single mothers are more likely to be
committed to an authoritative parenting style. involved with their children's schools. living in poverty. happier about having children. living in poverty.
The text points out that couples who communicate mutual affection create a contagious "__________ effect" so that the household atmosphere becomes one of emotional support.
communication spiraling spinning conflict spiraling
Today, the rural-urban distinction in divorce has
completely disappeared. become significantly more pronounced, with the divorce rate higher in rural areas than in urban areas. become significantly more pronounced, with the divorce rate higher in urban areas than in rural areas. become impossible to measure. completely disappeared.
In Ahrons' postdivorce relationship typology, "__________" were friends who called each other often and brought their common children and new family ties together on holidays or for outings or other activities.
cooperative colleagues angry associates perfect pals fiery foes perfect pals
Between 1960 and a peak in 1980, the refined divorce rate
declined. stayed the same. increased slightly. more than doubled. more than doubled.
Most remarried people are _____ with their relationships and lives.
disappointed happy depressed unattached happy
Studies comparing marriages with and without children consistently report marital happiness to be higher in
families with large numbers of children. families with a small number of children. families with the "normative" number of children. families with no children. families with no children.
There are_____ social, moral, and legal constraints on divorce than in the past.
far fewer slightly fewer slightly more far more far fewer
The most obvious costs associated with having children are
financial. emotional. educational. spiritual. financial
Some people divorce, remarry, redivorce, and then marry again. But a majority of remarriages are__________ marriages.
first second third fourth second
Marriage was originally a social institution directed toward the practical purposes of economic support and responsible child rearing. Today, marriage tends to be viewed as a
flexible agreement. legally binding contract. relationship of convenience. companionate relationship. companionate relationship.
According to the text, spanking refers to
hitting a child with an open hand without causing physical injury. striking a child with a blunt object such as a paddle. repeatedly striking a child with a non-injurious object, such as a folded newspaper. hitting a child with a small object. hitting a child with an open hand without causing physical injury.
The text observes that although it may not affect marital quality, employment might nevertheless contribute to a divorce by giving an unhappily married woman the economic power, the increased independence, and the self-confidence to help her decide on divorce. This set of circumstances illustrates what is called the __________ effect.
income divorce independence dependence independence
Shift work is associated with
increased marital satisfaction. increased shared leisure time. decreased marital stability. decreased physical stress. decreased marital stability.
Home-based work has
increased significantly over the past few decades. increased slightly over the past few decades. decreased slightly over the past few decades. decreased significantly over the past few decades. increased significantly over the past few decades.
Counselors generally advise that an important aspect of learning to disagree involves expressing anger
indirectly. directly. passive aggressively. randomly. directly.
Family systems theory emphasizes __________ in family relationships.
interdependence discrepancy between expectations and reality love and respect cultural identity interdependence
In Amato's typology, the __________ perspective holds that financial difficulties brought about by marital dissolution are primarily responsible for the problems faced by children of divorce.
interparental conflict parental adjustment economic hardship life stress economic hardship
The ___________ perspective holds that conflict between parents is responsible for the lowered well-being of children of divorce.
life stress economic hardship interparental conflict parental adjustment interparental conflict
Joline and Noah have been married for several years. They respond to each other warmly, with interest, affection, and shared humor. Joline and Noah's behavior reflects
low-intensity negative affect. positive affect. refusing-to-accept influence. high-intensity negative affect. positive affect.
Which of the following terms in the textbook refers to the duration of marriage?
marital happiness marital satisfaction marital stability marriage tenacity marital stability
Luis plays a parentlike role for his girlfriend's son, even though he is unrelated to the child. The text refers to this role as
mentoring. social fathering. counseling. supplemental parenting. social fathering.
In the __________ custody variation in joint custody agreements, both parents have the right to participate in important decisions and retain a symbolically important legal authority, with physical custody (that is, residential care of the child) going to just one parent.
modified egalitarian joint legal joint legal and physical semi-combined joint legal
Janet is employed as an executive within a major corporation. When she decided to have a child, she stepped down from this position, thus giving up a six-figure income. Janet's situation illustrates which of the following "costs?"
opportunity direct indirect residual opportunity
Research on communication patterns in stepfamilies reveals several different communication patterns. In which pattern does communication flow freely, involving all members of the stepfamily equally?
outsider triad linked triad adult-coalition triad complete triad complete triad
Remarrying women generally benefit __________ more than do remarrying men..
parentally socially emotionally financially financially
Chronic criticism, nagging, nitpicking, and sarcasm are all forms of
poor conflict management. negative attribution. passive-aggression. anger "insteads." passive-aggression.
Less-effective forms of birth control are most likely to be used by ________ women.
professional. married. lower-income. more educated. lower-income.
Most research supports the hypothesis that
sibling abuse virtually disappears after divorce. siblings become closer and more supportive after divorce. sibling rivalry increases after divorce. sibling relationships are unchanged after divorce. sibling rivalry increases after divorce.
Divorces occur relatively early in marriage. A large percentage end in about
six months. one year. two years. five years. five years.
Coping in which each partner attempts to cope with his or her own strain in ways that do not harm the relationship and also attend to the other's emotional needs is called
social bonding. relationship-focused coping listener backchanneling. de-escalation coping relationship-focused coping
A few companies today hope to lessen ______ by eliminating salary negotiations.
the motherhood penalty occupational segregation role conflict the wage gap the wage gap
What is the "motherhood penalty" and how does it contribute to the wage gap?
the motherhood penalty is a term coined by sociologists who argue that in the workplace, working mothers encounter systematic disadvantages in pay, perceived competence, and benefits relative to childless women.
The text observes that a little over half of home-based workers are women. Besides catching up on work, the reason they give most often for working at home is
to coordinate work with personal/family needs. fear of the workplace. an insistence on not taking orders from others. a personal sense of entrepreneurship. to coordinate work with personal/family needs.
All in all, 42 percent of adults have at least one step-relative.
true
Assisted reproductive technology is usually not affordable for those with low incomes.
true
Authoritative parenting combines emotional nurturing and support with parental direction.
true
Before mothers entered the work force in large numbers, their employment outside the home was considered problematic.
true
In displacement, a person directs anger at people or things that the other cherishes.
true
Many observers attribute our society's high divorce rate to the fact that Americans' expectations for marriage are too high these days.
true
More than half of all divorces involve children under eighteen.
true
On a purely financial basis, children considerably decrease a couple's level of living.
true
Over 30 percent of children age twelve to fourteen whose mothers are employed full time are in self-care—without adult supervision—for an average of seven hours a week.
true
Regardless of family structure, a family characterized by warmth, cohesion, and generally supportive communication is better for children.
true
Relatively low role ambiguity has been associated with higher remarital satisfaction.
true
Research on racial/ethnic differences finds that the pattern of men's spending less time than women in housework occurs in white, black, and Hispanic families.
true
Stepparents and children raised in stepfamilies, on average, have fewer financial resources and lower levels of socioemotional well-being.
true
The arrival of a child is less disruptive when the parents get along well and have a strong commitment to parenting.
true
The effective use of contraception has contributed both to the falling birthrate and the falling rate of abortion.
true
The frequent use of social media has been correlated to low self-esteem.
true
Unmarried parents, including those not living together, may have a more regular relationship than previously thought.
true
Working full-time at minimum wage does not earn a parent enough money to live above the poverty line.
true
The 1993 Family and Medical Leave Act mandates up to __________of unpaid family leave for workers in companies with at least fifty employees.
two weeks twelve weeks twenty weeks two years twelve weeks
Children who report, "I am unhappy a lot," or "I worry a lot," are evidencing __________ behavioral problems associated with emotional or psychological problems.
unresolved internalizing externalizing overt internalizing
Custodial fathers receive about ___ percent of the child support amounts that custodial mothers receive.
96 78 67 54 78
The marital complaint most frequently mentioned by both men and women involves the lack of satisfying sex.
false
Many stepparent-stepchild relationships _____ over time.
see increased stress remain stable result in mental instability improve improve
There seems to be a connection between childlessness and _____________
career commitment. race and ethnicity. high family incomes. managerial occupations. career commitment.
Hispanic parents have been described as less authoritarian than white parents
false
Men continue to dominate corporate America. In 2010, less than __________ percent of the highest-earning executives in Fortune 500 companies were women.
1 3 5 8 5
Today, there are about __________ Americans of mixed race.
1 million 2 million 5 million 9 million 9 million
Marital happiness (or satisfaction) and marital stability are essentially the same.
false
In 2014, __________ percent of all employed women were office or sales workers.
31 45 60 75 31
About ___ percent of children under age 5 whose mothers are employed are cared for by grandparents.
5 10 15 30 30
In 2010, about ____ percent of children ages 9 to 11 whose mothers were employed were in self-care.
5 10 20 40 10
The number of one-child families continues a steady increase, making up about _______ percent of American families
5 10 20 40 20
From 1940 to 1960, approximately __________ percent of all births were to unmarried women.
5 10 25 40 5
Today, approximately __________ percent of all marriages involve a remarriage of one or both partners.
5 15 25 40 25
Women who worked full time in 2014 earned __________ cents for every dollar earned by men.
65 79 88 93 79
In looking at outcomes for divorced parents, Hetherington found that __________ percent of children were "coping reasonably well."
75-80 50-60 30-50 10-25 75-80
Which of the following is NOT one of the "facts" discussed in the text concerning fathers as primary parents?
About 20 percent of all U.S. children under age fifteen are living with single fathers. About 5 percent of black and of nonHispanic white children live with single fathers. Whether married or single, fathers as primary parents report facing isolation and stereotypes. Primary-parent fathers have begun to organize support groups. About 20 percent of all U.S. children under age fifteen are living with single fathers.
Regarding international adoption, in 2000, most children were adopted from
Africa. Australia. South America. Asia. Asia.
In general, __________ men spend more time in unpaid family work than do nonHispanic white men.
Asian American African American Hispanic Native American African American
Research based on a national representative sample of more than 10,000 U.S. teens found that the negative effects of divorce and living with a single mother were less serious for black and Hispanic adolescents than they were for
Asian-Americans. Native Americans. Pacific Islanders. whites. whites.
__________ parenting combines warm emotional support for children with a demand for significant respect for parents and other authority figures, including older extended family members.
Authoritative Authoritarian Hierarchical Laissez-faire Hierarchical
According to classification by researchers Huston and Melz, which type of marriage is high on showing signs of love and affection while low on antagonism?
Bland, or empty shell Warm, or friendly Tempestuous, or stormy Hostile, or distressed Warm, or friendly
__________ involves making disapproving judgments or evaluations of one's partner.
Defensiveness Sabotage Belligerence Criticism Criticism
Which racial/ethnic group has the highest proportion of nonmarital births?
Hispanic nonHispanic white nonHispanic Black Native American/Alaska native nonHispanic Black
__________ involves the expression, either verbal or nonverbal, of one's feelings of affection toward another.
Impacting Positive affect Partner display Bonding Positive affect
Which statement about economic resources is accurate?
Minimum wage jobs are more than adequate to support a small family. Even with two or more jobs, many Americans do not earn enough to support a family. Temp work is a low-stress way for families to earn extra money. The globalizing economy has hurt low-income families but helped working-class families. Even with two or more jobs, many Americans do not earn enough to support a family.
Which statement about the well-being of stepparents is accurate?
Parenting stepchildren is generally more satisfying than parenting biological children. Stepmothers have worse mental health than biological mothers. Stepchildren generally "substitute" for biological children. Parents feel equal obligation to help their adult stepchildren than their biological children. Stepmothers have worse mental health than biological mothers.
What false belief is detrimental to a relationship?
You can treat each other with kindness even when you're angry. Not all negative thoughts and feelings need to be addressed. Your partner should automatically know how you think and feel. Conflict can be a healthy part of communication. Your partner should automatically know how you think and feel.
About _____ of children with a nonresident father have no contact with him.
a tenth a quarter a third a half a third
When Nick Stinnett made his observations of family strengths, six qualities stood out. Which of the following is NOT one of these?
appreciation for one another arrangement of personal schedules to be together a high degree of commitment a secular orientation a secular orientation
The new image of a "good" father in today's society says that fathers __________.
are mainly providers or breadwinners should be the primary nurturer of the child can make less money, if they stay at home more not only take financial responsibility but also are actively involved in child care not only take financial responsibility but also are actively involved in child care
In comparison with teens in intact families, older teenage and young adult children in stepfamilies leave home
at about the same age. when they are significantly older. at significantly lower ages. when they are slightly older. at significantly lower ages.
Lower-income parents are less likely to live in neighborhoods that value
athletic ability. beauty. authority. education. education.
Which parenting style is characterized by low parental monitoring but high parental warmth?
authoritarian authoritative permissive-indulgent permissive-emotional neglect permissive-indulgent
Christina is angry with her husband Tyrone for spending too much time and energy on his business endeavors, and she expresses dislike for his very expensive car. This is an illustration of
displacement. sabotage. suppression of anger. an anger "instead." displacement.
Evidence shows that children, especially when they are young, tend to have which of the following influences on marriage?
disruption dissolution stabilization altercation stabilization
Historically, well into the twentieth century, almost all stepfamilies were formed after
divorce. legal separation. the death of a spouse. cohabitation. the death of a spouse.
According to the text, the nuclear-family model
does not work well for most remarried families. is most appropriate for remarried families. applies to some remarried families. is irrelevant to remarried families. does not work well for most remarried families.
Counselors encourage making time for play and new activities in a relationship, partly because new experiences release a neurochemical called ____________ that acts on the pleasure center in the brain.
dopamine testosterone estrogen adrenaline dopamine
The divorce rate has ________ in the last two decades.
dramatically increased slightly increased remained stable decreased decreased
Today, the statistical norm among married couples is the __________ partnership.
dual-career male-as-sole-provider two-earner female-as-sole-provider two-earner
In Amato's typology, the __________ perspective stresses the quality of parenting in terms of children's adjustment to divorce.
economic hardship parental loss interparental conflict parental adjustment parental adjustment
Upper-middle-class parents tend to use which parenting style?
egalitarian permissive authoritative authoritarian authoritative
Children in high-conflict marriages
fall into a deep denial of the situation. almost never get married themselves. seem to benefit from a divorce. always suffer from a divorce. seem to benefit from a divorce.
A review of research on couple communication in the 1990s strongly suggests that men and women respond almost identically to negative affect in close relationships.
false
All couple conflicts in the home are detrimental to children.
false
Because the physical and opportunity costs of childbearing tend to be higher for men than for women, family-planning services have always been oriented to men.
false
Women are more likely than their male partners to remember anniversaries and shop for birthday gifts, activities known as _____.
health behavior work social networking kin keeping shift work kin keeping
According to the latest government statistics available, remarriages have been less _________ than first marriages.
heterogamous homogamous exogamous endogamous homogamous
According to the text, fathers are spending __________ time with their children in comparison to the past.
more the same amount of slightly less substantially less more
Many fathers are ______ than several decades ago.
more apt to give up on parenting as soon as it gets hard less emotionally involved more emotionally involved less likely to keep a record of his children's choices more emotionally involved
Cohabiting stepfamilies are more likely to experience __________ than are remarried stepfamilies.
multi-layer role confusion gender mistrust unequal division of labor boundary ambiguity boundary ambiguity
"When family members are uncertain in their perception of who is in or out of the family or who is performing what roles and tasks within the family system," this is a state called
multi-layer role confusion. gender mistrust. unequal division of labor. family boundary ambiguity. family boundary ambiguity.
Which of the following terms is often used now instead of the more negative sounding childless?
neo-natal childfree involuntarily infertile antinatal childfree
Multipartnered fertility is most common among
nonHispanic whites. Christian fundamentalists. nonHispanic blacks. Arab Americans. nonHispanic blacks.
Because of the cultural ambiguity of remarried family relationships, social scientist Andrew Cherlin calls the remarried family a(n)
nuclear-family monopoly. incomplete institution. absent cultural script. normless norm. incomplete institution.
Today, ______ children constitute Americans' ideal family size.
one two three four two
In about ______ of gay male couples with children, one parent stays home.
one-quarter one-third half two-thirds one-quarter
The goal of __________ is to provide planned, time-limited, substitute care for children who cannot be adequately cared for at home.
open adoption closed adoption foster care formal kinship care foster care
In the United States, the mother is expected to be the child's primary __________ parent, assuming the major emotional responsibility for the safety and upbringing of her children.
pseudo emotional psychological sociological economic psychological
According to John Gottman and his colleagues, anger, sadness, and whining are examples of
refusing-to-accept influence. high-intensity negative affect. low-intensity negative affect. positive affect. low-intensity negative affect.
In her research on marital communication, Mary Anne Fitzpatrick has found variation among happy couples in their __________ , or ideas about the roles they should play, expectations for closeness and/or distance, and attitudes toward conflict.
relationship ideologies religiosity attribution consensual validation relationship ideologies
Children and adults can demonstrate the capacity to recover from adverse situations and events. This is called being
resistant. resilient. reliable. revolutionary. resilient.
Virtually all research suggests that today's typical American family is
rushed and stressed. peaceful and loving. completely egalitarian. conflict-ridden. rushed and stressed.
Mike's wife, Lynne, resents him going drinking with his friend Asher. Whenever this subject comes up, Mike makes comments like "What can you do if I go drinking with Asher?" and "What are you going to do about it?" Mike's behavior illustrates
sabotage. defensiveness. belligerence. stonewalling. defensiveness
Considerable research shows that remarrieds experience more tension and conflict than do first marrieds, usually on issues related to
stepchildren—discipline or distribution of resources to stepchildren. previous marriages, and unresolved in-law ties. new gender roles and sharing household tasks. the possibility of divorce and whether the marriage is "working." stepchildren—discipline or distribution of resources to stepchildren.
Most families of color engage in _________, developing children's pride in their cultural heritage while preparing them for the possibility of discrimination.
stereotyping race socialization damage control ethnic establishment process race socialization
New parents feel overwhelmed, but the motivation to overcome their stress and do their best proceeds from the stressor itself. This has been termed the
stress model of parental effectiveness. transition to parenthood model. paradox of parenting. parental resilience effect. paradox of parenting.
The text indicates that perhaps the most significant factor in the comparative instability of remarriages is
the presence of stepchildren. the abrasive nature of the partners. the pessimism of the partners. economic hardship. the presence of stepchildren.
