Mastering A&P Exam 4 Chapters 10-12 -HCC Holland
atrioventricular bundle
3
purkinje fibers
5
Why do objects viewed underwater with a mask appear closer and larger than they really are? A) The mask provides additional refraction of light before it reaches the retina. B) Light traveling through the water scatters more than it does when moving through the air. C) Water is denser than the lens of the eye. D) Light moves more slowly through the water. E) The cornea does not function in water, and the light is not refracted as much.
A) The mask provides additional refraction of light before it reaches the retina.
The modality of a stimulus can be determined within the central nervous system by A) adequate stimulus for the sensory receptor cell. B) frequency coding. C) lateral inhibition. D) population coding.
A) adequate stimulus for the sensory receptor cell.
From an evolutionary perspective, the oldest sense is ________. A) chemoreception B) mechanoreception C) photoreception D) nociception
A) chemoreception
Sensory receptors that respond when body temperature is below normal are called A) cold receptors. B) photoreceptors. C) warm receptors. D) All receptors respond to temperatures above and below body temperature (no unique name).
A) cold receptors.
The pitch of a sound wave is related to its A) frequency. B) duration. C) decibels. D) amplitude.
A) frequency.
Photoreceptors secrete the neurotransmitter A) glutamate. B) acetylcholine. C) dopamine. D) norepinephrine.
A) glutamate.
The receptors of equilibrium and hearing are the A) hair cells. B) supporting cells. C) ampullae. D) saccules. E) utricles.
A) hair cells.
A decrease in the release of neurotransmitter from the photoreceptor would indicate a(n) A) increase in light intensity. B) decrease in light intensity. C) lack of light reaching the retina. D) change in focus of the lens onto a distant object.
A) increase in light intensity.
skin of the scalp
A.
temporal lobe
Auditory area.
In which area of the neuron is an action potential initially generated?
Axon terminal
At which point of the illustrated action potential would voltage-gated Na+ channels be mostly open but voltage-gated K+ channels be mostly closed?
B
Put these structures of the visual system in the order that they transmit visual information from the retina. 1. optic disk 2. visual cortex of the occipital lobe 3. optic chiasm 4. lateral geniculate body of the thalamus A) 1, 3, 2, 4 B) 1, 3, 4, 2 C) 3, 1, 2, 4 D) 1, 2, 3, 4 E) 3, 1, 4, 2
B) 1, 3, 4, 2
The following steps occur in rods when they are excited by a photon of light. Place them in the correct sequence. 1. Membrane sodium channels close. 2. cGMP is broken down. 3. The membrane hyperpolarizes and the rate of neurotransmitter release declines. 4. Transducin is activated. 5. Opsin is activated. A) 3, 5, 2, 1, 4 B) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3 C) 1, 5, 2, 4, 3 D) 4, 5, 2, 1, 3 E) 1, 3, 4, 5, 2
B) 5, 4, 2, 1, 3
Where do all tertiary somatic sensory neurons terminate? A) Hypothalamus B) Somatosensory cortex C) Thalamus D) Cerebellum
B) Somatosensory cortex
A receptor potential is A) the resting membrane potential of a receptor cell. B) a graded potential. C) an action potential. D) always converted to an action potential in sensory receptor cells.
B) a graded potential.
A decrease in ones perception of a stimulus whose intensity has not changed due to higher neural inhibition is A) adaptation. B) habituation. C) convergence. D) divergence.
B) habituation.
periosteum of the skull bones
B.
pericardial cavity
C
Human eyes are sensitive to light in the visible spectrum between the wavelengths of A) 1 to 400 nm. B) 500 to 1000 nm. C) 400 to 750 nm. D) 1000 to 1400 nm.
C) 400 to 750 nm.
An area of the retina that contains only cones and is the site of sharpest vision is the A) optic disc. B) inner segment. C) outer segment. D) tapetum lucidum. E) fovea.
E) fovea.
Nociceptors are responsible for the perception of A) pain and skin stretch. B) skin stretch only. C) pain only. D) itch only. E) pain and itch.
E) pain and itch.
meningeal layer of the dura mater
E.
Label
Fissure Sulcus Gyrus Gray Matter White Matter
Insula
Gustatory (taste) area.
subdural space
I.
Which of the following types of neurons carry impulses away from the central nervous system (CNS)? association motor sensory afferent
Motor
This brain area associates experiences necessary for the production of abstract ideas, judgment, and conscience.
Prefrontal Area
A major relay station for sensory information ascending to the cerebral cortex. Contains many specialized nuclei.
Thalamus
A patient is admitted to the rehabilitation unit five days after having a stroke. The nurse assesses his muscle strength and determines that he has right-sided weakness. Based on this assessment data, what part of the brain was injured?
There was damage to localized areas of the primary motor cortex in the left cerebral hemisphere.
Which of the neuroglial cell types shown form myelin sheaths within the CNS?
These cells form myelin sheaths within the white matter of the CNS.
Which of the cell types shown is most associated with the production and flow of cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)?
These cells line central cavities of the CNS and, in certain places, produce CSF. The cilia of these cells help circulate the CSF that nourishes and cushions the brain and spinal cord.
The most common lever systems in the body are those that have the applied force between the fulcrum and the resistance. These are called ______ levers.
Third Class
occipital lobe
Visual area.
Which of the following membrane regions would have significant numbers of voltage-gated ion channels?
Voltage-gated Na+ and K+ channels allow for the triggering of an action potential at the axon hillock (C) and its propagation down the axon (D)
A postsynaptic cell can be a neuron, a muscle cell, or a secretory cell. What is an example of a presynaptic cell? a secretory cell a neuron a Schwann cell a muscle cell
a neuron
cerebellum
a structure called the arbor vitae are found in this brain structure
lateral sulcus
anatomical structure that is the border between the frontal and temporal lobes
large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart are called
arteries
the first sound lub is caused by the closure of the
atrioventricular valves
Produces automatic behaviors necessary for survival.
brain stem
The arbor vitae refers to ______
cerebellar white matter
Executive suite.
cerebrum
when ventricle the av valves are closed
contract
inferior messenteric vein
dangly one on right side
fissures
deep grooves in the cerebrum are called what?
The major abductor muscle of the upper arm is the ___________.
deltoid
When a neuron is stimulated and sodium channels open, the process of ________ has begun
depolarization
The internal intercostals muscles draw the ribs______during expiration.
down
the layer of the heart wall synonymous with the viscerall layer of the serous pericardium is
epicardium
Neurotransmitter is released from presynaptic neurons through what mechanism? phagocytosis pinocytosis endocytosis exocytosis
exocytosis
The muscular wall of the abdomen is composed of ____________.
external oblique and rectus muscles
The central sulcus separates which lobes?
frontal from parietal
Label brain
frontal lobe temporal lobe pons medulla oblongata spinal cord parietal lobe occipital loe cerebellum
the longest veins in the body drain the leg and are the
great saphenous veins
Ridges of tissue on the surface of the cerebral hemispheres are called ________.
gyri
the single vessel that drains blood from the digestive tract organs to the liver is the
hepatic portal vein
When a neurotransmitter like GABA is acting in an inhibitory manner which of the following is likely a result of the GABA acting on the post synaptic cell? depolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane opening of chemically gated sodium channels hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane influx of positively charged ions into the postsynaptic cell
hyperpolarization of the postsynaptic cell membrane
The _______ nerve innervates all of the extrinsic tongue muscles.
hypoglossal
Visceral command center.
hypothalamus
What would you find in the cerebral cortex?
interneurons cell bodies dendrites
The _______ muscles of the face is NOT innervated by the facial nerve?
masseter
Which of the following is NOT a functional classification of neurons? interneurons efferent multipolar sensory
multipolar
cerebral cortex
name for the outermost gray matter layer of the cerebrum that is packed with billions of neuron somas
infundibulum
name for the small stalk of tissue that connects the hypothalamus to the pituitary gland
choroid plexuses
name of the capillary clusters in the ventricles that produce cerebrospinal fluid
longitudinal fissure
name of the groove that is found between the right and left cerebral hemispheres
antidiuretic hormone (ADH) or oxytocin
name one hormone released by the posterior pituitary gland
subdural space
name the cavity between the dura mater and arachnoid mater
frontal lobe, parietal lobe, temporal lobe, occipital lobe, insula
name the five lobes of the cerebrum
the pressure that draws fluid into capillaries since blood has a higher solute concentration than interstitial fluid is known as
osmotic pressure
the first wave on a ECG that follows the firing of the SA node this wave is small and signals the depolarization of the atria immediately before they contract
p wave
In the brain, vision originates in the rods and cones in the retina. Separate regions of the brain decode basic information, like color, shapes, intensity of light, and there are other regions that decode information like position in space, and awareness of patterns. As you use your visual system, all of these regions are working simultaneously. This simultaneous awareness of all regions working at the same time is due to which processing pattern listed below? parallel processing oscillative processing serial processing reflexive processing
parallel processing
The extensor digitorum muscle is an example of a ____________ muscle.
pennate
what is the function of the heart valves
prevents backflow of blood
Which type of white matter fiber tract connects the cerebrum to lower centers, like the spinal cord?
projection fibers Projection fibers connect the cerebral cortex to the brain stem and spinal cord.
the transportation of blood from the right side of the heart to the lungs and back to the left side of the heart is known as circulation
pulmonary
which one of the following blood vessels carries oxygenated blood
pulmonary vein
the left atrium recieves blood from the
pulmonary veins
Muscles with fibers that run parallel an imaginary line such as the long axis of the body are called ____________.
rectus
Which muscle flexes and rotates the lumbar region of the vertebral column?
rectus abdominis
superior sagittal sinus
red line with question mark
In which location would cerebrospinal fluid (csf) be located?
region #8 - the subarachnoid space
label inside brain
septum pellucidum intermediate mass of thalamus optic chiasma pituitary gland cerebral hemishpere mammillary body corpus callosum fornix fourth ventricle
which of the following represents the correct path for the transmission of an impulse in the intrinsic conduction system of the heart
sinoatrial node AV node av bundle right and left branches purkinje fibers
A shallow groove on the surface of the cortex is called a ________.
sulcus
Gateway to the cerebrum.
thalamus
diencephalon components
thalamus hypothalamus pineal gland (epithalamus)
Midbrain region of the brain stem
the corpora quadrigemina is located in the brain region
axons of neurons, because the corpus callosum is a tract
the corpus callosum consists largely of which neuron structure
epithalamus
the pineal gland is found within this brain region
frontal lobe
the precentral gyrus is located in this brain region
The cortical regions indicated by E are involved in what functions?
the production and interpretation of language Regions indicated by E include Broca's area in the frontal lobe and Wernicke's area in the temporal lobe.
During an action potential, the rapid decrease in sodium permeability and simultaneous increase in potassium permeability is responsible for __________. the depolarization phase the hyperpolarization phase returning to the resting membrane potential after the action potential the repolarization phase
the repolarization phase
gyri
the ridges of tissue on the cerebrum are called what?
arachnoid mater
the space between I and J.
midbrain
the superior region of the brain stem
lateral ventricles
the ventricles found within the cerebrum are called?
What change in a neuron is being measured in the graph?
the voltage measured across the axon membrane at a specific point as an action potential travels past
interventricular foramen
then name of the passageway between the lateral and third ventricles
a pulmonary embolism can be a direct result from which of the following conditions
thrombophlebitis
Nuclei relating to the startle reflex are located in the corpora quadrigemina of the midbrain.
true
Axon terminals have a big amount of
vesicles containing neurotransmitter
it is the general (or somatic) sensory interpretation area of the brain
what is the function of the postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
label
white columns dorsal root ganglion spinal nerve dorsal root ventral root gray matter central canal
postcentral gyrus of the parietal lobe
general sensory information is receive and interpreted in this brain region
which of these pathways correctly traces blood as it travels from the aortic arch to the left arm
aortic arch left subclavian artery left axillary artery left brachial artery
the pointed inferior portion of the heart known as the rests on the diaphragm and is oriented toward the left hip
apex
when the ventricles contract the bicuspid valve prevents blood from flowing from the
left ventricle to the left atrium
the external carotid artery serves the skin and muscles of the head and
neck
functions of the CSF?
nourishment of the brain protection from blows reduction of brain weight
Region A includes which of the following?
prefrontal cortex The prefrontal cortex is located in the anterior region of the frontal lobe.
Which part of the cerebral cortex is involved in intellect, cognition, recall, and personality?
prefrontal cortex (anterior association area)
Injury to the hypothalamus may result in
sleep disturbances dehydration loss of body temperature control
Second-class levers have great strength but are
slow and have little range of motion.
A muscle whose name ends in the suffix -glossus would be found attached to the ___________.
tongue
in most people, the left cerebral hemisphere has greater control over language abilities, math, and logic.
true
At which of the points along the illustrated action potential can a second action potential be produced, but only with a stimulus significantly greater than the one that produced the first?
D
________ is released from type II cells to stimulate primary gustatory neurons. A) Acetylcholine B) Glutamine C) Gustducin D) ATP E) Serotonin
D) ATP
subclavian artery
clavicle artery
Events that occur during synaptic activity are listed here, but they are arranged in an incorrect order. Choose the correct order of these events below. (a) Voltage-gated calcium channels open (b) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors (c) Action potential arrives at axon terminal (d) Neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft (e) Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft (f) Graded potential generated in postsynaptic cell
(c) Action potential arrives at axon terminal (a) Voltage-gated calcium channels open (e) Neurotransmitter released into synaptic cleft (b) Neurotransmitter binds to receptors (f) Graded potential generated in postsynaptic cell (d) Neurotransmitter is removed from the synaptic cleft
Order each of the following events so that they occur in the proper order, from left to right, with respect to the function of the channels, ion permeability, and changes in membrane potential.
-Opening of voltage-gated Na+ channels Opening of voltage-gated Na+channels -Na+ ion flow into the neuron increases N a + ion flow into the neuron increases -Depolarization of the membrane to +30 mV -K+ ion flow out of the neuron increases K + ion flow out of the neuron increases -Repolarization of The membrane
describe the cerebral cortex?
-The cerebral cortex contains three kinds of functional areas. -Each hemisphere is chiefly concerned with sensory and motor functions of the contralateral side of the body. -No functional area of the cortex works alone.
bundle branches
4
Which primary-to-secondary neuron ratio would allow for the greatest receptive field sensitivity? A) 1:1 B) 1:2 C) 2:1 D) 3:1
A) 1:1
There are ________ primary taste (gustation) sensations. A) 5 B) 2 C) 400 D) 20 E) 4
A) 5
Which of the following are responsible for a receptor adapting to a stimulus? A) Na+ channel inactivation or K+ channel opening B) Na+ channel inactivation only C) opening of Na+ channels only D) K+ channel inactivation only E) opening of K+ channels only
A) Na+ channel inactivation or K+ channel opening
Which of the following statements regarding pathways for somatic perception projection is correct? A) Primary sensory neurons from the hands project to a specific region of the somatosensory cortex. B) The tertiary sensory neurons cross-over the body's midline. C) The longest of the secondary sensory neurons transmit fine touch and proprioceptive information. D) Primary sensory neurons that respond to cold sensation project to the same region of the somatosensory cortex. E) The synapse for the secondary to tertiary sensory neuron is within the medulla.
A) Primary sensory neurons from the hands project to a specific region of the somatosensory cortex.
Which cells release ATP when a ligand binds to its membrane receptor, and in which sense are these cells involved? A) Receptor cells; taste B) Hair cells; hearing C) Cones; vision D) Presynaptic cells; taste
A) Receptor cells; taste
Which of the following describes a depolarization? A) The membrane becomes less polarized. B) The membrane potential becomes more negative. C) The membrane potential becomes more polarized. D) The membrane, which was formerly not polarized, now is polarized.
A) The membrane becomes less polarized.
Which of the following does NOT describe graded potentials? A) They are always depolarizing. B) They are local changes. C) They are changes to the membrane potential. D) They vary with the intensity of the stimulus.
A) They are always depolarizing.
Greater visual acuity results from convergence of fewer number ofphotoreceptors onto retinal ganglion cells. A) True B) False
A) True
With the photoreceptor already stimulated with a moderate light intensity, a decreasein light intensity is required to open more sodium channels. A) True B) False
A) True
The function of the pigment melanin in the retina is to A) absorb light rays that are not absorbed by photoreceptors. B) absorb light rays that cause visual signals to go to the brain. C) determine eye color, depending on the amount of pigment present. D) help amplify signals in dim light.
A) absorb light rays that are not absorbed by photoreceptors.
Which of the following would be an adequate stimulus for a mechanoreceptor? A) cell stretch B) pH C) photon of light D) cold temperature E) oxygen
A) cell stretch
The ability to distinguish different pitches (frequencies) of sound results from which of the following? A) changing sensitivity to pitch along the length of the basilar membrane B) the fact that individual hair cells have different sensitivities C) changing position of the middle ear bones, depending on sound frequency D) changing sensitivity to pitch along different parts of the tympanic membrane
A) changing sensitivity to pitch along the length of the basilar membrane
The initial response to sweet and umami involves the binding to a receptor, which activates the protein ________ whereas salty and sour stimulate ________. A) gustduction, ion channels B) to open ion channels, G-protein coupled receptors C) tyrosine kinase, ion channels D) integrin, tyrosine kinase
A) gustduction, ion channels
A neuron that has responded to a stimulus causes decreased activity in neighboring neurons in which process? A) lateral inhibition B) desensitization C) stimulus down-regulation D) habituation
A) lateral inhibition
Which of the following structures focuses light for clear vision? A) lens B) retina C) iris D) pupil
A) lens
Which receptors are the hair cells of the ear? A) mechanoreceptors B) audioreceptors C) chemoreceptors D) thermoreceptors
A) mechanoreceptors
The extension of the forebrain that receives odor input from the nose is the ________. A) olfactory bulb B) olfactory epithelium C) olfactory receptor D) vomeronasal organ
A) olfactory bulb
The central opening in the eye through which the light passes on to the retina is the A) pupil. B) fovea. C) cornea. D) lens. E) conjunctiva.
A) pupil.
The photosensitive pigment synthesized from vitamin A is A) retinal. B) opsin. C) rhodopsin. D) transducin. E) cGMP.
A) retinal.
Which structure(s) contain(s) receptors that detect rotation of the head? A) semicircular canals B) maculae C) saccule D) utricle
A) semicircular canals
Which of the following is NOT a somatosensory modality? A) vision B) proprioception C) nociception D) touch E) temperature
A) vision
AV node
atrioventricular node
Primary sensory neurons transmitting information on sweet and umami are activated by release of ________ whereas salty and sour are activated by release of ________. A) acetylcholine, calcium B) ATP, serotonin C) calcium, acetylcholine D) serotonin, ATP
B) ATP, serotonin
Which of the following would occur if you were to surgically remove the pigmented epithelium of the retina? A) A person would no longer be able to see in the dark. B) Entering light would be scattered across the retina and it would be difficult to obtain a sharp image. C) A person would no longer be able to process colors. D) Entering light would be scattered across the retina and a very sharp image would be obtained.
B) Entering light would be scattered across the retina and it would be difficult to obtain a sharp image.
________ hearing loss occurs because of damage to the structure of the inner ear. A) Conductive B) Sensorineural C) Central D) Mechanical
B) Sensorineural
Vision is especially acute in the fovea and surrounding macula. This is due to a high density of cone cells and which other reason? A) There is an optimal mix of rods and cones. B) There are no blood vessels or neurons covering the cones. C) This is the only area of the retina with rods. D) The optic nerve exits the retina at the fovea providing an area especially sensitive to light.
B) There are no blood vessels or neurons covering the cones.
Why would a drug that enhances the kidney's ability to excrete water be given to someone that suffers from Ménière's disease? A) It will increase the concentration of crystals in the otolith. B) This treatment will decrease the amount of endolymph made. C) This treatment will increase the endolymph's salt content. D) This treatment will decrease blood pressure.
B) This treatment will decrease the amount of endolymph made.
What mechanism causes hair cell depolarization as stereocilia bend in response to sound waves? A) Rhodopsin absorbs energy to cause an increase in cGMP that opens cyclic nucleotide-gated channels. B) Tip links open ion channels, which causes membrane depolarization. C) Otoliths shift to open ion channels and depolarize hair cells. D) Receptor cells release ATP. Neighboring cells take up the ATP to generate action potentials.
B) Tip links open ion channels, which causes membrane depolarization.
Which sensory pathway is the only one that does NOT synapse in the thalamus? A) vision B) gustation C) olfaction D) auditory
C) olfaction
Umami is A) another name for salty taste. B) a taste receptor cell activated by glutamate and nucleotides. C) the name of the ion channel activated by glutamate. D) a flavor enhancer that is part of olfaction.
B) a taste receptor cell activated by glutamate and nucleotides.
Phasic receptors A) are attune to parameters that the body must continuously assess. B) are quick to adapt to a particular stimulus intensity. C) slowly decrease the frequency of action potentials generated to a constant stimulus. D) once threshold is reached by a stimulus will always generate action potentials.
B) are quick to adapt to a particular stimulus intensity.
After an injury, Paul has difficulty recognizing and interpreting certain sounds. These symptoms imply damage to the A) middle ear. B) auditory cortex. C) cochlea. D) external ear.
B) auditory cortex.
If the sodium pump in the membranes of the photoreceptors were completely blocked, the result would be A) bright white light as all cones would be activated. B) darkness (blindness). C) grey images as only rods would function. D) an increase in visual acuity. E) the cells would not be able to produce glutamate.
B) darkness (blindness).
Which of the following structures is/are found in the retina? Check all that apply. A) blood vessels B) ganglion cells C) unipolar cells D) photoreceptors E) amacrine cells F) elastic fibers G) pigment epithelium H) bipolar cells I) horizontal cells
B) ganglion cells D) photoreceptors E) amacrine cells G) pigment epithelium H) bipolar cells I) horizontal cells
The highest frequency sound is detected by A) the frequency at which the stereocilia vibrate. B) hair cells located near the oval window end of the basilar membrane. C) unique hair cells located anywhere along the basilar membrane. D) hair cells located near the helicotrema end of the basilar membrane. E) hair cells located near the middle of the basilar membrane.
B) hair cells located near the oval window end of the basilar membrane.
The brain's association of activation of a receptor with the perception of a particular sensation is called A) modulating B) labeled line coding C )frequency D) locating
B) labeled line coding
In addition to temperature, cold receptors respond to A) capsaicin. B) menthol. C) water. D) alcohol.
B) menthol.
For a person suffering from ________, the focal point of the object is focused in front of the retina leading to blurring of distant objects. A) hyperopia B) myopia C) presbyopia D) astigmatism
B) myopia
Which of the following would be an adequate stimulus for a chemoreceptor? A) cell stretch B) oxygen C) photon of light D) cold temperature E) vibration
B) oxygen
A graded change in membrane potential within a sensory receptor cell is always called a(n) A) action potential. B) receptor potential. C) depolarization. D) hyperpolarization.
B) receptor potential.
Tonic receptors A) are quick to adapt to a particular stimulus intensity. B) slowly decrease the frequency of action potentials generated to a constant stimulus. C) are attune to changes in a parameter, not the extent of that change. D) will always decrease to the point where no action potentials are generated.
B) slowly decrease the frequency of action potentials generated to a constant stimulus.
The structure that overlies the organ of Corti and is attached to the tips of the hair cells is the A) endolymph. B) tectorial membrane. C) stapedius. D) perilymph. E) basilar membrane.
B) tectorial membrane.
Sensory neurons that maintain their firing as long as the stimulus is present are called ________ receptors. A) constant B) tonic C) continuous D) phasic
B) tonic
Which specific area of a neuron integrates signals? A) nucleus B) trigger zone C) axon D) dendrites
B) trigger zone
Which of the following responded to a chemical stimulus? A) free nerve ending B) Pacinian corpuscle C) olfactory receptor D) both the Pacinian corpuscle and the olfactory receptor
C) olfactory receptor
Which accurately describes the stimulus threshold for cones? A) Cones have a low threshold, therefore they require a large amount of light to be activated. B) Cones have a high threshold, therefore they require a small amount of light to be activated. C) Cones have a high threshold, therefore they require a large amount of light to be activated. D) Cones have a low threshold, therefore they require a small amount of light to be activated.
C) Cones have a high threshold, therefore they require a large amount of light to be activated.
Which change in an olfactory sensory neuron occurs when an odorant binds to a receptor? A) Gs proteins are activated, which increase PKA activity leading to enzyme phosphorylation, the generation of an action potential. B) Gs protein increase ATP concentration leading to greater transport and release of neurotransmitter at the axon terminus. C) Golf proteins are activated, which increase cAMP and open cAMP-gated cation channels. D) Golf proteins cause hyperpolarization of the sensory olfactory neurons leading to increased signaling to the olfactory cortex.
C) Golf proteins are activated, which increase cAMP and open cAMP-gated cation channels.
What is the significance of the neuronal circuit setup of the retina? A) It allows for a pathway of feedback between the optic nerve and the photoreceptors. B) It allows for a single photoreceptor to stimulate hundreds of ganglion cells. C) It allows for a single multipolar neuron to process the signal from hundreds of different photoreceptors. D) It takes a small light signal and amplifies it before it reaches the brain.
C) It allows for a single multipolar neuron to process the signal from hundreds of different photoreceptors.
With Anant's symptoms of dizziness and low buzzing in his ear, is it certain that he has Ménière's disease? A) Yes; Ménière's disease is the only condition that will cause these symptoms. B) No; this is not a condition associated with Ménière's disease. C) No; it is possible that it could be positional vertigo.
C) No; it is possible that it could be positional vertigo.
________ receptors are sensory receptors that respond to changes in a stimulus by altering their firing which rapidly stops as the stimulus is maintained. A) Tonic B) Constant C) Phasic D) Integrating
C) Phasic
Which of the following correctly describes how a photoreceptor responds to light? A) The receptor depolarizes, producing a graded potential but not an action potential. B) The receptor depolarizes, producing an action potential. C) The receptor hyperpolarizes, decreasing the amount of neurotransmitter it releases. D) The receptor either depolarizes or hyperpolarizes, depending upon the predominant color in the light.
C) The receptor hyperpolarizes, decreasing the amount of neurotransmitter it releases.
Beta-endorphin is produced from the same prohormone as A) aldosterone. B) insulin. C) adrenocorticotropin (ACTH). D) glucagon. E) thyroxine.
C) adrenocorticotropin (ACTH).
The loudness or intensity of a sound wave is related to its A) frequency. B) duration. C) amplitude. D) pitch.
C) amplitude.
Which of the following structures contains sensory receptors for hearing? A) semicircular canals B) tympanic membrane C) cochlea D) eustachian tube (anatomically called the pharyngotympanic tube)
C) cochlea
The ciliary muscle helps to A) control the amount of light reaching the retina. B) move the eyeball. C) control the shape of the lens. D) control the production of aqueous humor.
C) control the shape of the lens.
Light entering an eye first passes through this cell layer of the retina: A) bipolar. B) photoreceptor. C) ganglion. D) horizontal.
C) ganglion.
When the intensity of the appropriate stimulus was increased, the amplitude of the response _______. A) decreased B) did not change C) increased D) was zero
C) increased
When Golf is activated, which of the following steps in the olfactory cells contribute to their depolarization? A) increases in the closure of cAMP gated cation channels only B) increases in cAMP concentrations only C) increases in adenylate cyclase activity and cAMP concentrations D) increases in adenylate cyclase activity, cAMP concentrations and closure of cAMP gated cation channels E) increases in adenylate cyclase only
C) increases in adenylate cyclase activity and cAMP concentrations
Which of the following types of receptors are involved in hearing? A) chemoreceptors B) thermoreceptors C) mechanoreceptors D) photoreceptors
C) mechanoreceptors
Neuronal cells that are short-lived and therefore are frequently replaced are A) nociceptors. B) Pacinian corpuscles. C) olfactory receptors. D) gustatory receptors. E) retinal cells.
C) olfactory receptors.
Chemicals such as histamine, prostaglandins, serotonin, and substance P A) only inhibit nociceptors. B) sensitize, activate and inhibit nociceptors. C) only sensitize and activate nociceptors. D) only activate nociceptors. E) only sensitize nociceptors.
C) only sensitize and activate nociceptors.
The two-point discrimination test A) is used to test for hearing disorders. B) is used to determine clarity of vision. C) provides a measure of receptive field size for touch receptors. D) monitors the activity of taste buds. E) provides information about olfactory receptors.
C) provides a measure of receptive field size for touch receptors.
The receptor potential is generated at the _______. A) output region B) conducting region C) receiving region D) secretory region
C) receiving region
Visceral pain is poorly localized and can be perceived to originate from a region of the body that is different from it's actual location; this is called A) latency. B) tonic reception. C) referred pain. D) adaptation. E) analgesia.
C) referred pain.
Collateral pathways take vestibular receptor signals from the medulla to the A) thalamus only. B) cerebellum only. C) reticular formation and cerebellum. D) reticular formation only. E) thalamus and reticular formation.
C) reticular formation and cerebellum.
Sensory transduction is defined as _______. A) a change in the amplitude of a receptor potential B) the conversion of a light stimulus into pain C) the conversion of a stimulus to a change in membrane potential D) the disappearance of the perception of a stimulus
C) the conversion of a stimulus to a change in membrane potential
Accommodation describes the focusing of light on the retina by changing A) distance of the retina from the lens. B) the shape of the cornea. C) the shape of the lens. D) pupillary diameter.
C) the shape of the lens.
Sound waves are converted into mechanical movements (vibrations) by the A) cochlea. B) malleus. C) tympanic membrane. D) round window. E) oval window.
C) tympanic membrane.
Which of the following describes one of the symptoms associated with Ménière's disease and what sensory system of the body does it afflict? A) tinnitus; the sensations associated with taste B) nausea; general sensation at the level of the digestive system C) vertigo; balance and equilibrium by means of the ear D) dizziness; visual sensations
C) vertigo; balance and equilibrium by means of the ear
cranial bones
C.
A muscle that is inserted on the mandible is probably involved in ____________.
Chewing
What is the role of calcium in synaptic activity? Calcium degrades neurotransmitter in the synaptic cleft. Calcium diffuses across the synaptic cleft and binds to receptors on the postsynaptic neuron. Calcium influx into the synaptic terminal causes vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane. Calcium influx into the axon causes an action potential to propagate into the synaptic terminal.
Calcium influx into the synaptic terminal causes vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane.
When a neurotransmitter like acetylcholine is acting in an excitatory manner which of the following is likely a result of the acetylcholine acting on the post synaptic cell? Chemically gated chloride channels will open. Chemically gated sodium channels will open. Chemically gated sodium channels will be closed. Chemically gated potassium channels will open.
Chemically gated sodium channels will open
Identify the FALSE statement regarding sensory receptor cells. A) Threshold is the minimal stimulus intensity required to generate an action potential. B) A graded potential is referred to as a receptor potential. C )Sensory transduction converts stimulus energy into a receptor potential. D) Each type of sensory receptor responds only to the stimulus that defines the receptor. E) Many sensory receptor cells are NOT nerve cells.
D) Each type of sensory receptor responds only to the stimulus that defines the receptor.
Baroreceptors in the aortic arch and carotid bodies are mechanoreceptors that respond to the stretch that occurs in these arterial walls with changes in blood pressure. If pressure changes rapidly, the baroreceptors initiate a feedback mechanism that reduces blood pressure; however, if pressure changes slowly, as in developing hypertension, the receptors do not respond. Given this information, the baroreceptors are most likely which type of receptor? A) Adaptive receptors B) Discriminating receptors C) Tonic receptors D) Phasic receptors
D) Phasic receptors
The receptor potential _______. A) can be graded with stimulus intensity B) amplitude can vary with the stimulus intensity C) requires the appropriate stimulus D) amplitude can vary with the stimulus intensity, requires the appropriate stimulus and can be graded with a stimulus intensity
D) amplitude can vary with the stimulus intensity, requires the appropriate stimulus and can be graded with a stimulus intensity
Activation of Golf in the olfactory receptor cells causes ________ to open, which causes the frequency of action potentials to ________. A) cAMP gated cation channels, decrease B) cAMP gated anion channels, decrease C) cAMP gated anion channels, increase D) cAMP gated cation channels, increase
D) cAMP gated cation channels, increase
On a dark night, the rods have a high concentration of A) opsin. B) cAMP. C) kinase. D) cGMP.
D) cGMP.
As an object moves closer to the eye, the ciliary muscle ________ making the lens ________ in order to keep the object in focus. A) relaxes, thinner B) relaxes, thicker C) contracts, thinner D) contracts, thicker
D) contracts, thicker
A receptor potential is a type of ________ potential. A) action B) threshold C) resting D) graded
D) graded
Signal transduction in the type II taste cells relies on the G protein A) Ggus. B) transducin. C) Golf. D) gustducin.
D) gustducin.
Convergence describes A) how receptive fields can overlap with one another. B) the reason why receptive fields are so small. C) how one primary sensory receptor neurons synapses with a secondary neuron. D) how multiple primary sensory neurons synapse on a single secondary neuron.
D) how multiple primary sensory neurons synapse on a single secondary neuron.
For astronauts in space, the otoliths in the macula would respond to A) rotational acceleration only. B) linear acceleration and head position. C) head position only. D) linear acceleration only.
D) linear acceleration only.
Louder noises result in action potentials in the sensory neuron that are A) taller. B) less frequent. C) broader. D) more frequent. E) shorter.
D) more frequent.
Which of the following can be mediated by nociceptors? A) touch B) proprioception C) temperature D) pain and itch
D) pain and itch
A(n) ________ is a single energy packet of visible light. A) neutron B) electron C) proton D) photon
D) photon
The intensity of a stimulus can be determined within the central nervous system by A) population coding only. B) labeled line coding and/or frequency coding. C) labeled line coding only. D) population coding and/or frequency coding. E) frequency coding only.
D) population coding and/or frequency coding.
Endolymph is a unique fluid in the cochlear duct that contains more ________ and less ________ than the typical extracellular fluid. A) calcium, chlorine B) potassium, calcium C) sodium, chlorine D) potassium, sodium
D) potassium, sodium
The ion channels that transduce the vibration of the cochlea into receptor potentials are located on the A) helicotrema. B) cochlear duct. C) basilar membrane. D) stereocilia. E) tectorial membrane.
D) stereocilia.
With the exception of olfaction, all sensory pathways first travel to the ________, which acts as a relay and processing station. A) hypothalamus B) cerebrum C) medulla oblongata D) thalamus E) cerebellum
D) thalamus
Which of the following was able to detect pressure? A) Pacinian corpuscle B) olfactory receptor C) free nerve ending D) the Pacinian corpuscle and the free nerve ending
D) the Pacinian corpuscle and the free nerve ending
A blind spot in the retina occurs where A) the fovea is located. B) rod cells are clustered to form the macula. C) amacrine cells are located. D) the optic nerve leaves the eye. E) ganglion cells synapse with bipolar cells.
D) the optic nerve leaves the eye.
The bones within the middle ear connect the A) cochlea to the tympanic membrane. B) tympanic membrane to the round window. C) cochlea to the oval window. D) tympanic membrane to the oval window. E) oval window to the round window.
D) tympanic membrane to the oval window.
Which special sense would be most affected by a vitamin A deficiency? A) audition B) equilibrium C) gustation D) vision
D) vision
periosteal layer of the dura mater
D.
Which of the following statements about the cerebellum is correct?
Damage to the cerebellum could affect posture The cerebellum plays a role maintaining your balance The cerebellum has a cortex and homunculus, just like the motor cortex.
Arrange the parts in order, from left to right, of a successful direct depolarization path within one neuron.
Dendrite, Cell body, Axon hillock, Axon, Presynaptic terminal
Put these structures of the visual system in the order that they transmit light to the retina. 1. lens 2. aqueous humor 3. cornea 4. vitreous humor A) 1, 4, 3, 2 B) 3, 4, 1, 2 C) 1, 2, 3, 4 D) 2, 3, 4, 1 E) 3, 2, 1, 4
E) 3, 2, 1, 4
The effect of acetylcholine can be excitatory (stimulating) or inhibitory (inhibiting). Which of the following gives the best explanation for why this is so? Acetylcholine has many different forms. Different postsynaptic cells will have different receptors. Postsynaptic cells have a dynamic and changing metabolism and respond differently at different times. Acetylcholine has a "dose effect". Larger doses are stimulating while small doses inhibit.
Different postsynaptic cells will have different receptors.
A viral infection involving the vestibular nuclei may result in A) loss of sight. B) loss of hearing. C) local paralysis. D) high blood pressure. E) a sense of dizziness.
E) a sense of dizziness.
During the action potential, when does sodium permeability initially DECREASE? during the peak of depolarization during hyperpolarization during repolarization during the rising phase of depolarization
During the peak of depolarization
The primary purpose of the middle ear bony structures (maleus, incus and stapes) is to A) transmit otitis media to the cochlea. B) dampen the vibration as it conducts to the cochlea. C) equalize pressure in the middle ear. D) transduce the sound waves into vibration. E) amplify the vibration as it conducts to the cochlea.
E) amplify the vibration as it conducts to the cochlea.
A sudden flash of bright light would cause A) sympathetic activation to contract the pupillary constrictor muscles. B) sympathetic activation to contract the pupillary dilator muscles. C) parasympathetic activation to contract the pupillary dilator muscles. D) contraction of the ciliary muscle. E) parasympathetic activation to contract the pupillary constrictor muscles.
E) parasympathetic activation to contract the pupillary constrictor muscles.
Inhibiting adenyl cyclase in olfactory sensory neurons would A) expand the range of sensitivity of these receptors. B) convert the olfactory receptors from phasic to tonic receptors. C) increase the sensitivity of these receptors. D) have no effect on these receptors. E) reduce the sensitivity of these receptors.
E) reduce the sensitivity of these receptors.
When a rod located in the retina is stimulated by light, A) the release of neurotransmitter increases. B) the activity of transducin decreases. C) the inactive form of retinal associates with bleached opsin. D) the cell depolarizes. E) the intracellular concentration of cGMP decreases.
E) the intracellular concentration of cGMP decreases.
_______ are a group of natural chemicals that reduce the perception of pain.
Endorphins
where does the sioatrial node send an impulse after it initiates the electrical signal
atrioventricular node
Damage to which of the following muscles would aid inspiration?
External Intercostals
Deltoid is a rotator cuff muscle? T/F
False
Na+ leaks through neuron membranes faster than K+ because of the properties of the non-gated leak channels. True False
False
Unmyelinated fibers conduct impulses faster than myelinated fibers. True False
False
This area is the main visceral control center of the body.
Hypothalamus
label inside the brain
Hypothalmus pons spinal cord thalamus pineal gland midbrain cerebellum medulla oblongata
subdural space
J.
Predict the possible effect of a drug that totally blocks the neurotransmitter receptor on the postsynaptic membrane. For example, curare is a neurotoxin used by several South American cultures. The primary effect of curare is that acetylcholine, a major neuromuscular neurotransmitter, cannot bind at its receptor because curare is blocking it. Predict the possible effects of curare on the postsynaptic membrane and muscle. There is no effect. Transmission is slowed, and there is a slower response. Transmission of the action potential is enhanced, and there is a faster contraction response by the muscle. Local graded potential and action potential transmission is blocked, and there is no response by the postsynaptic cell, the muscle.
Local graded potential and action potential transmission is blocked, and there is no response by the postsynaptic cell, the muscle.
Which of the following types of glial cells monitors the health of neurons, and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons? microglia ependymal cells astrocytes oligodendrocytes
Microglia
Part complete Which of the following is NOT true of association neurons? Association neurons are also known as interneurons. Most association neurons are confined within the peripheral nervous system (PNS). Most association neurons are multipolar. Association neurons account for over 99% of the neurons in the body.
Most association neurons are confined within the peripheral nervous system (PNS).
frontal lobe
Motor speech (Broca's) area.
The diffusion of what ion, across the neuronal membrane, is responsible for the local currents that depolarize regions of the axon to threshold? K+ (potassium) voltage-gated Na+ (sodium) channels Na+ (sodium) Ca2+ (calcium)
Na+ (sodium)
The concentrations of which two ions are highest outside the cell? K+ and protein anions (A−) Na+ and protein anions (A−) Na+ and Cl− K+ and Cl−
Na+ and Cl−
Which of the following correctly states the direction followed by the specified ions when their voltage-gated channels open?
Na+ ions move into the axon; K+ ions move out.
What is the direct role of neurotransmitter at a chemical synapse? Neurotransmitter causes vesicles to fuse with the presynaptic membrane. Neurotransmitter causes calcium to flood into the presynaptic cell. Neurotransmitter causes a graded potential in the postsynaptic cell. Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane and allows ions to diffuse across the membrane.
Neurotransmitter binds to receptors on the postsynaptic cell membrane and allows ions to diffuse across the membrane.
Do muscle names indicate the myofibril content of a muscle?
No
Which of the following does NOT describe the process of summation? One EPSP and one IPSP cancel each other out. One EPSP fails to bring the cell to threshold. Two EPSPs occur close enough in time to bring the cell to threshold. Two EPSPs are generated at the same time by two separate synapses, bringing the cell to threshold.
One EPSP fails to bring the cell to threshold.
parietal lobe
Primary somatosensory cortex.
Let's consider a scenario in which the resting membrane potential changes from −70 mV to +70 mV, but the concentrations of all ions in the intracellular and extracellular fluids are unchanged. Predict how this change in membrane potential affects the movement of Na+. The electrical gradient for Na+ would tend to move Na+ __________ while the chemical gradient for Na+ would tend to move Na+ __________. out; in in; in out; out in; out
Out; in
frontal lobe
Premotor cortex.
The axons from this area form the major pyramidal (corticospinal) tracts.
Primary (somatic) motor Cortex
frontal lobe
Primary (somatic) motor cortex.
How do action potential propagation speeds compare in myelinated and unmyelinated axons? Propagation in unmyelinated axons is faster over short distances, but propagation is faster in myelinated axons over long distances. Propagation is faster in myelinated axons. Propagation speeds are similar in both axon types. Propagation is faster in unmyelinated axons.
Propagation is faster in myelinated axons.
the large wave that results from the depolarization of the ventricles and precedes the contraction of the ventricles
QRS complex
During abdominal surgery, the surgeon makes a cut through the muscle directly to the right of the linea alba. The muscle that is being cut is the ___________.
Rectus Abdominis
Part complete Prozac belongs to a class of drugs known as selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which block the removal of serotonin from its receptor, thereby enhancing a patient's mood. What mechanism allows serotonin to remain on its receptors longer? SSRIs are not as easily degraded by acetylcholinesterase, which allows them to remain on their receptors for an extended period of time. SSRIs cause an increased number of serotonin receptors expressed on the presynaptic neuron membrane. SSRIs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin back into the presynaptic neuron, which increases the level of serotonin in the synaptic cleft. SSRIs prevent the release of serotonin by making a permanent neurotransmitter-receptor complex on the postsynaptic membrane.
SSRIs inhibit the reuptake of serotonin back into the presynaptic neuron, which increases the level of serotonin in the synaptic cleft.
Which of the neuroglial cell types shown are found in the peripheral nervous system (PNS)?
Satellite cells wraps and insulates the soma of neurons within ganglia in the PNS.
Frontal lobe
Seat of intelligence, abstract reasoning.
Mrs. Sagalov has recently been diagnosed with Alzheimer's disease. What clinical symptoms is she likely to show?
She will show increasing cognitive deficits, including difficulties with memory and attention, and personality changes such as irritability, moodiness, and confusion.
In the motor division of the PNS, the effector organs consist of the three types of muscle tissue and glands. Which of these effector organs would be under voluntary control and thereby fall into the somatic nervous system? Skeletal muscle Smooth muscle Cardiac muscle Glands
Skeletal muscle
A muscle that assists the muscle primarily responsible for a given action is a(n) __________.
Synergist
the third wave that results from currents flowing during the repolarization of the ventricles
T wave
Which of the neuroglial cell types shown is the most abundant in the CNS?
The astrocytes within the CNS support neurons and anchor them to their nutrient source.
Destruction of which of the neuroglial cell types leads to the disease multiple sclerosis (MS)?
The defects in nerve transmission associated with MS are caused by a loss of myelin within the CNS.
Which areas of this neuron would be classified as receptive regions?
The dendrites and cell body (soma) of the cell receive signals from other neurons.
You discover that a new chemical compound interacts with K+ voltage-dependent channels. What would be the effect on a neuron if the chemical came into contact with the axonal membrane? The cell would die. The cell would be unable to generate a resting potential. The neuron would be unable to repolarize. The cell would be unable to depolarize.
The neuron would be unable to repolarize.
In a myelinated axon, how do the nodes of Ranvier differ from other segments of the same axon? The nodes are more permeable to ions. The nodes are wrapped in myelin. The nodes are longer segments of the axon. The nodes are less numerous.
The nodes are more permeable to ions.
During action potential propagation in an unmyelinated axon, why doesn't the action potential suddenly "double back" and start propagating in the opposite direction? The previous axonal segment is in the refractory period. New action potential generation near the soma repels previously generated action potentials, causing them to always propagate away from the soma. Positive charges only move in one direction after they enter the cell. The extracellular sodium concentration is too low around the previous axonal segment for an action potential to be (re)generated.
The previous axonal segment is in the refractory period.
The myelin on myelinated neurons can be degraded or destroyed in diseases such as multiple sclerosis-a process called demyelination. If a myelinated neuron was affected by demyelination, how would this affect action potentials in that neuron? Initial generation of action potentials would be more difficult. The speed of action potential propagation would be slower. Action potentials would propagate in both directions along the axon. The speed of action potential propagation would be faster.
The speed of action potential propagation would be slower.
temporal lobe of the cerebrum
auditory sensory information is received and interpreted in this region
occipital lobe
This brain region receives and interprets visual sensory information
Bundles of axons in the central nervous system are called tracts. True False
True
What type of channel on the postsynaptic membrane binds neurotransmitter? a chemically gated channel a voltage-gated channel a mechanically gated channel a leakage channel
a chemically gated channel
The _______________ assists the triceps brachii in forearm extension.
aconeus
Which of the following mechanisms is most significant in returning Na+ and K+ concentrations to resting ionic conditions (from point D to point E)?
active transport by the Na+-K+ pump
The subarachnoid space lies between what two layers of meninges?
arachnoid and pia
which type of vessel has a thick tunica media
artery
Where are action potentials regenerated as they propagate along a myelinated axon? at the axon hillock at the myelinated segments at the nodes of Ranvier at every segment of the axon
at the nodes of Ranvier
the valves locate between the atria and ventricles are known as the valves
atrioventricular
what part of the hearts intrinsic conduction system carries impulses into the interventricular septum
atrioventricular bundle
where is the hepatic portal vein located
between the stomach intestines and the liver
fluid tends to be forced out of a capillary bed by while tends to draw fluid into the capillary bed
blood pressure osmotic presure
pons
brain stem structure that contains mostly axons of sensory and motor neurons running between the brain and spinal cord
inferior colliculus
brain stem structure that functions as an auditory relay station for auditory sensory information going to the temporal lobe. also functions in auditory reflexes
medulla oblongata
brain stem structure that regulates heart rate, breathing rate, and blood pressure
provides a fluid cushion that protects and supports the brain within the skull. without the CSF, the brain would crush itself under its own weight
briefly describe the function of cerebrospinal fluid
which type of vessel is constructed only from tunica intima
capillaries
superior saggital sinus
cavity between the periosteal dura mater and meningeal dura mater that drains blood from the skyll
The groove indicated by C is the __________.
central sulcus The central sulcus is the shallow groove that separates the frontal and parietal lobes.
Ensures coordination and balance.
cerebellum
Which part of the brain processes inputs received from the cerebral motor cortex, brain stem nuclei, and various sensory receptors, and then uses this information to coordinate balance, posture, and somatic movement problems?
cerebellum
corpus callosum
cerebral structure that allows the right and left cerebral hemispheres to communicate
Label spinal cord
cervical enlargement lumbar enlargement cauda equina conus medullaris filum terminale
Which component has a role in the postsynaptic cell during synaptic activity? chemically gated channels vesicles filled with neurotransmitter calcium channels axon terminal
chemically gated channels
what blood vessel do you palpate when checking the pulse in your neck
common carotid artery
Precentral gyrus of the frontal lobe
control of all skeletal muscles is the function of this brain region
which of the following supply the myocardium with oxygen rich blood
coronary arteries
The large commissure that connects the right and left sides of the brain is called the ________.
corpus callosum
If a neuron had a mutation that prevented the production of voltage-gated Na+ channels, what function would the neuron NOT be able to accomplish? graded depolarization depolarization leading to action potentials graded hyperpolarization resting membrane potentials
depolarization leading to action potentials
thalamus
diencephalon structure that acts as the relay/routing station for all sensory information going to the cerebral cortex
by what pathway does oxygen leave capilaries to supply body tissues
diffusion through capillary cell membranes
Projection fibers in the brain mainly connect the right and left hemispheres.
false
The hypothalamus is the area where afferent impulses from all senses and all parts of the body are sorted out and then relayed to the appropriate area of the sensory cortex.
false
Which of the following would you find in normal cerebrospinal fluid?
glucose protein potassium
insula lobe of the cerebrum
gustatory sensory information is received and interpreted in this region
which of these events is not associated with ventricular systole
heart is relaxed
When potassium channels have been open long enough to over-shoot resting membrane potential, ___________ has occurred.
hyperpolarization
The attachment site of the muscle tendon to the more-movable bone is called the ___________.
insertion
Label the side brain
interventicular foramen cerebral aqueduct lateral aperture lateral ventricle third ventricle fourth ventricle median aperture
Broca's area ________.
is considered a motor speech area
Which of the following is correctly matched?
limbic association area: sense of danger
Which fissure separates the cerebral hemispheres?
longitudinal fissure
Vital centers for the control of heart rate, respiration, and blood pressure are located in the ________.
medulla oblongata
Which of the following types of glial cells monitors the health of neurons, and can transform into a special type of macrophage to protect endangered neurons? ependymal cells oligodendrocytes astrocytes microglia
microglia
The brain stem consists of the ________.
midbrain medulla pons
Part complete Which of the following pairings does NOT fit? association neuron: functional classification multipolar neurons: peripheral nervous system sensory neurons afferent neurons: sensory neurons motor neurons: efferent neurons.
multipolar neurons: peripheral nervous system sensory neurons
melatonin
name the hormone released by the pineal gland
thalamus, hypothalamus, epithalamus
name the three structures belonging to the diencephalon
midbrain, pons, and the medulla oblongata
name the three structures that belong to the brain stem
Supporting cells of the nervous system are collectively called ________.
neuroglia
Structures of the nervous system surrounding, but not part of the central nervous system are part of the _________
peripheral nervous system.
Loss of ability to perform skilled motor activities such as piano playing, with no paralysis or weakness in specific muscles, might suggest damage to the ________.
premotor cortex
Which of the following choices best represents synaptic transmission? presynaptic axon to presynaptic cell body to dendrite presynaptic axon to synapse to dendrite or postsynaptic cell body presynaptic cell body to dendrite to synapse presynaptic axon to synapse to postsynaptic axon
presynaptic axon to synapse to dendrite or postsynaptic cell body
Which motor area both has a homunculus and has descending projection fibers?
primary frontal cortex The primary motor cortex has projections for the entire human body map, or homunculus. Axons from the primary motor cortex project from the frontal lobe to the spinal cord.
What is the designation of the area at D?
primary visual cortex The primary visual cortex receives sensory input from the eye via the optic nerves, thalamus, and optic radiations.
Which of the following is NOT a function of the hypothalamus?
regulate the thalamus
Which functional area of the brain is responsible for our level of awareness and alertness?
reticular activating system
Which of the following circuit types is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as the sleep-wake cycle, breathing, and certain motor activities (such as arm swinging when walking)? diverging circuits parallel after-discharge circuits reverberating circuits converging circuits
reverberating circuits
Which of the following circuit types is involved in the control of rhythmic activities such as the sleep-wake cycle, breathing, and certain motor activities (such as arm swinging when walking)? diverging circuits reverberating circuits converging circuits parallel after-discharge circuits
reverberating circuits
The node-to-node "jumping" regeneration of an action potential along a myelinated axon is called __________. local conduction continuous conduction saltatory conduction myelinated conduction
saltatory conduction
______________ muscles aids inspiration by lifting the first two ribs?
scalene
The deltoid is a muscle named according to ___________.
shape
Trapezius is named for it's
shape
which of these will decrease heart rate
stimulation by vagus nerves
arachnoid villus
structure where arrow is pointing
Degeneration of the dopamine-releasing neurons of the ________ is the ultimate cause of Parkinson's disease.
substantia nigra
label
superior sagittal sinus subarachnoid space arachnoid villus periosteum dura mater periosteal layer dura mater meningeal layer arachnoid mater pia mater
Two consecutive neurons communicate at a _________, where they physically come together.
synapse
contralateral control
term that describes the fact that the left cerebral hemisphere senses and controls the right side of the body
An action potential in one segment of axon causes adjacent sections of axon membrane to reach neurotransmitters causing chemically gated channels to open the generation of local currents Na+ ions diffusing across the membrane through leakage channels K+ ions diffusing through voltage-gated channels
the generation of local currents
cerebrum
the corpus callosum is found within this major brain region
Which criterion is used to functionally classify neurons? the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system the number of processes extending from the cell body neuron whether the nerve fibers are myelinated or unmyelinated whether the neurons are found within the CNS or the PNS
the direction in which the nerve impulse travels relative to the central nervous system
hypothalamus
the inferior-most structure of the diencephalon
insula
the name of the deep lobe of the cerebrum
arachnoid mater
the name of the middle meningeal layer surrounding the brain and spinal cord
cerebral aqueduct
the name of the passageway between the third and fourth ventricles
fourth ventricle
the name of the ventricle within the brain stem
cerebellum
the name of this brain structure translates to "little brain"
cerebellum
this brain region coordinates and plans muscle movement
superior colliculus
this brain structure is a visual reflex center
Pollicis comes from the root pullex, which means
thumb
through which valve will blood flow when leaving the right atrium
tricuspid valve
The area of the cortex that is responsible for sensing a full bladder and the feeling that your lungs will burst when you hold your breath too long is the ________.
visceral sensory area
An individual who could trace a picture of a bicycle with his or her finger but could not recognize it as a bicycle is most likely to have sustained damage to the ________.
visual association area
optic chiasma
x-shaped structure on the inferir surface of the cerebrum - it transmits sensory information from the eyes to the brain