MBIOS 301 General Genetics (Exam 5: Ch. 22, 26, 27)

Assume that a population at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium undergoes directional selection. The starting p value is 0.6 and the relative fitness values for the homozygous dominant, heterozygous, and homozygous recessive individuals are 1.0, 0.6, and 0.1. What is the mean fitness of the population (rounded to two significant digits)?

.66

If a population is at Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium, at what frequency (decimal form) of the dominant allele is the frequency of heterozygotes maximized?

0.5

In what year did the Human Genome Project officially begin?

1990

Population

A group of individuals of the same species that occupy the same region and can interbreed with one another.

Molecular Marker

A segment of DNA found at a specific site along a chromosome and has properties that enable it to be uniquely recognized using molecular tools such as polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and gel electrophoresis

Hardy-Weinberg Equation

A simple mathematical expression that predicts stability of allele and genotype frequencies from one generation to the next.

How many different chromosomes contain the human genome? A) 24 B) 46 C) 23 D) 44

A) 24

A gene exists in two alleles and the heterozygote has the highest fitness. This scenario is likely to result in : A) Balancing selection B) Directional selection C) Stabilizing selection D) Disruptive selection

A) Balancing selection

Collection of overlapping clones A) Contig B) YAC C) BAC D) Shotgun

A) Contig

What type of map (one word) is based on microscopy? A) Cytogenetic mapping B) Linkage mapping C) Physical mapping D) Chromosome map

A) Cytogenetic mapping

What type of map (one word) is established on the basis of staining to create chromosome banding patterns (e.g. G banding)? A) Cytogenetic mapping B) Linkage mapping C) Physical mapping D) Chromosome map

A) Cytogenetic mapping

What one-word term refers to the total genetic composition of an organism or species? A) Genome B) Gene C) Chromatid D) Karyotype

A) Genome

Marker that's polymorphic due to the number and/or location of restriction enzyme sites. A) Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) B) Amplified restriction fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) C) Microsatellite, also called a short tandem repeat (STR) D) Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) E) Sequence-tagged site (STS)

A) Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP)

For each of the following, decide if it could be appropriately described as a genome: A) The E. coli chromosome B) Human chromosome 11 C) A complete set of 10 chromosomes in corn D) A copy of the single-stranded RNA packaged into human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A) The E. coli chromosome C) A complete set of 10 chromosomes in corn D) A copy of the single-stranded RNA packaged into human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)

A molecular marker is a segment of DNA that is found at a specific location in a genome. A) True B) False

A) True

An STS is a molecular marker. A) True B) False

A) True

An allele that is "fixed" in a population is regarded as "monomorphic". A) True B) False

A) True

Artificial chromosomes are a type of cloning vector. A) True B) False

A) True

Directional selection results in a normal, bell-shaped curve distribution of phenotypes. A) True B) False

A) True

Evolution results in changes to allele frequencies. A) True B) False

A) True

Molecular markers can be polymorphic. A) True B) False

A) True

Subcloning is associated with the technique of chromosome walking. A) True B) False

A) True

The maximum value of "w" is 1.0. A) True B) False

A) True

The measure of the reproductive success of a genotype is called Darwinian fitness. A) True B) False

A) True

We can follow the transmission of molecular markers using molecular techniques such as gel electrophoresis. A) True B) False

A) True

What type of molecular marker is similar to an RFLP but is amplified via PCR?

AFLP

Between RFLP, AFLP, SNP, and microsatellite (STR). Which type(s) can also be classified as a STS?

AFLP, SNP, and microsatellite (STR)

Gene Pool

All of the alleles of every gene in a population.

Type of RFLP marker that's amplified by PCR. A) Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) B) Amplified restriction fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) C) Microsatellite, also called a short tandem repeat (STR) D) Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) E) Sequence-tagged site (STS)

B) Amplified restriction fragment length polymorphism (AFLP)

Type of artificial chromosome developed from F factors. A) YAC B) BAC C) Shotgun D) Chromosome walking

B) BAC

At equilibrium the allele and genotype frequencies of a population change over time. A) True B) False

B) False

During gel electrophoresis, a microsatellite with more repeats would be found closer to the bottom of the gel than one with fewer repeats. A) True B) False

B) False

Genetic drift is more likely to affect dominant alleles in a population than recessive alleles. A) True B) False

B) False

Most natural populations are in a state of equilibrium according to Hardy-Weinberg. A) True B) False

B) False

We can follow the transmission of a molecular marker by analyzing the phenotype (i.e., the individual's bodily characteristics) of offspring. A) True B) False

B) False The marker may not carry a gene that affects phenotype.

All molecular markers are segments of DNA that carry specific genes. A) True B) False

B) False They do not have to carry genes.

If a molecular marker is located relatively close to a gene of interest, what term (one word) is used to describe the relationship between the two? A) Locus B) Linkage C) Map Unit D) Polymorphic

B) Linkage

What type of map (one word) is established on the basis of recombination frequency? A) Cytogenetic mapping B) Linkage mapping C) Physical mapping D) Chromosome map

B) Linkage mapping

The accumulation of new mutations in a population is usually a ______ factor against the fitness of the population. A) Positive B) Negative C) Neutral

B) Negative

Which one of the following is a factor that does not promote widespread changes in allele or genotype frequencies? A) Natural selection B) New mutation C) Migration D) Nonrandom mating E) Genetic drift

B) New mutation

Type of artificial chromosome that contains an ARS. A) Contig B) YAC C) BAC D) Shotgun

B) YAC

Which genetic effect (one word) can influence genetic drift via significant changes in the gene pool composition due to the loss of population members by particular natural events (e.g. disease)?

Bottleneck

Technique that involves cloning, subcloning, and library screening. A) BAC B) Shotgun C) Chromosome walking D) Comparative genetics

C) Chromosome walking

Marker that's polymorphic due to differences in the number of repeat units present. A) Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) B) Amplified restriction fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) C) Microsatellite, also called a short tandem repeat (STR) D) Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) E) Sequence-tagged site (STS)

C) Microsatellite, also called a short tandem repeat (STR)

What causes differences between alleles of a microsatellite marker? A) Relative restriction enzyme cut site locations B) Relative number of restriction enzyme cut sites C) Number of repeat units D) Differences in a single base E) Relative length of the PCR primers

C) Number of repeat units

What type of map (one word) indicates the actual distance (in bp) between markers or regions? A) Cytogenetic mapping B) Linkage mapping C) Physical mapping D) Chromosome map

C) Physical mapping

What one-word term refers to the study of proteins and how they influence the traits of an organism? A) Cytogenetics B) Protology C) Proteomics D) Genetics

C) Proteomics

Which one of the following category types of molecular markers includes the others? A) STR B) AFLP C) STS D) SNP

C) STS

Sequencing approach based on generating random fragments and determining their bases. A) YAC B) BAC C) Shotgun D) Chromosome walking

C) Shotgun

What term (one word) is used to describe the population that consists of immigrants and the original members?

Conglomerate

What term (one word) is used to represent a set of overlapping clones that represents a physical map of a chromosome?

Contig

In situ hybridization is a type of __________ mapping.

Cytogenetic

Which type of mapping attempts to determine the location of a specific gene relative to the banding pattern of a chromosome?

Cytogenetic

Which type of mapping localizes DNA sequences on chromosomes and allows them to be visualized using a microscope?

Cytogenetic

Gene flow is depends on: A) Migration B) The ability of migrant alleles to be passed on to subsequent generations C) Genetic drift D) A and B E) A and C F) A, B, and C

D) A and B

Use of information from genome projects 2 understand genetic variation in populations. A) BAC B) Shotgun C) Chromosome walking D) Comparative genetics

D) Comparative genetics

In FISH analysis, what binds/hybridizes to the denatured chromosomal DNA? One word. A) Membrane B) Sodium hydroxide C) RNA D) Probe

D) Probe

Marker that's polymorphic due to differences in a single base. A) Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) B) Amplified restriction fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) C) Microsatellite, also called a short tandem repeat (STR) D) Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) E) Sequence-tagged site (STS)

D) Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

Chromosomal walking is a type of __________ in which a researcher begins at a specific site on one chromosome and analyzes ________ until the gene of interest is reached. A) DNA sequencing; a series of subclones B) DNA sequencing; bands on a gel C) positional cloning; bands on a gel D) positional cloning; a series of subclones

D) positional cloning; a series of subclones

________ (one word) fitness is defined as the relative likelihood that one genotype will contribute to the gene pool of the next generation compared with other genotypes.

Darwinian

Polymorphic

Describe a gene that commonly exists as two or more alleles in a population.

Type of marker that's amplified by PCR and is present only one time in the genome. A) Restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) B) Amplified restriction fragment length polymorphism (AFLP) C) Microsatellite, also called a short tandem repeat (STR) D) Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) E) Sequence-tagged site (STS)

E) Sequence-tagged site (STS)

1-p

Equivalent expression for q.

Monomorphic

Exists predominantly as a single allele in a population

Which one of the following is NOT a condition/assumption of the Hardy-Weinberg equation? A) No natural selection B) No migration C) No new mutations D) Random mating E) Unchanging allele frequencies in successive generations F) All of the above are correct conditions/assumptions

F) All of the above are correct conditions/assumptions

What are the two possible extreme outcomes for allele frequencies with regards to genetic drift (one word each)?

Fixation and Elimination

Which genetic effect (one word) can influence genetic drift via migration of individuals from one population to another?

Founder

What phrase is used to describe changes in a populations allele frequencies due to random fluctuations? (Two words)

Genetic Drift

What are the four mechanisms that can alter existing genetic variation? Which one of these mechanisms doesn't result in changes to allele frequency?

Genetic drift, natural selection, nonrandom mating, and migration.

Chapter 22

Genomics I: Analysis of DNA

The probability of identical by descent alleles is quantified by the _____ (2 words).

Inbreeding coefficient

Which type of mapping estimates relative distances between DNA segments on the basis of recombination values?

Linkage

In which (one) of the following types of mapping studies do/does a marker need to be polymorphic: Linkage, Cytogenetic, and/or Physical. Explain the rationale for your answer

Linkage because you need to be able to detect recombination.

Darwin and Wallace proposed the theory of evolution by ___________ (2 words).

Natural Selection

In which type of mapping are distances between specific DNA segments computed as the number of nucleotide base pairs?

Physical

Are polymorphisms common or rare in natural populations?

Polymorphisms are common in natural populations

Chapter 26

Population Genetics

What term (one word) describes the field of study in which the roles and interactions of proteins are studied?

Proteomics

Polymorphism

Refers to the observation that many traits display variation within a population.

2pq

Represents the frequency of heterozygotes.

q^2

Represents the frequency of homozygous recessives.

p

Represents the frequency of the dominant allele.

What is a synonymous term for a microsatellite marker?

Short tandem repeat (STR)

What is a "SNP"? SNPs represent _____% of all of variations in DNA sequences that occur among humans.

Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP) represent 90% of all of variations in DNA sequences that occur among humans.

Local populations, or demes

Smaller groups in a large population.

Which type of selection reduces the variation of the phenotype range of a trait? (One word)

Stabilizing

Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium

States that the allele and genotype frequencies do not change over the course of many generations.

Population Genetics

The field of population genetics is concerned with changes in genetic variation within a group of individuals over time.

Genomics

The molecular analysis of the entire genome of a species.

Allele Frequency

The number of copies of an allele in a population over the total number of all alleles for that gene in a population.

Genotype Frequency

The number of individuals with a particular genotype in a population over the total number of individuals in a population.

Single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)

The smallest type of genetic change that can occur within a given gene and are also the most common.

Genome

The total genetic composition of an organism or species. For example, the nuclear genome of humans is composed of 22 different autosomes and an X chromosome and (in males) a Y chromosome. In addition, humans have a mitochondrial genome composed of a single circular chromosome.

The units of cytogenetic maps: ______ The units of linkage maps: ______ The units of physical maps: ______

The units of cytogenetic maps: #-letter-# The units of linkage maps: mu or cM The units of physical maps: bp

Consider a population of pea plants that consists of 325 homozygous tall, 500 heterozygous tall, and 400 dwarf plants. On the basis of this information, what is: a. The frequency (decimal form) of the heterozygous plants? b. The sum of the frequencies of all three genotype frequencies. c. The frequency (decimal form) of the dominant allele?

a. 0.41 b. 1 c. 0.47

The mean fitness of a population is calculated based on relative fitness and ______ (one word) frequencies.

genotype

Natural selection acts on _______ that are derived from the individuals' _________.

phenotypes; genotypes

The equation to calculate the selection coefficient is:

s = 1 - W