Mastering Biology

Why will carbon's (C) sharing of its valence electrons makes carbons a stable element?

By sharing all four of its valence electrons carbon (C) becomes stable because its valence is now full.

How many electrons are on carbons (C) valence?

Carbon (C) has four electrons on its valence.

Lemon juice increase what concentration in water?

Lemon juice increases the hydrogen ion (H+) concentration in water.

What is the primary cause of the decrease in pH when lemon juice is added to water?

Lemon juice is a relatively strong acid that readily gives up hydrogen ions when reacting with water.

To read this: nonpolar covalent bonds > polar covalent bonds > ionic bonds is to mean what?

Nonpolar covalent bonds share electrons equally whereas polar bonds shared electrons unequally, and electrons are transferred completely in ionic bonds.

What kind of structure is represented by this molecule O=C=O ?

O=C=O is a linear structure.

Which boils faster: Plain water or salt water? Why?

Salt water boils faster because the the Na+ and Cl- ions disrupt the hydrogen bonding between water molecules, reducing the amount of energy need to transform water from a liquid to a gas.

What does it mean that electrons are transferred between atoms?

The transference of electrons between atoms means that one atom gives up or receives one electron from another atom.

How is a negatively charged atom determined?

When the valence has an odd number of electrons it is a negatively charged atom.

What happens when the electron cloud of two atoms come together and result in favorable conditions?

When two atoms come together and electrons pair a covalent bond is formed.

Is it correct to say that hydrogen bonds only form between atoms (that are engaged in covalent bonds) that are polar?

Yes.

Is it correct to say that the sharing of electrons between atoms creates a covalent bond?

Yes.

What are the 9 properties of water?

1) Water molecules are composed of atoms. 2) The molecules which compose water are Hydrogen (H) and Oxygen (O). 3) H and O are held together by polar covalent bonds (pcb). 4) pcb's enable weak interactions between the water molecules called hydrogen bonds. 5) These weak interactions between hydrogen and oxygen bonds result 1. in high specified heat. 2. in high cohesion, adhesion and suface tension. 3. in high heat vaporization 4. and in LOW density as a solid compared to liquid.

When becoming an ion atom, if the valence electrons are now equal in number then this ion atom is a positive ion. When this occurs what is this ions new name?

An ion atom with a positively charged (equal number of electrons on its valence) is now called a 'cation'.

Why do electrons of atoms want to pair with electrons of another atom?

By pair between atoms a stable molecule is formed via the creation a stable electron valence.

What explains why carbon dioxide (CO2) and water (H2O) have such different properties?

CO2 and H2O have such different properties because the negative partial charges on CO2 molecules repel each other. However, CO2 can form hydrogen bonds with other molecules that have exposed partial positive charges, like water.

How does the linear structure of CO2 affect its properties?

CO2 linear structure hides its partial positive charge, leaving only its partial negative charges exposed to the oxygens on either end. *Note. Watch: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dD0Xl4acUFg

How many bonds can each atoms form? Write them in the order of most to least using the > symbol.

Carbon (4) > Nitrogen (3) > Oxygen (2), Hydrogen (1).

How many electrons does carbon (C) have?

Carbon (C) has six electrons.

How many electrons are not on carbons (C) valance?

Carbon (C) has two electrons that are not on its valance.

What molecule is this: O=C=O ?

Carbon Dioxide (CO2)

What kind of molecule is Carbon Dioxide (CO2)?

Carbon Dioxide (CO2) is a polar molecule.

Define covalent and covalent bonds.

Covalent = Co- (together/shared) -valent (Valance) = Shared/together valance. So a covalent bond is the bond (the joining together) of two valences.

What configuration will create a stable carbon (C)?

Establishing four covalent bonds by sharing its four valance electrons creates a stable carbon (C).

Why is H2O a liquid a room temp and H2S a gas at room temp?

H20 is a liquid at room temp because oxygen's great electronegativity means that the

What does having four covalent bonds allow carbon (C) to do?

Having four valence electrons allows carbon (C) to bond with four covalent bonds.

What molecule is OH-?

Hydroxide ion. (Oxygen+Hydrogen with a transferred electron which in this case left or made it have an odd number of electrons on its valance. Thus making it an ion molecule.)

How do ionic bonds form?

Ionic bonds form when electrons are transferred between atoms.

Is lemon juice an acid or an alkali?

Lemon juice is an acid.

Define electrostatic charge in simplest terms.

Positive charge is attracted to negative charge.

How are ion atoms created.

The act of an atom giving up or receiving an electron makes both of those atoms involved ion atoms.

What does it mean to say that a valance is full?

When a valence is full it means that all the electrons on a valance are pair up with another electron. Sometimes this is one of its own electrons and other times it is with the electrons of another element.

How is a positively charged atom determined?

When the valence has an even number of electrons it is a positively charged atom.