Mastering A&P, Chapter 21, The Respiratory System

movement of air into and out of the lungs.

Pulmonary ventilation refers to the -movement of dissolved gases from the alveoli to the blood. -movement of dissolved gases from the interstitial space to the cells. -movement of air into and out of the lungs. -utilization of oxygen. -movement of dissolved gases from the blood to the interstitial space.

dorsal respiratory group (DRG).

The apneustic centers promote quiet inhalation by stimulating the -pneumotaxic centers. -pre-Bötzinger complex. -dorsal respiratory group (DRG). -ventral respiratory group (VRG). -None of the answers is correct. The apneustic centers cannot promote inhalation.

modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

The pneumotaxic center of the pons -sets the at-rest respiratory pattern. -prolongs inspiration. -both prolongs inspiration and modifies the rate and depth of breathing. -suppresses the expiratory center in the medulla. -modifies the rate and depth of breathing.

internal respiration.

Low pH alters hemoglobin structure so that oxygen binds less strongly to hemoglobin at low PO2. This increases the effectiveness of hemoglobin synthesis. carbon dioxide transport. acid-base balance. internal respiration. external respiration.

internal respiration

Absorption of O2 from blood and release of CO2 from tissue cells is known as external respiration. alveolar ventilation. internal respiration. pulmonary ventilation. gas diffusion.

it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells.

After blood becomes oxygenated, -it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to capillaries that supply the body's cells with oxygen. -it does not return to the heart, but goes to the nose and mouth. -it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to body cells. -it does not return to the heart, but goes directly to the lungs. -it returns to the heart, and is then pumped to the lungs.

greater than the pressure in the atmosphere

Air moves out of the lungs when the pressure inside the lungs is equal to the pressure in the atmosphere. less than the pressure in the atmosphere. less than intrapulmonary pressure. greater than intra-alveolar pressure. greater than the pressure in the atmosphere.

anatomic dead space.

Air remaining in the conducting portion of the respiratory system that does not reach the alveoli is known as anatomic dead space. respiratory minute volume. minimal volume. functional residual capacity. alveolar ventilation volume.

blood CO2 levels

Are chemoreceptors more sensitive to blood CO2 levels or blood O2 levels? (Module 21.17A) blood O2 levels blood CO2 levels

more than 90

At a PO2 of 70 mm Hg and normal temperature and pH, hemoglobin is ________ percent saturated with oxygen. 50 75 10 25 more than 90

inversely proportional to pressure

Boyle's law states that gas volume is -directly proportional to pressure. -inversely proportional to pressure. -directly proportional to temperature. -inversely proportional to temperature. -both directly proportional to pressure and directly proportional to temperature.

epinephrine

During an allergic reaction, which of the following would aid respiration? -epinephrine -acetylcholine (ACh) -histamine -an increase in the parasympathetic nervous system

is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen

Hemoglobin -has five subunits. -uses ATP to move oxygen from blood to body cells. -is the site of cellular respiration. -is found in blood plasma. -is a protein that can bind four molecules of oxygen.

lungs will collapse

If the transpulmonary pressure equals zero, what will happen to the lung? lungs will inflate lungs will collapse lung volume will stay the same

1. The diaphragm and external intercostal muscles contract. 2. The volume of the thoracic cavity increases. 3. Pressure in the thoracic cavity decreases. 4. The volume of the lungs increases. 5. Intrapulmonary pressure decreases below atmospheric pressure.

Place the stages of inspiration in the correct order.

carbon dioxide.

The most important chemical regulator of respiration is oxygen. sodium ion. hemoglobin. carbon dioxide. bicarbonate ion.

the chloride shift

The movement of chloride ions into the RBCs in exchange for bicarbonate ions is known as gas diffusion. a bicarbonate exchange. the chloride shift. the BPG pathway. the Bohr effect.

95 mm Hg

The partial pressure of oxygen (PO2) in pulmonary veins during internal respiration is approximately 50 mm Hg. 95 mm Hg. 40 mm Hg. 45 mm Hg. 70 mm Hg.

internal respiration

The process by which dissolved gases are exchanged between the blood and interstitial fluids is external respiration. cellular respiration. breathing. pulmonary ventilation. internal respiration.

respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla oblongata

Which brainstem centers generate the respiratory pace? (Module 21.16B) -respiratory rhythmicity centers in the medulla oblongata -respiratory rhythmicity centers in the pons -apneustic centers and pneumotaxic centers -higher centers in the hypothalamus, limbic system, and cerebral cortex -pneumotaxic centers and ventral respiratory group

pH, PO2, and PCO2 concentrations

Which chemical factors in blood or cerebrospinal fluid stimulate the respiratory centers? (Module 21.16C) -pH, PO2, and PCO2 concentrations -PO2, glucose, and lactate concentrations -hematocrit, glucose, PO2, and PCO2 concentrations -Ca2+, Na+, and K+ concentrations -Cl-, Na+, and K+ concentrations

The lower the compliance, the less easily air flows along the conducting passages.

Which is true regarding the compliance of the lungs? -The greater the compliance, the greater the tension in the walls of the lungs at a given volume. -The loss of supporting tissues decreases compliance. -The lower the compliance, the less easily air flows along the conducting passages. -Arthritis increases compliance.

The path of air

1. Air enters through the nose or mouth. 2. Air travels down the trachea and then enters the bronchi. 3. Air travels down smaller and smaller bronchioles. 4. Air reaches small sacs called alveoli.

Key events in gas exchange

1. Breathing moves air in and out of the lungs. 2. Oxygen diffuses from alveoli in the lungs into capillaries. 3. Oxygen enters red blood cells, where it binds to the protein hemoglobin. 4. Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the body's tissues, and carbon dioxide diffuses from the tissues to the blood. 5. Carbon dioxide leaves the body on exhalation.

Carbon dioxide transport

1. Carbon dioxide is released from the mitochondria. 2. Carbon dioxide diffuses into a capillary. 3. Carbon dioxide is carried to the lungs. 4. Carbon dioxide diffuses into an alveolus. 5. Air exits through nose or mouth.

Oxygen transport

1. Oxygen diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries 2. Oxygen enters a red blood cell 3. Oxygen binds to a molecule of hemoglobin 4. Oxygen carried through blood vessels to a capillary 5. Oxygen diffuses from the blood to the body's tissues

double the rate of breathing.

A 10 percent increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood will decrease pulmonary ventilation. decrease the rate of breathing. decrease the alveolar ventilation rate. reduce the vital capacity by 10%. double the rate of breathing.

Compliance is the ease with which the lungs expand and recoil. Resistance is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs.

Define compliance and resistance. (Module 21.15A) -Compliance is the ability of the lungs to expand. Resistance is the ability of the lungs to recoil. -Compliance is the limitation of expansion placed on the lungs by the size of the rib cage. Resistance is the ease with which the breathing muscles and rib cage expand and recoil. -Compliance is the ease with which the lungs expand and recoil. Resistance is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs. -Compliance is an indication of how much force is required to inflate or deflate the lungs. Resistance is the ease with which the lungs expand and recoil. -Compliance is the ease with which the breathing muscles and rib cage expand and recoil. Resistance is the limitation of expansion placed on the lungs by the size of the rib cage.

Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial PCO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally low arterial PCO2.

Define hypercapnia and hypocapnia. (Module 21.17B) -Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial PCO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally low arterial PCO2. -Hypercapnia is an abnormally low arterial PO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally high arterial PO2. -Hypercapnia is an abnormally low arterial PCO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally high arterial PCO2. -Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial PO2. Hypocapnia is an abnormally low arterial PO2. -Hypercapnia is an abnormally high arterial pH. Hypocapnia is an abnormally high arterial pH.

Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound.

Define oxyhemoglobin. (Module 21.13A) -Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of carbon dioxide bound. -Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has less than 4 molecules of oxygen bound. -Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin with 4 molecules of oxygen bound and 4 molecules of carbon dioxide bound. -Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has less than 4 molecules of carbon dioxide bound. -Oxyhemoglobin is hemoglobin that has 4 molecules of oxygen bound.

The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood.

Describe the forces that drive oxygen and carbon dioxide transport between the blood and peripheral tissues. (Module 21.14B) -The partial pressure gradients push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood. -The osmotic pressure gradient of dissolved proteins push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood. -The respiratory muscles generate force that drives oxygen into tissue and carbon dioxide moves passively out. -Air hydrostatic pressures push oxygen into peripheral tissues and carbon dioxide out of tissues and into blood. -The atmospheric pressure gradient drives oxygen into tissues and carbon dioxide moves passively out.

the diaphragm and rib muscles contract

During inhalation, -air moves up the trachea. -the volume of the thoracic cavity decreases. -oxygen molecules move into the lungs, and carbon dioxide molecules move out of the lungs. -the diaphragm relaxes -the diaphragm and rib muscles contract.

intrapulmonary pressure to decrease below atmospheric pressure

During inspiration, the physical changes in the respiratory system cause: -intrapulmonary pressure to increase above atmospheric pressure -intrapulmonary pressure to equal atmospheric pressure -thoracic cavity pressure to increase above intrapulmonary pressure -intrapulmonary pressure to decrease below atmospheric pressure

occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange.

Emphysema: -is a condition characterized by conducting passageways that are extremely sensitive to irritants. -occurs due to the destruction of alveolar surfaces and inadequate surface area for oxygen and carbon dioxide exchange. -occurs in individuals identified as blue bloaters. -is a long-term inflammation and swelling of the bronchial lining.

Alveoli

From which structures do oxygen molecules move from the lungs to the blood? Nose Trachea Bronchi Bronchioles Alveoli

Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply.

How are hypoxia and anoxia different? (Module 21.8B) -Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is low tissue carbon dioxide levels. -Hypoxia is low tissue carbon dioxide levels; anoxia is low tissue oxygen levels. -Hypoxia is low lung oxygen levels; anoxia is low lung carbon dioxide levels. -Hypoxia is low tissue oxygen levels; anoxia is the complete cutoff of oxygen supply. -Hypoxia is low lung carbon dioxide levels; anoxia is low lung oxygen levels.

Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.

Identify the three ways that carbon dioxide is transported in the bloodstream. (Module 21.14A) -Dissolved in plasma, bound to the surface of the RBCs, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma. -Bound to hemoglobin, bound to the surface of the RBCs, or as hydrogen ions in the plasma. -Dissolved in plasma, as hydrogen ions in the plasma, or bound to hemoglobin. -Bound to hemoglobin, bound to other transport proteins, or bound to the surface of the RBCs. -Dissolved in plasma, bound to hemoglobin, or as bicarbonate ions in the plasma.

nitrogen (N2)

In inhaled dry air, which of the following is found in the highest concentration? nitrogen (N2) carbon dioxide (CO2) oxygen (O2) water vapor (H2O)

is the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells

Internal respiration __________. -involves the physical movement of air into and out of the lungs -includes all the processes involved in the exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide between the body's interstitial fluids and the external environment -is the movement of air into and out of the alveoli -is the absorption of oxygen and the release of carbon dioxide by tissue cells

bicarbonate ions.

Most of the carbon dioxide in the blood is transported as -carbonic acid. -carbaminohemoglobin. -bicarbonate ions. -solute dissolved in the plasma. -solute dissolved in the cytoplasm of red blood cells.

brain stem

The respiratory center is housed in the ________ of the brain. diencephalon cerebellum cerebrum brain stem cerebral cortex

pulmonary ventilation

The technical term for "breathing" is gas exchange. external respiration. pulmonary ventilation. internal respiration. alveolar ventilation.

provide adequate alveolar ventilation

The ultimate function of pulmonary ventilation is to remove air from dead air space. provide adequate alveolar ventilation. remove carbon dioxide from the blood. prevent gas exchange in the bronchioles. supply oxygen to the blood.

The movements of the diaphragm and rib cage affect the volume of the lungs.

What physical changes affect the volume of the lungs? (Module 21.9B) -The movements of the upper limbs affect the volume of the lungs. -The degree of flexion and extension of the trunk affect the volume of the lungs. -The contraction of tracheal smooth muscle affect the volume of the lungs. -The movements of the diaphragm and rib cage affect the volume of the lungs. -The contraction of the abdominal muscles affect the volume of the lungs.

The intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure.

What pressures determine the direction of airflow within the respiratory tract? (Module 21.9C) -The intrapulmonary pressure and the atmospheric pressure -The sinus cavity pressures and the intrapulmonary pressure -The intrapleural pressure and the intrapulmonary pressure -The sinus cavity pressures and the atmospheric pressure -The intratracheal pressure and intrapulmonary pressure

they are equal.

When there is no air movement, the relationship between the intrapulmonary and atmospheric pressure is that -atmospheric pressure is less than intrapulmonary. -they are equal. -atmospheric pressure is more than intrapulmonary. -intrapulmonary pressure is less than atmospheric. -intrapulmonary pressure is greater than atmospheric.

diaphragm and external intercostals

Which muscles, when contracted, would increase the volume of air in the thoracic cavity? diaphragm and internal intercostals internal intercostals and external oblique diaphragm and external intercostals

The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs.

Which of the following descriptions accurately describes Boyle's law? -The partial pressure of a gas in the air you breathe in is equal to the total atmospheric pressure times the fractional concentration of the gas. -The pressure of gas in your lungs is inversely proportional to the volume in your lungs. -How well a gas dissolves in a liquid such as blood depends on both its partial pressure and its solubility.

The percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6.

Which of the following would be greater? -the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.6 -the percent of oxygen saturation of hemoglobin when the pH is 7.2

The intrapulmonary pressure rises above the atmospheric pressure.

Which of these physical changes to the respiratory structures does NOT cause the lung volume to increase? -The intrapulmonary pressure rises above the atmospheric pressure. -The diaphragm contracts. -The ribcage is pulled upward. -The thoracic cavity volume increases.

intrapleural pressure

Which pressure is the result of the natural tendency of the lungs to decrease their size (because of elasticity) and the opposing tendency of the thoracic wall to pull outward and enlarge the lungs? intrapulmonary pressure intrapleural pressure atmospheric pressure

If the volume of a gas-filled container increases, the pressure of the gas in the container decreases.

Which statement best expresses Boyle's Law? -If the volume of a gas-filled container increases, the pressure of the gas in the container decreases. -If the volume of a gas in a sealed container increases, the pressure of the gas increases. -If the temperature of a gas increases, the volume of the gas will increase. -If the pressure of a gas in a sealed container increases, the volume of the container will increase.

In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells.

Which statement is correct? -In the blood, oxygen is bound to hemoglobin, a protein found in red blood cells. -Oxygen is released from the mitochondria as a product of cellular respiration. -Carbon dioxide diffuses from the alveoli into surrounding capillaries. -Oxygen diffuses from large blood vessels into the body's cells. -As oxygen diffuses from the lungs into capillaries, blood becomes deoxygenated.

Slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space.

Which ventilates alveoli more effectively: slow, deep breaths or rapid, shallow breaths? Explain why. (Module 21.11C) -Slow, deep breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space. -Rapid, shallow breaths because a larger amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space. -Rapid, shallow breaths because a smaller amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space. -Slow, deep breaths because a larger amount of the tidal volume of each breath is spent moving air into and out of the anatomic dead space.

Alveolar ventilation rate

________ equals the respiratory rate × (tidal volume - anatomic dead space). Respiratory minute volume Pulmonary ventilation rate Vital capacity Alveolar ventilation rate External respiration rate

Inspiratory reserve volume

________ is the amount of air that you can inhale above the resting tidal volume. Residual inhaled volume Enhanced tidal volume Expiratory reserve volume Inspiratory reserve volume Inspiratory capacity

Tidal volume

_________ is the amount of air that moves into the respiratory system during a single respiratory cycle under resting conditions. Expiratory reserve volume Residual volume Tidal volume Inspiratory capacity Inspiratory reserve volume