Measurement in Kinesiology (KIN 250) Exam #2
BMI advantages
-easy to do -cheap -non-invasive
methods: participants
N=171 children -between 9-11 years old -from five urban primary schools -17 recruited from children's obesity clinic -project approved by governing board -received consent
exercise regulations questionnaire is an example of a
attitude inventory
velocities
measured with radar guns, stopwatches, computer software (Dartfish)
the affective domain
refers to characteristics of human behavior that deal with: emotions, feelings, interests, attitudes, values
family/peer support
researcher utilizes a parent/guardian to help carry out the intervention (getting the child to eat their veggies)
cardiorespiratory fitness
the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply O2 during sustained physical activity -cardiovascular fitness/endurance -aerobic fitness most representative component of HRPF
behavioral management
-stimulus control -reinforcements
sit-and-reach test
-tests flexibility of lower back and posterior thigh -important for prevention and rehab of lower back issues
goniometry
-tests for range of motion of joints -used most often in PT and OT -measures progress over a period of time
maximal aerobic power, maximal O2 consumption (VO2 max)
-the maximal ability of the organism to uptake, deliver, and utilize oxygen -ml/kg/min -represents functional capacity of the cardiorespiratory system
leadership inventories
reports made by members of a group in which they are asked to identify individuals in the group who are or are likely to be class leaders EX: a formal assessment to identify a leader (captain of the team)
essay test questions
response graded subjectivity
specialized skills
-skills used in sports and other movement activities -require a foundation of FMS -technique is important
short answer
-sometimes used in place of completion questions -critical that respondent understands the limits concerning the length of the answer -advantages and disadvantages are similar to those of completion questions
essay disadvantages
-subjectivity of grading -grammatical errors, poor handwriting, etc., can influence grading -Halo effect -sampling all areas of instruction is difficult
skinfold thickness
-take caliper measurements from different sites (triceps, scapula, abdomen, thigh) -enter values into race and sex specific equation -generate an estimate of body comp.
two-point scale
-variation of the likert scale, but with less response options -also called "forced choice" scale -yes/no or agree/disagree options EX: taking a survey online that requires an answer to get to the next set of questions
dependent variables
-volume (counts minute-by-minute) -intensity (time spent at light, moderate, or above) -pattern (time of day)
sources
-web resources -peer review (helps validate research) -impact factor
hydrostatic (underwater) weighing
-weight of body outside of water -weight of completely immersed body -density of water
self-report
provide only crude estimates of levels of activity which are prone to overestimation (can be difficult to assess low-level movement which can be difficult to recall)
levels of intervention
public policy, community, organizational, interpersonal, individual
strength and agility
pushups, situps, hopping on one leg
manual coordination
putting objects on a string
another method is to elicit feedback from students
qualitative item analysis
subjective measures: advantages
quality and quantity captured, low participant burden, low cost
taxonomy of educational objectives
ranges from simple to complex, six levels of varying complexity, hierarchal by design
negative discrimination index
student who did poorly on the exam answered the question correctly more than the students who did well on the overall exam
positive discrimination index
students who did well on the exam answered the question correctly more than students who did not do well
results
summarizes the data and describes how it was analyzed
physical activity for social growth
taking part in physical activities that give you a chance to meet new people
body coordination
tapping feet, walk on balance beam
match test items to objectives
test items should be neither harder nor easier than stated objectives
relevance
test selection should link the unit and teacher goals and learning experience
physical fitness
the ability to perform muscular work satisfactory
coordination
the ability to repeatedly execute a sequence of movements accurately and smoothly -hexagon test
muscular strength
the amount of force a muscle can exert or output, also measured as the 1 repetition maximum
power: standing long jump
ADVANTAGES: -relatively high validity (.61) -high reliability -easy to administer -norms are available DISADVANTAGES: -children who are not proficient jumpers might be at a disadvantage
giving an exercise program/routine
ASCM recommendations (you should achieve at least 10,000 steps per day)
relapse prevention
anticipating the road blocks and how you can overcome the setbacks
multiple choice
THREE COMPONENTS -stem: an incomplete statement or question -distractors: incorrect options -answer: correct option
discrimination
ability to differentiate between different levels
skinfold measurements
accuracy and precision of SKF measurements are affected by -type of caliper -variability among technicians -improper location and measurement of SKF sites -intra-tester reliability
likert scale: advantages
adaptable to most attitude measurement situations -want to show it is quantifiable -make sure it is reliable and valid easy to administer, score and transcribe into quantitative data
reaction time: hand reaction time test
advantages: -valid -very reliable (.89) -easy to assess
speed: 50-YARD dash
advantages: -valid and reliable -easy to administer -normative values exist for ages 10-17
stork stand
advantages: reliable, face validity, easy to administer, costs nothing disadvantages: normative data not available for K-12
illinois agility run
advantages: valid, reliable, easy to administer, easy to set up, cheap
norm-referenced tests
based on a "normative" sample -how large groups of people have scored on an assessment -used as a comparison sample population-specific -race, gender, nationality
time
be aware of administration time
non-locomotor
bending, twisting, swaying, shaking, bouncing
health-related
body comp, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular endurance, flexibility, muscular strength
stages of movement competencies
body management competence, fundamental skills, specialized skills, higher skill attainment (low to high)
body mass index
body mass for height -only need two measurements: height and weight -BMI=kg/m^2
zero discrimination index
both the students who did well and those who did poorly on the exam responded correctly with equal frequency on a particular item
cognitive ability
brain based skill/mental process
abstract
brief, comprehensive summary
fundamental skills
building blocks for future, more complex movements
cognitive ability includes:
decision-making, memory, problem-solving, reasoning, understanding languages
method
describes in detail how the research was conducted
reasoning
discrepancy in accuracy of PA measurement techniques
health care facilities
doctor-patient relationship
fine manual control
drawing lines, cutting
objective measures: advantages
extended time periods, min-by-min assessment, low participant burden, free from subjective assessment
interpersonal
families, friends, social networks
community setting
gyms
self-efficacy
how confident are you in your abilities on a specific task (Femi's study)
PA can be categorized into
occupational, sports, conditioning, household, leisure activities
subjective measures: disadvantages
often rely on participant's ability to recall, reliability and validity issues, different populations' interpretations
reliance on another's performance
one person's test score should not depend on another person's performance
object control/manipulative
throwing, kicking, catching, rolling, striking (hitting), dribbling
TGMD-2 uses
to identify delay, but is typically used in normally-developing populations
analyzing the test
used to improve the quality of the test -quantitative item analysis (used with objective test items) -difficulty index -discrimination index -item function analysis
outcome measures
-frequency -intensity -duration -type -volume
physical abilities
limitations (developmental disorders can cause limitations)
references
list of complete bibliography of sources cited
between-group results compared using 2-way ANOVA
main effects: obesity and gender
goal-setting
promoting yourself to be more physically active
decisional balance
pros and cons of starting an exercise program
Movement Assessment Battery For Children (MABC-2) Performance Test
-there is a "checklist" and a "performance test"-we're only concerned with the performance test -ages 3-16 years -product-and process-oriented -norm-referenced test -used to evaluate children with movement difficulties; research tool for at-risk children
common product scores
-throwing velocity -kicking velocity -running velocity -jump distance -hop speed -catching: pass/fail
multiple choice disadvantages
-time consuming and difficult to write -writing good distracters can be difficult
submaximal exercise capacity
-tolerance to low intensity power output for prolonged periods of time -determined primarily by O2 transport system
MABC-2 advantages
-truly internationally appropriate (translated into different languages, validated using different populations) -relatively simple test administration
introduction will help us:
-understand the role of PA in the development of obesity -inform intervention needs for obese children
application level
-use learning in a variety of settings -problem presented is in a different and applied context
grading the test
-use of separate answer sheet for objective and semi-objective tests: this is considered most efficient -test should be returned as quickly as possible
BOD POD
-uses air displacement technology to measure body fat and lean mass -easier and faster than hydrostatic weighing
hand-eye coordination test: advantages
-valid and reliable -minimal equipment required -simple set up
hexagon test: advantages
-valid and reliable -minimal equipment is required -simple setup -easy to conduct in the field
considerations when selecting PA assessments
-validity and reliability -accuracy vs. practicality -generalizability -outcome measures
important considerations for measurement within interventions
-validity/reliability -needs assessment -curriculum development (specifically in regards to how one might carry out a intervention) -special population concerns -domains
discrimination index: how the questions can discriminate
1. if it has a positive discrimination index (DI) 2. if it has a negative discrimination index 3. if it has a zero discrimination index (DI)
home-based programs
can easily lose social support
muscular endurance
the muscle's ability to continue to perform without fatigue or over a period of time (repetitive performance of work) -decrease of peak force with a specified number of repetitions -relative endurance: relative to 1RM -absolute endurance: at a fixed resistance
locomotor
walking, running, hopping, jumping, galloping, sliding, leaping, skipping
introduction: purpose/aim
"investigate differences in volume, pattern and intensity of PA in a sample of obese children compared to non-obese children" (activity profiles were examined by gender and obesity status)
Bruininks-Osteretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2)
-"The BOT" -ages 4-21 years -norm-referenced test -uses process-and product-oriented measurements -created specifically to identify moment difficulties in both gross and fine motor movements -not typically used for normally-developing children
distance runs
-1 mile run -12-minute walk/run -PACER (progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run)
MABC-2 tasks
-32 tasks divided into 3 age bands (3-6, 7-10, 11-16) -tasks in each band are similar, but get more difficult with increased age (children only perform tasks in their age band) -fine and gross motor tasks are arranged into three groups (manual dexterity, aiming and catching, balance)
population of focus
-K-12 -physical education setting -school setting -GOAL: develop movement competence
likert scales
-a statement is usually followed by a 5-response continuum on which the respondent is to indicate the degrees of affect or intensity of his/her feelings about the statement -attitude scales sometimes present both positive and negative worded statements -with young kids, 2-D response is often used -counterbalanced to spread out the items
research article structure
-abstract -introduction -method -results -discussion -references
higher skill attainment
-accomplished only after a person is competent in the previous 3 stages -intramural sports, organized youth sports, select teams, interschool competition
introduction: proposed measurement solution
-activity monitors (help provide estimates of % of time spent at levels of activity, provide means of investigating differences in activity among groups, provide means of identifying activity patterns) -measurement of choice: Accelerometers
semantic differential: advantages
-adaptable for use in a variety of settings -structure allows the evaluation of several different concepts
considerations in affective measurement
-an affective score should measure the person's typical response -the correct response to an affective statements depends on the person being questioned, whereas the correct response to a cognitive question is the same for everyone
essay guidelines/suggestions
-appropriate verbs when phrasing the q. to specify how the q. should be answered -allow sufficient time to plan and construct the essay item -avoid giving students a choice of q. to answer -use several short essay q. rather than one comprehensive q. -consider the time students have to plan and write answers -set limits on length of responses -make use of essay q. only when instructional content and objectives make them the best choice -directions are critical: ID, DISCUSS, COMPARE, CONTRACT, etc. -number of items that need to be ID, discussed, compare/contrasted, should be stated -avoid giving choice of q.'s to answer
survey questionnaires
-assess PA by self reported responses or interviewer-assisted assessments -most popular tool in PA epidemiological research -time frame varies-week, month, year, lifetime -appropriate for age 10 and older EX: godin leisure-time exercise questionnaire, canada fitness survey, youth risk behavior survey
process-oriented measures (qualitative)
-assess the absence or presence of movement components -criterion-based
individuals should develop a positive attitude towards physical activity
-attitude influences behavior -positive attitudes toward PA may increase participation in physically demanding and sport-related activities
semantic differential
-attitudes towards concepts such as "exercise" are measured and portrayed in several dimensions of meaning called "semantic space" -dimensions are (evaluation, potency, activity) -each dimension has a series of bipolar pairs of adjectives -difficult to explain and to understand
gross fundamental motor skills
-basic set of movements using large musculature -acquired in childhood; used throughout the lifespan
statistical analysis: statistical package for social science (SPSS)
-between-group results compared using Two-way ANOVA -independent variables -dependent variables
components of health-related physical fitness
-body composition -cardiorespiratory fitness -flexibility -muscular endurance/strength
context in which the intervention will take place
-characteristics of the person -intervention settings -level of intervention
role of physical education
-children should obtain 60 minutes PA/day -teach skills that transfer to other PA settings -motivate kids/adolescence to be active
guidelines/suggestions when writing test questions: T/F
-clearly explain the acceptable way of making T/F answers before students begin the test -make sure both types of statements are about the same length -include approx. the same number of t/f items or slightly more false items -use statements that are clearly true or clearly false
examples of measuring cognitive achievement
-completion of projects or homework -examinations (oral or written) **written: major basis of measuring knowledge**
T/F Avoid what?
-complex or ambiguous statements -double-negative statements -determines such as never, always, sometimes and often -items directly from the text that are used out of context
comprehension level
-considered lowest level of understanding -interpret, restate, or draw conclusions
body management competence
-controlling the body in personal space -understanding space in relation to others -controlling the body while working with an object or apparatus
SA guidelines/suggestions
-critical that the respondent understands the limits concerning the length of the answer -format should be used only when there is clearly a correct answer that can be given in one or two words
sub maximal tests measurement
-cycle ergometer or treadmill test -HR response to given work load
cardiorespiratory fitness measurement
-cycle ergometer or treadmill test -measurement of expired gas -treadmill time to exhaustion -predicted from sub-max field tests
performance-related fitness
-defined in terms of an individual's ability in athletic competition, or a performance test -limited relationship with health ex: game winning goals, coronary HD, long/triple jump ability, hypertension
characteristics of the person
-demographics -physical abilities -cognitive characteristics -prior history/behavior -family/peer support
laboratory vs. field testing
-differences related to setting, cost, sophistication, and precision of control of extraneous factors -some tests can be performed in both settings
two-point scale: disadvantages
-does not reflect levels of agreement or disagreement -having only two options may be irritating to respondents
matching guidelines/suggestions
-each list must include items similar to one another -there should be only one correct choice for each item in the description list -each item in the description list should be numbered and each item in the option list should be lettered
two-point scale: advantages
-easier to understand than the likert scale -may give a more accurate indication of preferences (forced choice) -lower likelihood of respondents marking the wrong answer
TGMD-2 advantages
-easy to use -kids have fun -product scores can be added -gold standard of gross motor testing
T/F disadvantages
-encourages guessing -tends to test isolated facts -some student "read too much" into the questions
measurement considerations
-enjoyment -discrimination
an introduction should:
-establish the context of the work being reported (done by discussion of the relevant primary research literature, and summarizing the current understanding of the problem being investigated) -the purpose should be stated in the form of a hypothesis, question, or problem being investigated -rationale should be explained and the potential outcomes revealed -context
criterion-referenced tests
-evaluate "quality" of performance -based on an expert model -determine where a person lies on a developmental continuum EX: how does an 8-year-old boy's throwing process compare to a college baseball player?
problems with affective measurement
-faked responses (Social desirability bias) -self-deception -semantics ("I look forward to PA", "PA is something I look forward to")
mandates
-federal, state and local -can affect evaluation timing -might have predetermined measures
BOT-2 four composites
-fine manual control (fine motor precision and integration) -manual coordination (manual dexterity) -body coordination (bilateral and upper limb coordination) -strength and agility (strength, running speed/agility, balance)
measurement and evaluation in non-school settings
-focus primarily on exercise programs -tend to work with an adult program (pre-screening may be necessary) -enhancement of health-related physical fitness -individualization of programs
objective test questions
-free from any subjective judgment during grading -true/false, matching, multiple choice
expression/dimensions of PA
-frequency -intensity (time spent at HR>160 bpm (min), vigorous, moderate, light) -duration (time spent in moderate activity, time spent at HR>160 bpm) -volume (steps per day) -PA level (PAL) (ex: TEE/BMR) -inactivity (TV time per day)
exercise prescriptions
-giving an exercise program/routine -physical activity lifetime prescription, bouts of physical activity for 10 minutes throughout the day
flexibility measurement
-goniometer -sit-and-reach test
assembling the test
-group questions by format -all instructions should be printed on the test -all options for matching and multiple choice tests should be on the same page
BOT-2 advantages
-has a short form -very,very thorough -good in PT settings for identifying delay -product and process aspects are included
intervention settings
-health care facilities -home-based programs -schools -work setting -communities -computer mediated settings
specific strategies
-health education -exercise prescriptions -behavior management -behavior modification
health education
-health screenings and health risk appraisals (more effective than the mass media (more individual effects)) -mass media (campaigns and promotions)
methods: body mass index
-height and weight -interpreted according to age and gender data -those above 99th percentile for age and gender were classified as obese
different body coordination tests
-hexagon test -hand-eye coordination test
areas to measure
-how the lesson is organized -types of activities presented -how the instructor interacts with the clients -how the children/clients are instructed to interact with one another
enjoyment
-if enjoyable the participant may be more motivated to perform -enjoyment and comfort are highly related
intervention: considerations
-in what context will the intervention take place -what specific strategies will the intervention utilize in facilitating behavior change -measurement in an intervention context
common affective objectives
-individuals should develop a positive attitude towards physical activity -individuals should develop a desirable self-concept from relevant learning experiences -individuals should adopt desirable social standards and ethical concepts through activity-based programs
types of inventories
-interest -attitude -sportsmanship -leadership -social development -behavior ratings -personality
completion guidelines/suggestions
-items should require a single work answer or brief definitive statement -limit the # of blanks in the question so that the item does not become indefinite -prevent awkward sentences by constructing the items so that the blank is located near the end of the statement -item clearly defines the problem for the person taking the test -if correct answer is stated numerically, indicate the unit of measurement, and desired accuracy to be expressed -make sure all blanks are the same length in each question and use a/an before blanks to avoid giving any inadvertent hints
physical activity includes:
-leisure-time physical activity -exercise -occupational work -household and other chores -transportation
BOT-2 disadvantages
-lengthy (up to an hour to assess) -only obtainable by PT's, OT's, adaptive PE teachers -very expensive (~$750) -assessment is complex, scoring is complex, interpretation is complex -little is known about reliability for children over 12
3 methods of affective measurement
-likert scale -two-point scale -semantic differential scale
MABC-2 disadvantages
-loss of specificity due to age ranges used -children are limited to performing the skills within their age band (EX: child in the 7-8 yr old age band performs exceptionally well, but no way to determine how skilled that individual is b/c performance is limited to only the skills in the specified age band) -reliability and validity reports are based on the MABC, which was created in 1992
why read?
-lots of information -thus, it is important to discern what information is evidence-based and what is not -enables scholars & researchers to communicate with each other
behavior ratings
-made by the teacher after observing the student over a period of time -traits measured (acting out, withdrawal, disturbed peer relations, immaturity, loyalty, self-control, leadership, sociability, conforming to class procedures and cooperation) HALO EFFECT! EX: better looking the child is when they are younger, the higher the teachers tend to rte their behavior
individuals should adopt desirable social standards and ethical concepts through activity-based programs
-many games/sports/activities require cooperation, fair play, and good sportsmanship -teachers should emphasize these concepts during learning experiences
evaluate test items on the basis of
-matching questions to objectives -editing items that are poorly written
completion/fill in the blank disadvantages
-may be more than one correct answer -grading is less objective
health evaluation should include:
-medical history questionnaire -coronary risk factor analysis -physical exam -lab test -medical clearance (male over 40, or female over 50, at high risk, known to have cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disorders)
why is health-related fitness even more important today?
-modern tech. has lessened the physical demands of daily activities -exercise is not typically a part of the average person's lifestyle -physical inactivity has led to a rise in hypo kinetic diseases
evaluation level
-most advanced level -requires judgements about methods, materials, ideas, performance, or products with a specific purpose
T/F advantages
-not time consuming to write -easy to score -coverage of wide range of material
results: PA volume and intensity
-obese boys and girls were significantly less active than non-obese boys and girls according to accelerometer data (counts/hour and minutes of at least moderate intensity) -across the whole week, activity levels were significantly lower for girls compared to boys for counts and minutes of moderate activity and above -sig. main effects for gender and BMI -imbalance in sample size for obese and non-obese
CHD secondary risk factors that are modifiable
-obesity (a body weight that exceeds the desirable level for a given age, gender, and skeletal from by more than 20%) -type A behavior characteristics -physical inactivity
independent variables
-obesity (obese and non-obese) -gender (male or female)
3 general categories of test questions
-objective test questions -semi-objective test questions -essay test questions
muscular endurance/strength
-often tested together -specific to each major muscle group of the body (abdominal e/s, upper-body e/s, lower-body e/s)
TGMD-2 disadvantages
-only assesses gross motor skills -not really a developmental assessment (same criterion for every age group) (EX: a 5 year old is scored based off of an expert performer, not an expert 5-ye old performer) -limited use in other countries
test of gross motor development-2 (TGMD-2)
-process-oriented measure -6 locomotor skills -6 object control skills -criterion-based -norm0referenced -can be scored live or from video CHILDREN 3-11 YEARS OLD
health-related physical fitness
-product of physical activity that includes a set of attributes that people have relating to their ability to perform physical activity -consists of attributes that are related to good health
measurement considerations: 3 ones
-program goals vs. client goals (some gyms have programs for everyone there) -risk satisfaction (if you push clients too hard, they may not return) -revenue generation
what do authors do to a research article?
-provide background info on similar work down in the area -illustrate why the current paper is important -describe data and methods used -perecent results -discuss results and limitations of study
considerations for testing
-provide necessary encouragement and incentive for maximum effort -get to know each other -provide accurate, motivating, and thorough demonstrations -avoid potentially embarrassing situations -test in a non-threatening environment -practice or stimulate unique items or testing conditions -recognize contraindicated activities -validity/reliability of test
physical activity is influenced by:
-psycho-socail -environmental -biological factors
essay advantages
-quickest question to write -larger units of information must be studied -guessing is eliminated
flexibility
-range of motion at a joint -may be associated with upper and lower back pain
completion/fill in the blank advantages
-reduces the problem of guessing -requires recall -easy to prepare
affect
-refers to the experience of feeling or emotion -an instinctual reaction to a stimuli before typical cognitive processes occur
research article
-reports the results of original research (assess its contribution to the body of knowledge in a given area, published in a peer-reviewed scholarly journal) -new and original work no one else has down before (not a simple summary of what other researchers have done before)
likert scale: disadvantages
-respondent is able to convey a false impression of his/her attitude -the distance b/w points do not represent equal changes in attitude -1-D -construction is time consuming
giving the test
-room should be quiet, well lit and comfortable -any ground rules should be reviewed before the test -instructor should actively monitor the exam
discussion
-sample of clinically obese boys and girls.... (PA levels are lower than age-matched non-obese kids, time spent in moderate intensity activity was lower than age-matched non-obese kids) -obese kids are less active than non-obese kids for almost all hourly periods on both schooldays and weekends -hourly patterns of PA indicated a tendency in obese kids to be less active than non-obese kids when activity was determined by free-choice -obese kids demonstrated patterns of PA that may have contributed to and are likely to sustain their obesity -accelerometry -able to ID periods when intervention to increase activity may be most appropriate and provide evidence for specific exercise prescriptions
introduction: need info on
-school-based vs. home based activity -organized vs. spontaneous activity -sedentary patterns
semantic differential: disadvantages
-selecting appropriate bipolar adjectives can be tedious -scoring can be time consuming and prone to error
cognitive behavior modification
-self-efficacy -self-monitoring -decisional balance -goal-setting -relapse prevention
introduction: measures of previous studies
-self-reports -doubly labelled water (DLW) method
social development inventories
-self-repots, ratings by teachers, and rating by the peer group -assess the degrees to which a student has adjusted to the social environment of the class and school -indication of an individual's degree of acceptance by peers EX: how does one individual rank in comparison to the other individuals
BMI disadvantages
-sensitive to extremes (very tall or short) -doesn't measure (or estimate) body fat
gender appropriateness
-should not favor one gender or another -make sure norms for both sexes are available
knowledge level
-simplest level and most common type -involves recognition and recall (remember facts, rules, definitions, etc.)
influences on an affective response
-situational or daily factors -instructor/tester giving the assessment -assessment environment -cultural background -most affective measures are unstable
MC guidelines/suggestions
-when possible, the stem should be written in positive terms -three or four distractors should be written plus the correct answer for each item -the distractors and correct answers should be about the same length -correct answer should be listed with near equal frequency in each of the possible positions in the list of options -ambiguity of distractors can be reduced by having others with knowledge of the test material review the test
matching advantages
-wide range of material can be covered -quick to write -easy to grade
multiple choice advantages
-written to many levels of cognition -easy to grade -discourages guessing
gross fundamental motor skills categories
LOCOMOTOR -run, gallop, leap, hop, slide, jump OBJECT CONTROL -throw, kick, strike, catch, dribble, roll
TGMD-2 12 skills
LOCOMOTOR: run, jump, leap, hop, slide, gallop OBJECT CONTROL: throw, kick, catch, dribble, strike, roll
cognitive characteristics
a person's attitudes and beliefs
intervention
a technology, treatment, procedure or program that is developed with the aim of promoting or maintaining specific attitudes, norms and/or behaviors in a target person or group
the leadership scale for sports are used in
leadership behaviors
modes of measurement
affective/social behavior typically is assessed through one of three methods classified as: -self-reporting -peer appraisal -teacher observation
CHD secondary risk factors that cannot be altered
age, gender, race, heredity
demographics
age, gender, socioeconomic status
skill-related
agility, balance, coordination, power, speed, reaction time
curricular content
aligning evaluations toward class objectives
communities
allows for diversity and mass media campaigns
CHD primary risk factor: hyperlipidemia
an elevation in blood lipid levels
physical activity
any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure
product-oriented measures (quantitative)
assess the outcome of a performed skill
hand-eye coordination test: disadvantages
assistant is needed to administer test
hexagon test: disadvantages
assistant is needed to administer test
discussion
authors explain how the data fits their original hypotheses, state their conclusions, and examine the theoretical and practical implications of the work
introduction: how can we solve this measurement problem?
authors suggest we need to utilize unobtrusive objectivity measures capable of accurately documenting degree, nature and pattern of activity
CHD primary risk factor: hypertension
chronic persistent elevation of blood pressure affecting 1 in 4 adults in the U.S.
BOT-2 forms
complete form (53 items) short/brief form (14 items)
planning the written test
content validity (face validity)
fine motor skills
coordination of small muscle movements
economy
cost associated with testing (equipment and personnel)
measuring body composition
field methods (BMI, BIA, skinfolds) laboratory methods (hydrostatic weighing, BOD POD)
skill-related components
formt the basis for developing skills related to particular sports
activity monitors
help provide minute-by-minute quantification of intensity and duration of body movements over a specific time period
objective measures: disadvantages
high cost, cannot capture some activities well, accurate placement can be difficult
doubly labelled water (DLW) method
highly accurate measure however previous studies have found no difference in: -metabolic rate -activity related energy expenditure -or total daily energy exp. between obese and normal-weight children
self-concept
how individuals feel about themselves based on responses of others EX: teachers, parents, and friends' communication with an individual can lead to feelings of love, neglect, capability, incapability, intelligence, ignorance, etc
analysis level
identify parts/elements, interactions or relationships, errors of inference or contradictions, or differentiate among facts, opinions and conclusions
independence
if using a better, the individual tests should tap a specific component
measuring cognitive achievement
importance of proper measurement and evaluation procedures
physical activity lifetime prescription, bouts of physical activity for 10 minutes throughout the day
increases options for those less inclined to participate in a more traditional health program
hypokinetic diseases
individuals who do not exercise regularly are at a greater risk of developing: -coronary heart disease -hypertension -obesity -musculoskeletal disorders
stimulus control
input or tigger to act or feel a certain way (change through cues such as sticky notes with reminders, or stickers when a child completes a task
introduction
introduces problem, points to the importance of the work, outlines the background, purpose, and hypotheses
accelerometry
is a valuable instrument when observing children's minute-by-minute patterns in physical activity
muscular strength measurement
isometric dynamometer (hand grip), 1 rep max (RM) bench press, 1 rep max (RM) squat
individual
knowledge, attitudes, skills
levels of varying complexity (lowest level to highest level/ most common to least common)
knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation
measuring flexibility
lab methods (goniometry, could also be a field method) field methods (trunk flexion, sit-and-reach)
measuring aerobic capacity
lab methods (maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max), includes some submit tests) field methods (mile run, 12-minute run, PACER)
measuring muscular strength/endurance
lab methods: computerized dynamometers field methods: traditional weightlifting tests, body resistance (pull-ups, sit-ups, 1RM, 10 RM)
hypo
lack of
factors affecting test selection
mandates, curricular content, relevance, educational value, economy, time, enjoyment, norms, discrimination, independence, age/gender appropriate, relevance on others, safety, class size, administration work, teach support
impact factor
measure reflecting the average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal (often used a a barometer for the relative importance of a journal within its field)
bioelectric impedance analyzers (BIA)
measure resistance to current flow -more muscle=more body water to lower resistance to flow -more fat= less body water to greater resistance to flow
discrimination index
measures the extent that a test question discriminates between the students who scored well and those who scored poorly on the test
distance
measuring tape or software programs
physiological
metabolic, morphological, bone integrity
self-monitoring
more aware of how they feel or changes in their body (reinforcer)
measuring the affective domain
more problematic because of the subjective nature of the qualities being measured
fitnessgram
most comprehensive and widely-used test for youth -tests 3 areas of fitness (aerobic capacity, body composition, muscle s/e/flexibility)
kinetic
movement
public policy
national, state, local laws and regulations
computer mediated settings
online module or cell phone
matching disadvantages
only tests recognition
organizational
organizations, social institutions
sport anxiety scale-2 is an example of a
personality inventory
age appropriateness
physical, cognitive, emotional development considerations
qualititive item analysis
points out problems associated with: ambiguity, excessive guessing, difficulty (extremes), failing to discriminate in a positive manner
physical activity is a:
process
synthesis level
producing something original or unique, rearrangement and combining of elements to construct a new whole
health-related physical fitness is a:
product
difficulty index
refers to the proportion of students who answered the question correctly **most items should fall between 0.20 and 0.80 with the average being about 0.50**
item function
refers to the suitability or effectiveness of a test question -identifies which distracters need to be replaced CHECKS FOR: mistakes in the answer key, guessing, ambiguity in the alternatives
clinical settings
rehabilitation programs
community
relationship between organizations
body composition
relative amounts of muscle, fat, bone, and other vital body parts -in a basic sense, comparison of fat weight and lean weight
population
school setting: children non-school setting: adults
activities
school setting: group non-school setting: individualized
resources
school setting: limited space, funds, time, and technology non-school setting: access to more and better resources
focus
school setting: psychomotor skills non-school setting: health-related fitness
time period
school setting: school year non-school setting: year-round
administrative work
scoring, interpretation, reporting
individuals should develop a desirable self-concept from relevant learning experiences
self-concept: how individuals feel about themselves based on responses of others
interest inventories
self-report instruments in which an individual expresses his/her likes and dislikes for certain activities, situations or programs EX: child decides they don't like a sport at the age of , end up not playing in HS
personality inventories
self-report instruments in which the respondent is presented with a series of questions describing typical behavioral patterns EX: OCEAN (openness, consciousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neurotic)
attitude inventories
self-report instruments in which the student is asked to reveal his/her state of mind or feelings about specific objects, event, people, etc EX: willingness to engage in exercise (scale on if its T/F of you)
sportsmanship inventories
self-reports or reports made by others concerning the degree to which an individual abides by the rules, accepts victory or defeat graciously, and is willing to make personal sacrifices for the good of the team EX: referees giving a sportsmanship score
educational value
shouldn't just evaluate for the sake of evaluating, there should be a learning component
muscular endurance measurement
sit-ups, curl-ups, pull-ups, flexed arm hang, push-ups
psychomotor domain
skill-related physical fitness -basic motor proficiencies development of sports skills
CHD primary risk factor: cigarette smoking
smokers have more than twice the risk of heart attack as nonsmokers -studies have shown that secondhand smoke affects nonsmokers more severely than smokers
semi-objective test questions
some subjectivity may be included when partial credit is awarded
skill-related physical fitness
sports-related physical fitness
typical response
what the person does or feels under ordinary circumstances
reinforcements
when you use rewards and/or punishment to encourage a repeat of a behavior or sensation (stop) of a behavior
