Mastering A&P Multiple Choice Review Blood Vessels

The aorta is an example of a(n): - muscular artery. - arteriole. - elastic artery. - vein.

elastic artery.

Which of the following is not one of the three main factors influencing blood pressure? - emotional state - cardiac output - peripheral resistance - blood volume

emotional state

Arteriole blood pressure increases in response to all but which of the following? - falling blood volume - increasing heart rate - rising blood volume - increasing stroke volume - all of these

falling blood volume

Net (positive) hydrostatic pressure tends to move fluid out of capillaries. The resulting bulk fluid movement is known as __________. - active transport - diffusion - reabsorption - filtration

filtration

Substances absorbed in the intestines would be routed to the liver via the__________. - hepatic portal system - abdominal aorta - suprarenal veins - inferior vena cava

hepatic portal system

Which of the choices below reflects the balance (or imbalance) between the direction and amount of fluid that flows across the capillary walls? - blood volume and viscosity - hydrostatic pressure only - hydrostatic and osmotic pressure - plasma and formed element concentration

hydrostatic and osmotic pressure

If blood pressure is increased at the arterial baroreceptors, what would happen with the activity level of the parasympathetic nervous system (PNS) and sympathetic nervous system (SNS)? - increased PNS and SNS activity - decreased PNS activity and increased SNS activity - increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity

increased PNS activity and decreased SNS activity

Peripheral resistance ________. - increases as blood vessel diameter increases - increases as blood viscosity increases - is not a major factor in blood pressure in healthy individuals - decreases with increasing length of the blood vessel

increases as blood viscosity increases

Blood flow to the skin ________. - increases when environmental temperature rises - is controlled mainly by decreasing pH - is not an important source of nutrients and oxygen for skin cells - increases when body temperature drops so that the skin does not freeze

increases when environmental temperature rises

Blood from the lower limbs is returned to the heart via the: - thoracic aorta. - inferior vena cava. - abdominal aorta. - superior vena cava.

inferior vena cava.

Bulk fluid movement across capillary walls is typically through what structures? - endothelial cells - intercellular clefts - precapillary sphincters - plasma membranes

intercellular clefts

Brain blood flow autoregulation ________. - is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist - is less sensitive to pH than to a decreased oxygen level - is controlled by cardiac centers in the pons - causes constriction of cerebral blood vessels in response to a drop in systemic blood pressure

is abolished when abnormally high CO2 levels persist

In the dynamics of blood flow through capillaries, hydrostatic pressure ________. - is the same as capillary blood pressure - generally forces fluid from the interstitial space into the capillaries - and osmotic pressure are the same - is completely canceled out by osmotic pressure

is the same as capillary blood pressure

What do the ductus arteriosus and the foramen ovale become at birth? - ligamentum teres; fossa ovalis - fossa ovalis; ligamentum arteriosum - ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis - ligamentum arteriosum; ligamentum teres

ligamentum arteriosum; fossa ovalis

The form of circulatory shock known as hypovolemic shock is ________. - any condition in which blood vessels are inadequately filled and blood cannot circulate normally - shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea - always fatal - the form of shock caused by anaphylaxis

shock that results from large-scale loss of blood volume, or after severe vomiting or diarrhea

At a given point along a capillary, the net hydrostatic pressure (Net HP) is 20 mm Hg and the net osmotic pressure (Net OP) is 25 mm Hg. What is the Net Filtration Pressure (NFP) at that point? - -5 mm Hg - +5 mm Hg - +45 mm Hg - +10 mm Hg

-5 mm Hg

The arteries that are also called distributing arteries are the ________. - arterioles - capillaries - muscular arteries - elastic arteries

muscular arteries

Which net pressure draws fluid into the capillary? - net osmotic pressure - net hydrostatic pressure

net osmotic pressure

Which of the following chemicals does not help regulate blood pressure? - angiotensin II - ADH - nitric acid - atrial natriuretic peptide

nitric acid

Which of the following blood pressure readings would be indicative of hypertension? - 170/96 in a 50-year-old man - 110/60 in a 20-year-old woman - 120/80 in a 30-year-old man - 140/90 in a 70-year-old woman

170/96 in a 50-year-old man

Which of the following would reflect the typical net hydrostatic pressure (HP) at the arterial end of the capillary? - 34 mm Hg - 12 mm Hg - 1 mm Hg

34 mm Hg

A patient lost a lot of blood during surgery and his blood pressure dropped from 120/80 to 90/50. How did the kidneys respond to this change in blood pressure? - Aldosterone and ADH release is triggered. Aldosterone causes increased sodium absorption and ADH causes increased water absorption, increasing blood volume and blood pressure. - Aldosterone and ANP release is triggered. Aldosterone causes increased sodium absorption and ANP causes increased water absorption, increasing blood volume and blood pressure. - Aldosterone and ADH release is triggered. Aldosterone causes increased water absorption and ADH causes increased sodium absorption, increasing blood volume and blood pressure. - ANP and ADH release is triggered. ADH causes increased water absorption and ANP causes increased sodium absorption, increasing blood volume and blood pressure. - Aldosterone and ANP release is triggered. Aldosterone causes increased water absorption and ANP causes increased sodium absorption, increasing blood volume and blood pressure.

Aldosterone and ADH release is triggered. Aldosterone causes increased sodium absorption and ADH causes increased water absorption, increasing blood volume and blood pressure.

Which statement best describes arteries? - All contain valves to prevent the backflow of blood. - All carry blood away from the heart. - All carry oxygenated blood to the heart. - Only large arteries are lined with endothelium.

All carry blood away from the heart.

Which of the following would decrease peripheral resistance to blood flow? - Anemia - Vasoconstriction - Increasing blood vessel length - Atherosclerosis

Anemia

Which of the following will lower blood pressure? - Aldosterone - Antidiuretic hormone - Angiotensin II - Atrial natriuretic peptide

Atrial natriuretic peptide

Aldosterone will ________. - decrease sodium reabsorption - result in a larger output of urine - promote a decrease in blood volume - promote an increase in blood pressure

promote an increase in blood pressure

Select the correct statement about blood flow. - It is measured in mm Hg. - Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output. - It is relatively constant through all body organs. - It is greatest where resistance is highest.

Blood flow through the entire vascular system is equivalent to cardiac output.

The colloid osmotic pressure in the capillary is caused by __________. - proteins in the blood - blood pressure

proteins in the blood

Which arteries carry deoxygenated blood? - pulmonary arteries - aorta - carotid arteries - renal arteries

pulmonary arteries

How would an attack by a mugger effect blood pressure? What is the physiological basis for your answer? - Blood pressure would increase due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. - Blood pressure would increase due to vagal nerve stimulation. - Blood pressure would decrease due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation. - Blood pressure would increase due to parasympathetic nervous system stimulation. - Blood pressure would decrease due to parasympathetic nervous system stimulation.

Blood pressure would increase due to sympathetic nervous system stimulation.

Net (positive) osmotic pressure tends to move fluid into capillaries. The resulting bulk fluid movement is known as __________. - active transport - facilitated diffusion - filtration - reabsorption

reabsorption

Which of the following is likely during vigorous exercise? - The skin will be cold and clammy. - Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood. - Blood flow to the kidneys increases. - Blood will be diverted to the digestive organs.

Capillaries of the active muscles will be engorged with blood.

Overall, fluid moves out of capillaries and into the interstitial space. Which of the following best describes why this occurs? - Capillary reabsorption is greater than capillary filtration. - Lymphatic vessel reabsorption removes fluid from the interstitial space. - Capillary filtration is greater than capillary reabsorption - Lymphatic vessel filtration is greater than lymphatic vessel reabsorption

Capillary filtration is greater than capillary reabsorption

Select the correct statement about factors that influence blood pressure. - Systemic vasodilation would increase blood pressure, due to diversion of blood to essential areas. - Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase. - Excess protein production would decrease blood pressure. - An increase in cardiac output corresponds to a decrease in blood pressure, due to the increased delivery.

Excess red cell production would cause a blood pressure increase.

All capillary beds are continuously perfused with blood. - True - False

False

Arterial pressure in the pulmonary circulation is much higher than in the systemic circulation because of its proximity to the heart. - True - False

False

Osmotic pressure is created by the presence in a fluid of small diffusible molecules that easily move through the capillary membrane. - True - False

False

The outermost layer of a blood vessel is the tunica intima. - True - False

False

The thick-walled arteries close to the heart are called muscular arteries. - True - False

False

Vasodilation is a widening of the lumen due to smooth muscle contraction. - True - False

False

Veins only carry oxygen deficient blood. - True - False

False

When albumin levels in the blood are below normal, fluid absorption from the tissues into the bloodstream increases. - True - False

False

Which of the following would experience a decreased blood flow during exercise? - Brain - Kidneys - Skeletal muscles - Skin

Kidneys

Which of the following most correctly describes the need for a functional lymphatic system? - Lymphatic vessels deliver fluid and solutes to the interstitial space. - Lymphatic vessels return nondiffusible plasma proteins to the blood. - Lymphatic vessels return blood to the heart. - Lymphatic vessels return interstitial fluid to the blood.

Lymphatic vessels return interstitial fluid to the blood.

_____ is the pressure that propels blood to the tissues. - Mean arterial pressure - Diastolic pressure - Pulse pressure - Systolic pressure

Mean arterial pressure

Near the arteriole end of a capillary, what is the relationship between net hydrostatic pressure and net osmotic pressure? - Net hydrostatic pressure is greater than net osmotic pressure. - Net hydrostatic pressure is less than net osmotic pressure. - Net hydrostatic pressure is approximately equal to net osmotic pressure.

Net hydrostatic pressure is greater than net osmotic pressure.

How do net hydrostatic pressure and net osmotic pressure each change along the length of a capillary (from arteriole to venule)? - Net osmotic pressure decreases and net hydrostatic pressure stays about the same. - Net osmotic pressure and net hydrostatic pressure both decrease. - Net osmotic pressure stays about the same and net hydrostatic pressure decreases. - Net osmotic pressure stays about the same and net hydrostatic pressure increases.

Net osmotic pressure stays about the same and net hydrostatic pressure decreases.

Which of the following is an example of autoregulation of blood flow? - Sympathetic nerve impulses - Epinephrine - Angiotensin II - Nitric oxide

Nitric oxide

Which of the following most accurately describes how net filtration pressure (NFP) affects bulk fluid flow across capillary walls? - Negative NFP causes filtration. - Positive NFP causes filtration. - Negative NFP causes bulk fluid flow to stop. - Positive NFP causes intercellular clefts to open.

Positive NFP causes filtration.

Which of the following would not move by diffusion across a capillary into the surrounding tissue? - Lipid-soluble substances - Carbon dioxide - Proteins - Oxygen

Proteins

Which of the following is directly involved in long-term blood pressure regulation? - Renal mechanisms - Baroreceptors - Chemoreceptor reflexes - Hormonal controls

Renal mechanisms

Which of the choices below explains why the arterioles are known as resistance vessels? - They distribute blood to various parts of the body. - The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter. - Their prime function is the exchange of nutrients and wastes between the blood and tissue cells. - They contain a large quantity of elastic tissue.

The contraction and relaxation of the smooth muscle in their walls can change their diameter.

Mrs. Gray, a 50-year-old mother of seven children, is complaining of dull, aching pains in her legs. She reports that the pain has been getting progressively worse since the birth of her last child. During her physical examination, numerous varicosities are seen in both legs. What pathologic changes have occurred in these veins? - The veins have ruptured, allowing blood to pool in the adjacent area. - The veins have become tortuous and dilated because of incompetent valves that allow the blood to pool, stretching the vein walls. - The tunica layers of the veins have become thicker due to inflammation. - The veins have become dilated due to damage to the sympathetic nerves connecting to the veins. - The blood pressure in the veins has decreased, resulting in a pooling of blood.

The veins have become tortuous and dilated because of incompetent valves that allow the blood to pool, stretching the vein walls.

A precapillary sphincter is a cuff of smooth muscle that regulates the flow of blood into the capillaries. - True - False

True

A sustained blood pressure of 140/90 or greater indicates hypertension in the patient. - True - False

True

An increase in blood viscosity will cause an increase in peripheral resistance. - True - False

True

Arteries supplying the same territory are often merged with one another, forming arterial anastomoses. - True - False

True

Hypotension is generally considered systolic blood pressure that is below 100 mm Hg. - True - False

True

The adjustment of blood flow to each tissue in proportion to its requirements at any point in time is termed autoregulation. - True - False

True

Vasodilation will result in increased blood flow to a given tissue. - True - False

True

Which of the following would be a result of anaphylaxis (a systemic allergic reaction)? - Increased blood pressure - Cardiogenic shock - Hypovolemic shock - Vascular shock

Vascular shock

Which of the following is true about veins? - Venous valves are formed from the tunica media. - Veins have a small lumen in relation to the thickness of the vessel wall. - Up to 35% of total body blood is in venous circulation at any given time. - Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.

Veins are called capacitance vessels or blood reservoirs.

Which of the following is true about veins? - Veins carry blood away from the heart, while arteries carry blood to the heart. - Veins have valves; arteries do not. - Veins have a smaller lumen than arteries. - Veins are more muscular than arteries.

Veins have valves; arteries do not.

Which of the following would not result in the dilation of the feeder arterioles and opening of the precapillary sphincters in systemic capillary beds? - an increase in local tissue carbon dioxide - a decrease in local tissue oxygen content - a local increase in pH - a local increase in histamine

a local increase in pH

The term ductus venosus refers to ________. - damage to the valves in the veins, leading to varicose veins - a condition of the aged in which the arteries lose elasticity - a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver - a fetal shunt that bypasses the lungs

a special fetal vessel that allows umbilical blood to bypass the liver

A decrease in blood pressure at the arterial baroreceptors would result in which of the following? - vasodilation of arterioles - a decrease in heart rate - a decrease in cardiac output - an increase in heart contractility

an increase in heart contractility

Stimulation of the adrenal medulla would result in which of the following? - an increase in heart rate and contractility - a decrease in cardiac output - vasodilation of arteries - a decrease in blood pressure

an increase in heart rate and contractility

Which vessels carry blood away from the heart? - arteries - capillaries - venules - veins

arteries

The arteries that directly feed into the capillary beds are called ________. - muscular arteries - venules - arterioles - elastic arteries

arterioles

In the capillaries, hydrostatic pressure (HP) is exerted by __________. - blood pressure - proteins in the blood

blood pressure

Which of the following is the most significant source of blood flow resistance? - blood vessel diameter - total blood vessel length - blood vessels type - blood viscosity

blood vessel diameter

Permitting the exchange of nutrients and gases between the blood and tissue cells is the primary function of ________. - arterioles - arteries - veins - capillaries

capillaries

What are the smallest blood vessels in the body? - veins - arteries - capillaries - arterioles

capillaries

Why is it important that blood pressure drop to lower levels as it reaches the capillary beds? - capillaries actually are high pressure vessels - capillaries depend on the lower pressure to prevent fluid exchange between the capillaries and the tissue fluid - capillaries are fragile and extremely permeable - capillaries actually need a higher blood pressure for filtration activities

capillaries are fragile and extremely permeable

Gas and nutrient exchange occur in the: - arteries. - capillaries. - arterioles. - veins.

capillaries.

The net hydrostatic pressure (HP) is the hydrostatic pressure in the __________ minus hydrostatic pressure in the __________. - interstitial fluid; capillary - capillary; interstitial fluid

capillary; interstitial fluid

Where are the sensors for the arterial baroreceptor reflex located? - cardiovascular centers in the medulla oblongata - carotid sinus and aortic arch - The sympathetic and parasympathetic nervous systems

carotid artery and aortic arch

The baroreceptors in the carotid sinus and aortic arch are sensitive to which of the following? - a decrease in carbon dioxide - an increase in oxygen levels - a decrease in oxygen levels - changes in arterial pressure

changes in arterial pressure

Which of the following would cause vasodilation of arterioles? - increased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system - decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system - decreased activity of the parasympathetic nervous system - increased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

decreased activity of the sympathetic nervous system

A patient with essential hypertension might have pressures of 200/120 mm Hg. This hypertensive state could result in all of the following changes except ________. - increased damage to blood vessel endothelium - increased work of the left ventricle - increased incidence of coronary artery disease - decreased size of the heart muscle

decreased size of the heart muscle

The influence of blood vessel diameter on peripheral resistance is ________. - the only factor that influences resistance - insignificant because vessel diameter does not vary - significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius - significant because resistance is directly proportional to the blood vessel diameter

significant because resistance is inversely proportional to the fourth power of the vessel radius

Leaky capillaries found in the bone marrow are called_________. - fenestrated capillaries - sinusoidal capillaries - continuous capillaries - arterioles

sinusoidal capillaries

Modified capillaries that are lined with phagocytes are called ________. - thoroughfare channels - sinuses - sinusoids - anastomoses

sinusoids

The velocity of blood flow is ________. - slower in the veins than in the capillaries because veins have a large diameter - in direct proportion to the total cross-sectional area of the blood vessels - slower in the arteries than in capillaries because arteries possess a relatively large diameter - slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

slowest in the capillaries because the total cross-sectional area is the greatest

The pulse pressure is ________. - systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure - systolic pressure divided by diastolic pressure - diastolic pressure plus 1/3 (systolic pressure plus diastolic pressure) - systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

systolic pressure minus diastolic pressure

The inferior vena cava carries blood ____ the ______ of the heart. - away from; right atrium - to: left atrium - away from; left atrium - to; right atrium

to; right atrium

Which of the following is NOT an important source of resistance to blood flow? - vessel length - blood viscosity - vessel diameter - total blood volume

total blood volume

Histologically, the ________ is squamous epithelium supported by a sparse connective tissue layer. - tunica adventitia - tunica intima - tunica externa - tunica media

tunica intima

Which tunic of an artery contains endothelium? - tunica externa - basement membrane - tunica media - tunica intima

tunica intima

Which tunic of an artery is most responsible for maintaining blood pressure and continuous blood circulation? - tunica intima - tunica externa - basement membrane - tunica media

tunica media

Factors that aid venous return include all except ________. - activity of skeletal muscles - venous valves - pressure changes in the thorax - urinary output

urinary output

Which of the following is a type of circulatory shock? - vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone - hypovolemic, caused by increased blood volume - cardiogenic, which results from any defect in blood vessels - circulatory, where blood volume is normal and constant

vascular, due to extreme vasodilation as a result of loss of vasomotor tone

Reabsorption of fluid into the capillary takes place at the arterial end or venous end of the capillary? - venous - arterial

venous