Mcakay 17,18,20 The right one
to work hard on an endless array of jobs.
A young woman entering domestic service could expect
had extremely high death rates.
In the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries, foundling hospitals
Combination Acts of 1799
Which law outlawed labor unions and strikes in Britain?
Conquest of smallpox
Which of these was the greatest achievement of eighteenth-century medical science?
The rural poor worked for low wages.
Which statement describes a competitive advantage of the rural putting-out system?
All men must be given the right to vote.
Which of these was the key demand of the Chartist movement?
British handicraft workers who attacked factories and destroyed machinery they believed were putting them out of work
Who were the Luddites?
They were inspired by the Protestant idea that every believer should be able to read the Bible.
Why did Protestant countries take the lead in expanding education to all children?
Industrial workers were forced into ever-larger factories that provided the opportunity for them to recognize their common plight.
How did class-consciousness form during the Industrial Revolution?
allowed their sons to join their guilds automatically.
In seventeenth- and eighteenth-century Europe, guild masters
London
In the eighteenth century, the West's largest and richest city was
Britain's own colonies.
In the eighteenth century, the biggest increase in British foreign trade was with
vegetables.
In the eighteenth century, the diet of the poorer classes consisted largely of bread and
their inability to supervise and direct the work of rural laborers.
In the putting-out system, merchant capitalists complained bitterly about
Establishment of limited liability investment
Which key development in the eighteenth century allowed continental banks to shed their earlier conservative nature?
He refuted the doctrine of predestination, insisting that anyone who earnestly sought salvation could gain it.
Why was John Wesley's Methodism particularly appealing?
The parish church
In the eighteenth century, which location was the focal point of community cohesion?
Officials of both church and state who used it to provide high-paying jobs to favorites and ignored the spiritual needs of the people
In the eighteenth century, which problem did the Church of England face?
gave British merchants a virtual monopoly on trade with British colonies.
The English Navigation Acts mandated that all English imports and exports be transported on English ships, and they also
a call for greater tenderness toward children.
The new discourse about children that emerged in the 1760s emphasized
Treaty of Paris
The treaty that ended the Seven Years' War in Europe and the colonies in 1763 and that ratified British victory on all colonial fronts was the
Rapid population growth in Britain was key to industrial development. More people meant a more mobile labor force, with many young workers in need of employment and ready to go where the jobs were. Sustaining the dramatic increase in population, in turn, was only possible through advances in production in agriculture and industry.
What was the relationship between rapid population growth and industrialization in Britain?
The Combination Acts were British laws that outlawed unions and strikes. Many craftworkers viewed the Combination Acts as capitalist attacks on artisan guilds and work rules, Printers, papermakers, carpenters, tailors, and other craftsmen continued to take collective action. Societies of skilled factory workers also defied the law by organizing unions. Faced with widespread union activity, Parliament repealed the Combination Acts in 1824.
What were the Combination Acts of 1799, and why were they bitterly resented by many craft guilds?
Capital and skills in salesmanship
Which benefit did James Watt gain from his partnership with Matthew Boulton?
the potato
Which carbohydrate-rich American food or drink product, after initial trepidation, did Europe widely consume after 1500, which led to increased caloric intake?
It was the location of the Great Exhibition in 1851 in London.
Which function did the Crystal Palace serve?
Masters began to hire more female workers, often in defiance of guild rules.
Which statement describes the role of women in guilds in the eighteenth century?
The spread of coke smelting and the development of steam-powered rolling mills
How did iron become the basic building block of the British economy in the nineteenth century?
its importance in community life.
In the eighteenth century, the strength of popular religion in Catholic countries reflected
banned children under nine years of age from employment.
The Factory Act of 1833 constituted a major victory in preventing the exploitation of children in that it
The first commercial steamship, initially used in North America
What did Henry Cort develop?
The elimination of common rights and access to land turned small peasant farmers into landless wage earners.
Which statement correctly characterizes the transformation of the English and Scottish countryside in the enclosure era?
He critiqued accepted farming methods and developed better methods through empirical research,
Which statement describes Jethro Tull's contribution to English agriculture in the eighteenth century?
was reserved for the male head of household.
Within the family, the operation of the loom
John Wesley
"In the evening I went to a [Christian] society in Aldersgate Street where one was reading Luther's preface to the Epistle to the Romans. About a quarter before nine, while he was describing the change which God works in the heart through faith in Christ, I felt my heart strangely warmed. I felt I did trust in Christ, Christ alone for salvation; and an assurance was given me that he had taken away my sins, even mine, and saved me from the law of sin and death." Who wrote these words in 1738?
. It became harder to form new firms, and instead, industrialists were increasingly likely to have inherited their wealth.
. How did the origins of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution progressed?
power of the state over the church.
. The dissolution of the Jesuit order in 1773 was a striking indication of the
called for a warm, emotional religion that everyone could experience.
. The religious revival movement known as Pietism
Risk of sexual attack by males in the households they served
. Which danger threatened young girls who were living away from home in domestic service?
All people should hear God's word.
. Which of these did John Wesley believe?
large-scale enclosure as a necessary means to achieve progress.
Arthur Young, an eighteenth-century agricultural experimentalist, advocated
The chapbook containing Bible stories, prayers, and stories about the lives of the saints
As literacy expanded among the common people, which type of popular literature became a staple?
There were few job opportunities for women, as most businessmen assumed that middle-class wives and daughters should avoid work in offices and factories.
As the business world grew increasingly complex, what did the wives and daughters of successful businessmen discover in eighteenth-century Europe?
the pursuit of self-interest in competitive markets would improve the living conditions of citizens.
At the center of Adam Smith's arguments in An Inquiry into the Nature and Causes of the Wealth of Nations was the belief that
the Atlantic economy.
Between 1650 and 1790, a crucial component of the global economy was established when European nations developed
rural wet-nursing conducted within the framework of a putting-out system.
Between 1650 and 1800, wet-nursing practices in Europe included
doubled
Between 1700 and 1835, Europe's population
France
Britain's great rival for influence in India in the eighteenth century was
came to believe that their circumstances gave them different interests and characteristics from those in Spain.
By the eighteenth century, the elite of Spanish colonial society
the pressure of population growth will always sink wages to subsistence level.
David Ricardo's iron law of wages states that
Vied with Venice for control of the Indian Ocean trade
During the sixteenth century, the Portuguese
discovering that cowpox could be used to vaccinate against smallpox.
Edward Jenner received financial prizes from the British government for
popular with the European masses.
Eighteenth-century blood sports such as bullbaiting and cockfighting were
a just price one that was fair to both consumers and producers.
Europeans believed that grain and bread should be available at
The concept of "separate spheres" involved a gender-based division of labor with the wife at home as mother and homemaker and the husband as wage earner. Factory discipline conflicted with child care in ways that work on a farm or in the cottage had not. By staying at home, women solved the issue of child care. Another reason for separate spheres was the difficulty of running a household in conditions of urban poverty. Finally, separate spheres increased the segregation of jobs by gender, in part as an attempt to control the sexuality of working-class youths.
Explain the concept of "separate spheres" and why it was widely accepted.
the position as Europe's leading maritime power, with the ability to claim profits
From 1701 to 1763, the stakes in the wars between Great Britain and France involved
the necessity to provide for a densely populated country.
Holland's leadership in farming methodology can be attributed to
Farming and agriculture
In 1850, in which occupational area did the largest number of British people work?
More wars and likely fewer people
In Africa, the slave trade primarily resulted in
the British middle classes were guilty of "mass murder" and "wholesale robbery."
In The Condition of the Working Class in England, Friedrich Engels stated that
Treating female medical difficulties
In addition to supervising labor and birth, which task was typical of the midwife?
rural areas with relatively dense populations.
Industry and Population in Eighteenth-Century Europe suggest a relationship between population density and the growth of textile production. This leads to the conclusion that textile production was concentrated in
hospitals in large cities had policies to accept all children.
Many mothers in small towns and mid-sized cities sent their foundlings to hospitals in major cities like London and Paris because
Jean-Jacques Rousseau.
One of the century's most influential works on child rearing was Emile, or On Education by
improved only after 1840.
Owing to the Industrial Revolution, living and working conditions for the poor
Creoles
People of Spanish ancestry born in the Americas were referred to as
control of the Spanish West African slave trade
Per the terms of the 1713 Peace of Utrecht, Britain gained
in all regions.
Population growth in Europe in the eighteenth century occurred
Manufactured goods and slaves
The Atlantic Economy in 1701 shows trade from Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. Which goods were sent from Europe and Africa to the Americas?
Tobacco, silver, sugar, and furs
The Atlantic Economy in 1701 shows trade from Europe, Africa, the Americas, and Asia. Which goods were sent from the Americas to Europe?
factory owners effectively controlled lawmakers in Britain.
The British Mines Act of 1842 and the various Factory Acts between 1802 and 1833 provide evidence that in the early and mid-nineteenth century
the size and strength of British naval power.
The British won the Seven Years' War owing to
industrial dominance of Britain.
The Great Exhibition of 1851 in London commemorated the
underground work for all women and girls as well as boys under ten.
The Mines Act of 1842 prohibited
an inconclusive standoff that set the stage for further warfare.
The War of the Austrian Succession resulted in
The enclosure system would bring benefits to farmers, landowners, artisans, and manufacturers.
The following is an excerpt from Arthur Young's treatise on enclosure (Evaluating Written Evidence): "Thus the land yields a greater neat produce in food for mankind—the landlord doubles his income, which enables him to employ so many more manufacturers and artisans---the farmer increases his income, by means of which he also does the same-the hides and wool are a creation of so much employment for other manufacturers." Which claim did Young make in this passage?
The growth of fashion merchants who dictated changing styles and the declining
The growth in eighteenth-century consumerism in clothing was encouraged by which two factors?
become landless rural wage earners.
The proletarianization of peasants in the eighteenth century forced them to
create a single large national union for British workers.
The reformer Robert Owen sought to
expansion of the transatlantic slave trade.
The rise of plantation agriculture is associated with
promotion of banks, stock exchanges, credit, and paper money.
The seventeenth-century financial revolution entailed the
required the work of several spinners for each loom, which led merchants to employ the wives and daughters of agricultural workers at terribly low wages.
The spinning of thread for the loom
usually a response to the wishes of the families.
The tendency to hire family units in the early factories was
population tends to increase beyond the means of subsistence.
Thomas Malthus argued in his Essay on the Principle of Population (1798) that
of community pressure on a couple to marry when the woman became pregnant.
Until at least 1750, the practice of late marriage did not lead to a large number of illegitimate children because
debt peonage in which landowners advanced food, shelter, and some money, thus
Wealthy Spanish landowners kept indigenous workers on their estates through a system of
In the newly mechanized industries, British goods were being produced very economically, and these goods had come to dominate world markets. In addition, British technology had become so advanced that few engineers or skilled technicians outside England understood it. Moreover, the technology of steam power had grown much more expensive, and continental business people had difficulty amassing the large sums of money the new methods demanded. Finally, continental laborers bitterly resisted the move to working in factories.
What challenges did western European countries face as they attempted to catch up to industrialized Britain?
rly in the nineteenth century, German states had limited markets because each state had tariffs that had to be paid if one wanted to ship goods across a state border. The Zollverein was an organization that had spread to most of the German states by 1834. It allowed goods to move between member states without tariffs, thus creating a large, free market for goods. It also erected a single uniform tariff against other nations.
What was the Zollverein, or customs union, meant to accomplish?
Constructing and running a textile factory
Which action, if carried out under the aegis of the state, would Adam Smith criticize?
James Hargreaves
Who invented the spinning jenny?
The cotton-spinning jenny and the water frame permitted textile manufacturers to overcome the constant shortage of thread that inhibited the growth of the textile industry. Because it required waterpower, the water frame further led to the creation of large specialized mills, which formed into factories. Cotton goods became much cheaper, and demand for them increased.
Why did the cotton-spinning jenny and the water frame prove to be crucial breakthroughs for industrialization?
To regulate personal behavior and maintain community standards
he raucous public rituals in which young men in a village would publicly humiliate a couple or individual who had committed adultery or abuse served which purpose?
women generally stopped working outside of the home after the first child was born.
in the "separate spheres" pattern of gender relationships,
They were accepted members of the community of the laboring poor.
. Which role did prostitutes generally play among the common people in towns?
The townspeople ate more varied diets, since markets provided choices of meats, vegetables, and fruits.
How did the diet of townspeople compare to that of the peasantry?
The European colonies became an alternate source for food that could be used to overcome poor harvests.
How did the problem of food shortages change in the eighteenth century?
the Napoleonic Wars.
Industrial development in continental Europe was slowed for two decades by
Jansenism
Which offshoot was the Catholic version of Pietism?
They faced political and economic forms of discrimination but were considered to be white Europeans and thus could not be enslaved.
Which statement describes the status of Jews in European colonies in the eighteenth century?
By working as a unit, families earned more and continued the labor practice to which they had been accustomed on the farm. Parents were able to watch over children while they worked. Mill owners permitted parents to discipline their children so that the firm discipline of the workshop would be socially acceptable. PTS: 1
Why did both mill owners and families initially favor the family unit form of employment?
In a factory, workers had to keep up with the machine and follow its relentless tempo.
Why were cottage workers, accustomed to the putting-out system, reluctant to work in the new factories even when they received good wages?
The sexual division of labor replicated a long-standing pattern of gender segregation and inequality.
Why were the young, generally unmarried women who worked for wages outside the home confined to certain "women's jobs"?
Belgium led continental Europe in adopting British technology for production.
How did industry grow in continental Europe?
They were not harsh and even quite good.
In his 1835 study of the cotton industry, which conclusion did Andrew Ure come to about conditions in most factories?
Industrial pioneers came from a variety of backgrounds, for individuals drew on networks of friends and family for financial support. Artisans and skilled workers as well as ethnic and religious groups that had been discriminated against found opportunities to prosper. As the pace and sophistication of industrialization increased, however, it became more difficult for people of modest background to gain fame and fortune. Instead, formal education and training became more important as machines became more complex, and leading industrialists were more likely to have inherited wealth.
How did the background of industrialists change as the Industrial Revolution developed?
Men increasingly moved away from ostentatious fashions and toward plain dark suits, while women acquired larger and more expensive wardrobes.
How did the new fashion practices of the eighteenth century demonstrate changes in gender distinctions?
While considered unnatural, same-sex relations among women attracted less anxiety and condemnation than those among men.
How were same-sex relations among women regarded in comparison to same-sex relations among men?
to match English achievements in machine production as quickly as possible, even at great, unprofitable expense.
In nineteenth-century Germany, Fritz Harkort sought
improved water supply and sewage systems.
In the eighteenth century, European public health measures
landholdings and common lands needed to be consolidated and enclosed to increase farming efficiency.
In the eighteenth century, advocates for agricultural innovation argued that
social and economic transformations that made it harder for families and communities to supervise behavior.
The underlying reason for the illegitimacy explosion of 1750-1850 was
: The railroad dramatically reduced the cost and uncertainty of shipping freight over land. As transportation costs were lowered, markets became larger, even national. Additionally, the construction of railroads created a strong demand for unskilled labor and a sizable demand for coal and iron.
What were some of the economic consequences of the railroad?
The tendency of waiting to marry until after economic independence
Which factor caused the pattern of late marriage in early modern Europe?
James Watt's development of the steam engine between the 1760s and the 1780s
Which major breakthrough in energy and power supplies catalyzed the Industrial Revolution?
Much of the growth in the gross national product was eaten up by population growth.
Which of these was the result of the development of the British economy between 1780 and 1851?
Schools for the children of common people taught basic literacy, religion, and some arithmetic for boys and needlework for girls.
Which statement best characterizes education for children outside the home in the early modern era?
The disciplining of children was often severe in order to conquer the child's will.
Which statement best describes the treatment of children in the seventeenth and early eighteenth centuries?
They were generally free from serfdom and owned land that they could pass on to their children.
Which statement characterizes the condition of peasants in western Europe in the eighteenth century?
About 90 percent of slaves were transported to Brazil or the Caribbean, with only 3 percent brought to North America.
Which statement characterizes the regions to which slaves were carried from Africa to the Americas?
The land was not divided but worked communally as villages labored in large fields side by side.
Which statement describes the enclosure movement of the eighteenth century?
A new type of society in which people derived their self-identity as much from their consuming practices as from their work lives
Which was the result of the consumer revolution of the eighteenth century?
Convicted prisoners
Who provided the labor force for Britain's initial colonization of Australia?
An English carpenter who built cotton-spinning equipment in Belgium
Who was William Cockerill?
The French
Who was the big territorial loser in the eighteenth-century wars for empire, such as the War of the Spanish Succession, the War of the Austrian Succession, and the Seven Years' War?
It permitted Europeans to move easily along the coast, obtaining slaves at various slave markets and then departing quickly for the Americas.
Why did European slave traders in Africa adopt the "shore method" of trading in the eighteenth century?
: Continental countries had strong traditions of trade and urban crafts that enabled them to adapt to new market conditions. Even more to the point, continental economies could borrow technology from Great Britain that the British had taken decades to develop, as well as hire the engineers who built and ran the machinery. Additionally, some continental powers had state governments willing to aid industrial development and fashion industrial policies.
Why did continental European countries, when they began to industrialize after 1815, have advantages that Great Britain had lacked?
Wood had been overharvested; it was the primary source of heat in all homes and a basic raw material in industry.
Why did eighteenth-century Britain have a shortage of wood?
There was a steady drop in prices owing to the expanded use of colonial slave labor.
Why did sugar and tea become commonly consumed products by all social classes in the eighteenth century?
Surgery was performed in utterly unsanitary conditions, which meant the simplest
Why did surgeons in the eighteenth century face incredible difficulties?
The Dutch East India Company failed to diversify its trade to meet changing consumption patterns in Europe.
Why did the Dutch fail to maintain their dominance in Asia?
Elites increasingly dismissed fears of witchcraft and refused to prosecute suspected witches.
Why did the persecution of witches slowly come to an end by the late eighteenth century? Common people in the countryside adopted Enlightenment ideas and practices.
France had long dominated that sector of production; it allowed France to
Why do many historians now believe that France's continued concentration on artisan production of luxury items made sense in an era of industrialization?
Cotton could be spun mechanically with much greater efficiency than wool or flax, helping to solve the shortage of thread for textile production.
How did cotton transform the textile industry?
mill members shifted labor away from unpaid work for household consumption and toward work for wages.
How did labor in British families change in the eighteenth century?
hey supported the establishment of sex-segregated employment. b.
How did older members of the population seek to control the sexuality of working-class youths?
Markets became broader, encouraging manufacturers to create larger factories with more sophisticated machines.
How did railroads affect the nature of production?
As the educated public adopted the Enlightenment's critical worldview, they increasingly saw popular culture as superstitious and vulgar.
How did the Enlightenment affect attitudes toward popular culture?
They copied Methodism's practices in order to appeal to more of the common people.
How did the evangelicals within the Church of England respond to the rise of Methodism?
poor families choosing to reduce leisure time and the production of goods for household consumption in order to earn wages to buy consumer goods.
The industrious revolution was a result of
A weaver required several spinners to stay steadily employed.
Which major problem in the textile industry was solved by the inventions of James Hargreaves and Richard Arkwright?
. It limited the work of children and thereby broke the pattern of families working together in factories.
Which of these was an unintended effect of the Factory Act of 1833?
It was a capital crime across most the region.
Which statement about abortion in Europe between 1650 and 1800 is accurate?
Britain's mercantilist system achieved remarkable success as trade with its colonies grew substantially.
Which statement characterizes eighteenth-century colonial trade in Europe?
featured varying degrees of government involvement.
In the eighteenth century, railroad construction on the European continent
it emphasized a warm and emotional religion.
Why did Pietism, which began in Germany in the late seventeenth century, appeal to people?
