MasteringBio: Ch. 3 Core Content

Activity: Nucleic Acid Structure If a strand of DNA has the nitrogen base sequence 5'-ATTTGC-3', what will be the sequence of the matching strand? 3'-ATTTGC-5' 3'-TAAACG-5' 3'-TUUUCG-5' 3'-UAAACG-5' 3'-GCAAAT-5'

3'-TAAACG-5'

If a DNA double helix is 100 nucleotide pairs long and contains 25 adenine bases, how many guanine bases does it contain? 200 75 25 50 150

75

Activity: Functional Groups Which one of these is an amino group? The figure shows a big branched molecular model with six functional groups: A, B, C, D, E, and F. Group A represents an atom of nitrogen, which is bonded to two hydrogen atoms. Group B represents an atom of phosphorus, which is bonded to four oxygen atoms. Group C represents a carbon atom, which is bonded to one oxygen atom by a double bond. Group D represents an oxygen atom, which is bonded to one hydrogen atom. Group E represents a sulfur atom, which is bonded to one hydrogen atom. Group F represents a carbon atom, which is bonded to one oxygen atom by a double bond and to another oxygen atom by a single bond. This second oxygen atom is also bonded to one hydrogen atom. C D E B A

A

Which of the functional groups behaves as a base? B C A E F

A

Which of these is a phospholipid?

A. The figure shows an organic compound which consists of alcohol glycerol combined with two molecules of fatty acid and a phosphate group.

Which of these functional groups is characteristic of a ketone? C B D A E

C

Which of these is a carbonyl group? F B E A C

C

_____ is the most abundant organic compound on Earth. Cellulose Glycogen Glucose Starch Lactose

Cellulose

Which of these functional groups is characteristic of alcohol? E B D A C

D

Which of these is a hydroxyl group? E C D F A

D

Which of these groups is characteristic of thiols? D A B F E

E

Which of these functional groups behaves as an acid? F A C E D

F

Which of these is a carboxyl group? B E C A F

F

Which of these groups plays a major role in energy transfer? B A E C D

B

Which of these is a phosphate group? E C B F A

B

All lipids share this characteristic. They are all made of fatty acids and glycerol. In general, lipids have a low energy content. Lipids generally don't dissolve in water. Lipids are all acidic when mixed with water.

Lipids generally don't dissolve in water.

What kind of effect does R-dopa have on Parkinson's disease? At first it makes the symptoms worse but over the long term it alleviates the symptoms. At first it alleviates the symptoms but over the long term it makes the symptoms worse. It makes the symptoms of Parkinson's disease worse. It alleviates the symptoms. None.

None.

Activity: Isomers L-dopa is used to treat _____. Marfan's syndrome Alzheimer's disease laryngitis muscle sprains Parkinson's disease

Parkinson's disease

Activity: Lipids Which of these is NOT a lipid? RNA cholesterol steroids wax phospholipid

RNA

Activity: Carbohydrates Glycogen is _____. the form in which plants store sugars a transport protein that carries oxygen a polysaccharide found in animals a source of saturated fat a polysaccharide found in plant cell walls

a polysaccharide found in animals

The building blocks of proteins are called __________. nucleotides amino acids fatty acids DNA and RNA

amino acids

Enantiomers are molecules that _____. are mirror images contain a carboxyl group contain an -OH group are isomers that differ in the covalent partnerships between their atoms differ in the arrangement of their molecules about a double bond

are mirror images

A function of cholesterol that does not harm health is its role _____. the most abundant male sex hormone as the primary female sex hormone as a component of animal cell membranes All of cholesterol's effects cause the body harm. in calcium and phosphate metabolism

as a component of animal cell membranes

Quiz Questions: The large diversity of biological molecules depends on atoms of the element __________. This element can make stable bonds to itself and to atoms of other elements. Without this element, the large macromolecules that make up most of the molecules in living organisms would not be possible. carbon nitrogen oxygen hydrogen

carbon

Which of these is a polysaccharide? cellulose sucrose glucose lactose galactose

cellulose

Geometric isomers are molecules that _____. are isomers in which one of the molecules contains an amino group and the other contains a phosphate group are isomers that differ in the covalent partnerships between their atoms differ in the arrangement of their atoms about a double bond differ in their molecular formulas are mirror images

differ in the arrangement of their atoms about a double bond

These molecules are _____. geometric isomers R-dopa and L-dopa structural isomers enantiomers thiols

enantiomers

A specific stretch of DNA that codes for the amino acid sequence of a polypeptide is called a __________. nucleic acid base polypeptide nucleotide gene

gene

These molecules are _____. The figure shows two molecular models. In both molecular models, balls of different colors are used to represent atoms. In this case, black is used to represent carbon; there are also grey and red balls. The left model shows: C1 is bonded to C2 by a double bond. The atom which is represented by a red ball is attached above C1. Another one atom which is represented by a red ball is attached below C2. The atom which is represented by a grey ball is attached below C1. Another one atom which is represented by a grey ball is attached above the C2. The right model shows: C1 is bonded to C2 by a double bond. The atom which is represented by a red ball is attached above C1. Another one atom which is represented by a red ball is attached above C2. The atom which is represented by a grey ball is attached below the C1. Another one atom which is represented by a grey ball is attached below C2. structural isomers enantiomers ATP and ADP geometric isomers thiols

geometric isomers

What is the main sugar used by cells for energy? glucose any polysaccharide sucrose aspartame

glucose

Which of the following pairs of molecules share the same molecular formula but differ in structure? glucose and sucrose DNA and RNA glucose and glycogen glucose and fructose

glucose and fructose

The two strands of a DNA double helix are held together by _____ that form between pairs of nitrogenous bases. ionic bonds covalent bonds hydrogen bonds hydrophilic interactions S—S bonds

hydrogen bonds

Defensive proteins are manufactured by the _____ system. cardiovascular nervous digestive integumentary immune

immune

glucose + glucose —> _____ by _____. starch + water ... dehydration synthesis lactose + water ... hydrolysis sucrose + water ... dehydration synthesis maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis cellulose + water ... hydrolysis

maltose + water ... dehydration synthesis

Which of these is a source of lactose? potatoes sugar beets starch milk sugar cane

milk

This pair of molecules are _____. structural isomers identical enantiomers not isomers geometric isomers

not isomers

The building blocks of nucleic acid molecules are called __________. DNA and RNA amino acids nucleotides polysaccharides

nucleotides

Which of these is rich in unsaturated fats? lard a fat that is solid at room temperature beef fat butter olive oil

olive oil

Which of these does NOT contain a structural protein? ovalbumin tendons muscles ligaments spider silk

ovalbumin

A nucleotide is composed of a(n) _____. sulfhydryl group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar glycerol, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a hydrocarbon phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar amino group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar

phosphate group, a nitrogen-containing base, and a five-carbon sugar

Arrow D is indicating a _____ protein. The figure shows the cell membrane with many proteins which have different functions. Arrow A is indicating a structure which consists of nine triplets, arranged in a cylinder and is located near to the cell membrane. Arrow B is indicating a protein with an active site which is localized in the cytoplasm. Arrow C is indicating a small globular protein localized outside the cell. Arrow D is indicating a transmembrane protein which is bonded with a green structure inside the cell. Arrow E is indicating a transmembrane channel. receptor transport storage defensive gene regulatory

receptor

This figure is an example of a(n) _____. saturated fat nucleic acid steroid unsaturated fat protein

saturated fat

Arrow A is indicating a(n) _____ protein. signal enzyme receptor transport structural

structural

These molecules are _____. The figure shows two molecular models. In both molecular models, balls of different colors are used to represent atoms. In this case, grey is used to represent hydrogen, and black is used to represent carbon. The left model, described from left to right, shows: three hydrogen atoms bonded to C1; C1 is also bonded to C2, which is bonded to two hydrogen atoms; C2 is also bonded to C3, which is bonded to two hydrogen atoms; C3 is also bonded to C4, which is bonded to three hydrogen atoms. The right model shows one central atom of carbon which is bonded to three carbon atoms and to one hydrogen atom. Each of these three carbon atoms is bonded to three hydrogen atoms. amines thiols enantiomers geometric isomers structural isomers

structural isomers

Activity: Protein Functions This animation illustrates the functioning of a _____ protein. contractile receptor gene regulatory structural protein transport

transport

A dehydration reaction is the process in which __________. water molecules are attracted to each other proteins are broken down to individual amino acids water molecules are used as a source of raw material to break down polymers to monomers water molecules are formed when polymers are synthesized from monomers

water molecules are formed when polymers are synthesized from monomers