Mbio 101 exam 4 WSU

Infectious Agents of Foodborne Bacteria

- Camplybacter jejuni - Clostridium botulinum - Clostridium perfringes - Escherichia coli (enterotoxigenic) - Escherichia coli 0157:H7 - Listeria monocytogenes -Salmonella - Shigella -Staphylococcus - Vibrio Cholerae

Aspergillus flavus Incubation Period and Duration of Illness

- Days to weeks - Weeks to months

Asymptomatic carriers Example

- Gonorrhea - Genital herpes with no lesions

Infectious Agents of Foodborne Viruses

- Hepatitis A virus - Norovirus

Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Incubation Period and Duration of Illness

- 1- 8 days - 5-10 days

Trichinella (worm) Incubation Period and Duration of Illness

- 1-2 days for initial symptoms; others begin 2-8 weeks after infections. -Months

Glardia Intestinalis (protozooan) Incubation Period and Duration of Illness

- 1-2 weeks - Days to Weeks

Salmonella Incubation Period and Duration of Illness

- 1-3 days - 4-7 days

Escherichia coli (enterotoxigenic) Incubation Period and Duration of Illness

- 1-3 days -Variables

Staphylococcus aureus Incubation Period and Duration of Illness

- 1-6 hours - 24 - 28 hours

Vibrio Cholerae Incubation Period and Duration of Illness

- 1-7 days - 2-8 days

Norovirus Incubation Period and Duration of Illness

- 12-48 hours - 2 weeks- 3 months

Clostridium botulinum Incubation Period and Duration of Illness

- 12-72 hours - From days to months

Camplybacter jejuni Incubation Period and Duration of Illness

- 2-5 days - 2-10 days

Period of Incubation Example

- 21 days chicken pox - 24 hours Flu - 6 years Leprosy - abou 24 hours new strain E. coli

Shigella Incubation Period and Duration of Illness

- 24-48 hours - 4-7 days

Prodomal period Signs and symptoms

- Aches - Fever - Nausea - headcahe - spots (measles)

Measles (Rubeola) Prevention and treatment

- Attenuated virus vaccine after age 12 months; second dose upon entering elementary school or at adolescence. - No antiviral treatment available at present.

Factors that impact Incubation

- Host age - Host health - Host immune system - Type of organism

Stop nucleic acid synthesis (RNA or DNA) EXAMPLE

a. Herpes b. AZT - HIV

Block Viral un-coating EXAMPLE

amantadine - flu

common cold pathogenesis

attach to respiratory epithelial cells

Types response ______ in attenuated, ____ in inactivated

attenuated viruses/attenuated bacteria Inactivated whole agents/toxiods/subunit vaccines/polysaccharide vaccines

pathogenesis of hantavirus

capillary walls and lungs

herpes varicella zoster:

chicken pox, shingles

Typhoid Mary carried ___________ in _________

cholera, 30s and 40s

Vibrio Cholerae Associated Foods

contaminated water; undercooked foods

meningitis causative agent

coxsackie or enterovirus

meningitis epidemiology

fecal-oral during summer and early fall

mono symptoms

fever, fatigue, sore throat, large lymph nodes

viral meningitis symptoms

fever, headache, stiff neck, vomiting

symptoms of hantavirus

fever, muscle aches, vomiting, diarrhea, cough, shortness breath, shock

meningitis pathogenesis

infection of meninges

Chickenpox (Varicella) infection of other body cells occurs, resulting in

infection of other body cells occurs, resulting in showers of virions into the bloodstream.

mono

infectious mononucleosis

common cold epidemiology

inhalation of droplets, mucus

epidemiology of hantavirus

mice

prevention and treatment of hantavirus

no contact with rodents, disinfect rodent areas, no treatment

how tamiflu works

prevents flu virus from attaching to membrane

EPA stands for ___________ and is responsible for

Environmental Protection Agency, regulating pesticides and water quality

mono causative agent

Epstein-Barr virus

FTC stands for __________ and is responsible for

Federal Trade Commission, regulating marketing of food products

Influenza (FLU) Symptoms

Fever, muscle aches, lack of energy, headache, sore throat, nasal congestion, cough

Listeria monocytogenes Signs and Symptoms

Fever, muscle aches, nausea, diarrhea, premature delivery, miscarriage or stillbirth

Shigella Signs and Symptoms

Fever, tiredness, watery or bloody diarrhea, abdominal pain

FAO stands for __________ and is responsible for

Food and Agriculture Organization, pesticide standards, part of UN

FDA stands for ________ and is responsible for

Food and Drug Administration, safety of processed foods

Where to give an injection to a baby

Give injects on babies thighs so they don't scratch it

Glardia Intestinalis (protozooan) Associated Foods

Contaminated water, any uncooked food

Convalescent carriers Example

Hepatitis A

Influenza (FLU) Causative agent

Influenza virus, an orthomyxovirus

Salmonellosis Epidemiology

Ingestion of food contaimed by animal feces, especially poultry. Human fecal source in typhoid fever-like illnesses.

Chickenpox (Varicella) Varicelle - zoster virus is inhaled through

Inhaled infects nose and throat

Salmonellosis Pathogenesis

Invasion of lining cells of lower small and large intestine, with penetration to underlying tissues; body's inflammatory response causes increase in fluid secretion. Sometimes survival within macrophages and spread throughout the body, destruction of Peyer's patches.

Chickenpox (Varicella) Symptoms

Itchy bumps and blisters in various stages of development, fever, latent infections can become manifest as shingles (herpes zoster) years later.

Norovirus Signs and Symptoms

Jaundice, fatigue, abdominal pain, loss of appetite, nausea, diarrhea, fever

Aspergillus flavus Signs and Symptoms

Liver damage

Shigella Associated Foods

Many raw or under-cooked foods; pathogen can be carried by flies

hantavirus causative agent

Sin Nombre

Measles (Rubeola) Skin cells infected with the rubeola virus

Skin cells infected with the rubeola virus are attacked by immune T cells, causing a generalized rash.

Incubating carrier

Spread the infectious agent during the incubation period.

Staphylococcus aureus Signs and Symptoms

Sudden onset of severe nausea and vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal cramps

Block a attachment or entry of virus EXAMPLE

Tamiflu - Flu

Stop realse of virus particle EXAMPLE

Tamiflu - Flu

Life cycle of Animal Viruses Penetration and Uncoating

The entire virus is engulfed by the cell and enclosed in a vacuole. When enzymes in the vacuole dissolve the envelope and capsid, the virus is said to be uncoated and it releases the viral nucleic acid into eh cytoplasm.

Life cycle of Animal Viruses Adsorption

The virus encounters a susceptible host cells and adsorbs specifically to receptor sites on the cell membrane.

Influenza (FLU) The virus exits with

The virus exits with coughing.

Chickenpox (Varicella) The virus infects

The virus infects nearby lymph nodes, reproduces, and seeds the bloodstream.

mono pathogenesis

throat and salivary ducts, enlarged spleen

Chickenpox (Varicella) Pathogenesis

Upper respiratory virus multiplication followed by dissemination via bloodstream to the skin; cytopathic effect of virus includes the formation of giant cells.

meningitis prevention and treatment

wash hands, avoid crowded areas, mumps vaccine, no treatment

prevention and treatment common cold

wash hands, cover cough and sneeze

Salmonellosis Incubation period

Usually 6 to 72 hours; can be 1 to 3 weeks in typhoid fever

Period of Illness

- Most acute -exhibit signs/symptoms for that disease

Period of Incubation

- No signs or symptoms - Period between inital exposure or infection to 1st sign and symptoms.

Prodomal period

- Short time period - Chora by mild symptoms/signs

Period of Decline

- Signs/symptoms decreasing - decrease fever - pox heal - Take 24 hours -> several days AND person open for 2nd infections weaken state.

Period of Illness Signs/symptoms Examples

- Strep. sore throat - Pox lesion - chicken pox - Jaundice - hepatitis Skin/eyes yellow -Swollen lymph nodes Increase white blood cells high fever

How to give vaccine

- Sub cutaneous SQ (pick of the skin and makes tent, ex arm) - Nasal - Oral - Intro muscular IM

Period of Convalescence

- regain strength, eatting, feel better - Return to normal (for you) - But person could be "sub clinical" disease without signs/symptoms - carrier of disease (months -> years) Shed disease agents (Ex) typhold mary Cholera

Hepatitis A virus Incubation Period and Duration of Illness

-15 - 50 days - 2 weeks - 3 months

Listeria monocytogenes Incubation Period and Duration of Illness

-9 -18 hours for GI symptoms, 2 -6 weeks for invasive disease - variable

Infectious Agents of Foodborne Parasites

-Trichinella (worm) - Glardia Intestinalis (protozooan)

Influenza (FLU) Incubation period

1 to 2 days

common cold incubation period

1 to 2 days

mono incubation period

1 to 2 months

meningitis incubation period

1 to 2 weeks enteroviruses, 2 to 4 weeks mumps

Carrier States

1. Asymptomatic carriers 2. Incubating carrier 3.Convalescent carriers 4.Chronic carriers 5. Passive carriers

Antiviral Drugs

1. Block a attachment or entry of virus 2. Block Viral un-coating 3. Stop nucleic acid synthesis (RNA or DNA) a. Example Acyclovir - Herpes 4. Stop reverse transcriptase 5. Stop assembly of virus particle 6. Stop realse of virus particle

Progression of Disease The classic stages of clinical infections

1. Period of incubation 2. Prodomal Period 3. Period of Illness 4. Period of Decline 5. Period of convalescence

Drug effects of Saquinavir

1. inserts into HIV protease, stopping its action and resulting in inactive noninfectious viruses. 2. Thought to interfere with influenza virus assembly of budding.

requirements for effective vaccine

1. long-term effects, lasting effects 2. inexpensive, long shelf-life, easy to administer 3. Not require numerous doses or boosters. 4. not cause serious harm 5. low level side effect or toxcity 6. stimulate both B & T cell response. 7. Protect against exposure to natural, wild forms of pathogens.

Measles (Rubeola) Incubation period:

10 to 12 days

Chickenpox (Varicella) Incubation period

10 to 21 days

incubation period hantavirus

3 days to 6 weeks

Stop reverse transcriptase EXAMPLE

AZT - HIV

Measles (Rubeola) Epidemiology

Acquired by respiratory route; highly contagious; humans only source.

Trichinella (worm) Signs and Symptoms

Acute nausea, diarrhea, vomiting, fatigue, fever, and abdominal pain

Salmonellosis Prevention and treatment

Adequate cooking and handling of food; attenuated vaccine against typhoid fever. Usually no antimicrobial advised unless invasion of tissues or blood occurs.

Measles (Rubeola) airborne rubeola virus infects

Airborne rubeola virus infects eyes and upper respiratory tract, then the lymph nodes in the "region"

Influenza (FLU) Epidemiology

Antigenic drift and antigenic shift thwart immunity.

Infectious Agents of Foodborne - Molds

Aspergillus flavus

Life cycle of Animal Viruses Release

Assembled viruses leave their host in one of two ways. Non enveloped and complex viruses that reach maturation int eh cell nucleus or cytoplasm are released when the cell lyses or ruptures. Enveloped viruses are liberated by budding from the membranes of the cytoplasm, nucleus, ER, or vesicles.

Chickenpox (Varicella) Prevention and treatment

Attenuated vaccine. Passive immunization with zoster immune globulin (ZIG) for immunocompromised individuals; acyclovir or similar antiviral medication for prevention and treatment.

BATF stands for _______ and is responsible for

Bureau of Alcohol Tobacco and Firearms, enforces laws regarding those products

CDC stands for _________ and is responsible for

Center for Disease Control, monitor foodborne illness

Camplybacter jejuni Signs and symptoms

Diarrhea (often bloody), abdominal cramping, nausea, vomiting, fever, tiredness

Salmonellosis Symptoms

Diarrhea and vomiting; rarely prolonged fever, headache, abdominal pain, abscesses, and shock

Salmonella Signs and Symptoms

Diarrhea, fever, abdominal cramps, severe headaches

Glardia Intestinalis (protozooan) Signs and Symptoms

Diarrhea, flatulence, stomach cramps

Where do you give a Dog or Cat an injection?

Dogs and cats get rabies vaccine on back of neck (also has the best lumph nodes)

Chickenpox (Varicella) Epidemiology

Highly infectious. Acquired by the respiratory route; humans, both individuals with chickenpox and those with shingles, the only source; dissemination is from skin lesions and respiratory secretions.

Clostridium botulinum Associated Foods

Home-canned foods with low acid content, improperly canned commercial foods, herb-infused oils

Influenza (FLU) Host cell synthesis is

Host cell synthesis is diverted to synthesizing new virus.

Chickenpox (Varicella) If immunity wanes with

If immunity wanes with age or other reason, the virus persisting in the nerve ganglia can infect the skin, causing herpes zoster.

Chickenpox (Varicella) Immune system eliminates

Immune system eliminates the infection except for some virions inside the nerve cells.

Staphylococcus aureus Associated Foods

Improperly refridgerated meats, potato and egg salads, cream pastries

Measles (Rubeola) In rare cases

In rare cases, virus persisting in the brain causes subacute sclerosing panencephalitis, months or years after the acute infection.

Chronic carriers

Individuals who shelter the infectious agent for a long period after recovery because of the latency of the infectious agent.

Asymptomatic carriers

Infected but show no symptoms of disease

Influenza (FLU) infected cells

Infected cells ultimately die and slough off; recovery of the mucociliary escalator may take weeks.

Influenza (FLU) Pathogens

Infection of respiratory epithelium; cells destroyed and virus released to infect other cells. Secondary bacterial infection results from damaged mucociliary escalator.

Incubating carrier Example

Infectious mono-necleosis

Influenza (FLU) Influenza virus is inhaled

Influenza virus is inhaled and carried to the lungs.

Life cycle of Animal Viruses Assembly

Mature virus particles are constructed from the growing pool of parts. Insertion of viral spikes into the host's cell membrane happens now so they can be picked up as the virus buds off.

Passive carriers

Medical and dental personnel who must constantly handle patient materials that are heavily containated with patient secretions and blood risk picking up pathogens mechanically and accidentally transferring them to other patients.

Hepatitis A virus Associated Foods

Mollusks (oysters, clams, mussels, scallops, and cockles)

NMFS stands for ______ and is responsible for

National Marine Fisheries Service, seafood, fisheries, habitat

Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Signs and Symptoms

Nausea, abdominal cramps, some vomiting

Hepatitis A virus Signs and Symptoms

Nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, headache, fever

Influenza (FLU) Newly founded virions

Newly founded virions bud from infected cells, they are released by viral neuraminidase and infect ciliated epithelium, mucus-secreting, and alveolar cells.

Salmonella Associated Foods

Paw poultry, eggs, and beef; fruit and alfalfa sprouts; unpasteurized milk

Measles (Rubeola) Symptoms:

Rash, fever, weepy eyes, cough and nasal discharge

Listeria monocytogenes Associated Foods

Raw or inadequately pasteurized dairy product; ready-to-eat luncheon meats and frankfurthers

Escherichia coli 0157:H7 Associated Foods

Raw or undercooked meat, raw fruits and vegetables, unpasteurized milk and juice, contaminated water

Trichinella (worm) Associated Foods

Raw or undercooked pork or meats of carnivorous animals

Camplybacter jejuni Associated Foods

Raw or undercooked poultry, untreated water, unpasteurized milk

Norovirus Associated Foods

Raw or undercooked shellfish, contaminated water

Convalescent carriers

Recuperating patients without symptoms; they continues to shed viable microbes and convey the infection to others.

Measles (Rubeola) Causative agent:

Rubeola virus, a single-stranded RNA virus of the paramyxovirus family.

Salmonellosis causative agent

Salmonella enterica, motile, gram-negative, enterobacteria

Inhibition of Viral Assembly/release

Saquinavir

Influenza (FLU) Secondary bacterial infection

Secondary bacterial infection of the lungs, ears, and sinuses is common.

Measles (Rubeola) Secondary infection

Secondary infection of the ears and lungs is common.

Chickenpox (Varicella) There virions cause

There virions cause successive crops of skin lesions, which evolve into blisters and crusts.

Chickenpox (Varicella) Transmission to

Transmission to others occurs from respiratory secretions and skin.

Measles (Rubeola) Transmission

Transmission us by respiratory secretions.

Chronic carriers Example

Tuberculosis Typhoid fever

example of disease carrier

Typhoid Mary

USDA stands for _____ and is responsible for

US Department of Agriculture, standards for meat, poultry, eggs

Influenza (FLU) Prevention and treatment

Vaccines usually 80% to 90% effective. Amantadine and rimantadine effective for preventing type A but type B virus disease; neuraminidase inhibitors effective against both A and B viruses. These medication somewhat effective for treatment when given early in the disease.

Chickenpox (Varicella) Causative agent:

Varicella-zoster virus; enveloped double-stranded DNA virus of the herpesvirus family.

Passive carriers Example

Various healthcare associated infections

Risk of mutation to virulence response ______ in attenuated, ____ in inactivated

Very low Absent

Influenza (FLU) Viral hemagglutin attaches to

Viral hemagglutin attaches to specific receptors in ciliated epithelial cells, the viral envelope fuses with epithelial cell, and the virus enters the cell by endocytosis

Measles (Rubeola) Virus enters the bloodstream

Virus enters the bloodstream and is carried to all parts of the body including the brain, lungs, and skin.

Measles (Rubeola) Pathogenesis

Virus multiples in respiratory tract; spreads to lymphoid tissue, then to all parts of body, notably skin, lungs and brain; damage to respiratory tract epithelium leads to secondary infection of ears and lungs.

Measles (Rubeola) Virus replicates where and causes what

Virus replicating in the lungs can cause pneumonia; the brain can also be infected.

Clostridium botulinum Signs and Symptoms

Vomiting, diarrhea, blurred vision, drooping eye-lids, slurred speech, dry mouth, difficulty swallowing, weak muscles.

Escherichia coli (enterotoxigenic) Associated Foods

Water or food contaminated with human feces.

Vibrio Cholerae Signs and Symptoms

Watery diarrhea and vomiting

Escherichia coli (enterotoxigenic) Signs and Symptoms

Watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps, some vomiting

Aspergillus flavus Associated Foods

Wheat, flour, peanuts, soybeans

Department of Justice responsible for

prosecuting violators of food safety laws

Stop assembly of virus particle EXAMPLE

protease - HIV

State and Local Governments responsible for

public health, inspections, embargo

common cold causative agent

rhinovirus

common cold symptoms

scratchy throat, nasal discharge, headache, cough

mono epidemiology

spread by saliva