Mbio 101 exam 4 WSU
Infectious Agents of Foodborne Bacteria
- Camplybacter jejuni - Clostridium botulinum - Clostridium perfringes - Escherichia coli (enterotoxigenic) - Escherichia coli 0157:H7 - Listeria monocytogenes -Salmonella - Shigella -Staphylococcus - Vibrio Cholerae
Aspergillus flavus Incubation Period and Duration of Illness
- Days to weeks - Weeks to months
Asymptomatic carriers Example
- Gonorrhea - Genital herpes with no lesions
Infectious Agents of Foodborne Viruses
- Hepatitis A virus - Norovirus
Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Incubation Period and Duration of Illness
- 1- 8 days - 5-10 days
Trichinella (worm) Incubation Period and Duration of Illness
- 1-2 days for initial symptoms; others begin 2-8 weeks after infections. -Months
Glardia Intestinalis (protozooan) Incubation Period and Duration of Illness
- 1-2 weeks - Days to Weeks
Salmonella Incubation Period and Duration of Illness
- 1-3 days - 4-7 days
Escherichia coli (enterotoxigenic) Incubation Period and Duration of Illness
- 1-3 days -Variables
Staphylococcus aureus Incubation Period and Duration of Illness
- 1-6 hours - 24 - 28 hours
Vibrio Cholerae Incubation Period and Duration of Illness
- 1-7 days - 2-8 days
Norovirus Incubation Period and Duration of Illness
- 12-48 hours - 2 weeks- 3 months
Clostridium botulinum Incubation Period and Duration of Illness
- 12-72 hours - From days to months
Camplybacter jejuni Incubation Period and Duration of Illness
- 2-5 days - 2-10 days
Period of Incubation Example
- 21 days chicken pox - 24 hours Flu - 6 years Leprosy - abou 24 hours new strain E. coli
Shigella Incubation Period and Duration of Illness
- 24-48 hours - 4-7 days
Prodomal period Signs and symptoms
- Aches - Fever - Nausea - headcahe - spots (measles)
Measles (Rubeola) Prevention and treatment
- Attenuated virus vaccine after age 12 months; second dose upon entering elementary school or at adolescence. - No antiviral treatment available at present.
Factors that impact Incubation
- Host age - Host health - Host immune system - Type of organism
Stop nucleic acid synthesis (RNA or DNA) EXAMPLE
a. Herpes b. AZT - HIV
Block Viral un-coating EXAMPLE
amantadine - flu
common cold pathogenesis
attach to respiratory epithelial cells
Types response ______ in attenuated, ____ in inactivated
attenuated viruses/attenuated bacteria Inactivated whole agents/toxiods/subunit vaccines/polysaccharide vaccines
pathogenesis of hantavirus
capillary walls and lungs
herpes varicella zoster:
chicken pox, shingles
Typhoid Mary carried ___________ in _________
cholera, 30s and 40s
Vibrio Cholerae Associated Foods
contaminated water; undercooked foods
meningitis causative agent
coxsackie or enterovirus
meningitis epidemiology
fecal-oral during summer and early fall
mono symptoms
fever, fatigue, sore throat, large lymph nodes
viral meningitis symptoms
fever, headache, stiff neck, vomiting
symptoms of hantavirus
fever, muscle aches, vomiting, diarrhea, cough, shortness breath, shock
meningitis pathogenesis
infection of meninges
Chickenpox (Varicella) infection of other body cells occurs, resulting in
infection of other body cells occurs, resulting in showers of virions into the bloodstream.
mono
infectious mononucleosis
common cold epidemiology
inhalation of droplets, mucus
epidemiology of hantavirus
mice
prevention and treatment of hantavirus
no contact with rodents, disinfect rodent areas, no treatment
how tamiflu works
prevents flu virus from attaching to membrane
EPA stands for ___________ and is responsible for
Environmental Protection Agency, regulating pesticides and water quality
mono causative agent
Epstein-Barr virus
FTC stands for __________ and is responsible for
Federal Trade Commission, regulating marketing of food products
Influenza (FLU) Symptoms
Fever, muscle aches, lack of energy, headache, sore throat, nasal congestion, cough
Listeria monocytogenes Signs and Symptoms
Fever, muscle aches, nausea, diarrhea, premature delivery, miscarriage or stillbirth
Shigella Signs and Symptoms
Fever, tiredness, watery or bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain
FAO stands for __________ and is responsible for
Food and Agriculture Organization, pesticide standards, part of UN
FDA stands for ________ and is responsible for
Food and Drug Administration, safety of processed foods
Where to give an injection to a baby
Give injects on babies thighs so they don't scratch it
Glardia Intestinalis (protozooan) Associated Foods
Contaminated water, any uncooked food
Convalescent carriers Example
Hepatitis A
Influenza (FLU) Causative agent
Influenza virus, an orthomyxovirus
Salmonellosis Epidemiology
Ingestion of food contaimed by animal feces, especially poultry. Human fecal source in typhoid fever-like illnesses.
Chickenpox (Varicella) Varicelle - zoster virus is inhaled through
Inhaled infects nose and throat
Salmonellosis Pathogenesis
Invasion of lining cells of lower small and large intestine, with penetration to underlying tissues; body's inflammatory response causes increase in fluid secretion. Sometimes survival within macrophages and spread throughout the body, destruction of Peyer's patches.
Chickenpox (Varicella) Symptoms
Itchy bumps and blisters in various stages of development, fever, latent infections can become manifest as shingles (herpes zoster) years later.
Norovirus Signs and Symptoms
Jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, fever
Aspergillus flavus Signs and Symptoms
Liver damage
Shigella Associated Foods
Many raw or under-cooked foods; pathogen can be carried by flies
hantavirus causative agent
Sin Nombre
Measles (Rubeola) Skin cells infected with the rubeola virus
Skin cells infected with the rubeola virus are attacked by immune T cells, causing a generalized rash.
Incubating carrier
Spread the infectious agent during the incubation period.
Staphylococcus aureus Signs and Symptoms
Sudden onset of severe nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps
Block a attachment or entry of virus EXAMPLE
Tamiflu - Flu
Stop realse of virus particle EXAMPLE
Tamiflu - Flu
Life cycle of Animal Viruses Penetration and Uncoating
The entire virus is engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole. When enzymes in the vacuole dissolve the envelope and capsid, the virus is said to be uncoated and it releases the viral nucleic acid into eh cytoplasm.
Life cycle of Animal Viruses Adsorption
The virus encounters a susceptible host cells and adsorbs specifically to receptor sites on the cell membrane.
Influenza (FLU) The virus exits with
The virus exits with coughing.
Chickenpox (Varicella) The virus infects
The virus infects nearby lymph nodes, reproduces, and seeds the bloodstream.
mono pathogenesis
throat and salivary ducts, enlarged spleen
Chickenpox (Varicella) Pathogenesis
Upper respiratory virus multiplication followed by dissemination via bloodstream to the skin; cytopathic effect of virus includes the formation of giant cells.
meningitis prevention and treatment
wash hands, avoid crowded areas, mumps vaccine, no treatment
prevention and treatment common cold
wash hands, cover cough and sneeze
Salmonellosis Incubation period
Usually 6 to 72 hours; can be 1 to 3 weeks in typhoid fever
Period of Illness
- Most acute -exhibit signs/symptoms for that disease
Period of Incubation
- No signs or symptoms - Period between inital exposure or infection to 1st sign and symptoms.
Prodomal period
- Short time period - Chora by mild symptoms/signs
Period of Decline
- Signs/symptoms decreasing - decrease fever - pox heal - Take 24 hours -> several days AND person open for 2nd infections weaken state.
Period of Illness Signs/symptoms Examples
- Strep. sore throat - Pox lesion - chicken pox - Jaundice - hepatitis Skin/eyes yellow -Swollen lymph nodes Increase white blood cells high fever
How to give vaccine
- Sub cutaneous SQ (pick of the skin and makes tent, ex arm) - Nasal - Oral - Intro muscular IM
Period of Convalescence
- regain strength, eatting, feel better - Return to normal (for you) - But person could be "sub clinical" disease without signs/symptoms - carrier of disease (months -> years) Shed disease agents (Ex) typhold mary Cholera
Hepatitis A virus Incubation Period and Duration of Illness
-15 - 50 days - 2 weeks - 3 months
Listeria monocytogenes Incubation Period and Duration of Illness
-9 -18 hours for GI symptoms, 2 -6 weeks for invasive disease - variable
Infectious Agents of Foodborne Parasites
-Trichinella (worm) - Glardia Intestinalis (protozooan)
Influenza (FLU) Incubation period
1 to 2 days
common cold incubation period
1 to 2 days
mono incubation period
1 to 2 months
meningitis incubation period
1 to 2 weeks enteroviruses, 2 to 4 weeks mumps
Carrier States
1. Asymptomatic carriers 2. Incubating carrier 3.Convalescent carriers 4.Chronic carriers 5. Passive carriers
Antiviral Drugs
1. Block a attachment or entry of virus 2. Block Viral un-coating 3. Stop nucleic acid synthesis (RNA or DNA) a. Example Acyclovir - Herpes 4. Stop reverse transcriptase 5. Stop assembly of virus particle 6. Stop realse of virus particle
Progression of Disease The classic stages of clinical infections
1. Period of incubation 2. Prodomal Period 3. Period of Illness 4. Period of Decline 5. Period of convalescence
Drug effects of Saquinavir
1. inserts into HIV protease, stopping its action and resulting in inactive noninfectious viruses. 2. Thought to interfere with influenza virus assembly of budding.
requirements for effective vaccine
1. long-term effects, lasting effects 2. inexpensive, long shelf-life, easy to administer 3. Not require numerous doses or boosters. 4. not cause serious harm 5. low level side effect or toxcity 6. stimulate both B & T cell response. 7. Protect against exposure to natural, wild forms of pathogens.
Measles (Rubeola) Incubation period:
10 to 12 days
Chickenpox (Varicella) Incubation period
10 to 21 days
incubation period hantavirus
3 days to 6 weeks
Stop reverse transcriptase EXAMPLE
AZT - HIV
Measles (Rubeola) Epidemiology
Acquired by respiratory route; highly contagious; humans only source.
Trichinella (worm) Signs and Symptoms
Acute nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, fever, and abdominal pain
Salmonellosis Prevention and treatment
Adequate cooking and handling of food; attenuated vaccine against typhoid fever. Usually no antimicrobial advised unless invasion of tissues or blood occurs.
Measles (Rubeola) airborne rubeola virus infects
Airborne rubeola virus infects eyes and upper respiratory tract, then the lymph nodes in the "region"
Influenza (FLU) Epidemiology
Antigenic drift and antigenic shift thwart immunity.
Infectious Agents of Foodborne - Molds
Aspergillus flavus
Life cycle of Animal Viruses Release
Assembled viruses leave their host in one of two ways. Non enveloped and complex viruses that reach maturation int eh cell nucleus or cytoplasm are released when the cell lyses or ruptures. Enveloped viruses are liberated by budding from the membranes of the cytoplasm, nucleus, ER, or vesicles.
Chickenpox (Varicella) Prevention and treatment
Attenuated vaccine. Passive immunization with zoster immune globulin (ZIG) for immunocompromised individuals; acyclovir or similar antiviral medication for prevention and treatment.
BATF stands for _______ and is responsible for
Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms, enforces laws regarding those products
CDC stands for _________ and is responsible for
Center for Disease Control, monitor foodborne illness
Camplybacter jejuni Signs and symptoms
Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, fever, tiredness
Salmonellosis Symptoms
Diarrhea and vomiting; rarely prolonged fever, headache, abdominal pain, abscesses, and shock
Salmonella Signs and Symptoms
Diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, severe headaches
Glardia Intestinalis (protozooan) Signs and Symptoms
Diarrhea, flatulence, stomach cramps
Where do you give a Dog or Cat an injection?
Dogs and cats get rabies vaccine on back of neck (also has the best lumph nodes)
Chickenpox (Varicella) Epidemiology
Highly infectious. Acquired by the respiratory route; humans, both individuals with chickenpox and those with shingles, the only source; dissemination is from skin lesions and respiratory secretions.
Clostridium botulinum Associated Foods
Home-canned foods with low acid content, improperly canned commercial foods, herb-infused oils
Influenza (FLU) Host cell synthesis is
Host cell synthesis is diverted to synthesizing new virus.
Chickenpox (Varicella) If immunity wanes with
If immunity wanes with age or other reason, the virus persisting in the nerve ganglia can infect the skin, causing herpes zoster.
Chickenpox (Varicella) Immune system eliminates
Immune system eliminates the infection except for some virions inside the nerve cells.
Staphylococcus aureus Associated Foods
Improperly refridgerated meats, potato and egg salads, cream pastries
Measles (Rubeola) In rare cases
In rare cases, virus persisting in the brain causes subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, months or years after the acute infection.
Chronic carriers
Individuals who shelter the infectious agent for a long period after recovery because of the latency of the infectious agent.
Asymptomatic carriers
Infected but show no symptoms of disease
Influenza (FLU) infected cells
Infected cells ultimately die and slough off; recovery of the mucociliary escalator may take weeks.
Influenza (FLU) Pathogens
Infection of respiratory epithelium; cells destroyed and virus released to infect other cells. Secondary bacterial infection results from damaged mucociliary escalator.
Incubating carrier Example
Infectious mono-necleosis
Influenza (FLU) Influenza virus is inhaled
Influenza virus is inhaled and carried to the lungs.
Life cycle of Animal Viruses Assembly
Mature virus particles are constructed from the growing pool of parts. Insertion of viral spikes into the host's cell membrane happens now so they can be picked up as the virus buds off.
Passive carriers
Medical and dental personnel who must constantly handle patient materials that are heavily containated with patient secretions and blood risk picking up pathogens mechanically and accidentally transferring them to other patients.
Hepatitis A virus Associated Foods
Mollusks (oysters, clams, mussels, scallops, and cockles)
NMFS stands for ______ and is responsible for
National Marine Fisheries Service, seafood, fisheries, habitat
Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Signs and Symptoms
Nausea, abdominal cramps, some vomiting
Hepatitis A virus Signs and Symptoms
Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, fever
Influenza (FLU) Newly founded virions
Newly founded virions bud from infected cells, they are released by viral neuraminidase and infect ciliated epithelium, mucus-secreting, and alveolar cells.
Salmonella Associated Foods
Paw poultry, eggs, and beef; fruit and alfalfa sprouts; unpasteurized milk
Measles (Rubeola) Symptoms:
Rash, fever, weepy eyes, cough and nasal discharge
Listeria monocytogenes Associated Foods
Raw or inadequately pasteurized dairy product; ready-to-eat luncheon meats and frankfurthers
Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Associated Foods
Raw or undercooked meat, raw fruits and vegetables, unpasteurized milk and juice, contaminated water
Trichinella (worm) Associated Foods
Raw or undercooked pork or meats of carnivorous animals
Camplybacter jejuni Associated Foods
Raw or undercooked poultry, untreated water, unpasteurized milk
Norovirus Associated Foods
Raw or undercooked shellfish, contaminated water
Convalescent carriers
Recuperating patients without symptoms; they continues to shed viable microbes and convey the infection to others.
Measles (Rubeola) Causative agent:
Rubeola virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the paramyxovirus family.
Salmonellosis causative agent
Salmonella enterica, motile, gram-negative, enterobacteria
Inhibition of Viral Assembly/release
Saquinavir
Influenza (FLU) Secondary bacterial infection
Secondary bacterial infection of the lungs, ears, and sinuses is common.
Measles (Rubeola) Secondary infection
Secondary infection of the ears and lungs is common.
Chickenpox (Varicella) There virions cause
There virions cause successive crops of skin lesions, which evolve into blisters and crusts.
Chickenpox (Varicella) Transmission to
Transmission to others occurs from respiratory secretions and skin.
Measles (Rubeola) Transmission
Transmission us by respiratory secretions.
Chronic carriers Example
Tuberculosis Typhoid fever
example of disease carrier
Typhoid Mary
USDA stands for _____ and is responsible for
US Department of Agriculture, standards for meat, poultry, eggs
Influenza (FLU) Prevention and treatment
Vaccines usually 80% to 90% effective. Amantadine and rimantadine effective for preventing type A but type B virus disease; neuraminidase inhibitors effective against both A and B viruses. These medication somewhat effective for treatment when given early in the disease.
Chickenpox (Varicella) Causative agent:
Varicella-zoster virus; enveloped double-stranded DNA virus of the herpesvirus family.
Passive carriers Example
Various healthcare associated infections
Risk of mutation to virulence response ______ in attenuated, ____ in inactivated
Very low Absent
Influenza (FLU) Viral hemagglutin attaches to
Viral hemagglutin attaches to specific receptors in ciliated epithelial cells, the viral envelope fuses with epithelial cell, and the virus enters the cell by endocytosis
Measles (Rubeola) Virus enters the bloodstream
Virus enters the bloodstream and is carried to all parts of the body including the brain, lungs, and skin.
Measles (Rubeola) Pathogenesis
Virus multiples in respiratory tract; spreads to lymphoid tissue, then to all parts of body, notably skin, lungs and brain; damage to respiratory tract epithelium leads to secondary infection of ears and lungs.
Measles (Rubeola) Virus replicates where and causes what
Virus replicating in the lungs can cause pneumonia; the brain can also be infected.
Clostridium botulinum Signs and Symptoms
Vomiting, diarrhea, blurred vision, drooping eye-lids, slurred speech, dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, weak muscles.
Escherichia coli (enterotoxigenic) Associated Foods
Water or food contaminated with human feces.
Vibrio Cholerae Signs and Symptoms
Watery diarrhea and vomiting
Escherichia coli (enterotoxigenic) Signs and Symptoms
Watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, some vomiting
Aspergillus flavus Associated Foods
Wheat, flour, peanuts, soybeans
Department of Justice responsible for
prosecuting violators of food safety laws
Stop assembly of virus particle EXAMPLE
protease - HIV
State and Local Governments responsible for
public health, inspections, embargo
common cold causative agent
rhinovirus
common cold symptoms
scratchy throat, nasal discharge, headache, cough
mono epidemiology
spread by saliva
