Measurement in Kinesiology (KIN 250) Exam #2

BMI advantages

-easy to do -cheap -non-invasive

methods: participants

N=171 children -between 9-11 years old -from five urban primary schools -17 recruited from children's obesity clinic -project approved by governing board -received consent

exercise regulations questionnaire is an example of a

attitude inventory

velocities

measured with radar guns, stopwatches, computer software (Dartfish)

the affective domain

refers to characteristics of human behavior that deal with: emotions, feelings, interests, attitudes, values

family/peer support

researcher utilizes a parent/guardian to help carry out the intervention (getting the child to eat their veggies)

cardiorespiratory fitness

the ability of the circulatory and respiratory systems to supply O2 during sustained physical activity -cardiovascular fitness/endurance -aerobic fitness most representative component of HRPF

behavioral management

-stimulus control -reinforcements

sit-and-reach test

-tests flexibility of lower back and posterior thigh -important for prevention and rehab of lower back issues

goniometry

-tests for range of motion of joints -used most often in PT and OT -measures progress over a period of time

maximal aerobic power, maximal O2 consumption (VO2 max)

-the maximal ability of the organism to uptake, deliver, and utilize oxygen -ml/kg/min -represents functional capacity of the cardiorespiratory system

leadership inventories

reports made by members of a group in which they are asked to identify individuals in the group who are or are likely to be class leaders EX: a formal assessment to identify a leader (captain of the team)

essay test questions

response graded subjectivity

specialized skills

-skills used in sports and other movement activities -require a foundation of FMS -technique is important

short answer

-sometimes used in place of completion questions -critical that respondent understands the limits concerning the length of the answer -advantages and disadvantages are similar to those of completion questions

essay disadvantages

-subjectivity of grading -grammatical errors, poor handwriting, etc., can influence grading -Halo effect -sampling all areas of instruction is difficult

skinfold thickness

-take caliper measurements from different sites (triceps, scapula, abdomen, thigh) -enter values into race and sex specific equation -generate an estimate of body comp.

two-point scale

-variation of the likert scale, but with less response options -also called "forced choice" scale -yes/no or agree/disagree options EX: taking a survey online that requires an answer to get to the next set of questions

dependent variables

-volume (counts minute-by-minute) -intensity (time spent at light, moderate, or above) -pattern (time of day)

sources

-web resources -peer review (helps validate research) -impact factor

hydrostatic (underwater) weighing

-weight of body outside of water -weight of completely immersed body -density of water

self-report

provide only crude estimates of levels of activity which are prone to overestimation (can be difficult to assess low-level movement which can be difficult to recall)

levels of intervention

public policy, community, organizational, interpersonal, individual

strength and agility

pushups, situps, hopping on one leg

manual coordination

putting objects on a string

another method is to elicit feedback from students

qualitative item analysis

subjective measures: advantages

quality and quantity captured, low participant burden, low cost

taxonomy of educational objectives

ranges from simple to complex, six levels of varying complexity, hierarchal by design

negative discrimination index

student who did poorly on the exam answered the question correctly more than the students who did well on the overall exam

positive discrimination index

students who did well on the exam answered the question correctly more than students who did not do well

results

summarizes the data and describes how it was analyzed

physical activity for social growth

taking part in physical activities that give you a chance to meet new people

body coordination

tapping feet, walk on balance beam

match test items to objectives

test items should be neither harder nor easier than stated objectives

relevance

test selection should link the unit and teacher goals and learning experience

physical fitness

the ability to perform muscular work satisfactory

coordination

the ability to repeatedly execute a sequence of movements accurately and smoothly -hexagon test

muscular strength

the amount of force a muscle can exert or output, also measured as the 1 repetition maximum

power: standing long jump

ADVANTAGES: -relatively high validity (.61) -high reliability -easy to administer -norms are available DISADVANTAGES: -children who are not proficient jumpers might be at a disadvantage

giving an exercise program/routine

ASCM recommendations (you should achieve at least 10,000 steps per day)

relapse prevention

anticipating the road blocks and how you can overcome the setbacks

multiple choice

THREE COMPONENTS -stem: an incomplete statement or question -distractors: incorrect options -answer: correct option

discrimination

ability to differentiate between different levels

skinfold measurements

accuracy and precision of SKF measurements are affected by -type of caliper -variability among technicians -improper location and measurement of SKF sites -intra-tester reliability

likert scale: advantages

adaptable to most attitude measurement situations -want to show it is quantifiable -make sure it is reliable and valid easy to administer, score and transcribe into quantitative data

reaction time: hand reaction time test

advantages: -valid -very reliable (.89) -easy to assess

speed: 50-YARD dash

advantages: -valid and reliable -easy to administer -normative values exist for ages 10-17

stork stand

advantages: reliable, face validity, easy to administer, costs nothing disadvantages: normative data not available for K-12

illinois agility run

advantages: valid, reliable, easy to administer, easy to set up, cheap

norm-referenced tests

based on a "normative" sample -how large groups of people have scored on an assessment -used as a comparison sample population-specific -race, gender, nationality

time

be aware of administration time

non-locomotor

bending, twisting, swaying, shaking, bouncing

health-related

body comp, cardiorespiratory fitness, muscular endurance, flexibility, muscular strength

stages of movement competencies

body management competence, fundamental skills, specialized skills, higher skill attainment (low to high)

body mass index

body mass for height -only need two measurements: height and weight -BMI=kg/m^2

zero discrimination index

both the students who did well and those who did poorly on the exam responded correctly with equal frequency on a particular item

cognitive ability

brain based skill/mental process

abstract

brief, comprehensive summary

fundamental skills

building blocks for future, more complex movements

cognitive ability includes:

decision-making, memory, problem-solving, reasoning, understanding languages

method

describes in detail how the research was conducted

reasoning

discrepancy in accuracy of PA measurement techniques

health care facilities

doctor-patient relationship

fine manual control

drawing lines, cutting

objective measures: advantages

extended time periods, min-by-min assessment, low participant burden, free from subjective assessment

interpersonal

families, friends, social networks

community setting

gyms

self-efficacy

how confident are you in your abilities on a specific task (Femi's study)

PA can be categorized into

occupational, sports, conditioning, household, leisure activities

subjective measures: disadvantages

often rely on participant's ability to recall, reliability and validity issues, different populations' interpretations

reliance on another's performance

one person's test score should not depend on another person's performance

object control/manipulative

throwing, kicking, catching, rolling, striking (hitting), dribbling

TGMD-2 uses

to identify delay, but is typically used in normally-developing populations

analyzing the test

used to improve the quality of the test -quantitative item analysis (used with objective test items) -difficulty index -discrimination index -item function analysis

outcome measures

-frequency -intensity -duration -type -volume

physical abilities

limitations (developmental disorders can cause limitations)

references

list of complete bibliography of sources cited

between-group results compared using 2-way ANOVA

main effects: obesity and gender

goal-setting

promoting yourself to be more physically active

decisional balance

pros and cons of starting an exercise program

Movement Assessment Battery For Children (MABC-2) Performance Test

-there is a "checklist" and a "performance test"-we're only concerned with the performance test -ages 3-16 years -product-and process-oriented -norm-referenced test -used to evaluate children with movement difficulties; research tool for at-risk children

common product scores

-throwing velocity -kicking velocity -running velocity -jump distance -hop speed -catching: pass/fail

multiple choice disadvantages

-time consuming and difficult to write -writing good distracters can be difficult

submaximal exercise capacity

-tolerance to low intensity power output for prolonged periods of time -determined primarily by O2 transport system

MABC-2 advantages

-truly internationally appropriate (translated into different languages, validated using different populations) -relatively simple test administration

introduction will help us:

-understand the role of PA in the development of obesity -inform intervention needs for obese children

application level

-use learning in a variety of settings -problem presented is in a different and applied context

grading the test

-use of separate answer sheet for objective and semi-objective tests: this is considered most efficient -test should be returned as quickly as possible

BOD POD

-uses air displacement technology to measure body fat and lean mass -easier and faster than hydrostatic weighing

hand-eye coordination test: advantages

-valid and reliable -minimal equipment required -simple set up

hexagon test: advantages

-valid and reliable -minimal equipment is required -simple setup -easy to conduct in the field

considerations when selecting PA assessments

-validity and reliability -accuracy vs. practicality -generalizability -outcome measures

important considerations for measurement within interventions

-validity/reliability -needs assessment -curriculum development (specifically in regards to how one might carry out a intervention) -special population concerns -domains

discrimination index: how the questions can discriminate

1. if it has a positive discrimination index (DI) 2. if it has a negative discrimination index 3. if it has a zero discrimination index (DI)

home-based programs

can easily lose social support

muscular endurance

the muscle's ability to continue to perform without fatigue or over a period of time (repetitive performance of work) -decrease of peak force with a specified number of repetitions -relative endurance: relative to 1RM -absolute endurance: at a fixed resistance

locomotor

walking, running, hopping, jumping, galloping, sliding, leaping, skipping

introduction: purpose/aim

"investigate differences in volume, pattern and intensity of PA in a sample of obese children compared to non-obese children" (activity profiles were examined by gender and obesity status)

Bruininks-Osteretsky Test of Motor Proficiency (BOT-2)

-"The BOT" -ages 4-21 years -norm-referenced test -uses process-and product-oriented measurements -created specifically to identify moment difficulties in both gross and fine motor movements -not typically used for normally-developing children

distance runs

-1 mile run -12-minute walk/run -PACER (progressive aerobic cardiovascular endurance run)

MABC-2 tasks

-32 tasks divided into 3 age bands (3-6, 7-10, 11-16) -tasks in each band are similar, but get more difficult with increased age (children only perform tasks in their age band) -fine and gross motor tasks are arranged into three groups (manual dexterity, aiming and catching, balance)

population of focus

-K-12 -physical education setting -school setting -GOAL: develop movement competence

likert scales

-a statement is usually followed by a 5-response continuum on which the respondent is to indicate the degrees of affect or intensity of his/her feelings about the statement -attitude scales sometimes present both positive and negative worded statements -with young kids, 2-D response is often used -counterbalanced to spread out the items

research article structure

-abstract -introduction -method -results -discussion -references

higher skill attainment

-accomplished only after a person is competent in the previous 3 stages -intramural sports, organized youth sports, select teams, interschool competition

introduction: proposed measurement solution

-activity monitors (help provide estimates of % of time spent at levels of activity, provide means of investigating differences in activity among groups, provide means of identifying activity patterns) -measurement of choice: Accelerometers

semantic differential: advantages

-adaptable for use in a variety of settings -structure allows the evaluation of several different concepts

considerations in affective measurement

-an affective score should measure the person's typical response -the correct response to an affective statements depends on the person being questioned, whereas the correct response to a cognitive question is the same for everyone

essay guidelines/suggestions

-appropriate verbs when phrasing the q. to specify how the q. should be answered -allow sufficient time to plan and construct the essay item -avoid giving students a choice of q. to answer -use several short essay q. rather than one comprehensive q. -consider the time students have to plan and write answers -set limits on length of responses -make use of essay q. only when instructional content and objectives make them the best choice -directions are critical: ID, DISCUSS, COMPARE, CONTRACT, etc. -number of items that need to be ID, discussed, compare/contrasted, should be stated -avoid giving choice of q.'s to answer

survey questionnaires

-assess PA by self reported responses or interviewer-assisted assessments -most popular tool in PA epidemiological research -time frame varies-week, month, year, lifetime -appropriate for age 10 and older EX: godin leisure-time exercise questionnaire, canada fitness survey, youth risk behavior survey

process-oriented measures (qualitative)

-assess the absence or presence of movement components -criterion-based

individuals should develop a positive attitude towards physical activity

-attitude influences behavior -positive attitudes toward PA may increase participation in physically demanding and sport-related activities

semantic differential

-attitudes towards concepts such as "exercise" are measured and portrayed in several dimensions of meaning called "semantic space" -dimensions are (evaluation, potency, activity) -each dimension has a series of bipolar pairs of adjectives -difficult to explain and to understand

gross fundamental motor skills

-basic set of movements using large musculature -acquired in childhood; used throughout the lifespan

statistical analysis: statistical package for social science (SPSS)

-between-group results compared using Two-way ANOVA -independent variables -dependent variables

components of health-related physical fitness

-body composition -cardiorespiratory fitness -flexibility -muscular endurance/strength

context in which the intervention will take place

-characteristics of the person -intervention settings -level of intervention

role of physical education

-children should obtain 60 minutes PA/day -teach skills that transfer to other PA settings -motivate kids/adolescence to be active

guidelines/suggestions when writing test questions: T/F

-clearly explain the acceptable way of making T/F answers before students begin the test -make sure both types of statements are about the same length -include approx. the same number of t/f items or slightly more false items -use statements that are clearly true or clearly false

examples of measuring cognitive achievement

-completion of projects or homework -examinations (oral or written) **written: major basis of measuring knowledge**

T/F Avoid what?

-complex or ambiguous statements -double-negative statements -determines such as never, always, sometimes and often -items directly from the text that are used out of context

comprehension level

-considered lowest level of understanding -interpret, restate, or draw conclusions

body management competence

-controlling the body in personal space -understanding space in relation to others -controlling the body while working with an object or apparatus

SA guidelines/suggestions

-critical that the respondent understands the limits concerning the length of the answer -format should be used only when there is clearly a correct answer that can be given in one or two words

sub maximal tests measurement

-cycle ergometer or treadmill test -HR response to given work load

cardiorespiratory fitness measurement

-cycle ergometer or treadmill test -measurement of expired gas -treadmill time to exhaustion -predicted from sub-max field tests

performance-related fitness

-defined in terms of an individual's ability in athletic competition, or a performance test -limited relationship with health ex: game winning goals, coronary HD, long/triple jump ability, hypertension

characteristics of the person

-demographics -physical abilities -cognitive characteristics -prior history/behavior -family/peer support

laboratory vs. field testing

-differences related to setting, cost, sophistication, and precision of control of extraneous factors -some tests can be performed in both settings

two-point scale: disadvantages

-does not reflect levels of agreement or disagreement -having only two options may be irritating to respondents

matching guidelines/suggestions

-each list must include items similar to one another -there should be only one correct choice for each item in the description list -each item in the description list should be numbered and each item in the option list should be lettered

two-point scale: advantages

-easier to understand than the likert scale -may give a more accurate indication of preferences (forced choice) -lower likelihood of respondents marking the wrong answer

TGMD-2 advantages

-easy to use -kids have fun -product scores can be added -gold standard of gross motor testing

T/F disadvantages

-encourages guessing -tends to test isolated facts -some student "read too much" into the questions

measurement considerations

-enjoyment -discrimination

an introduction should:

-establish the context of the work being reported (done by discussion of the relevant primary research literature, and summarizing the current understanding of the problem being investigated) -the purpose should be stated in the form of a hypothesis, question, or problem being investigated -rationale should be explained and the potential outcomes revealed -context

criterion-referenced tests

-evaluate "quality" of performance -based on an expert model -determine where a person lies on a developmental continuum EX: how does an 8-year-old boy's throwing process compare to a college baseball player?

problems with affective measurement

-faked responses (Social desirability bias) -self-deception -semantics ("I look forward to PA", "PA is something I look forward to")

mandates

-federal, state and local -can affect evaluation timing -might have predetermined measures

BOT-2 four composites

-fine manual control (fine motor precision and integration) -manual coordination (manual dexterity) -body coordination (bilateral and upper limb coordination) -strength and agility (strength, running speed/agility, balance)

measurement and evaluation in non-school settings

-focus primarily on exercise programs -tend to work with an adult program (pre-screening may be necessary) -enhancement of health-related physical fitness -individualization of programs

objective test questions

-free from any subjective judgment during grading -true/false, matching, multiple choice

expression/dimensions of PA

-frequency -intensity (time spent at HR>160 bpm (min), vigorous, moderate, light) -duration (time spent in moderate activity, time spent at HR>160 bpm) -volume (steps per day) -PA level (PAL) (ex: TEE/BMR) -inactivity (TV time per day)

exercise prescriptions

-giving an exercise program/routine -physical activity lifetime prescription, bouts of physical activity for 10 minutes throughout the day

flexibility measurement

-goniometer -sit-and-reach test

assembling the test

-group questions by format -all instructions should be printed on the test -all options for matching and multiple choice tests should be on the same page

BOT-2 advantages

-has a short form -very,very thorough -good in PT settings for identifying delay -product and process aspects are included

intervention settings

-health care facilities -home-based programs -schools -work setting -communities -computer mediated settings

specific strategies

-health education -exercise prescriptions -behavior management -behavior modification

health education

-health screenings and health risk appraisals (more effective than the mass media (more individual effects)) -mass media (campaigns and promotions)

methods: body mass index

-height and weight -interpreted according to age and gender data -those above 99th percentile for age and gender were classified as obese

different body coordination tests

-hexagon test -hand-eye coordination test

areas to measure

-how the lesson is organized -types of activities presented -how the instructor interacts with the clients -how the children/clients are instructed to interact with one another

enjoyment

-if enjoyable the participant may be more motivated to perform -enjoyment and comfort are highly related

intervention: considerations

-in what context will the intervention take place -what specific strategies will the intervention utilize in facilitating behavior change -measurement in an intervention context

common affective objectives

-individuals should develop a positive attitude towards physical activity -individuals should develop a desirable self-concept from relevant learning experiences -individuals should adopt desirable social standards and ethical concepts through activity-based programs

types of inventories

-interest -attitude -sportsmanship -leadership -social development -behavior ratings -personality

completion guidelines/suggestions

-items should require a single work answer or brief definitive statement -limit the # of blanks in the question so that the item does not become indefinite -prevent awkward sentences by constructing the items so that the blank is located near the end of the statement -item clearly defines the problem for the person taking the test -if correct answer is stated numerically, indicate the unit of measurement, and desired accuracy to be expressed -make sure all blanks are the same length in each question and use a/an before blanks to avoid giving any inadvertent hints

physical activity includes:

-leisure-time physical activity -exercise -occupational work -household and other chores -transportation

BOT-2 disadvantages

-lengthy (up to an hour to assess) -only obtainable by PT's, OT's, adaptive PE teachers -very expensive (~$750) -assessment is complex, scoring is complex, interpretation is complex -little is known about reliability for children over 12

3 methods of affective measurement

-likert scale -two-point scale -semantic differential scale

MABC-2 disadvantages

-loss of specificity due to age ranges used -children are limited to performing the skills within their age band (EX: child in the 7-8 yr old age band performs exceptionally well, but no way to determine how skilled that individual is b/c performance is limited to only the skills in the specified age band) -reliability and validity reports are based on the MABC, which was created in 1992

why read?

-lots of information -thus, it is important to discern what information is evidence-based and what is not -enables scholars & researchers to communicate with each other

behavior ratings

-made by the teacher after observing the student over a period of time -traits measured (acting out, withdrawal, disturbed peer relations, immaturity, loyalty, self-control, leadership, sociability, conforming to class procedures and cooperation) HALO EFFECT! EX: better looking the child is when they are younger, the higher the teachers tend to rte their behavior

individuals should adopt desirable social standards and ethical concepts through activity-based programs

-many games/sports/activities require cooperation, fair play, and good sportsmanship -teachers should emphasize these concepts during learning experiences

evaluate test items on the basis of

-matching questions to objectives -editing items that are poorly written

completion/fill in the blank disadvantages

-may be more than one correct answer -grading is less objective

health evaluation should include:

-medical history questionnaire -coronary risk factor analysis -physical exam -lab test -medical clearance (male over 40, or female over 50, at high risk, known to have cardiovascular, pulmonary, or metabolic disorders)

why is health-related fitness even more important today?

-modern tech. has lessened the physical demands of daily activities -exercise is not typically a part of the average person's lifestyle -physical inactivity has led to a rise in hypo kinetic diseases

evaluation level

-most advanced level -requires judgements about methods, materials, ideas, performance, or products with a specific purpose

T/F advantages

-not time consuming to write -easy to score -coverage of wide range of material

results: PA volume and intensity

-obese boys and girls were significantly less active than non-obese boys and girls according to accelerometer data (counts/hour and minutes of at least moderate intensity) -across the whole week, activity levels were significantly lower for girls compared to boys for counts and minutes of moderate activity and above -sig. main effects for gender and BMI -imbalance in sample size for obese and non-obese

CHD secondary risk factors that are modifiable

-obesity (a body weight that exceeds the desirable level for a given age, gender, and skeletal from by more than 20%) -type A behavior characteristics -physical inactivity

independent variables

-obesity (obese and non-obese) -gender (male or female)

3 general categories of test questions

-objective test questions -semi-objective test questions -essay test questions

muscular endurance/strength

-often tested together -specific to each major muscle group of the body (abdominal e/s, upper-body e/s, lower-body e/s)

TGMD-2 disadvantages

-only assesses gross motor skills -not really a developmental assessment (same criterion for every age group) (EX: a 5 year old is scored based off of an expert performer, not an expert 5-ye old performer) -limited use in other countries

test of gross motor development-2 (TGMD-2)

-process-oriented measure -6 locomotor skills -6 object control skills -criterion-based -norm0referenced -can be scored live or from video CHILDREN 3-11 YEARS OLD

health-related physical fitness

-product of physical activity that includes a set of attributes that people have relating to their ability to perform physical activity -consists of attributes that are related to good health

measurement considerations: 3 ones

-program goals vs. client goals (some gyms have programs for everyone there) -risk satisfaction (if you push clients too hard, they may not return) -revenue generation

what do authors do to a research article?

-provide background info on similar work down in the area -illustrate why the current paper is important -describe data and methods used -perecent results -discuss results and limitations of study

considerations for testing

-provide necessary encouragement and incentive for maximum effort -get to know each other -provide accurate, motivating, and thorough demonstrations -avoid potentially embarrassing situations -test in a non-threatening environment -practice or stimulate unique items or testing conditions -recognize contraindicated activities -validity/reliability of test

physical activity is influenced by:

-psycho-socail -environmental -biological factors

essay advantages

-quickest question to write -larger units of information must be studied -guessing is eliminated

flexibility

-range of motion at a joint -may be associated with upper and lower back pain

completion/fill in the blank advantages

-reduces the problem of guessing -requires recall -easy to prepare

affect

-refers to the experience of feeling or emotion -an instinctual reaction to a stimuli before typical cognitive processes occur

research article

-reports the results of original research (assess its contribution to the body of knowledge in a given area, published in a peer-reviewed scholarly journal) -new and original work no one else has down before (not a simple summary of what other researchers have done before)

likert scale: disadvantages

-respondent is able to convey a false impression of his/her attitude -the distance b/w points do not represent equal changes in attitude -1-D -construction is time consuming

giving the test

-room should be quiet, well lit and comfortable -any ground rules should be reviewed before the test -instructor should actively monitor the exam

discussion

-sample of clinically obese boys and girls.... (PA levels are lower than age-matched non-obese kids, time spent in moderate intensity activity was lower than age-matched non-obese kids) -obese kids are less active than non-obese kids for almost all hourly periods on both schooldays and weekends -hourly patterns of PA indicated a tendency in obese kids to be less active than non-obese kids when activity was determined by free-choice -obese kids demonstrated patterns of PA that may have contributed to and are likely to sustain their obesity -accelerometry -able to ID periods when intervention to increase activity may be most appropriate and provide evidence for specific exercise prescriptions

introduction: need info on

-school-based vs. home based activity -organized vs. spontaneous activity -sedentary patterns

semantic differential: disadvantages

-selecting appropriate bipolar adjectives can be tedious -scoring can be time consuming and prone to error

cognitive behavior modification

-self-efficacy -self-monitoring -decisional balance -goal-setting -relapse prevention

introduction: measures of previous studies

-self-reports -doubly labelled water (DLW) method

social development inventories

-self-repots, ratings by teachers, and rating by the peer group -assess the degrees to which a student has adjusted to the social environment of the class and school -indication of an individual's degree of acceptance by peers EX: how does one individual rank in comparison to the other individuals

BMI disadvantages

-sensitive to extremes (very tall or short) -doesn't measure (or estimate) body fat

gender appropriateness

-should not favor one gender or another -make sure norms for both sexes are available

knowledge level

-simplest level and most common type -involves recognition and recall (remember facts, rules, definitions, etc.)

influences on an affective response

-situational or daily factors -instructor/tester giving the assessment -assessment environment -cultural background -most affective measures are unstable

MC guidelines/suggestions

-when possible, the stem should be written in positive terms -three or four distractors should be written plus the correct answer for each item -the distractors and correct answers should be about the same length -correct answer should be listed with near equal frequency in each of the possible positions in the list of options -ambiguity of distractors can be reduced by having others with knowledge of the test material review the test

matching advantages

-wide range of material can be covered -quick to write -easy to grade

multiple choice advantages

-written to many levels of cognition -easy to grade -discourages guessing

gross fundamental motor skills categories

LOCOMOTOR -run, gallop, leap, hop, slide, jump OBJECT CONTROL -throw, kick, strike, catch, dribble, roll

TGMD-2 12 skills

LOCOMOTOR: run, jump, leap, hop, slide, gallop OBJECT CONTROL: throw, kick, catch, dribble, strike, roll

cognitive characteristics

a person's attitudes and beliefs

intervention

a technology, treatment, procedure or program that is developed with the aim of promoting or maintaining specific attitudes, norms and/or behaviors in a target person or group

the leadership scale for sports are used in

leadership behaviors

modes of measurement

affective/social behavior typically is assessed through one of three methods classified as: -self-reporting -peer appraisal -teacher observation

CHD secondary risk factors that cannot be altered

age, gender, race, heredity

demographics

age, gender, socioeconomic status

skill-related

agility, balance, coordination, power, speed, reaction time

curricular content

aligning evaluations toward class objectives

communities

allows for diversity and mass media campaigns

CHD primary risk factor: hyperlipidemia

an elevation in blood lipid levels

physical activity

any bodily movement produced by skeletal muscles that results in energy expenditure

product-oriented measures (quantitative)

assess the outcome of a performed skill

hand-eye coordination test: disadvantages

assistant is needed to administer test

hexagon test: disadvantages

assistant is needed to administer test

discussion

authors explain how the data fits their original hypotheses, state their conclusions, and examine the theoretical and practical implications of the work

introduction: how can we solve this measurement problem?

authors suggest we need to utilize unobtrusive objectivity measures capable of accurately documenting degree, nature and pattern of activity

CHD primary risk factor: hypertension

chronic persistent elevation of blood pressure affecting 1 in 4 adults in the U.S.

BOT-2 forms

complete form (53 items) short/brief form (14 items)

planning the written test

content validity (face validity)

fine motor skills

coordination of small muscle movements

economy

cost associated with testing (equipment and personnel)

measuring body composition

field methods (BMI, BIA, skinfolds) laboratory methods (hydrostatic weighing, BOD POD)

skill-related components

formt the basis for developing skills related to particular sports

activity monitors

help provide minute-by-minute quantification of intensity and duration of body movements over a specific time period

objective measures: disadvantages

high cost, cannot capture some activities well, accurate placement can be difficult

doubly labelled water (DLW) method

highly accurate measure however previous studies have found no difference in: -metabolic rate -activity related energy expenditure -or total daily energy exp. between obese and normal-weight children

self-concept

how individuals feel about themselves based on responses of others EX: teachers, parents, and friends' communication with an individual can lead to feelings of love, neglect, capability, incapability, intelligence, ignorance, etc

analysis level

identify parts/elements, interactions or relationships, errors of inference or contradictions, or differentiate among facts, opinions and conclusions

independence

if using a better, the individual tests should tap a specific component

measuring cognitive achievement

importance of proper measurement and evaluation procedures

physical activity lifetime prescription, bouts of physical activity for 10 minutes throughout the day

increases options for those less inclined to participate in a more traditional health program

hypokinetic diseases

individuals who do not exercise regularly are at a greater risk of developing: -coronary heart disease -hypertension -obesity -musculoskeletal disorders

stimulus control

input or tigger to act or feel a certain way (change through cues such as sticky notes with reminders, or stickers when a child completes a task

introduction

introduces problem, points to the importance of the work, outlines the background, purpose, and hypotheses

accelerometry

is a valuable instrument when observing children's minute-by-minute patterns in physical activity

muscular strength measurement

isometric dynamometer (hand grip), 1 rep max (RM) bench press, 1 rep max (RM) squat

individual

knowledge, attitudes, skills

levels of varying complexity (lowest level to highest level/ most common to least common)

knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, synthesis, evaluation

measuring flexibility

lab methods (goniometry, could also be a field method) field methods (trunk flexion, sit-and-reach)

measuring aerobic capacity

lab methods (maximal O2 uptake (VO2 max), includes some submit tests) field methods (mile run, 12-minute run, PACER)

measuring muscular strength/endurance

lab methods: computerized dynamometers field methods: traditional weightlifting tests, body resistance (pull-ups, sit-ups, 1RM, 10 RM)

hypo

lack of

factors affecting test selection

mandates, curricular content, relevance, educational value, economy, time, enjoyment, norms, discrimination, independence, age/gender appropriate, relevance on others, safety, class size, administration work, teach support

impact factor

measure reflecting the average number of citations to recent articles published in that journal (often used a a barometer for the relative importance of a journal within its field)

bioelectric impedance analyzers (BIA)

measure resistance to current flow -more muscle=more body water to lower resistance to flow -more fat= less body water to greater resistance to flow

discrimination index

measures the extent that a test question discriminates between the students who scored well and those who scored poorly on the test

distance

measuring tape or software programs

physiological

metabolic, morphological, bone integrity

self-monitoring

more aware of how they feel or changes in their body (reinforcer)

measuring the affective domain

more problematic because of the subjective nature of the qualities being measured

fitnessgram

most comprehensive and widely-used test for youth -tests 3 areas of fitness (aerobic capacity, body composition, muscle s/e/flexibility)

kinetic

movement

public policy

national, state, local laws and regulations

computer mediated settings

online module or cell phone

matching disadvantages

only tests recognition

organizational

organizations, social institutions

sport anxiety scale-2 is an example of a

personality inventory

age appropriateness

physical, cognitive, emotional development considerations

qualititive item analysis

points out problems associated with: ambiguity, excessive guessing, difficulty (extremes), failing to discriminate in a positive manner

physical activity is a:

process

synthesis level

producing something original or unique, rearrangement and combining of elements to construct a new whole

health-related physical fitness is a:

product

difficulty index

refers to the proportion of students who answered the question correctly **most items should fall between 0.20 and 0.80 with the average being about 0.50**

item function

refers to the suitability or effectiveness of a test question -identifies which distracters need to be replaced CHECKS FOR: mistakes in the answer key, guessing, ambiguity in the alternatives

clinical settings

rehabilitation programs

community

relationship between organizations

body composition

relative amounts of muscle, fat, bone, and other vital body parts -in a basic sense, comparison of fat weight and lean weight

population

school setting: children non-school setting: adults

activities

school setting: group non-school setting: individualized

resources

school setting: limited space, funds, time, and technology non-school setting: access to more and better resources

focus

school setting: psychomotor skills non-school setting: health-related fitness

time period

school setting: school year non-school setting: year-round

administrative work

scoring, interpretation, reporting

individuals should develop a desirable self-concept from relevant learning experiences

self-concept: how individuals feel about themselves based on responses of others

interest inventories

self-report instruments in which an individual expresses his/her likes and dislikes for certain activities, situations or programs EX: child decides they don't like a sport at the age of , end up not playing in HS

personality inventories

self-report instruments in which the respondent is presented with a series of questions describing typical behavioral patterns EX: OCEAN (openness, consciousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neurotic)

attitude inventories

self-report instruments in which the student is asked to reveal his/her state of mind or feelings about specific objects, event, people, etc EX: willingness to engage in exercise (scale on if its T/F of you)

sportsmanship inventories

self-reports or reports made by others concerning the degree to which an individual abides by the rules, accepts victory or defeat graciously, and is willing to make personal sacrifices for the good of the team EX: referees giving a sportsmanship score

educational value

shouldn't just evaluate for the sake of evaluating, there should be a learning component

muscular endurance measurement

sit-ups, curl-ups, pull-ups, flexed arm hang, push-ups

psychomotor domain

skill-related physical fitness -basic motor proficiencies development of sports skills

CHD primary risk factor: cigarette smoking

smokers have more than twice the risk of heart attack as nonsmokers -studies have shown that secondhand smoke affects nonsmokers more severely than smokers

semi-objective test questions

some subjectivity may be included when partial credit is awarded

skill-related physical fitness

sports-related physical fitness

typical response

what the person does or feels under ordinary circumstances

reinforcements

when you use rewards and/or punishment to encourage a repeat of a behavior or sensation (stop) of a behavior