Mastering A&P- Chapter 9

affects more males than females; begins in the sacroiliac joint; vertebrae become interconnected

Ankylosing spondylitis

damage to and softening of the cartilage occurs on the posterior surface of the patella and anterior surface of the distal femur

Chondromalacia patellae

movement of a limb or finger so it describes a cone in space

Circumduction

-Movement between adjacent carpal bones -Flat bones sliding past one another -Vertebral processes gliding past one another

Description of nonaxial movement

-Rotation of a bone on one axis -Flexion at the elbow

Description of other types of movement

increases the angle between bones

Extension

uric acid levels rise and precipitate as solid crystals in synovial membranes; more common in males than in females; articulating bones may fuse

Gouty arthritis

caused by spirochetes; transmitted by ticks that live on deer and mice; treated with antibiotics

Lyme disease

wear-and-tear arthritis; affects articular cartilages; bone spurs develop around damaged cartilage

Osteoarthritis

autoimmune disease; affects more women than men; includes muscle weakness, heart and blood vessel problems, and joint inflammation

Rheumatoid arthritis

Synovial fluid is a. a filtrate of the blood, with added glycoproteins. b. fluid from edema. c. identical to blood plasma. d. an extract from the bone marrow.

a. a filtrate of the blood, with added glycoproteins.

A joint between a tooth and its socket is a. a gomphosis. b. a suture. c. a synostosis. d. an ankylosis.

a. a gomphosis.

By hyperextending a thigh at the hip joint, you could a. bring your knee and leg to a position posterior to the thorax. b. perform the same movement as circumduction. c. hit your chin with your knee. d. squeeze both thighs together.

a. bring your knee and leg to a position posterior to the thorax.

The largest ball-and-socket joint in the body is the a. hip. b. knee. c. interphalangeal joint. d. shoulder.

a. hip.

Synovial joint cavities are the only important exceptions to the rule that cavities in the body are always lined with epithelia. The synovial membrane consists of a. loose connective tissue. b. nervous tissue. c. muscle tissue. d. dense irregular connective tissue.

a. loose connective tissue.

An example of a synarthrotic fibrous joint is the a. sagittal suture. b. interosseous membrane between the radius and the ulna. c. pubic symphysis. d. intervertebral discs.

a. sagittal suture.

By plantar flexing your feet at the ankle joints, you will a. stand on your toes. b. turn your big toes laterally. c. stand back on your heels. d. stand on the medial margins of your feet.

a. stand on your toes.

During middle age, fibrous tissue within sutures ossifies, leaving closed sutures called ______. a. synostoses b. syndesmoses c. gliding joint d. synchondroses

a. synostoses

Expansion of the rib cage during inhalation is possible because the costovertebral joints are a. synovial. b. synchondroses. c. amphiarthrotic. d. biaxial.

a. synovial.

movement of a limb toward the midline of the body

adduction

What are bursae and what is their function in the synovial joints in which they are located? a. Bursae are cartilaginous pads that help articulating bones fit together better. b. Bursae are fibrous sacs of synovial fluid that decrease friction during movement. c. Bursae are the small bones found within tendons that alter the direction of pull of a tendon. d. None of the listed responses is correct.

b. Bursae are fibrous sacs of synovial fluid that decrease friction during movement.

A pre-adolescent has more joints than an adult because of these immovable cartilaginous joints. a. sutures b. epiphyseal plates c. gomphoses d. synovial joints

b. epiphyseal plates

Which type of movement occurs in the intercarpal joint in the wrist? a. rotation b. gliding c. abduction/adduction d. opposition

b. gliding

What movement occurs when one moves the foot from the anatomical position to point the toes laterally, with the foot flat on the floor? a. eversion b. lateral rotation c. plantar flexion d. inversion

b. lateral rotation

From what tissue do synovial joints develop in the embryo? a. hyaline cartilage b. mesenchyme c. dense irregular connective tissue d. dense regular connective tissue

b. mesenchyme

A bursa differs from the synovial cavity of a joint in that it a. is not involved in lubrication. b. need not be attached to any bone. c. contains no synovial fluid. d. has no synovial membrane.

b. need not be attached to any bone.

A chronic disorder of joints in which the articular cartilages degenerate and bony spurs form is a. rheumatoid arthritis. b. osteoarthritis. c. gout. d. Lyme disease.

b. osteoarthritis.

An example of a multiaxial joint is a. the proximal radioulnar joint. b. the hip. c. the pubic symphysis. d. an intervertebral joint, between the articular processes.

b. the hip.

Tendon sheaths a. surround all tendons. b. wrap the tendons that are crowded in the carpal tunnel. c. contain articular cartilages. d. differ from bursae in that they are not lubricating in function.

b. wrap the tendons that are crowded in the carpal tunnel.

The lateral movement of the arms away from the body is called a. flexion. b. adduction. c. abduction. d. extension.

c. abduction.

Symphyses and synchondroses __________. a. are synovial joints that do not allow movement between articulating bones b. contain joint cavities c. are types of cartilaginous joints d. allow differing amounts of movement based on degree of muscle tone at that joint e. are all types of fibrous joints

c. are types of cartilaginous joints

Which of the following locations is a cartilaginous joint? a. between the transverse articular processes of vertebrae and the ribs b. between tarsals c. between the sternum and rib 1 d. the sacroiliac joint

c. between the sternum and rib 1

Structural classification of joints __________. a. includes synarthroses, amphiarthroses, and diarthroses b. is based on the amount of movement allowed c. includes fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial d. All of the listed responses are correct.

c. includes fibrous, cartilaginous, and synovial

In abduction of the fingers, the fifth finger moves medially, and the second finger moves a. by flexing toward the palm. b. medially. c. laterally. d. anteriorly.

c. laterally.

Which of the response pairs listed below does not correctly pair the joint category with its functional degree of mobility? a. symphysis: amphiarthrosis b. synovial: diarthrosis c. synchondrosis: amphiarthrosis d. suture: synarthrosis

c. synchondrosis: amphiarthrosis

The only category of articulations with a joint cavity is a a. synostosis. b. fibrous joint. c. synovial joint. d. cartilaginous joint.

c. synovial joint.

Articular cartilages are found both in symphyses and in a. sutures. b. syndesmoses. c. synovial joints. d. synchondroses.

c. synovial joints.

An example of a syndesmosis that is amphiarthrotic, allowing a large amount of movement, is __________. a. the joint between the first rib and the sternum b. teeth in their bony sockets c. the interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna d. the distal tibiofibular joint e. the joints between ribs 2â€"7 and the sternum

c. the interosseous membrane between the radius and ulna

The general structural type of joint between intervertebral discs is __________.

cartilaginous

Student's elbow is an example of a. gout. b. osteoarthritis. c. tendonitis. d. bursitis.

d. bursitis.

The main function of synovial fluid is a. removing metabolic wastes. b. nourishing bone. c. cooling. d. lubrication.

d. lubrication.

When you abduct your arm, movement at the sternoclavicular joint includes __________. a. retraction of the sternoclavicular joint b. supination of the sternoclavicular joint c. protraction of the sternoclavicular joint d. posterior rotation of the sternoclavicular joint e. elevation of the sternoclavicular joint

d. posterior rotation of the sternoclavicular joint

A joint capsule (articular capsule) has two layers. The function of the capsule's internal layer is to a. act as a meniscus. b. contain all of the nerves and blood vessels of the joint. c. strengthen the joint against tension. d. produce synovial fluid.

d. produce synovial fluid.

An example of an amphiarthrotic cartilaginous joint is the a. knee joint. b. epiphyseal plate. c. sternocostal joint. d. pubic symphysis.

d. pubic symphysis.

When the fibrous tissue of sutures ossifies, the resulting joint is called a a. synchondrosis. b. syndesmosis. c. symphysis. d. synostosis.

d. synostosis.

The condition in which excessive amounts of synovial fluid effuse into a joint cavity is called a. chondromalacia. b. ankylosing spondylitis. c. arthroplasty. d. synovitis.

d. synovitis.

In pronation, a. the forearm is laterally rotated. b. the ulna rotates, but the radius does not. c. the palm faces anteriorly. d. the radius and ulna are crossed.

d. the radius and ulna are crossed.

What is the function of the synovial membrane of a synovial joint? a. It is responsible for weeping lubrication. b. It absorbs compression. c. It keeps bone ends from being crushed. d. It strengthens the joint so that bones are not pulled apart. e. It secretes synovial fluid.

e. It secretes synovial fluid.

All of the following structures are common to all synovial joints EXCEPT __________. a. joint cavity b. nerves and blood vessels c. articular capsule d. synovial fluid and articular cartilage e. articular discs f. reinforcing ligaments

e. articular discs

Gliding joints __________. a. are uniaxial b. include the first carpometacarpal joint c. allow flexion and extension as well as adduction and abduction d. include the elbow and interphalangeal joints e. include the articular processes of vertebrae, the intercarpal and intertarsal joints

e. include the articular processes of vertebrae, the intercarpal and intertarsal joints

During dorsiflexion, __________. a. the sole is turned medially b. the toes are pointed downward (foot is depressed) c. the sole is turned laterally d. the proximal radioulnar joint is turned medially e. the foot is lifted so its superior surface approaches the shin

e. the foot is lifted so its superior surface approaches the shin

T/F: Amphiarthroses are more movable than diarthroses.

false

T/F: Hyaline cartilage forms many menisci, such as are found in the temporomandibular joint and the knee joint.

false

T/F: Synovial fluid is slippery because of glycoproteins that are secreted by fibroblasts located within the articular cartilage.

false

T/F: Synarthroses are freely movable joints.

false

Synovial fluid is a filtrate of blood, but also contains __________ molecules secreted by fibroblasts in the synovial membrane.

glycoprotein

turning the sole of the foot medially

inversion

__________ is the special movement that allows humans to grasp objects by touching the thumb to the tips of other fingers.

opposition

moving a body part in the posterior direction

retraction

rotating the forearm so the palm is facing anteriorly

supination

T/F: One could characterize a bursa as a sac of synovial fluid.

true

T/F: The term synovial joint contains the root word ov, referring to ovum, or egg, because the synovial fluid is viscous like the white of the egg.

true

T/F: A tendon sheath is an elongated membranous sac filled with synovial fluid that wraps around a tendon.

true