MCRO 251 Review 2

Detecting the concentration of a signaling molecule.

How can some bacteria sense the density of cells in an environment? Detecting the concentration of a signaling molecule. Quantifying the accumulation of waste products. Measuring the depletion of oxygen in the environment. Sensing the depletion of water in the environment. Detecting the accumulation of endospores.

false

Hydrogen peroxide may be used as a sterilant on living tissue.

Macrolides, Chloramphenicol, streptogramins, lincosamides, oxazolidinones, pleuromutlins

Name 4 classes of antibiotics that target the 50s ribosomal subunit

natural passive immunity.

Newborns are less susceptible than infants to certain diseases because newborns have natural passive immunity. natural active immunity. artificial active immunity. artificial passive immunity.

competent

Not all bacteria can take up DNA from the environment. Those that can are referred to as mutants F− F+ competent transducers.

is the use of heat to reduce numbers of pathogenic/spoilage bacteria in a food item to a safe level.

Pasteurization is a mild heating process used to preserve only milk and milk products. is a process that uses short bursts of radiation to kill microorganisms on foods. is the use of heat to reduce numbers of pathogenic/spoilage bacteria in a food item to a safe level. is the use of high moist heat to remove all bacteria and viruses from fresh food products for safety. is a process that uses intense cold to kill only pathogenic microorganisms on packaged foods.

A prototroph can grow on glucose-salts media.

Which of the following statements regarding mutations is TRUE? A prototroph can grow on glucose-salts media. Point mutations always lead to a change in a protein. Mutations happen frequently in bacteria because their DNA polymerase is error prone. A nonsense mutation is the same thing as a synonymous mutation. Mutagens are nearly always carcinogens.

121°C at 15 psi for 15 minutes.

Typical conditions used for sterilization are 100°C at 1.5 psi for 10 seconds. 80°C at 15 psi for 15 minutes. 121°C at 15 psi for 15 minutes. 100°C at 15 psi for 10 minutes. 72°C at 5 psi for 15 seconds.

viral infection can lead to development of significant fetal defects/abnormalities.

Vaccination to protect against rubella is essential because this virus remains latent and can reactivate later in life. this virus can cause increased risk of influenza. the rash caused by this virus causes scarring. viral infection can lead to development of significant fetal defects/abnormalities. rubella is always a life-threatening disease.

Nonsense mutation—incorrect amino acid

Which of the following pairs about mutation is NOT correctly matched? Mutagen—induces mutations Transposons—"jumping genes" Phenotype—observable characteristics Ethidium bromide—chemical mutagen Nonsense mutation—incorrect amino acid

Shigella species - chicken

Which of the following pathogen-reservoir pairs is INCORRECT? E. coli O157:H7 - beef Campylobacter jejuni - chicken Shigella species - chicken Salmonella species - chicken Giardia - water

SOS repair

Which of the following types of repair does not require the standard DNA polymerase with proofreading capability? Proofreading Mismatch repair Excision repair SOS repair Light repair

Shigella dysenteriae is common in the United States

Which of the following statements about shigellosis is FALSE? Handwashing is important in preventing Shigella. Shigella outbreaks are common in day care centers. Shigella can invade intestinal cells. Shigella dysenteriae is common in the United States. These statements are all true.

E.Specific DNA is transferred.

Which of the following statements about specialized transduction is TRUE? A. It transfers RNA from one cell to another. B.The host cell is killed. C.Plasmid DNA is always transferred. D.It is a result of a packaging error. E.Specific DNA is transferred.

semi-synthetic.

An antibiotic made by microorganisms and modified by chemists is called anti-metabolic. catabolic. semi-synthetic. synthetic. semi-catabolic.

broad-spectrum.

Antibiotics that affect various strains of Gram-positive bacteria and various strains of Gram-negative bacteria are called isolate usable. stress-induced. broad-spectrum. narrow-spectrum. intermediate.

None of the choices is correct.

Antibiotics that target which of the following would be effective against viruses? Membrane synthesis Peptidoglycan synthesis Folic acid biosynthesis 70S ribosome function None of the choices is correct.

-static.

Antimicrobials that inhibit the growth of microorganisms have the suffix -cidal. -static. -anti. -genic. -acto.

i, iii; iv

As a group, bacteria use which three methods to avoid the effects of β-lactam antibiotics? i. Changing porin proteins ii. Spontaneous mutation iii. Producing β-lactamase iv. Altering penicillin-binding proteins v. Vertical gene transfer i; ii i; ii; iii; iv i; iii; iv i;ii;iii;iv; iv ii; iii; v

sigma factors; transcription factors

Bacteria use ______ attached to the polymerase to direct RNA polymerase to promoters; eukaryotic cells use ______ that attach directly to the DNA first instead. sigma factors; transcription factors transcription factors; sigma factors ribosomes; sigma factors tRNA; rRNA sigma factors; tRNA

break the beta-lactam ring.

Beta-lactamases bind to penicillin-binding proteins. break the beta-lactam ring. bind to peptides. prevent the linking of glycan chains in peptidoglycan. bind to carbohydrates.

Gram-negative cells to become sensitive to that medication.

Changing an antibiotic so that it could pass through a porin protein would likely cause Gram-negative cells to become resistant to that medication. Gram-negative cells to become sensitive to that medication. Gram-positive cells to become resistant to that medication. Gram-positive cells to become sensitive to that medication. viruses to become sensitive to that medication.

is extensively used in antiseptics.

Chlorhexidine is ineffective against vegetative bacteria. commonly causes adverse side effects. is an aldehyde. is extensively used in antiseptics. is limited in use due to its high toxicity.

it is very effective at the mechanical removal of microorganisms.

Hand washing with plain soap is very useful in controlling spread of microorganisms because plain soap is bactericidal and kills all bacteria. it is very effective at the mechanical removal of microorganisms. all soaps are bacteriostatic and kill endospores. plain soap is bacteriostatic and inhibits bacterial growth. all soaps are virucidal and kill all viruses.

occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune.

Herd immunity only occurs in a population in which all individuals are immune. occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune. only provides protection to those that are already immune. is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases. occurs in a population in which a large percentage of the population is immune AND is responsible for dramatic increases in childhood diseases.

C.semi-synthetic.

An antibiotic made by microorganisms and modified by chemists is called A.anti-metabolic. B.catabolic. C.semi-synthetic. D.synthetic. E.semi-catabolic.

Destruction of all microbial life 2 Reduction of most microbial life on inanimate surfaces 1 Mechanical removal of most microbes from living or inanimate surfaces 4 Slows microbial growth but does not reduce the number of existing microbes. 3

1.Disinfection 2.Sterilization 3.Preservation 4.Decontamination Match each of the options above to the items below. Destruction of all microbial life Reduction of most microbial life on inanimate surfaces Mechanical removal of most microbes from living or inanimate surfaces Slows microbial growth but does not reduce the number of existing microbes.

False

100% ethanol is twice as effective as 60% ethanol at controlling bacteria.

forming covalent bonds between thymine bases on the same strand of DNA.

A culture of E. coli is irradiated with UV light. The UV light affects the cell's DNA by deleting essential bases needed for protein synthesis. joining the two strands of DNA together by hydrogen bonds. joining the two strands of DNA together by covalent bonds. forming covalent bonds between cytosine and guanine bases. forming covalent bonds between thymine bases on the same strand of DNA.

placed in the dark.

A culture of E. coli is irradiated with UV light. The highest frequency of mutations would be obtained if after the irradiation, the cells were immediately incubated at a suboptimal growth temperature. placed in the dark. exposed to visible light. placed in nutrient broth. shaken vigorously.

False

A missense mutation has a greater impact on a cell than does a frameshift mutation.

HPV

A patient comes into the doctors office presenting lesions on and around his penis . what microbe is likely causing this? A.Rotavirus B.Rabies C.HPV D.Norovirus

Transport him to the hospital immediately for intravenous rehydration.

A patient, a 27-year old man, has severe vomiting and copious diarrhea—he is producing large volumes of watery diarrheal discharge that is milky-white in color, resembling water that has had rice cooked in it. He lives 30 minutes from the nearest hospital. Based on this information, what would be the correct course of action? Give him a two-week course of broad-spectrum antibiotics. No treatment is needed—the disease will resolve in a few hours. Give him oral redydration fluid. Give him a two-week course of narrow-spectrum antibiotics. Transport him to the hospital immediately for intravenous rehydration.

E. coli O157:H7.

A treatment given to counteract the effect of shiga toxin would also decrease the severity of infections caused by E. coli O157:H7. Giardia lamblia. Vibrio cholerae. Enterotoxigenic E. coli (ETEC). Hepatitis B virus.

non-enveloped viruses AND endospores.

Alcohols are not reliably effective at destroying non-enveloped viruses AND endospores. non-enveloped viruses AND enveloped viruses. enveloped viruses AND endospores. non-enveloped viruses AND vegetative cells vegetative bacteria AND endospores.

beta-lactam rings.

All members of the penicillin family have beta-lactam rings. alpha-lactam rings. phenolic rings. sulfanilic rings. sulfanilic hexons.

a large zone of inhibition indicates extreme sensitivity to a drug.

All of the following about the Kirby-Bauer test are true EXCEPT a drug concentration gradient develops around each disc. each disc contains a known amount of antibiotic. the area in which no bacteria grow is called the zone of inhibition. a large zone of inhibition indicates extreme sensitivity to a drug. the zone size reflects in part an organism's sensitivity to a drug.

A.it involves the random transmission of any gene.

All of the statements about specialized transduction are correct EXCEPT A.it involves the random transmission of any gene. B. it involves the transfer of a few specific genes. C.it involves a defective virus. D.it only involves genes near the viral DNA integration site. E. it involves temperate phages.

True

All virus types are capable of entering a cell via endocytosis, but naked virus can only leave via lysis

Disinfectants are antimicrobial chemicals used on inanimate surfaces or objects to remove most of the pathogenic microorganisms. Antiseptics are antimicrobial chemicals that can be used on skin or tissues to achieve the same result.

Choose which of the following best describe the difference between a disinfectant and an antiseptic. Disinfectants are antimicrobial chemicals used on inanimate surfaces or objects to remove most of the pathogenic microorganisms. Antiseptics are antimicrobial chemicals that can be used on skin or tissues to achieve the same result. Disinfectants and antiseptics are both types of chemicals used to remove microbes from any kind of surface. They are used interchangeably. Disinfectants are chemicals that reduce the number of pathogenic microbes on an inanimate surface or object. Antiseptics are chemicals used to delay the spoilage of food or other perishable materials by slowing the growth of microorganisms. Disinfectants are chemicals that completely destroys all microbes on a product. Antiseptics are chemicals that reduce the number of microbes on a product. Disinfectants are chemicals that reduce the number of microbes to meet accepted health standards. Antiseptics are chemicals that completely eliminate of all microbes/viruses from a surface.

Lactose is present.

Consider the figure of the lac operon. What do you know is TRUE? Allolactose is a protein. Allolactose is a repressor. Glucose is present. Translation is inhibited. Lactose is present.

Prokaryote: mRNA is not processed mRNA lacking introns mRNA often polycistronic Transcription and translation occur in cytoplasm 70s Ribosomes Eukaryote: 5' cap and 3' poly A tail added mRNA with introns and exons mRNA is always monocistronic Transcription occurs in nucleus Translation occurs in cytoplasm 80s ribosomes

Drag the statement to the correct column based on whether it describes transcription/translation in prokaryotes versus eukaryotes. Two labels are not used.

C.synergistic.

Drugs that are more effective when taken together are A.energetic. B.antagonistic. C.synergistic. D.subtractive. E.symbiotic.

MIC is the minimum dose of an antimicrobial medication that prevents the growth of an organism, while MBC is the minimum dose of that medication that kills the organism.

Explain the difference between MIC and MBC. MIC and MBC are basically the same thing, but one applies to viruses and the other to bacteria. MBC is the minimum dose of an antimicrobial medication that prevents the growth of an organism, while MIC is the minimum dose of that medication that kills the organism. MBC is the maximum dose of an antimicrobial medication needed to prevent the growth of an organism, while MIC is the maximum dose of that medication needed to kill the organism. MIC is the maximum dose of an antimicrobial medication needed to prevent the growth of an organism, while MBC is the maximum dose of that medication needed to kill the organism. MIC is the minimum dose of an antimicrobial medication that prevents the growth of an organism, while MBC is the minimum dose of that medication that kills the organism.

a compound must bind to the repressor.

For synthesis of an inducible enzyme to occur, a compound must bind to the repressor. a compound must bind to the operator.a product must bind to the terminator. a corepressor must bind to the start codon. lactose must be present without fructose.

conjugation

Gene transfer that requires cell-to-cell contact is transformation. competency. conjugation .functional genomics. transduction.

Train healthcare workers to use proper handwashing and other hygiene measures when dealing with patients. Encourage appropriate administration of drugs (don't over prescribe). Educate patients on the proper use of prescribed drugs (don't skip a dose). Encourage stricter regulations of medications in developing countries.

Identify all the ways that could help slow the emergence and spread of antimicrobial resistance. Check All That Apply Educate patients on the proper use of prescribed drugs (don't skip a dose). Encourage stricter regulations of medications in developing countries. Encourage patients to stop taking medication as soon as they feel better. Train healthcare workers to use proper handwashing and other hygiene measures when dealing with patients. Encourage appropriate administration of drugs (don't over prescribe). Only use antibiotics for serious viral infections, not for common colds

3 hours or 180 minutes

If a microorganism starts with a population of 10^5 microorganisms and has a D of 45 minutes when exposed to a particular control of growth method, after how long will there be a 10^1 organism remaining.

6 minutes

If a process kills 90% of the organisms per minute, how many minutes would it take to kill all organisms when starting with 100,000 organisms? 3 minutes 2 minutes 60 minutes 6 minutes 1 minute

measles. mumps. chickenpox. German measles.

If an immunocompromised child lives in a community in which 97% of people have received the MMRV vaccine, herd immunity is likely to protect the child from measles. rabies. mumps. chickenpox. German measles. meningitis.

False, DNA is not excised and rather just finds the spot.

In bacterial light repair, DNA with thymine dimers is excised, then photolyase reverse the dimers, then repaired sequence is reinserted

an F plasmid.

In conjugation the donor cell is recognized by the presence of an F plasmid. a Y chromosome. diploid chromosomes. an SOS response. an F plasmid AND diploid chromosomes.

ribosomes.

Inhibitors of protein synthesis typically act on peptidoglycan precursors. penicillin-binding proteins. ribosomes. porin proteins. transfer RNA.

are the simplest type of transposon, code for a transposase enzyme, AND are characterized by an inverted repeat.

Insertion sequences are the simplest type of transposon, code for a transposase enzyme AND can produce pili. code for a transposase enzyme AND are characterized by an inverted repeat. are characterized by an inverted repeat AND can produce pili. can produce pili AND are the simplest type of transposon. are the simplest type of transposon, code for a transposase enzyme, AND are characterized by an inverted repeat.

less

Is an antibiotic with a therapeutic index of 1000:1 more or less toxic to humans than an antibiotic with a therapeutic index of 10:1

Natural active immunity: Results from immune response in a person after exposure to an infectious Example: immunity that develops after a case of chickenpox Natural passive immunity: Results when maternal antibodies are transferred to fetus during pregnancy or to infant by breast feeding Example: maternal anti-tetanus IgG antibodies crossing the placenta Artificial active Immunity: Results from an immune response in a person after vaccination Example: receiving the MMRV vaccine Artificial passive immunity Results when antibodies in serum from another person or animal or injected into a person Example: anti-rabies immunoglobulin injected after exposure to rabies virus

Key Concept Activity: Place the descriptions into the correct columns to better understand the different types of immunity.

Add CH3 and others to nucelobases 4 Insert between base pairs 2 Randomly insert into DNA 3 Used in place of normal nucleobases 1

Match the chemical mutagens with their descriptions. Base analogs Intercalating agents Transposons Alkylating agents Match each of the options above to the items below. Add CH3 and others to nucelobases Insert between base pairs Randomly insert into DNA Used in place of normal nucleobases

All of the answer choices are correct.

Microbial death rates may be affected by pH. temperature. the presence of organics. growth in a biofilm. All of the answer choices are correct.

animal source.

Most cases of Salmonella gastroenteritis have a(n) water source. human source. plant source. animal source. human source AND animal source.

Nonsense mutation: Mutation that changes a codon that specifies an amino acid codon, resulting in premature termination of polypeptide Missense mutation: Mutation that results in changing a codon such that a different amino acid is specified Synonymous mutation: Mutation that changes a codon into different codon, but both codons specify the same amino acid; this causes no change in the resulting polypeptide Frameshift Mutation: Mutation resulting from an insertion or deletion of bases that causes a change in the reading frame of the mRNA

Please match each type of mutation with its appropriate description.

An antimicrobial drug naturally produced by a microorganism. 4 A chemical used to treat disease. 2 A chemical used to treat microbial infections. 3 Drugs that offer great benefits over existing therapies for treating serious diseases. 1

Please match the terms regarding drug therapies with their definitions. 1.Breakthrough therapy 2.Chemotherapeutic agent 3.Antimicrobial drug 4.Antibiotic An antimicrobial drug naturally produced by a microorganism. A chemical used to treat disease. A chemical used to treat microbial infections. Drugs that offer great benefits over existing therapies for treating serious diseases.

Cas nuclease-crRNA complex recognizes and destroys DNA of second virus. 6 Cas proteins cut entering viral DNA into short fragments. 1 crRNAs are generated by the bacterial cell. 4 crRNA binds a Cas nuclease, forming a complex. 5 The bacterial cell transcribes the CRISPR array. 3 Viral DNA fragments are inserted into a CRISPR array. 2

Please place the statements regarding CRISPR function into the correct order.

Frequent handwashing Avoiding contact with people who have a cold Avoiding touching your face and eyes

Please select all of the strategies that are helpful in avoiding the common cold. Frequent handwashing Avoiding contact with people who have a cold Avoiding touching your face and eyes Taking antibiotics Seasonal/yearly vaccination

False, RNA virus

Retroviruses are really just DNA viruses that integrate their genome into their host

It immediately kills all bacteria when applied to a wound.

Select the FALSE statement regarding hydrogen peroxide. It is a sterilant for inanimate objects and is quickly inactivated on living tissue. It leaves no toxic residue and is safe on materials such as glass and plastic. It is broken down by catalase into water and oxygen. It is even more effective when used in combination with peracetic acid. It immediately kills all bacteria when applied to a wound.

Yes, VLP

Short answer: does this virus have a vaccine? if it does what kind

True

Staphylococcus aureus scalded skin syndrome(SSSS) main virulence factor circulates systemically

False, targets 30s not 50s.

Tetracycline is a bacteriostatic drug that targets the 50s subunit of the ribosome

operator.

The DNA site to which the repressor protein binds is the operon. regulon. operator. repressor. starter.

the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial medication needed to prevent visible growth of a given bacterial strain in vitro.

The MIC is the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial medication that kills 99.9% of cells of a given bacterial strain in vivo. the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial medication needed to enhance visible growth of a given bacterial strain in vitro. the highest concentration of an antimicrobial medication that kills 99.9% of cells of a given bacterial strain in vivo. the lowest concentration of an antimicrobial medication needed to prevent visible growth of a given bacterial strain in vitro. the highest concentration of an antimicrobial medication needed to prevent visible growth of a given bacterial strain in vitro.

measles, mumps, German measles, chickenpox.

The MMRV vaccine is used to protect against measles, mange, rubella and varicella. mononucleosis, measles, German measles, and viruses. measles, mumps, German measles, chickenpox. measles, mumps, rabies, and varicella. measles, M. furfur, rabies, and varicella.

All of the choices are correct.

The animal(s) often associated with Salmonella strains is/are turtles. iguanas. baby chickens. ducks. All of the choices are correct.

positively regulated by the presence of lactose

The lac operon positively regulated by the presence of lactose positively regulated by the presence of glucose negatively regulated by the presence of lactose negatively regulated by the absence of glucose

minimum inhibitory concentration

The lowest concentration of a drug that prevents growth of a microorganism is the infectious effective dose. minimum inhibitory concentration lethal dose. most effective concentration. minimal death dose.

transduction

The mechanism by which genes are transferred into bacteria via viruses is called ellipsis. transduction. replica plating. transformation. conjugation.

Finding out how many live organisms remain in tubes that showed no growth in an MIC test

The minimum bactericidal concentration is determined by

inducers

The molecules that bind to a repressor and cause it to no longer bind to the operator are called activators. repressors. introns. inducers. stimulons.

true

The more bacteria present on or in something, the longer it takes to kill them all.

simple rehydration.

The primary treatment for cholera is the administration of antibiotics. vaccination AND the administration of antibiotics. by blood transfusion AND simple rehydration. simple rehydration. vaccination AND by blood transfusion.

sterilization

The process of killing or removing all of the microorganisms in or on a material is called sterilization. sanitation. antisepsis. degerming. disinfection.

121 degrees Celsius, 15 psi, 15 minutes

The temperature, pressure, and time in an autoclave required to kill endospores are

B.therapeutic index.

The toxicity of a given drug is expressed as the A.selective toxicity. B.therapeutic index. C.biocide index. D.biostatic index. E.bacteriostatic window.

molecular weight, stability, AND concentration.

The zone size obtained in the Kirby-Bauer test is influenced by the drug's molecular weight AND concentration. stability. concentration AND stability. molecular weight AND stability. molecular weight, stability, AND concentration.

False

This patient has a sexual partner; however, since they have not had sexual intercourse after the lesions appeared, the partner is not at risk.

SOS repair, photoreactivation repair, AND excision repair.

Thymine dimers are removed by cold-activated repair mechanisms. SOS repair AND photoreactivation repair. SOS repair AND excision repair. SOS repair, photoreactivation repair, AND excision repair. photoreactivation repair AND excision repair.

All of the answer choices are correct.

To reduce or eliminate disease-/spoilage-causing organisms, food is often treated with heat. chemical additives. radiation. cold. All of the answer choices are correct.

B.bacterial DNA has replaced critical viral DNA in the phage.

Transducing virulent phages do not lyse the cells they invade because A.transformation is taking place in the phage and this is transferred to the bacterium. B.bacterial DNA has replaced critical viral DNA in the phage. C.their virulence is dependent on the bacteria and virus replicating together. D.the lytic genes are unable to enter during penetration and are shed outside the host. E. viral DNA has replaced critical bacterial DNA in the phage.

"jumping" into a gene and disrupting its function.

Transposons can cause mutations by "jumping" into a gene and disrupting its function. replacing specific nucleotides in the original DNA. inducing uncontrolled binary fission. replacing phage nucleotides in the original DNA. None of the answers is correct - transposons cannot cause mutations.

True

Transposons may leave a cell by incorporating themselves into a plasmid.

B. A virus that has lost some of its genetic material, and therefore cannot replicate within a new target cell.

What is a defective phage? A. A virus that has lost some of its genetic material, and therefore cannot infect a new target cell. B. A virus that has lost some of its genetic material, and therefore cannot replicate within a new target cell. C.A virus that lacks the ability to replicate independently of its host cell and cannot survive. D.A virus that cannot attach to its host cell and therefore cannot enter the target cell. E.A virus that lacks a prophage, cannot enter a host cell, and cannot survive.

C

What is the name of the prion disease that causes spongiform encephalopathy in cows and what is the prion's shorthand notion. A.Mad cow disease, PrPC B.Cruetzfeld jacob disease (vCJD), PrPC C. Mad Cow Disease, PrPsc D.Cruetzfeld jacob disease CJD, PrPSC

It needs an RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP)

What polymerase does Norovirus need to recreate its genome?

It does not need any polymerase ( i.e its genome can go straight to the ribosome as is) Genome to genome would be RDRP

What polymerase does SARS-CoV-2 need to go from its genome to protein?

die at a constant rate.

When treated with heat or chemicals, bacteria will die at a geometric rate. develop resistance. form endospores and survive. all die immediately. die at a constant rate.

C

Which antibiotic is most affective against gram - organisms over gram+ A. first generation cephalosporins B.Pleuromutilins C. 4th generation cephalosporins D.Lincosamids

1: synonymous; 2: nonsense; 3: missense

Which is the correct labeling of the mutations in the figure? 1: synonymous; 2: nonsense; 3: missense 1: nonsense; 2: missense; 3: synonymous 1: synonymous; 2: missense; 3: truncated 1: beneficial; 2: synonymous; 3: detrimental 1: missense; 2: leaky; 3: nonsense

F

Which of the above antibiotics are, instead, most effective against endospores

Enterohemorrhagic

Which of the following E. coli serovars produces a toxin somewhat similar to that produced by Shigella dysenteriae? Enterotoxigenic Enteroinvasive Enteropathogenic Enterohemorrhagic All of the choices are correct.

E

Which of the following antibiotics are most effective against bacteria in the log phase of growth A.Beta lactams B. vancomycin C.clindamycin D.Fluroquinolones E. all F.none

Fluoroquinolones

Which of the following are bactericidal against gram negative bacteria

Clostridium endospores

Which of the following are resistant to destruction by typical disinfection methods? Vegetative bacteria Mycoplasma species Clostridium endospores Enveloped viruses Escherichia coli

Ionizing radiation,aldehydes, Ethylene oxide

Which of the following are sterilants

Doxycycline

Which of the following drugs does NOT target peptidoglycan? Penicillin Cephalosporin Vancomycin Bacitracin Doxycycline

Cholera, STEC

Which of the following have a virulence factor that was encoded through lysogenic conversion?

Pasteurization

Which of the following is NOT a sterilization method? Pasteurization Autoclave Hot air oven Filtration These are all sterilization methods

Washing and scrubbing with soaps and detergents.

Which of the following is a method of choice for achieving a sufficient level of microbial control in routine day to day situations? Washing and scrubbing with soaps and detergents. Boiling all items that come into contact with intact skin. Treatment of any materials both before and after they come into contact with human tissues. Irradiation of all products to sterilize them prior to use. Sterilization of tools/instruments that come into contact with human tissues.

A child who has been inoculated with the chickenpox vaccine.

Which of the following is an example artificial active immunity? A child who recovers from chickenpox. A child who has been inoculated with the chickenpox vaccine. An adult who receives immune globulin that prevents chickenpox. An infant born to a woman that has been inoculated with the chickenpox vaccine. An infant born to a woman that has had chickenpox.

E. coli producing pili for attachment to epithelial cells.

Which of the following is an example of phase variation? N. gonorrhoeae expressing different types of pilin protein. Influenza virus expressing variations of glycoprotein HA and NA spikes. S. pyogenes producing a capsule of hyaluronic acid, which is also a host component. E. coli producing pili for attachment to epithelial cells. These are all examples of phase variation.

Enterococci

Which of the following is of growing concern due to increasing resistance to vancomycin? Mycoplasmas Mycobacterium tuberculosis Enterobacteriaceae Enterococci Streptococcus pneumoniae

Cooking meat thoroughly before eating it.

Which of the following is the BEST way to prevent E. coli O157:H7 infection? Taking antibiotics before eating undercooked meat. Checking meat for signs of fecal contamination. Avoiding sneezing on hamburger meat. Washing hands before handling meat. Cooking meat thoroughly before eating it.

Irradiation

Which of the following kills food microbes, rather than just reducing their growth? Refrigeration Freezing AND refrigeration Irradiation Freezing Lowering the pH Raising the pH

Cholera, Sars-cov-2, Rotavirus

Which of the following organisms have a vaccine available as a preventative measure

It readily reacts with organics to produce potentially carcinogenic trihalomethanes.

Which of the statements regarding chlorine is CORRECT? It is very expensive but is able to destroy all types of microorganisms. It readily reacts with organics to produce potentially carcinogenic trihalomethanes. It is unaffected by the presence of organic material. It is ineffective when diluted. It can be used very effectively as an antiseptic.

Acellular subunit

Which type of vaccine has been used in place of inactivated whole cell vaccine? Acellular subunit Whole cell attenuated Adjuvant Toxin Partial cell attenuated

An exon, because the introns are removed from the pre-RNA to form mRNA.

Would a deletion of two base pairs have a greater consequence if it occurred in an intron or in an exon? An intron, because the exons are removed from the pre-RNA to form mRNA. An exon, because the introns are removed from the pre-RNA to form mRNA. Deletion of two base pairs never occurs. It would have the same consequence whether it was in an intron or an exon. An intron, because introns carry the onformation for a protein.