Med 1 Block 1

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smooth

muscle type found in the walls of blood vessles, the GI tract, respiratory tract, and urogenital systems

arrector pili

muscular appendages of the dermis that interact with sympathetic nerve fibers

osteogenesis imperfecta

mutations causing reduced production of type I collagen or production of faulty type I collagen result in this heterogenous group of disorders

cranial nerves

myasthenia gravis is usually observed in muscles affected by these nerves

frontal, maxillary, sphenoid, ethmoid

names of the paranasal sinuses

ATP

negative effector of isocitrate dehydrogenase of TCA cycle

ATP, citrate

negative effectors of PFK-1 of glycolysis

Vx=60 log ([xo]/[xi])

nernst equation

neural ectoderm

nervous tissue is a derivative of what germ layer

Type IV, Type VII

network forming collagen types

substance P

neuropeptide involved in pain relay

opioid peptides, endorphins, vasoactive intestinal peptide

neuropeptide neurotransmitters

opioid peptides

neuropeptides found in the brain and spinal cord; receptors can be bound by morphine and codein

Ach

neurotransmitter of the neuromuscular junction

serotonin

neurotransmitter produced in the GI tract and by neurons of the CNS; acts as a vasoconstrictor, and plays a role in pain perception, sleep regulation, appetite, mood, and anger

Ach

neurotransmitter which is destroyed in the cleft, rather than recycled

synaptic vesicles

neurotransmitters are stored in _______________ near nerve terminals

4th week

neurulation occurs during this week

α1-antitrypsin

neutrophil elastase inhibitor

conductive system

no exchange of gas occurs in this portion of the respiratory system

proteins, cholesterol

non phospholipid membrane components

osteoarthritis

non-inflammatory degenerative joint disease; characterized by pain and stiffness

heme

non-protein prosthetic group of hemoglobin

vasopressin

nonapeptide secreted by posterior pituitary; regulates fluid balance

oxytocin

nonapeptide, secreted by the posterior pituitary, causes uterine contractions

vasopressin

nonapeptide; functions in the regulation of water excretion by kidneys

axoaxonic, somatosomatic, dendritodendritic

nonclassical synapse types

proteasomes

nonmembranous organelle found in the cytoplasm and nucleus; involved in the degradation of proteins

endometrium

normal implantation occurs in the __________ layer of the uterus

posterior superior wall

normal implantation occurs in the____________ of the uterus

telophase

nuclear lamina reassembles during this phase of mitosis

azidothymidine (AZT)

nucleotide analog which terminates chain during DNA synthesis from RNA template (reverse transcriptases)

dideoxyinosine, arabinoside

nucleotide analogs used as chemotherapy for cancer

notochord

nucleus pulposus of intervertebral discs arises from the

145

number of bp which wrap around a histone octamer when histone H1 is not present

number of cervical somites

8-10

number of coccygeal somites

number of lumbar somites

number of occipital somites

number of sacral somites

number of thoracic somites

diaphysis

nutrient artery of long bone supplies blood to this segment

capacitation

occurs in the female reproductive tract; sperm are incapable of fertilization until it is complete

angiotensin II

octapeptide; hypertensive agent

angiotensin II

octapeptide; stimulates release of aldosterone from adrenal cortex

neural crest

odontoblasts are derived from the

CN I (olfactory)

olfactory receptors converge into this cranial nerve

neural tube

oligodendrocytes are derived from what embryonic feature?

renal abnormalities, renal agenesis

oligohydramnios can indicate

-1/Km

on a lineweaver-burk plot (double reciprocal), the X intercept

1/vmax

on a lineweaver-burk plot (double reciprocal), the Y intercept

Km/vmax

on a lineweaver-burk plot (double reciprocal), the slope

the properties of their side chains

on what basis are amino acids classified?

primary structure

only aspect of protein structure that is not disrupted by denaturation

hysterectomy

only method to remove placenta in placenta accretia

unilateral

only on one side

primary oocytes

oogonia enter meiosis I and undergo DNA replication to form __________

voltage gated channels

open in response to a change in membrane potential

beta-endorphin, enkephalins, dynorphin

opioid peptides

contralateral

opposite sides

nucleus

organelle housing genetic information, has a dual-layered membrane

pancreas, intestines, lungs

organs most commonly affected in Cystic Fibrosis

paraxial mesoderm

origin of somitomeres and somites (35 pairs)

intramembranous

ossification between layers of a membrane; flat bones of the skull are formed this way

endochondral

ossification withing cartilage; long bones are formed by this method

trophoblast

outer cell mass of blastocyst

metaphase II

ovulation occurs when the secondary oocyte has reached this phase of meiosis II

Cystine (disulfide bridge)

oxidation of two adjacent Cysteine units forms this

cystine or disulfide bridge

oxidation of two spatially adjacent cysteine residues forms what?

myoglobin

oxygen storage protein with similar structure to hemoglobin

pH at which an amino acid exists in zwitterionic form

pH where a protein carries a net charge of zero

9.5

pK of an alpha-amino group

2.0

pK of an alpha-carboxyl group

3.9

pK of the beta-carboxyl group of aspartate

10.5

pK of the epsilon-amino group of lysine

4.3

pK of the gamma-carboxyl group of glutamate

12.5

pK of the guanidino group of arginine

6.0

pK of the imidazole group of histidine

neural crest

parasympathetic ganglia of the GI tract are derived from the

increasing potassium permeability at rest

parasympathetic stimulation decreases heart rate by

domatic mesoderm

parietal serosa, dermis of ventral boy, connective tissues of joints and limbs are derived from this layer

cheese, pickled herring, red wine

patients on MAOI should avoid these in their diet

placental abruption

peeling of plaacenta from the uterine wall before birth

enkephalin

pentapeptide; in the brain, can inhibit sense of pain

3-5

percent of hydatiform mole which develop into gestational trophoblastic neoplasia

prosthetic groups

permanently associated coenzymes

CC16

phospholipid secreted by clara cells of terminal bronchi

dephosphorylated

phosphorylase b kinase is inactive when it is in its ______________ state

heat, mixing, xrays, UV radiation

physical causes of denaturation

gases, nutrients, andibodies

placenta exchanges these vital substances between mother and fetus

placenta previa

placenta implants close to cervical os or covers cervical os

progesterone, extrogen, hCG

placenta produces these hormones

formation of primary chorionic villi

placental development by the end of second week

active site

pocket or cleft in enzyme where a reaction takes place

ohabe

poison targeting the sodium/potassium pump

GI abnormalities, esophageal or duodenal atresia, anencephaly

polyhydramnios can indicate

sympathetic

portion of the PNS responsible for increasing cardiac output and dilating pupils, in response to stress

sympathetic

portion of the PNS with ganglia close to the CNS

axial

portion of the skeletal system consisting of skull, spinal column, and bones of the rib cage

appendicular

portion of the skeletal system consisting of the appendages and the shoulder and pelvic girdles

fructose 2,6-biphosphatase

positive effector of PFK-1 of glycolysis

ADP

positive effector of isocitrate dehydrogenase of TCA cycle

protein and RNA

possible strucural components of enzymes

spermiogenesis

postmeiotic series of morphological changes which transform spermatids into sperm

tropoelastin

precursor of elastin, synthesized in RER

acetyl CoA and acetoacetyl CoA

precursors of acetoacetate

elastin

predominant protein of connective tissue

hydatiform mole

preeclampsia during first trimester, elevated hCG, enlarged uterus with bleeding indicate

cleavage of signal sequence

prepro alpha-chains of collagens undergo this change in the RER to become pro alpha-chains

diaphysis

primary ossification center of long bone

agonist

prime mover muscle

infection, heritable mutation

prion causative agents

RER

pro alpha-chains of collagen are synthesized into the lumen of this organelle

spliceosomes

process majority of pre-mRNA; ribonucleoprotein

decatenation

process of untangling entwined DNA fragments after circular DNA replication

gastrulation

process which established the three primary germ layers

gastrulation

process which is first indicated by the formation of the primitive streak within the epiblast

suncytiotrophoblast

produces hCG

product inhibition

product of an enzyme inhibits the enzyme

RU-486, mifepristone, mifeprex

progesterone receptor antagonist

secretory

progesterone stimulates the endometrium of the uterus to enter the _________________ phase

nucleoids

prokaryote DNA is packaged with proteins into structures called

342 glu->lys

prominent abnormality in α1-antitrypsin deficiency

misoprostol, cytotec

prostaglandin E1 analogue

ribosomes

protein factories

hemoglobin

protein that serves in a transport capacity

ferritin

protein; storage form of iron

prion

proteinaceous infectious agent

glycoproteins

proteins found only on the exoplasmic surface

native

proteins must be in this conformation to be active/functional

enzymes

proteins that play a catalytic role

albumin, hemoglobin

proteins that play a role in buffering of extracellular (intravascular) fluid

prothrombin, fibrinogen

proteins that play a role in coagulation

lamin

proteins which line the internal nuclear membrane

cleavage stimulation factor (CstF) and polyadenylation specificity factor (CPSF)

proteins which travel with RNA pol II until the recognize and bind to the stop sequence

actin, myosin, troponin

proteins with a mechanical (motor) function

hormones

proteins/polypeptides that have a regulatory function

Selenocysteine

proteogenic amino acid not coded for by DNA

ferrous ion

proximal His associates to this

Graafian

FSH stimulates the development of a secondary follicle to a ____________ follicle within the ovary

Glutamate replaced by lysine at 6th position of beta chain

Hemoglobin mutation causing HbC

Histidine replaced by tyrosine

Hemoglobin mutation causing HbM

Glutamate replaced by Valine at 6th position of beta chain

Hemoglobin mutation causing HbS (sickle cell anemia)

pH=pKa + log ([A-]/[HA])

Henderson-hasselbach equation

tryptophan is abundant in environment

Trp operon is always expressed except under these conditions

Hydroxyproline, Hydroxylysine

Two modified amino acids found in collagen

barr body, centromeres, telomeres

constitutive heterochromatin examples

nucleoplasm

contents surrounded by inner nuclear membrane

aromatic aa decarboxylase

converts 5-hydroxytryptophan to 5-hydroxytryptamine (5-HT; serotonin)

SS dehydrogenase

converts succinate semialdehyde to succinate, in GABA breakdown pathway

mismatch repair

corrects misincorporated bases during DNA replication; binds at misincorporated base and scans for end of okazaki fragement to determine which strand is incorrect

epithelium

covers/lines all body surfaces (internal and external

neural crest

cranial nerve ganglia are derived from the

protein synthesis

antibiotics acting on the bacterial ribosome inhibit this vital intracellular process

PCNA

antibody staining for this protein, associated with DNA replication, is used for grading the stages of cancer growth

5-fluorouracil

anticancer drug that inhibits thymidylate synthase

dopamine D2 receptors

antipsychotics (phenothizines, haloperidol) inhibit these receptors

acyclovir

antiviral that works by inhibiting viral DNA polymerases

lumen or external enviroment

apical surface of an epithelial tissue faces the

nucleolus

appears as a dot within the nucleus

goldman equation

application of nernst equation using the gradients of each ion and weighted by permeability

doppler

application of ultrasound technology used to visualize vascular structures

prochordal plate

area where the epiblast and hypoblast fuse; future site of the mouth

phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, histidine

aromatic amino acids

terminal arteries

arteries that lack anastomoses; blockage causes tissue death

alzheimer disease

associated with misfolded beta-amyloid precursor protein accumulations in brain

placenta previa

associated with repeated episodes of bright red bleeding in third trimester

placenta accretia

associated with vaginal bleeding at second trimester or later

type A spermatogonia

at purberty, primordial germ cells deifferentiate into

secondary spermatocytes

at the end of meiosis I, primary spermatocytes split to form 2

tertiary chorionic villi/definitive placental villus

at the end of the third week, small capillaries arise in the mesodermal core of the secondary chorionic villi forming

origin

attachment of muscle that is fixed during contration

insertion

attachment of muscle that moves during contraction

multiple sclerosis

autoimmune attack on oligodendrocytes of the CNS, irreversible, progressive, terminal

guillian-barre syndrome

autoimmune attack on the schwann cells of the PNS; reversible

myasthenia gravis

autoimmune disease of the neuromuscular junction in which Ach receptors are destroyed by antibodies

achondroplasia

autosomal dominant skeletal anomaly characterized by retarded bone growth in the limbs with normal sized head and trunk

zellweger syndrome

autosomal recessive disease caused by inability to assemble normal cellular peroxisomes; range of disorders characterized by neurological abnormalities

distal

away from the attachment

dorsum

back of foot or hand

nucleosome

basic unit of organization of DNA; wrapped around a histone octamer

cell

basic unit of the body

inferior/caudal

beneath, anatomically

chordoma

benign or malignant tumor arising from the remnants of the notochord; usually intercranial or sacral and more common in men>50yo

ultrasound

best first radiological exam in the pediatric population, when appropriate

interediate mesoderm

between paraxial and lateral plate mesoderm

diazepam (benzodiazepines)

bind to GABA receptors and cause potentiation of the response to endogenous GABA

metabotropic

binding of neurotransmitters can be G coupled receptors and may use second messengers to affect ion channels indirectly

ionotropoid

binding of neurotransmitters causes flow of ions through a channel in this receptor class

SSB single strand binding protein

binds to ssDNA to protect it from nucleases during replication

enzymes

biological catalysts

bilipid membrane

biological membrane composed of two layers of lipid

alpha latrotoxin

black widow spider venom component

eight-cell

blastomeres are considered totipotent up to this stage

retinal

blockage of this artery results in blindness

histamine

blockers of these amines tend to have a sedative effect

bilateral

both sides

plantar

bottom surface of foot

valine, leucine, isoleucine

branched chain amino acids

5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA)

breakdown product of serotonin; secreted in urine

acetylcholine esterase

breaks down acetylcholine

osteogenesis imperfecta

brittle bones, blue sclera, abnormal tooth development, and hearing abnormalities are associated with

histidine

buffering action of hemoglobin is attributed to this amino acid residue

epicondyle

bump near a condyle

collagen

bundled into parallel fibers i tendons to provide strength

first degree

burn affecting only the superficial part of the epidermis

second degree

burn extending into the dermis

third degree

burn which extends past dermis to fascia, muscle, or bone

cytotrphoblast

by the end of the 4th month, this component of the placenta disappears

by the end of the 5th week, ______________ pairs of somites form

ultrasound

can be used for real-time biopsies, and to distiguish cystic vs solid lesions

nucleotide analogs

can be used to block DNA sythesis

Sanger's reagent (FDNB) or Dansyl Chloride

can be used to identify the N terminal amino acid

carcinoma

cancer of epithelial tissue

8-28 hours

cardiac troponins peak __________ hours after MI

7 days

cardiac troponins return to normal _______ days after MI

4-6 hours

cardiac troponins rise _____ hours after MI

cAMP

catabolic activator protein (CAP) of lac operon system needs this cofactor to bind to the promotor

sympathetic

catabolic portion of the PNS

dopamine, norepinephrine

catecholamine neurotransmitters of the brain and ANS

sirenomelia

caudal dysgenesis is also called

mutations, nutritional deficits, viral or bacterial pathogens

causative agents of enzyme deficiency

thin sclera shows veins

cause of blue sclera observed in some forms of osteogenesis imperfecta

tetany of diaphragm; respiratory arrest

cause of death from black widow bites in children and small animals

paralysis, respiratory arrest

cause of death in botox poisoning

Ehler's-danlos syndrome

caused by deficiency of collagen processing enzymes, or mutation of amino acid sequences for collagen types I, III, or V

idopathic (perhaps genetic), pesticides, manganese, antipsychotics, head trauma

causes of parkinson's disease

delay in reopening of Na+ inactivation gates

causes the absolute refractory period

hyperpolarization due to open K+ channels

causes the relative refractory period

meiosis

cell division that occurs only during the production of gametes

intercalated disc

cell to cell gap junctions in myocardium

germ cells, stem cells, lymphocytes

cell types where telomerases are normally present

squamous epithelium, clara cells, brush cells

cells found in the lining of the respiratory bronchus

clara cells

cells of terminal bronchi which secrete CC16

astrocytes

cells of the CNS which form the blood brain barrier

schwann cells

cells of the PNS, many of which myelinate a single axon

hypoblast

cells of this layer migrate and line the inner surface of the cytotrophoblast, forming the yolk sac

fibroblasts, chondroblasts, osteoblasts

cells responsible for synthesis of collagen polypeptide precursors

wbc's, macrophages, fibroblasts, mast cells, neutrophils, plasma cells, adipose cells

cells that can be found in areolar tissue

ependymal

cells which line the ventricles of the CNS

axons, muscles

cells with excitable membranes

chloride and fluid secretory capacity

cellular function disrupted in Cystic Fibrosis

tRNA

central to protein synthesis as adapters between mRNA and amino acids

2-α1, 1-α2

chain composition of type I collagen

3-α1

chain composition of type II collagen

glycine and proline

chains of collagen are rich in these two amino acids

nuclear pores

channels for communication and transport from nucleus to cytoplasm and vice versa

pores

channels which increase permeability for specific substances

acids, alkali, organic solvents, heavy metal salts

chemical causes of denaturation

acetylations, methylations, phosphorylations, rearrangements, copy numbers

chromatin modifications playing a role in gene control

mitochrondria

citric acid cycle and fatty acid oxidation occur in the lumen of this organelle

chaperonins

class of chaperones that use energy from ATP to facilitate folding

Axosomatic, Axodendritic

classic synapse types

central, peripheral, autonomic, ganglia, nerves, neurons, glia

classifications of nervous tissue

bruising on limbs, connective tissue fragility

clinical signs of scurvy

bursae

closed, fibrous sacs that form where tendons rub against bone

homeodomain proteins

coded by HOX genes; regulate genes responsible for development

PLP

coenzyme of ALT

NADP+

coenzyme of Glucose-6-PDH

NAD+

coenzyme of LDH

cobalamin

coenzyme of methionine synthase

TPP

coenzyme of transketolase

copper, manganese

cofactors of superoxide dismutase

cross linking

collagen fibrils must undergo this process to become mature collagen

scurvy, ehlers-danlos syndrome, osteogenesis imperfecta

collagenopathies of clinical importance

alkylation, oxidation, deamination, cytosine to uridine, adenine to hypoxanthine

common chemical changes to DNA

hyaline cartilage, synovial membrane, synovial fluid, fibrous capsule, ligaments

common components of a synovial joint

TATAAT

common consensus sequence in prokaryotes, also called Pribnow box

SSRI, MAOI, 5-HT supplements

common drug classes used in treatment of depression

US, radiograph, CT, MRI, PET

common imaging modalities

CAAT, TATA boxes

common promotor sequences in eukaryotes

retrouterine pouch (pouch of douglas)

common site for ectopic abdominal pregnancy

right side near median plane

common site of lateral folding defects

cigarette smoke, byproducts of metabolism, foods, reactive oxygen species, radiation

common sources of DNA damage

syncytium

communicating tube between adjacent cardiac muscle cells

increasing substrate concentration

competitive inhibition can be overcome by doing this

dicumarol

competitive inhibitor of Vitamin K epoxide reductase used as an anticoagulant

methotrexate

competitive inhibitor of dihydrofolate reductase used in treatment of cancers

sulfanilamide

competitive inhibitor of dihydropteroate synthase which prevents bacterial synthesis of folic acid; used as antibiotic

clomiphene citrate

competitive inhibitor of estrogen in the adenohypophysis

captopril, enalapril

competitive inhibitors of Angiotensin converting enzyme used to lower blood pressure

statins

competitive inhibitors of HMG CoA reductase used to treat hypercholesterolemia

synergist

complements action of prime mover muscle

dislocation

complete displacement of bones at a joint

3 allysyl, 1 lysyl

components of a desmosine cross link

type II collagen, elastic fibers, aggrecan

components of elastic cartilage extracellular matrix

types I and II collagen, versican

components of fibrocartilage extracellular matrix

ferrous ion and protoporphyrin IX

components of heme

type II collagen, aggrecan

components of hyaline cartilage extracellular matrix

psudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells, basement membrane, lamina propria, muscularis mucosa

components of mucosa of secondary and tertiary bronchi

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, basal lamina, lamina propria

components of mucosa of trachea

myofibers, myofibrils, myofilaments, sarcomeres, sarcolemma, sarcoplasm, sarcplasmic reticulum

components of muscle tissue

sustentacular (columnar) cells, basal cells, nerve cells, glands

components of olfactory epithelium

DNA, helicase, SSB

components of prepriming complex in prokaryotic DNA replication

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

components of the trilaminar embryonic disk

small layer of connective tissue

components of the tunica adventitia of small arteries

squamous epithelium, basal lamina

components of the tunica intima of arterioles

1-2 layers of smooth muscle

components of the tunica media of small arteries

sigma factor, RNA polymerase

components of transcription complex in prokaryotes

emery-dreifuss muscular dystrophy

condition that chiefly affects muscles; characterized by progressive contractures which develop in childhood; result of a mutation to emerin protein, which is a part of the nuclear lamina

trauma, stroke, severe convulsions, huntington's chorea

conditions which can cause increased extracellular glutamate

bowel gas, large body habitus, examiner skill

conditions which can interfere with ultrasound exam quality

saltatory

conduction that "jumps" from node to node

FAD

conenzyme of D-AA oxidase

FMN

conenzyme of L-AA oxidase

Lipoic acid

conenzyme of PDH complex

CoA

conenzyme of Thiokinase

FH-4

conenzyme of formyl transferase

Biotin

conenzyme of pyruvate carboxylase

neural crest

connective tissue and bones of the face and skull are derived from the

mesenchyme

connective tissue is a derivative of what germ layer?

begin with GU, end with AG

consensus sequences for splicing, in eukaryotes

exon skipping, truncated exons

consequences of splicing errors

stratified squamous

consists of multiple layers of flattened cells, the deepest layer of which consists of basal cells, which are attached to the basal lamina

ramus

curved portion of bone (like a ram's horn)

lewy bodies

cytoplasmic inclusion bodies seen in substantia nigra in parkinson's disease

fluid surrounding cellular organelles

cytosol

high serum CC16

damage to the terminal bronchiole is indicated by this value

reactive oxygen species

damaged mitochondria release these, in excitotoxicity

zygote

day 0 of development, fetus is called

kalladin

decapeptide vasodilator

oligohydramnios

decreased amniotic fluid; less than 400mL

repression

decreases the rate of enzyme biosynthesis

hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (lynch syndrome)

defect in mismatch repair makes affected persons prone to colon, stomach, intestinal, and ovarian cancers

vascular ehler-danlos syndrome

defect of type III collagen causes arterial rupture in this more severe form of an autosomal dominant collagenopathy

ataxia telangiectasia

defective detection of DNA breaks; affected persons show neurological, immunological and developmental problems and have and increased risk of cancer

gastroschisis; epigastric hernias

defective development of anterior abdominal wall with abdominal contents herniating through the gap

xeroderma pigmentosum

defective nucleotide excision repair; UV damage and bulky adducts cannot be repaired, making sufferers sensitive to sun exposure and prone to skin cancer

repair of DNA strand breaks

defective process in BRCA1 and BRCA2

DNA strand break detection

defective process in ataxia telangiectasia

mismatch repair

defective process in hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer (lynch syndrome)

nucleotide excision repair

defective process in xeroderma pigmentosum

BRCA1, BRCA2

defective repair of DNA strand breaks increases risk of breast, ovarian, and prostate cancers

liver, cirrhosis

defective α1-antitrypsin may undergo polymerization in this organ resulting in this associated disease

impairs interchain hydrogen bond formation, prevents crosslinking of collagen fibrils

deficiency of Vitamin C has two specific end effects on collagen formation

dopamine, serotonin

deficiency of aromatic aa decarboxylase causes deficiency of these two neurotransmitters

tyrosine hydroxylase

deficiency of this enzyme can be treated with administration of L-dopa with peripheral aromatic amino acid decarboxylase ihibitor

vasopressin (ADH)

deficiency of this is associated with diabetes insipidus

alveoli of lungs

deficiency of α1-antitrypsin can have negative effects on this particular anatomical structure

emphysema

deficiency or dysfunction of α1-antitrypsin is associated with this type of COPD

homovanillic acid

degradation product of dopamine

peroxisome

depending on cell type, this organelle can participate in many of the same functions as the SER, including cholesterol synthesis and alcohol detoxification

ectoderm, mesoderm, endoderm

derivatives of epiblast

wall of digestive and respiratory tracts (not epithelium), visceral serosa, heart, and blood vessels

derivatives of splanchic mesoderm

epithelial lining of glands, digestive, and respiratory tracts

derivatives of the endoderm

notochord, somites, intermediate mesoderm, lateral plate mesoderm

derivatives of the mesoderm

parietal serosa, dermis of ventral body, connective tissues of limbs (bones, joints, ligaments)

derivatives of the somatic mesoderm

neural crest

dermis and smooth muscles of blood vessels of the face, neck, and forebrain are derived from the

dermatome

dermis of the dorsal body region arises from the ______________ layer of the somites

gametes

descendents of primordial germ cells

alzheimer's

destruction of the nucleus basilis has been linked with this disease

feedback inhibition

end product of a pathway inhibits a key enzyme earlier in the pathway

death from cardiac arrest

end result of blocking of sodium activation gates by tetrotoxin

NADH-metHb reductase

enzyme responsible for converting heme ferric ions to ferrous ions

HAT

enzyme responsible for histone acetylation

HDAC

enzyme responsible for histone deacetylation

lysil hydroxylase

enzyme responsible for hydroxylation of lysine residues

prolyl hydroxylase

enzyme responsible for hydroxylation of proline residues

MAO

enzyme that breaks down serotonin (5-hydroxytryptamine; 5-HT)

catalase

enzyme that converts hydrogen peroxide to water and oxygen

glucose oxidase

enzyme that reacts with glucose and provides an expedient method for the measuring of blood or urine glucose

ALP

enzyme useful in diagnosis of bone disorder

5'nucleotidase 5'NT

enzyme useful in the diagnosis of obstructive jaundice

DNA topoisomerase IV

enzyme which cuts and re-seals double stranded DNA in prokaryotes; completes decatenation after replication

phenylethanolamine N-methyl transferase (PNMT)

enzyme which methylates noreipinephrine to epinephrine

transition state

enzymes generally stabilize this state, resulting in a reduced activation energy barrier and speeding progression towards equilibrium

collagenases

enzymes responsible for breakdown of collagen

CK-MB, LDH-1, AST

enzymes useful in diagnosis of MI

amylase, lipase

enzymes useful in diagnosis of acute pancreatitis

ALP, GGT

enzymes useful in diagnosis of cholestasis

total LDH

enzymes useful in diagnosis of hemolytic anemias, cancers

ALT, AST, LDH

enzymes useful in diagnosis of hepatitis

ACP, PSA

enzymes useful in diagnosis of prostatic carcinoma

total CK

enzymes useful in the diagnosis of muscle dystrophies

isoenzymes

enzymes which catalyze the same reaction

monoamine oxidase (MAO) and catechol O-methyl transferase (COMT)

enzymes which degrade dopamine in the synaptic cleft

phosphorylases

enzymes which perform dephosphorylation

kinases

enzymes which perform phosphorylation

metanephrine

epinephrine is converted to _____________ by COMT

dihydroxymandelic acid

epinephrine is converted to ______________ by MAO

proteins

epithelial cells are anchored to the basement membrane by these

endoderm

epithelial lining of glands, digestive, and respiratory tracts are derived from this layer

simple epithelium

epithelium consisting of a single layer of cells

proliferative

estrogen stimulates the endometrium of the uterus to enter the ____________ phase

cancer

eukaryote topoisomerase inhibitors are used primarily for the treatment of

gene expression

eukaryotic cells are differentiated based on

Trp operon

example for negative control of transcription in prokaryotes

Nicotinic Ach receptor

example of a ionotropoid receptor

shoulder, hip

example of ball and socket joint

Lac operon

example of both positive and negative control in prokaryotes

metacarpophalangeal joint

example of condyloid joint

tendons

example of dense regular connective tissue

epiphyseal plate, first chondrosternal joint

example of primary cartilaginous joints

first metacarpal joint

example of saddle joint

aorta, pulmonary artery

examples of elastic arteries

immunoglobulins, transferrin, ceruloplasmin, TSH

examples of glycoproteins

elbow, ankle, interphalangeal

examples of hinge joints

dermis, submucosa

examples of irregular dense connective tissue

HDL, LDL

examples of lipoproteins

radial, ulnar veins

examples of medium sized veins

beta-adrenergic, muscarinic Ach receptors

examples of metabotropic receptors

Transferrin, ceruloplasmin, hemoglobin

examples of metalloproteins

radial, ulnar, femoral, tibial

examples of muscular arteries

superior radio-ulnar joint, atlanto-axial joint

examples of pivot joints

sternoclavicular, acromioclavicular

examples of plane joints

alpha helix, beta sheets, turns

examples of protein secondary structure

hemoglobin, lactate dehydrogenase, immunoglobin, insulin receptor

examples of proteins exhibiting quaternary structure

alpha-keratin, hemoglobin, myoglobin

examples of proteins with extensive alpha helical structure

symphysis pubis, manubriosternal, intervertebral joints

examples of secondary cartilaginous joints

superior and inferior vena cava

exaples of large veins

excitotoxicity

excess extracellular glutamate can lead to

polyhydramnios

excess of amniotic fluid; 1500-2000mL

mitochondria

excessive intracellular Ca++ causes damage to this organelle, in excitotoxicity

voltage gated

excitable cells posess _____________ channels

fibrocartilage

forms sternoclavicular and temporomandibular joints

hyaline cartilage

forms the articular surfaces of synovial joints

intermediate mesoderm

forms urogenital system

avulsion

fracture where bone is torn away from its attachment point

classical ehler-danlos syndrome

fragile, stretchy skin, loose joints, easy bruising

N-terminal amino acid of globin chains

free glucose binds here to form HbA1C

snRNA

function in a variety of nuclear processes, including the splicing of pre-mRNA

inhibition, facilitation

functions of axoaxonic synapses

channels, receptors, linkers, enzymes

functions of membrane proteins

gene

fundamental unit of heredity located in the chromosome

gametes have _______________ chromosomes

communication

gap junctions on extended processes allow osteocytes to perform this function

NO, nitric oxide

gas neurotransmitter

lateral folds

gastroschisis and epigastric hernias are due to faulty development of

3rd week

gastrulation occurs during this week

choline

general chemical class of phospholipid CC16

lipoprotein

general chemical class of surfactant

premature aging, cancer

general consequence of DNA repair mechanism failure

mucosa, submucosa, cartiage

general layers of tissue in secondary and tertiary bronchi

recognition, excision, replacement, ligation

general mechanism of DNA repair

Gly-X-Y

general structure of AA sequence of a collagen chain

proline

generally follows glycine in AA sequence of collagen chain

Hutchinson Gilford progeria

genetic condition characterized by the dramatic, rapid appearance of aging beginning in childhood; associated with a mutation of Lamin A, part of the nuclear lamina

dopamine

genetic defects in the enzymes of the synthesis pathway for this catecholamine result in progressive gait disorder and infantile parkinsonism

mesoderm (mesenchyme)

germ layer from which bone arises

sweat glands

glandular appendages of the dermis that secrete a thin, watery fluid that functions in homeostasis of body temperature

sebaceous glands

glandular appendages of the dermis that secrete an oily, lubricating substance

microglia

glial cells of the CNS that respond to tissue damage by forming large amoeboid phagocytic cells

oligodendrogliocytes

glial cells of the CNS which are destroyed in multiple sclerosis

oligodendrogliocytes

glial cells of the CNS; myelinate multipe axons

α1-antitrypsin

globulin plasma protein synthesized in liver; inhibits proteolytic enzymes such as trypsin and elastase

NMDA

glutamate receptors involved in excitotoxicity

A1C

glycated hemoglobin

phosphatidylcholine, phosphatidylserine, phosphatidylethanolamine

glycerophospholipids

dephosphorylated

glycogen phosphorylase is inactive when it is in its ______________ state

phosphorylated

glycogen syntase is inactive when it is in its ______________ state

hCG

glycoprotein produced by the syncytiotrophoblast

estrogen

granulosa cells of the secondary and graafian follicle secrete

sulcus

groove, crevice, or furrow in bone

complete hydatiform mole

gross edema of chorionic vill forming grape-like, transparent vesicles, hyperplastic proliferation of trophoblastic cells, absence of fetus

amyloidosis

group of diseases arising due to deposition of amyloid proteins in organs or tissues

motor unit

group of muscle fibers enervated by the axonal terminals of a single nerve

charcot-marie-toothe

group of varied inherited disorders of the peripheral nervous system characterised by progressive loss of muscle tissue and touch sensation across various parts of the body

plus end

growing end of a microtubule assembly

syncytiotrophoblast

grows into the endometrium to make contact with endometrial blood vessels and glands

phrenic nerve

guillian barre can result in respiratory failure due to demyellination of what nerve?

day 8

hCG can be detected in blood on

day 10

hCG can be detected in urine on

several years

half life of collagen molecules

nails

hard keratinized appendages of the dermis

arteriosclerosis

hardening of arteries

anserine

has an antioxidant effect 5x greater than its relative, carnosine

ATP

helicase uses energy from this source to separate DNA strands

hemoglobin form that favors oxygen binding

hemoglobin form that favors oxygen dissociation

creutzfeldt-jacob disease

heritable prion disease, caused by mutation

neural tube defects, body wall defects

high alpha fetoprotein on amniocentesis can indicate

transition state

high energy intermediate that occurs during the formation product

low

high enzyme affinity for substrate is characterized by _______ Km

hCG

high levels can indicate multiple pregnancy, hydatiform mole, gestational trophoblastic neoplasia (choriocarcinoma)

arteries

high pressure vessels which carry oxygenated blood from heart; except pulmonary

terminal bronchiole

high serum CC16 indicates damage to what structure

histone associated with linker DNA; involved with formation of heterochromatin from euchromatin

chromatin assembly factors (CAF1) and nucleosome assembly proteins (NAP1)

histone chaperones which mediate reassembly of histones after replication

lys, arg

histones are rich in these aa residues

gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)

hormone secreted by the hypothalamus; regulates female reproductive cycle

dephosphorylated

hormone sensitive lipase is inactive when it is in its ______________ state

limit unproductive folding

how do chaperones facilitate recovery of native structure?

oxidative damage to methionine residues prevents binding of α1-antitrypsin to elastase

how does smoking cause emphysema?

densities

how findings on CT are described

1000

how long is a typical AA chain of collagen?

141

how many AA in alpha chain of Hb?

146

how many AA in beta chain of Hb

how many amino acids are usually present in a turn?

how many arteries in a normal umbilical cord

how many capillary types are there?

how many heme per molecule of Hb?

how many hydrogen ions does hemoglobin transport from the peripheral tissues to the lungs?

how many layers is the air-blood barrier

how many oxygen can myoglobin store?

how many oxygen can one hemoglobin transport?

how many pairs of cranial nerves

how many pairs of spinal nerves

how many pairs of spinal nerves originate in the cervical segment

how many pairs of spinal nerves originate in the sacral region

8, 4 on each side

how many paranasal sinuses are there

3.6

how many residues per turn in alpha helix

how many spinal nerve pairs exit at the coccygeal level

how many spinal nerve pairs originate in the thoracic segment

how many veins in a normal umbilical cord

how may spinal nerve pairs originate in the lumbar segment

polyadenylation

how the "tail" of mRNA is formed

long bone

humerus and phalanges fall in this general class of bone

beta sheets

hydrogen bonds between adjacent peptide segments stabilize this secondary structure

4th

hydrogen bonds occur between every _________ peptide in the linear sequence to form alpha helix

ascorbate

hydroxyl group donor for synthesis of norepinephrine from dopamine

tetrahydrobiopterin

hydroxyl group donor in the first step of serotonin synthesis

dopamine beta hydroxylase

hydroxylates dopamine to form norepinephrine

tryptophan hydroxylase

hydroxylates tryptophan in the first step of serotonin synthesis

Ascorbic Acid, Vitamin C

hydroxylation of lysine and proline residues of collagen is dependent on this vitamin

gallstones

hyperechoic structures within the gallbladder on ultrasound

complete hydatiform mole

hyperplastic proliferation of trophoblast after death of embryblast; caused by "empty egg" being fertilized by a haploid sperm which then duplicates (46,XX)

partial hydatiform mole

hyperplastic proliferation of trophoblast after fertilization of egg by two sperm (69,XXX or XXY)

prolactin

hypothalamic dopamine inhibits release of this by anterior pituitary

proline

imino acid

placenta accretia

implantation in the myometrium

allactose

in Lac operon mechanics, this substance binds to the repressor, releasing it from the Lac operon and allowing transcription

brain

in a head CT, this serves as the density of reference (isodense)

PCNA proliferating cell nuclear antigen

in eukaryotes, clamps DNA pol delta and epsilon to DNA, increasing processivity

Ligase I

in eukaryotes, joins DNA fragments

RNAse H

in eukaryotes, removes RNA primer

ORC origin recognition complex

in eukaryotes, this complex binds to the origin of replication

polymerase delta

in eukaryotes, this polymerase elongates the lagging strand; has proofreading capability

polymerase epsilon

in eukaryotes, this polymerase elongates the leading strand; has proofreading capability

polymerase beta

in eukaryotes, this polymerase functions in DNA repair; lacks 3' to 5' exonuclease activity

polymerase alpha

in eukaryotes, this polymerase is complexed with a primase; initiates replication; lacks 3' to 5' exonuclease activity

polymerase gamma

in eukaryotes, this polymerase replicates mitochondrial DNA; has proofreading capability

prophase I

in females, primary oocytes are dormant in _________ until puberty

oogonia

in females, primordial germ cells differentiate into _________ after arriving in the ovary at week 4

week 4

in females, primordial germ cells from the wall of the yolk sac arrive in the ovary at what week of embryonic development

sarcoplasmic reticulum

in muscle cells, the SER is modified to perform the specialized function of calcium ion storage and is called

A and T

in prokaryotes, the oriC (origin of replication) is usually rich in these nucleotides

DNA pol I

in prokaryotes, this polymerase excises RNA primer and replaces it with DNA

DNA pol I

in prokaryotes, this polymerase has 5' to 3' exonuclease activity and functions in DNA repair

DNA pol III

in prokaryotes, this polymerase has high processivity and functions mostly in DNA replication

DNA pol II

in prokaryotes, this polymerase has moderate processivity and can reinitate a replication fork stalled by repair; also functions in DNA repair

DNA pol III

in prokaryotes, this polymerases adds nucleotides onto the short RNA primer

FSH and LH

in response to GnRH, the adenohypophysis secretes

SER

in response to challenge with lipophilic drugs, hepatocytes increase the size of this organelle

brown

in severe cases of methemoglobinemia, the blood of the affected individual will be this color

nucleus

in the CNS, a collection of cell bodies

ganglion

in the PNS, a collection of nerve cell bodies

week 4

in the male, primordial germ cells from the wall of the yolk sac arrive in the testes at ________ of embryonic development

puberty

in the male, primordial germ cells remain dormant until

cuboidal epithelium

in the terminal bronchi, the pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium of the tertiary bronchi transitions into

hypoxia-high altitude, pulmonary obstructive disorders, chronic anemia

in these conditions, concentration of 2,3-BPG is increased

parkinson's disease

in this disease, dopamine defiiency results in progressive termor, bradykinesia, rigidity, and postural instability

MRI

in this exam, the scanner creates a strong magnetic field which sends radiofrequency pulses through body tissues

negative control

in this type of gene expression control, a repressor binds to a sequence within the promotor, preventing binding of transcription complex

positive control

in this type of gene expression control; transcription is mediated by activators, without which little or no transcription takes place

subluxation

incomplete or partial separation of a joint; contact between articular surfaces is retained

pheochromocytoma

increased urinary excretion of vanillylmandelic acid and metanephrines is diagnostic for

induction

increases the rate of enzyme biosynthesis

A1C

indicator of average blood sugar over preceding two months

lymphadenitis

inflammation of lymph nodes

lymphangitis

inflammation of lymphatic vessels

rheumatoid arthritis

inflammatory autoimmune joint disease, characterized by joint swelling, stiffness, and pain

autosomal dominant

inheritance pattern of ehler's danlos syndrome

autosomal dominant

inheritance pattern of osteogenesis imperfecta

camptothecin

inhibitor of eukaryote type I topoisomerases

etoposide

inhibitor of eukaryote type II topoisomerases

allopurinol

inhibitor of xanthine oxidase used in the treatment of gout

suicide inhibitors

inhibitors which participate in an intermediate step of a catalytic reaction and become converted to a more effective inhibitor

glycine

inhibitory neurotransmitter in the spinal cord, brainstem, and retina; co-agonist with glutamate for NMDA receptors

penicillin

inhibits enzyme transpeptidase involved in bacterial cell wall synthesis

RU-486, mifepristone, mifeprex

initiates menstruation when taken within 8-10 weeks of the start of last menstrual period

embryoblast

inner cell mass of blastocyst

fibrillin

interacts with elastin in connective tissues

C-terminal

interchain disulfide bonds at this site start the assembly of collagen quaternary structure

Glial fibrillary protein (GFAP)

intermediate filament of brain astrocytes and glial cells

vimentin

intermediate filament of mesoderm and fibroblasts; present in connective tissues

desmin

intermediate filament of muscle

perhiperin

intermediate filament of peripheral nerve cells

lamin

intermediate filament which lines the internal nuclear membrane

keratin

intermediate filament; found in nails and hair

neurofilaments

intermediate filaments of varying sizes present in the nervous system

cytosol

intracellular colation of glycolysis, HMP shunt, and FA synthesis

Nucleus

intracellular location of DNA and RNA synthesis

lysosome

intracellular location of degradation of complex macromolecules

smooth

involuntary, nonstriated muscle

hydroxylysine

involved in the enzymatic glycosylation of collagen

sarin

irreversible inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase

disulfam

irreversible inhibitor of aldehyde dehydrogenase used in the treatment of alcoholism

is calcification a normal process in adults?

secondary cartilaginous

joints comprised of fibrocartilage, even in adults

temperature

kinetic energy in biological systems is expressed in terms of

trochanter

large, blunt, bump-like projection; larger than a tuberosity

tuberosity

large, rounded or oblong projection; smaller than a trochanter but larger than a tubercle

somatic/parietal

lateral plate mesoderm covering of the amnion

splanchic/visceral

lateral plate mesoderm covering of the yolk sac

somatic and splanchic mesoderm

lateral plate mesoderm gives rise to

ectoderm

layer from which brain and spinal cord, and neural crest are derived

ectoderm

layer from which epidermis, hair, nails, and glands of skin are derived

mesoderm

layer from which notochord, somites, intermediate and lateral plate __________ arise

endothelial cells, incomplete basal lamin

layers of lymphatic vessels

extraembryonic somatic mesoderm, cytotrophoblast, syncytiotrophoblast

layers of the chorion

pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells, basement membrane, lamina propria

layers of tissue at the level of the nostrils

mucosa, submucosa, cartilage

layers of trachea

corona radiata, zona pellucida

layers which must be penetrated by the sperm for fertilization to occur

50cm

length of normal umbilical cord at term

alpha-synuclein

lewy bodies are composed of aggregates of ______________ in the substantia nigra

capillary bed

lies between arterioles and venules

spine

like a crest but raised higher; sharp, pointed, slender projection of bone

NMJ

likely location of problem when strength is decreased, tone/reflexes are normal, and strength rapidly decreases with use (fatigueability)

langers/tension/cleavage lines

lines created by collagen in the skin; exploited by surgeons to reduce scarring

extraembryonic somatic mesoderm

lines the cytotrophoblast, forms connecting stalk, covers the amnion

extraembryonic visceral mesoderm

lines the outer portion of the yolk sac

beta chains

location of 2,3-BPG binding sites

centrosome

location of centrioles

ampulla of the uterine tube

location of fertilization

between substantia nigra and corpus striatum

location of nigrostriatal fibers

PNS

location of problem when strength is decreased and tone/reflexes are reduced

CNS

location of problem when strength is decreased but tone/reflexes are increased

location of proximal His in Hb

liver, spleen, bone marrow

locations of discontinuous capillaries

kidney glomerulus, gallbladder, intestines, and endocrine glands

locations of fenestrated capillaries

neostigmine

long acting inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase

amyloids

long fibrillary insoluble protein aggregates with extensive beta pleated structures

fissure

long, crack or hole on a bone in which a blood vessel and nerve would usually sit

areolar

loose connective tissue is also called

Cystic Fibrosis

loss of a single phenylalanine in the CFTR protein causes this disease

high

low enzyme affinity for substrate is characterized by ________ Km

hCG

low levels can indicate spontaneous abortion or ectopic pregnancy

veins

low pressure blood vessels with unidirectional valves; usually carry deoxygenated blood

nervous system

lysosomal storage disorders affect this system catastrophically

dust cells

macrophages of the alveoli are also called

sodium-potassium pumps

maintain the Na/K dispersion across living membranes

GABA

major inhibitory neurotransmitter of the CNS

glycerophospholipids, sphingolipids

major membrane phospholipid types

nucleus basilis

major producer of Ach

rRNA

makes up about 80% of RNA in cells

heat shock proteins

many chaperones belong to this class of proteins

decidua basalis

maternal portion of the placenta

action potential

means of signal amplification in biological membranes to prevent diminishment of a signal as it travels around the membrane

prolactin

measurement of serum __________ is useful in monitoring of central dopamine correction

Levodopa/carbidopa; dopamine receptor agonists, MAO-B inhibitors, dopamine reuptake inhibitors

medication classes for treatment of parkinsons

limbs

medium veins have one way valves in these areas

lysosome

membrane bound organelle with single membrane; membrane has proton pumps which lower the pH inside the organelle

lysosome

membrane bound organelle; contains digestive enzymes

phosphatidylserine

membrane phospholipid found exclusively in the inner leaflet

phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidylethanollamine

membrane phospholipids found mostly in the inner leaflet

phosphatidylcholine, sphingomyelin

membrane phospholipids found mostly in the outer leaflet

peroxisome

membraneous organelle that serves as an alternative site for oxidation of fatty acids (not mitochondria)

peroxisome

membranous organelle responsible for detoxification of reactive oxygen species

neural crest

meminges of the forebrain and melanocytes are derived from the

less than 10 million per mL

men with sperm counts at this level are considered sterile

down syndrome

mental retardation, epicanthal folds, brushfield spots, simian creases, and decreased alpha fetoprotein are findings consistent with

paraxial, intermediate, and lateral layers

mesoderm gives rise to

lateral plate mesoderm

mesoderm which divides into somatic and splanchic mesoderm

mRNA

messengers, code for proteins

zinc

metal cofactor of carbonic anhydrase, alcohol dehydrogenase, and carboxypeptidase

iron

metal cofactor of cytochrome oxidase, catalase, peroxidase

Manganese

metal cofactor of dipeptidase, superoxide dismutase (SOD)

Cu++

metal cofactor of dopamine beta hydroxylase

selenium

metal cofactor of glutathione peroxidase

Magnesium

metal cofactor of hexokinase, G-6-phosphatase, and enolase

calcium

metal cofactor of lipase

Chloride

metal cofactor of salivary amylase

copper

metal cofactor of tyrosinase, SOD

molybdenum

metal cofactor of xanthine oxidase

vanillylmandelic acid

metanephrine is converted to ________ by MAO

cyanosis

methemoglibinemia is characterized by this easily recognizable sign

suicide inhibition

method of inhibition displayed by sarin

passive conduction

method of signal transduction from motor end plate to excitable membrane areas

Edman's degradation

method to elicit amino acid sequence of a polypeptide

S-adenosyl methionine

methyl group donor for synthesis of epinephrine from norepinephrine

capillaries

microscopic vessels which from a network between arterioles and venules

phosphatidylinositol, phosphatidic acid

minor membrane phospholipids

mitochondrial DNA codes for how many genes

electron transport chain

mitochondrial DNA codes for proteins and RNA involved in this mitochondrial function

prozac

model SSRI

Type III Osteogenesis imperfecta

moderate severity form of this disorder; results in multiple fractures at birth, short stature, spinal curvature, and blue sclera

crest

moderately raised, prominent border or ridge of a bone

retinacula

modified deep fascia which forms a fibrous band; holds structures in place in the region of joints

neurotransmitters

molecules that act as chemical signals between nerve cells

chaperones

molecules that facilitate folding of some proteins

MRI

more sensitive and specific, of CT or MRI

phospholipids

most abundant membrane lipids

collagen

most abundant protein; forms 30% of protein mass

sodium and chloride

most chemical neurotransmitters activate channels on the postsynaptic terminal for these ions

helix-turn-helix

most common DNA binding motif

Type I

most common collagen type in humans

glutamate

most common excitatory neurtransmitter of the CNS

ampulla of uterine tube

most common location of ectopic pregnancy

reuptake

most common path for clearance of neurotransmitter from synaptic cleft

thymine dimers

most common type of pyramidine dimer

Type I Osteogenesis imperfecta

most common type of this disorder; causes mild bone fragility, hearing loss, and blue sclera

synovial

most evolved joint type

bilaminar disk

most important feature of week 2 of development

gastrulation

most important feature of week 3 of development

alveoli, arteries, skin, elastic ligaments

most important locations of elastin

beta sheets

most prion proteins exhibit what major secondary structure after misfolding?

Type II Osteogenesis imperfecta

most severe form of this disorder; results in fractures in utero and is lethal in perinatal period

diffusion

movement from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration

bulk flow

movement of particles similar to turning on a garden hose; respiration and cardiovascular circulation are examples

whartons jelly

mucoid connective tissue of umbelical cord

polyribosome complex

multiple proteins can be simultaneously from the same transcript due to the formation of these structures

mesoderm

muscle is a derivative of what germ layer?

electromyography

muscle testing by electrical stimulation of muscles

simple columnar epithelium

this type of epithelium lines the GI tract and gallbladder; functions in absorption and secretion of digestive enzymes

squamous epithelium

this type of epithelium lines the capillary beds

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

this type of epithelium lines the trachea and the bronchi

competetive

this type of inhibition does not affext vmax

connective tissue

this type of tissue forms the basement membrane and extracellular matrix

1 hour

time for sarin gas to become lethal

primary structure

total number and linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain

proximal

towards the attachmet

Tetrotoxin (TTX)

toxin found in pufferfish organs

tetra-ethyl-ammonium (TEA)

toxin which blocks potassium activation gates

activators

trans acting factors; can be coded on any chromosome; can work together synergistically to enhance DNA expression

RNA pol II

transcribes all protein encoding genes, as well as snoRNA genes, miRNA gens, siRNA genes, and most snRNA genes

RNA pol III

transcribes all tRNA genes, 5S rRNA gens, some snRNA genes, and other small RNA genes

cosubstrates

transiently associated coenzymes

prions

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies belong to what class of infections agents

IV or INH α1-antitrypsin

treatment of emphysema

glutathione

tripeptide of glutamate, cystine, and glycine

glutathione

tripeptide; essential component required for RBC membrane integrity

myotome

trunk and limb musculature arises from the ___________ layer of the somites

meatus

tube like opening or channel extending within a bone

synovial sheath

tubular sheath that surrounds a tendon

acoustic neuroma

tumor arising in the schwann cells of the vestibulo-cochlear nerve (CN VIII) in the cerebello-pontine angle

sacrococcygeal teratoma

tumor at base of coccyx derived from remnants of the primitive streak; more frequently in females

pheochromocytoma

tumors of adrenal medulla or autonomic nervous system

pheochromocytoma

tumors which secrete high levels of catecholamines

siRNA

turn off gene expression by directing degradation of selective mRNA's and establishing compact chromatin structures

endocrine, exocrine

two general classes of glands

T and R

two hemoglobin conformations

intramembranous and endochondral

two methods by which bone is formed

membranous, non-membranous

two types of cytoplasmic organelles

regular and irregular

two types of dense connective tissue

spatial, temporal

two types of impulse summation

mitosis

type A spermatogonia undergo

primary spermatocytes

type B spermatogonia enter meiosis I and undergo DNA replication to form

translocations, recombinations

types of DNA rearrangements playing a role in gene control

loose, dense, cartilage, bone, blood, adipose

types of connective tissue

isodense, hypodense, hyperdense

types of densities when describing CT

promotors, enhancers, silencers

types of gene control DNA sequences

NMDA, AMPA, Kainite

types of glutamate receptors

microsatellite, minisatellite, satellite

types of noncoding DNA

cartilage, bone, adipose tissue, blood

types of specialized connective tissue

apoptosis

ultimate result of excitotoxicity

helicase

unwinds AT rich sequence at origin to separate DNA strands

carcinoid syndrome

urinary excretion of 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid (5-HIAA) is diagnostic for

intermediate mesoderm

urogenital system, kidneys, and gonads arise from this

Actinomycin D

used as chemotherapy; binds to DNA double helix and prevents unwinding

carboamino Hb

when hemoglobin is carrying CO2, it is called this

4th week

when when heart begins to beat

brain, spinal cord, lungs

where are continuous capillaries found?

above and below the plane

where are the R groups in beta sheet secondary structure

heart and skeletal muscles

where is myoglobin found?

venule

where most absorption takes place (near capillaries)

wall of the yolk sac

where primordial germ cells orignate

respiratory brochus

where squamous epithelium of lower airway begins to appear

MRI

which dye is less likely to cause allergic reaction of CT or MRI

veins

which has the larger lumen, veins or arteries?

arteries

which has thicker walls, veins or arteries?

which is faster of CT and MRI

venous

which is larger, venous or arterial blood volume?

MRI

which is more expensive of CT or MRI

outer

which membrane of the mitochondria is more porous?

partial double bond character prevents free rotation

why is a peptide bond rigid and planar?

epiblast

within this layer, clefts develop and coalesce to form the amniotic cavity

epiphyseal plate

young bone has this layer of cartilage; in adults it is ossified

beta sheets

zigzag pleated pattern of secondary structure with highly extended peptide backbone

basic aa

zinc finger binding regions are rich in this class of amino acids

endothelial cells, basal lamina, very little smooth muscle

structural components of a venule

super-secondary structures

structural motifs forming the core region of the molecule are

collagen, elastin, alpha-keratin

structural proteins

primary chorionic villi

structures formed by the cytotrophoblast which protrude into the syncytiotrophoblast

carriers

structures which can bring larger molecules through a membrane

catalyst

substance which increases the rate of a chemical reaction without being changed by the reaction

substrate concentration when the rate is 1/2 of vmax

heart (H) and muscle (M)

subunit types of LDH

-ase

suffix of most enzymes

cysteine, methionine

sulfur containing amino acids

modified cardiac muscle

the conducting system of the heart consists of what types of cells?

biotin

the conenzyme of pyruvate carboxylase is derived from

microfilaments

the contractile proteins of muscles are composed of this class of filaments

5' to 3'

the direction of DNA replication

epiblast and hypoblast

the embryoblast differentiates into

bilaminar embryonic disk

the epiblast and hypoblast together are called the

cristae

the folds of the inner mitochondrial membrane are called

~25000

the human genome codes for how many genes

trisomy 21

the incidence of this increases with advanced age of the mother

trachea

the layers of tissues in the primary bronchi are the same as the layers in this structure

body

the main portion of a bone

short bone

the metacarpals and metatarsals fall in this general class of bone

the number of essential amino acids

RER

the outer nuclear membrane is contiguous with what other membranous organelle?

arteries, veins, pain fibers, lymph vessels

the periosteum contains these fibers and vessels

apoenzyme

the protein part of an enzyme with a non-protein prosthetic group or coenzyme

flat bone

the sternum and cranial bones fall in this general class of bone

cytotrophoblast and syncytiotrophoblast

the trophoblast differentiates into the

ATP, adenosine

purine neurotransmitters

adenine, guanine

purines

inhibits aromatic amino acid decarboxylase in tissues

purpose of carbidopa in treatment of parkinson's disease

prevents alveolar collaps

purpose of surfactant

thymine, cytosine, uracil

pyramidines

phosphorylated

pyruvate dehydrogenase is inactive when it is in its ______________ state

PET

radioactively labelled glucose is tracked by CT; used for diagnosis of malignancies

process

raised area or projection of bone

familial partial lipodystrophy

rare genetic disorder characterized by selective, progressive loss of adipose tissue from various areas of the body; caused by a mutation of Lamin A, part of the nuclear lamina

phenyl isothiocyanate

reagent of edman's degradation method

Frederick Sanger

received a Nobel prize for determination of the primary structure of insulin

rhodopsin, LDL receptors

receptor proteins

neuropeptides

receptors for these neuroactive substances are G-coupled, metabotropic, and slow acting

major groove

recognition helices bind to DNA at this site after "recognizing" a specific DNA sequence

B cells

recombination of DNA to produce different antibodies plays an important role in these immune cells

increases diversity

recombination of antibody genes in B cells accomplishes this purpose

gene control

refers to the ability of eukaryotic organisms to turn genes off or on, or to regulate the amount of expression by particular genes

epinephrine, norepinephrine

regulate carbohydrate and lipid metabolism; mediate "fight or flight" stress response

miRNA

regulate gene expression typically by blocking translation of selected mRNA's

DNA

regulation of gene expression is coded in

2,3-BPG

regulatory molecule affecting O2 binding to Hb

Topoisomerase type II

relaxes supercoiled DNA by cleaving both strands; ATP dependent

Topoisomerase type I

relaxes supercoiled DNA by cleaving one strand; not ATP dependent

epinephrine, norepinephrine

released from adrenal medulla in response to stress

nucleus pulposus

remnants of the notochord present in the __________________ of adults

cortical reaction

renders the secondary oocyte impermeable to sperm after 1 sperm has penetrated the zona pellucida

homologous recombination

repairs double stranded DNA breaks accurately using information from sister chromatids; only after DNA replication

nonhomologous end joining

repairs double stranded DNA breaks; can result in either base deletion or insertion at break site

telomere

repetitive DNA at the end of a chromosome which protects the chromosome from deterioration

telomerases

replenish telomere repeats; contain a stretch of RNA template and a reverse transcriptase

Ascorbic acid, Fe++, O2

required comonents for hydroxylation of pro alpha-chains of collagen

dynein

responsible for bending motion of cilia

kinesin

responsible for straightening motion of cilia

RNA pol I

responsible for transcription of 5.8S, 18S, and 28S rRNA genes

refractory periods

responsible for unidirectional transmission of impulses along axons

-70mV

resting membrane potential of most living cells

-95mV

resting potential if membrane was only permeable to K+

+60mV

resting potential if membrane was only permeable to Na+

transmissible spongiform encephalopathies

result from deposition of insoluble protein aggregates in neural cells after prion infection

dizygotic twins

result from fertilization of two separate secondary oocytes by two separate sperm

conjoined twins

result from incomplete separation of embryblast during formation of monozygotic twins

monozygotic twins

result from splitting of a single embryoblast into two

parkinson's disease

results from degradation of nigrostriatal fibers in the brain

hereditary nonpolyposis colorectal cancer

results from dysfunction of DNA mismatch repair and microsatellite instability

anencephaly

results from failure of closure of the neural tube at the cranial region

spina bifida cystica

results from failure of closure of the neural tube in the lumbosacral region

holoprosencephaly

results from high doses of alcohol during gastrulation; small forebrain with failure to develop into two hemispheres

noncompetetive

reversible inhibition which does not affect Km but does lower vmax

noncompetetive

reversible inhibitors which do not bind at the active site ad do not resemble the substrate

alpha helix

right handed helix coiled around central axis with side chains projecting radially outwards

collagen

rigid structural fiber made up of three alpha polypeptide chains

endometriosis, PID

risk factors for ectopic pregnancy

facet

smooth, flat articular surface of a bone

type B spermatogonia

some type A spermatogonia further differentiate into

sclerotome, myotome, dermatome

somites differentiate into these three layers

3rd-5th week

somites form during these weeks

craniocaudal

somites form in this sequence

intermembranous space

space between outer and inner nuclear membrane

pediatric, pregnant women

special populations in which used of ionizing radiation should be avoided

centromere

specialized area of a chromosome which binds to spindle during mitosis

bone

specialized connective tissue which served a protective function, provides the basis for movement, and also serves as a storage for calcium

olfactory epithelium

specialized epithelium in the roof of the nostrils; allows for sense of smell

sphingomyelin

sphingolipid

introns

splicing of mRNA removes these sequences

AP site

spontaneous loss of nucleotide base leaves this

hydrogen bonds

stabilize the structure of alpha helix

hydroxyproline

stabilizes triple helical structure of collagen by participating in hydrogen bonding

collagen

stacked in cornea to transmit light with minimum scattering

ultrasound

standard method of evaluating fetal growth and development

fixator

steadies proximal part of a limb while movement occurs at a distal part

SER

steroid synthesis occurs in the lumen of this organelle

hCG

stimulates production of progesterone by the corpus luteum until week 8

depolarization

stimulation of Ach nicotinic receptor has this effect on the post-synaptic membrane

cardiac

striated, involuntary muscle

first order kinetics

the velocity of a reaction is directly proportional to the substrate concentration

zero order kinetics

the velocity of the reaction is unaffected by a change in concentration

end of 3rd week

the villous system is ready to supply the embryo with nutrients and oxygen by this time

30ml

there should be this much amniotic fluid at 10 weeks

450ml

there should be this much amniotic fluid at 20 weeks

800-1000ml

there should be this much amniotic fluid at 37 weeks

proline, glycine

these amino acid residues tend to disrupt alpha helix formation

bone, CNS, teeth

these areas lack lymphatic circulation

functional terminal arteries

these arteries have ineffectual anastomoses; blockage of the primary artery results in slow death of tissue

plasma cells

these cells of connective tissue are important in the production of antibodies

fibroblasts

these cells of connective tissue are important in wound healing and the formation of scar tissue

mast cells

these cells of connective tissue secrete histamine

goblet cells

these cells of pseudostratified epithelium secrete mucous

fibroblasts

these cells secrete the collagen fibers of connective tissue

glycolipids

these ceramide based membrane components are minor but essential; exclusive to outer leaflet

fibroblasts

these connective tissue cells secrete collagen and reticular and elastic fibers

III, VII, IX, X

these cranial nerves are part of the parasympathetic nervous system

allosterically regulated enzymes

these enzymes show sigmoid curves on a michaelis-menten plot

DNA Topisomerases

these enzymes unwind and separate supercoiled DNA strands; can also supercoil DNA in prokaryotes

gangliosides

these glycosphingolipids are components of the cell plasma membrane which modulate cell signal transduction events

competetive

these inhibitors are reversible and bind to the active site of an enzyme

primary cartilaginous

these joints begin as cartilage but are later replaced by bone

glycosphingolipids

these membrane components function in cellular ABO blood group antigen recognition

hydroxyproline and hydroxylysine

these modified amino acids are generally in the third position of the repeating sequence of collagen AA chains

Homocysteine, homoserine

these non-protein amino acids are present as intermediates of metabolism

centrioles

these nonmembranous organelles are composed of microtubules and play an important role in separation of genetic material during mitosis/meiosis

microtubules

these nonmembranous organelles self-assemble to form the cytoskeleton

SER, RER, Golgi, Lysosome, peroxisome

these organelles are bound by a single membrane

nucleus, mitochondria

these organelles are bound by double membranes

brain, liver, kidney, spleen, intestines

these organs are supplied by functional terminal arteries

lysine and hydroxylysine

these residues are oxidatively deaminated by a copper containing enzyme to facilitate covalent cross-linking of collagen fibrils

S2-S4

these sacral nerves are part of the parasympathetic nervous system

promotors

these sequences are found upstream of genes, and function in initiation of transcription

L1-L2

these spinal nerves allow flexion and bending at the hip joint

T6-T12

these spinal nerves control movements of the abdominal muscles

T1-T8

these spinal nerves control movements of the chest muscles

S2-S5

these spinal nerves control the anal and bladder sphincters

C3-C5

these spinal nerves enervate the diaphragm

T1-L2

these spinal nerves make up the sympathetic nervous system

type II pneumocytes

these squamous (pseudocuboidal) cells of the alveoli secrete surfactant

type I pneumocytes

these squamous cells of the alveoli do not undergo mitosis

type I pneumocytes

these squamous cells of the alveoli mediate gas exchange

type II pneumocytes

these squamous cells of the alveoli undergo mitosis to replace both pneumocyte cell types

collagen and reticular fibers, blood vessels, nerve fibers

these structures are found in the lamina propria

thyroid, gonads

these structures in pediatric patients are particularly sensitive to ionizing radiation

tropocollagen

these triple helical molecules spontaneously associate to form collagen fibrils in the extracellular space

lysine and hydroxylysine

these two residues in adjacent collagen fibrils form the crosslinks of mature collagen

areolar and lamina propria

these two types of connective tissue make up the connective tissue proper

continuous

these type of capillaries are found in the brain, spinal cord, and lungs

continuous

these types of capillaries form barriers, such as the blood-brain barrier

leak

these types of channels are responsible for resting membrane potential and are present in all cells

myosin

thick filaments of muscle

actin

thin filaments of muscle

pyramidine dimers

this DNA damage occurs as a result of exposure to UV light; can happen between any adjacent pyramidines

HbF

this Hb form has a much higher affinity for oxygen than HbA

RITS

this RNA mediated silencing complex induces formation of heterochormatin

RISC

this RNA mediated silencing complex shuttles mRNA to P-bodies for degradation

lys

this amino acid is important in the formation of desmosine cross-links of elastin

glycine

this amino acid neurotransmitter can be syntheized from CO2 and NH3

lys

this amino acid undergoes oxidative deamination and combines with three other side chains to form a desmosine cross link in elastin

PAM

this antidote can "mop up" sarin before it reaches critical levels of acetylcholinesterase destruction

tertiary structure

this aspect of protein structure refers two the three dimensional conformation assembled from features of secondary structure

multiple myeloma

this bone cancer can cause amyloidosis due to misfolding of light chain of immunoglobulin

sesamoid

this bone type is completely enclosed within a tendon; the patella is an example

methylene blue

this can be used to treat methemoglobinemia caused by deficiency of NADH-MetHb reductase

lymph

this circulatory system is vital in the body's immunologic defense

fibril forming

this class of collagen has high tensile strength

fibril associate

this class of collagen links collagen fibrils to one another and to other components of extracellular matrix

siRNA

this class of small, noncoding RNA binds with argonaute and other proteins to form RITS

microRNA

this class of small, noncoding RNA is associated with RISC complexes, and regulates approximately 1/3 of genes

siRNA

this class of small, noncoding RNA is produced when nuclease Dicer chops up an invading dsRNA

siRNA

this class of small, noncoding RNA must form an exact, complementary match of its ~23 bp sequence with targeted RNA

cartilage

this component of the upper airways disappears entirely at the level of the terminal bronchi

deep fascia

this dense connective tissue is devoid of fat and lies deep to the fatty layer beneath the dermis

epithelial tissue

this diverse tissue can function as a barrier, or mediate absorption, secretion, selective permeability, sensory perception, and excretion

cytosolic

this face of a membrane faces the cytosol, nucleoplasm, or mitochondrial matrix

exoplasmic

this face of a membrane faces the extracellular space or the lumen of an organelle; intermembrane spaces of double membrane organelles

euchromatin

this form of DNA packing is available for replication, transcription, and translation

zwitterionic

this form of amino acid has a charge on both the amino and carboxyl group, but has a net charge of zero

CK-3 or CK-MM

this form of creatinine kinase is found in both skeletal and cardiac muscle

CK-2 or CK-MB

this form of creatinine kinase is found in cardiac muscle

CK-1 or CK-BB

this form of creatinine kinase is found in the brain

Methemoglobin (MetHb)

this form of hemoglobin has a ferric ion

thymus

this gland is often the cause of autoimmune destruction of Ach receptors at the NM junction in young patients

HbA

this hemoglobin composes ~90% of adult hemoglobin

HbA2

this hemoglobin variant comprises 2-5% of total hemoglobin

HbA1C

this hemoglobin variant is conjugated with glucose, and forms 3-9% of adult hemoglobin

lys acetylation

this histone modification always turns on expression of associate genes

lys methylation

this histone modification can turn on or off gene expression; can be done up to 3 times on a single residue

ADP-ribosylation on arg

this histone modification has a role in DNA repair

ubiquitination of lys

this histone modification may have a role in gene expression, but does not, as in some cases, target histones for degradation

phosphorylation of ser and thr

this histone modification plays a role in DNA repair and mitotic chromosome condensation

this hormone stimulates ovulation

decompression sickness or "the bends"

this illness is the result of nitrogen bubbles forming as a person experiences a decrease in pressure; usually seen in divers

ultrasound

this imaging modality produces gray-scale images using sound waves and can be used on abdominal and pelvic structures and the heart

Ca++

this ion enters the presynaptic neuron after an action potential and mediates release of neurotransmitter vesicles

cAMP

this is produced in prokaryotes in low glucose conditions

5' methyl cap

this is the first modification made to eukaryote pre-mRNA, and is added soon after transcription begins

lamina propria

this layer of connective tissue lies below the basement membrane of epithelia

dermis

this layer of dense connective tissue lies deep to the epidermis and contains nerves and vessels for blood and lymph

lamina propria

this layer of epithelial tissue sits beneath the basal lamina

cholesterol

this major membrane component interdigitates between phospholipids in both leaflets; maintains structural integrity of the membrane at temperature extremes

base excision repair

this mechanism repairs base modifications and AP sites

nucleotide excision repair

this mechanism repairs pyramidine dimers and bulky DNA adducts

methylguanosine

this modified RNA forms the "cap" at the 5' end of mRNA

this molecule has an affinity for Hb 220x higher than that of O2

smooth

this muscle type consists of long, spindle shaped cells arranged in bundles

white muscle

this muscle type produces a short contraction per action potential (2-5ms)

red muscle

this muscle type produces sustained contraction from a single action potential (100ms+)

vasoactive intestinal peptide

this neuropeptide acts in the intestine to inhibit smooth muscle contraction; causes dilation of secretory glands

gallbladder

this organ can be visualized with ultrasound, and should be dilated while fasting and shrink after meals

mitochondria

this organelle has a dual membrane, and generates most of the ATP for intracellular processes

mitochondria

this organelle has its own DNA

mitochondria

this organelle is more abundant in muscle and nerve cells in order to meet their higher energy needs

golgi

this organelle is well developed in secretory cells

golgi

this organelle packages propeptide collagen into secretory vesicles

RER

this organelle serves as the site of synthesis for proteins targeted for membranes or for excretion from the cell

eukaryotic

this organism type does not have genes organized in operons

di-isopropyl fluorophosphate

this pesticide inhibits acetylcholinesterase, and was the prototype for poisonous gas, sarin

curare

this poison is a competetive inhibitor of Ach at the neuromuscular junction

parasympathetic

this potion of the PNS increases GI motility, decreases heart rate when at rest

alternative splicing

this process in mRNA results in different proteins being produced by the same gene

gastrulation

this process was disrupted in caudal dygenesis

gastrulation

this process was disrupted in sacrococcygeal teratoma

poly-A binding protein

this protein binds to the 3' end of mature RNA, preventing premature degradation

siRNA

this small, noncoding RNA is effective in silencing ANY gene in cells and animals

microRNA

this small, noncoding RNA is transcribed as introns of mRNA by RNA pol II

microRNA

this small, noncoding RNA must hybridize at least 7 of its ~23 nucleotides to mRNA to achieve silencing

this spinal nerve allows abduction/adduction of the 4th and 5th digits of the hand

this spinal nerve allows bending of the elbow (biceps)

this spinal nerve allows dorsiflextion of the great toe

this spinal nerve allows gripping of the hand

this spinal nerve allows straightening of the elbow (triceps)

this spinal nerve allows wrist movement

this spinal nerve powers dorsiflexion of the foot

this spinal nerve powers leg straightening (quadriceps)

this spinal nerve powers plantar flexion of the foot

muscularis mucosa

this structure of the secondary and tertiary bronchi is increased in the terminal bronchi

thymectomy

this surgical treament for myasthenia gravis is sometimes effective in younger patients

electrophoresis

this technique can be used to separate serum proteins and hemoglobin variants

epithelial tissue

this tissue is derived from all three germ layers

nervous tissue

this tissue type functions in excitability and conductivity

connective tissue

this tissue type serves nutritive, immune, healing, and fat storage roles

muscle tissue

this tissue type serves the function of contractility

alpha latrotoxin

this toxin causes a massive increase in Ach secretion (may increase Ca++ permeability at the terminal)

botulinum

this toxin is taken up at the presynaptic terminals and prevents binding and release of Ach vesicles

hemoglobin

this transport protein has a structure described as a tetramer of dimers

biphosphonates

this treatment for osteogenesis imperfecta inhibits osteoclast activity

glutathione

this tripeptide is a comonent of the cellular antioxidant defense system

acoustic neuroma, schwannoma

this tumor of the brain causes general deficits in balance, and loss of strength and sensation on the left side of the face, and loss of hearing in the left ear

discontinuous

this type of capillary allows for the liver to process substances absorbed during digestion

discontinuous

this type of capillary allows removal of RBC's from circulation by the spleen

fenestrated

this type of capillary has gaps, through which cells and substances can pass

fenestrated

this type of capillary is found in the kidney glomerulus, gallbladder, intestines, and endocrine glands

disontinuous

this type of capillary is found in the liver, spleen, and bone marrow

elastic cartilage

this type of cartilage does not undergo calcification

fibrocartilage

this type of cartilage has fibroblasts

fibrocartilage

this type of cartilage lacks a perichondrium

elastic

this type of cartilage provides flexible support

hyaline

this type of cartilage resists compression

fibrocartilage

this type of cartilage resists deformation under stress

primitive (mesenchyme)

this type of connective tissue is present in embryonic tissue

transitional epithelium

this type of epithelium consists of layers of morphologically different cells

stratified epithelium

this type of epithelium consists of multiple layers and generally serves a protective function

stratified squamous

this type of epithelium forms the lining of the anus and vagina

stratified squamous

this type of epithelium forms the lining of the esophagus

transitional epithelium

this type of epithelium forms the lining of the urinary tract

stratified squamous

this type of epithelium forms the skin, the lining of the pharynx, and the lining of the oral cavity

pseudostratified ciliated columnar

this type of epithelium has cilia, and has goblet cells interspersed throughout

transitional epithelium

this type of epithelium is characterized by its ability to allow stretching

simple squamous epithelium

this type of epithelium lines all blood vessels, the peritoneum, and the glomerulus of the kidney

simple cuboidal epithelium

this type of epithelium lines ducts, the surface of the overies, and the kidney tubules

macrophage

osteon

white ramus

sympathetic ganglion

hepatitis

ALT testing is useful in the diagnosis of:

neck

a section of bone between the head and the body

line

a smaller version of a crest, in bone

Phosphorylated

Acetyl-CoA carboxylase is inactive when it is in its ______________ state

glutamic acid, aspartic acid

Acidic amino Acids

sympathetic

"fight or flight"

parasympathetic

"rest and digest"

endothelial cell

1 letter, Alanine

1 letter, Arginine

1 letter, Asparagine

1 letter, Aspartate

1 letter, Cysteine

1 letter, Glutamate

1 letter, Glutamine

1 letter, Glycine

1 letter, Histidine

1 letter, Isoleucine

1 letter, Leucine

1 letter, Lysine

1 letter, Methionine

1 letter, Phenylalanine

1 letter, Proline

1 letter, Serine

1 letter, Threonine

1 letter, Tryptophan

1 letter, Tyrosine

1 letter, Valine

blastula

1-16 cell stage of embryonic development

fourth ventricle

air blood barier

1. Simple squamous epithelium of alveoli 2. Basal lamina of alveoli 3. Basal lamina of capillary 4. Simple squamous endothelium of capillary these 4 structures form what?

internal elastic membrane

large

medium-sized

satellite

14-500bp repeaets of 20-100kbp in length

minisatellite

15-100bp repeats from 1-5kbp in length

signal peptide

15-60 amino acid sequence at the N-terminus which halts protein synthesis and directs ribosome to the RER

morula

16-32 cell stage of embryonic development

nicotinic Ach receptor

2 acetylcholine bind one each to the alpha subunits of this five-subunit ion channel

glycolysis

2,3-BPG is formed from an intermediate of this intracellular process

short tandem repeats

2-5 bp repeats of less than 150 bp in length

nebulin

oblique fissure

glucagon

29 aa polypeptide, increases blood glucose levels

glucagon

29 aa polypeptide, secreted by alpha cells of islets of langerhans in the pancreas

desmosine crosslink

3 allysyl and 1 lysyl chains combine to form this in elastin

Ala

3 letter, Alanine

Arg

3 letter, Arginine

Asn

3 letter, Asparagine

Asp

3 letter, Aspartate

Cys

3 letter, Cysteine

Glu

3 letter, Glutamate

Gln

3 letter, Glutamine

Gly

3 letter, Glycine

His

3 letter, Histidine

Ile

3 letter, Isoleucine

Leu

3 letter, Leucine

Lys

3 letter, Lysine

Met

3 letter, Methionine

Phe

3 letter, Phenylalanine

Pro

3 letter, Proline

Ser

3 letter, Serine

Thr

3 letter, Threonine

Trp

3 letter, Tryptophan

Tyr

3 letter, Tyrosine

Val

3 letter, Valine

proofreading

3' to 5' exonuclease activity of DNA polymerases is mostly associated with this function

Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, Quaternary

4 levels of protein structure

ventral rootlets

viseral layer of serous pericardium

insulin

51 aa polypeptide, decreases blood glucose levels

insulin

51 aa polypeptide, secreted by beta cells of the islets of langerhans in the pancreas

volkmann's canal

transcription control, RNA processing control, RNA transport and localization control, translation control, mRNA degradation control, protein activity control

6 stages at which gene expression can be regulated

Riboflavin (B2)

FAD is derived from

Lateral ventricle

Manubrium

Osteonal artery

Z line

aorta

dorsal horn

elastic fiber

endocardium

nasal cavity

nucleus

olfactory vesicle

tunica adventitia

multiple sclerosis

A chronic disease of the central nervous system marked by damage to the myelin sheath. Plaques occur in the brain and spinal cord causing tremor, weakness, incoordination, paresthesia, and disturbances in vision and speech

ser, tyr

AA residues commonly phosphorylated/dephosphorylated in enzyme regulation pathways

All amino acids are found in this chiral configuration

Glucogenic

All amino acids except lysine and leucine share this property

Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine

Amino acids that are both Glucogenic and ketogenic

Ketogenic

Amino acids that can be converted to acetoacetate or one of its precursors are said to be...

Glucogenic

Amino acids that can be converted to pyruvate or one of the other intermediates of the citric acid cycle are said to be...

smooth muscle of terminal and respiratory bronchi

Asthma and COPD affect these structures of the lower respiratory tract

It is dissociated (carboxylate ion)

At physiologic pH (7.4), what happens to the carboxyl group of an amino acid?

It is protonated

At physiologic pH(7.4), what happens to the amino group of an amino acid?

Folic acid

FH-4 is derived from

Riboflavin (B2)

FMN is derived from

SA node

smooth muscle cells

collagen fibers

fibroblast

intraventricular foramen (of Monro)

junctional complex

myocardium

nasopharynx

sarcolemma

superior vena cava

tropomysin

tunica media

ventral horn

Lysine, Arginine, Histidine

Basic Amino Acids

A Band

spinal nerve

cilia

collagen

epicardium

interstitial lamellae

lateral horn

oropharynx

right atrium

right main bronchus

terminal cisterna of sarcoplasmic reticulum

third ventricle

tunica intima

neural crest

C cells of the thyroid and conotruncal septum of the heart are derived from the

3-6 hours

CK-MB begins to rise _____________ hours after MI

12-24 hours

CK-MB peaks _____________ hours after MI

2-3 days

CK-MB returns to nomal _________ days after MI

Pantothenic acid (B5)

CoA is derived from

B12

Cobalamin is derived from

metaplasia

Conversion of normal cells into less differentiated types in response to chronic stress/ injury

AV node

H Band

T tubule

tropomodulin

left ventricle

central canal

endothelial cells

horizontal fissure

inner circumferential lamellae

larynx

median aperture (foramen of Magendie)

pericardium

plasma cells

supporting (sustentacular) cell

histones

DNA associated proteins

semiconservative

DNA replication uses a parent strand as a template and is thus __________

enhancers

DNA sequences that increase the rate of transcription; bind activator proteins

silencers

DNA sequences that prevent transcription of a gene; bind repressor proteins

1.65

DNA wraps around histone octamer this many times (in absence of H1)

more than 6.5%

Diabetic A1C

Lateral aperture (foramen of Luschka)

M line

adipose tissue

axon

basal lamina

bundle of His, AV bundle

dorsal rootlets

endosteum

mast cell

mitochondria

right atrium

trachea

Purkinje fibers

T tubule

basal cell

diaphragm

"diad"

alveoli

cerebral aqueduct (of Sylvius)

dorsal root

elastic lamella

fibroblast

inferior vena cava

lamellae of bone

lymphocytes

olfactory (bowman's) gland

parietal layer of serious pericardium

reticular and fine collagen fibrils

right bundle branch

titin

unmyelinated nerves

F actin

G actin monomers combine to form these filaments

glutamate

GABA is synthesized from ____________ by glutamate decarboxylase (PLP conenzyme)

benzodiazepines, barbituates

GABA receptor agonists

anxiety

GABA receptor agonists can be used to treat

alpha ketoglutarate to glutamate

GABA-glutamate transaminase converts __________ to ___________ while breaking GABA down to succinate semialdehyde

M line

Z Line

adipose cell

alveolar sacs

diaphragm/liver

elastic lamellae

fibroblast

fibrous pericardium

left bundle branch

olfactory cell

osteonal endosteum

smooth muscle cells

unmyelinated nerves

ventral root

phosphorylated

HMG-CoA reductase is inactive when it is in its ______________ state

1480

How many amino acids in CFTR protein?

191

How many amino acids in Growth Hormone?

153

How many amino acids in Myoglobin?

141

How many amino acids in the alpha chain of hemoglobin?

146

How many amino acids in the beta chain of hemoglobin

serine, threonine, tyrosine

Hydroxylic amino acids

H band

alpha-actinin

alveolar ducts

aortic arch

basal lamina

blood vessel

bundles of smooth muscle

dorsal root ganglion

eosinophil

external elastic membrane

haversian canal

macrophage

pericardial cavity

Total CK

In MI and skeletal muscle disorders, this is elevated

vmax

In michaelis-menten kinetics, the reaction rate when enzymes are saturated with substrate

amino and carboxyl groups

In peptide bond formation, these two groups of adjacent amino acids are combined

Mitochondria

Intracellular location of TCA cycle, FA oxidation, and pyruvate oxidation

Sarcoplasmic reticulum

collagen fibers

collagen fibrils

elastic fibers

macrophage

microvilli

osteocyte and lacuna

pericardium

pulmonary trunk

respiratory broncioles

Z line

bronchioles

collagen fibers

collagen fibrils

dorsal ramus

left main bronchus

myelinated nerve

myomesin

periosteum

right ventricle

Leucine, Isoleusine, phenylalanine, tryptophan, tyrosine, lysine

Ketogenic amino acids

C protein

T tubule

bronchi

bundle of smooth muscles

elastic

left atrium

muscular

outer circumferential lamella

right atrium

ventral ramus

heart, RBC's

LDH1-HHHH locations

kidney, RBC, heart

LDH2-HHHM locations

brain, kidney

LDH3-HHMM locations

spleen, lungs, kidney

LDH4-HMMM locations

liver, skeletal muscle

LDH5-MMMM locations

serotonin

LSD and ecstasy target receptors in this neurotransmitter system

Location of distal His in hb

denaturation

Loss of secondary, tertiary, quaternary structure of a protein is called

actin

aorta

elastic fibers

fibroblast

nitrates

Methemoglobinemia can be caused by administration of this class of antianginal drugs

Number of Amino Acids coded for by DNA

300

Number of Amino Acids occurring in nature

blood vessel

1-3 hours

Myoglobin rises _________ hours after MI

alpha-actinin

gray ramus

myelinated nerve

oblique fissure

unmyelinated nerves

anserine

N-methyl carnosine, found in muscle and brain; can reduce fatigue

Niacin (B3)

NAD+ is derived from

Niacin (B3)

NADP+ is derived from

Ca++

NMDA receptors are ___________ channels

4-5.6%

Nomal A1C

Glycine, Alanine, Valine, Methionine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Proline, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan

Nonpolar amino acids

collagen fibrils

diaphragm

Glycine

Only amino acid that is not optically active

Proline

Only amino acid with a secondary amino group on the alpha carbon

left costophrenic angle

smooth muscle cells

unmyelinated nerves

Pyridoxine (B6)

PLP is derived from

Serine, Threonine, Asparagine, Glutamine, Cysteine, Tyrosine

Polar, Uncharged amino acids

5.7-6.5%

Prediabetic A1C

cleavage of C and N terminal non-helical portions

Procollagen undergoes this process extracellularly to become tropocollagen

fibroblast

gastric bubble

ribozymes

RNA enzymes

ribozymes

RNA molecules with catalytic activity

DNA breaks

Radiation and cosmic rays often cause this type of DNA damage

S-adenosyl homocysteine

S-adenosyl methionine is converted to ____________ when it donates its methyl group

buffer

a solution that resists change in pH following the addition of acid or base

Glycine, Alanine

Straight chain amino acids

Thiamine (B1)

TPP is derived from

Lipoic acid

The conenzyme of PDH complex is derived from this vitamin

histones

These DNA associated proteins can be methylated, phosphorylated, or acetylated to regulate gene expression

hydrophobic, hydrogen bonding, disulfide bidges, elecrostatic

These forces serve to stabilize the three-dimensional arrangement of a folded protein

Triiodothyronine (T3), Thyroxine (T4)

These non-protein amino acids are hormones functioning in metabolic regulation

Ornithine, Citrulline, Arginosuccinic Acid

These non-protein amino acids are intermediates in the synthesis of urea

HbF

This hemoglobin, prominent during gestation, comprises less than 2% of adult hemoglobin

Lamin B

This lamin is phosphorylated during prophase

Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA)

This non-protein amino acid functions as a neurotransmitter in some cells

Taurine

This non-protein amino acid is a component of bile acids

S-adenosyl methionine

This non-protein amino acid serves as a methyl group donor

parasympathetic

This portion of the PNS has ganglia close to the target organs

Prothrombin

This posttranslationally modified protein contains gamma-carboxyglutamic acid and is required for blood clotting

This rarely naturally occurring chiral amino acid configuration is found in antibiotics and some bacterial cell walls

denatures them, making them digestible

What function does HCl of gastric juice perform on dietary proteins?

absolute specificity

When an enzyme acts only on a single substrate, the enzyme is said to have

at the N terminus

Where does numbering of a poly-peptide begin, by convention?

schwannoma

a benign, usually slow-growing tumor that develops from the balance and hearing nerves supplying the inner ear. The tumor comes from an overproduction of Schwann cells

angle

a corner, composed of bone

plasticity

ability of nearby neurons to take over the functions of damaged neurons by making new connections to replace lost ones

ectopic pregnancy

abnormal uterine bleeding, unilateral pelvic pain, increased hCG in unknown pregnancy or low hCG for gestational age, first trimester bleeding are signs of

superior/cranial

above, anatomically

lymphedema

accumulation of interstitial fluid due to failure or obstruction of lymph system

neostigmine, pyrostigmine

acetylcholine esterase inhibitors used in the treatment of myasthenia gravis

antagonist

acts in opposition to prime mover muscle

7-methylguanosine

added to 5'end of pre-mRNA to form cap

plasmid

additional, closed, circular DNA fragments; can carry genes for antibiotic resistance and are able to be transferred between bacteria

fast, portable, small radiation dose, triage for surgery

advantages of pain radiographs

ovum

after fertilization, the secondary oocyte completes meiosis II, forming a mature

zygote

after fusion of the male and female pronucleus, a ________ is formed

progesterone

after ovulation, granulosa lutein cells of the corpus luteum secrete

sinus

air-filled cavity within a bone

SER

alcohol is detoxified in the membrane of this organelle

cytoplasm

all components inside of a cell membrane

mother

all mitochondrial DNA is inherited from this parent

protein

all nonmembranous organelles are composed of this substance

epithelial tissues

all of this type of tissue, which lines all body surfaces, is avascular

fifth month

all primary oocytes are formed by the _____________ month of fetal development

cyanide

allosteric inhibitor of chytochrome oxidase of electron transport chain

Fluoride

allosteric inhibitor of enolase of glycolysis

Lead

allosteric inhibitor of ferrochelatase and ALA dehydratase of heme synthesis

anastomoses

allow for continued blood supply if the primary vessel is blocked

alternative splicing

allows eukaryotes to form multiple different proteins from the same gene

crossover

allows exchange of maternal and paternal genetic material during meiosis I

subcutaneous tissue

also called superficial fascia, this loose areolar tissue has abundant adipose storage and lies deep to the dermis

vasopressin

alternate name for antidiuretic hormone

basal lamina

always lies underneath epithelial tissue

acetylcholine, dopamine, epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotinin, histamine

amine neurotransmitters

Glutamate, aspartate, glycine, GABA

amino acid neurotransmitters

amount of enzyme that catalyzes conversion of 1 μmole of substrate to product per minute

20-100 million/mL

amount of sperm produced by fertile males

copy number

amplification of a gene in the DNA sequence increases this, and ultimately results in greater expression of the gene

parasympathetic

anabolic portion of the PNS

alpha fetoprotein

anmiocentesis is performed to measure

palmar

anterior surface of hand, in the anatomical position

Aspirin, NSAIDS

anti-inflammatory drugs that irreversibly inhibit cyclooxygenase

novobiocin

antibiotic acting on bacterial type II topoisomerases; blocks binding of ATP to gyrase

rifampin

antibiotic; binds to beta subunit of prokaryotic RNA polymerase

nalidixic acid, ciprofloxacin, levofloxacin (quinolones)

antibiotics acting on bacterial type II topoisomerases; prevent rejoining of DNA after breaks

10 micron

diameter of intermediate filaments

20 micron

diameter of microtubules

5 micron

diameter of thin filaments (microfilaments)

osmosis

diffusion of water through a semi-permeable membrane

vanillylmandelic acid

dihydroxymandelic acid is converted to ____________ by COMT

carnosine

dipeptide of alanine and histidine that is present in the muscle and brain

aspartame

dipeptide of aspartate and phenylalanine; used as artificial sweetener

carnosine

dipeptide with antioxidant effect that is used in anti-aging therapy

barbituates

directly stimulate GABA receptors in the absence of GABA

radiation, low contrast, 2 dimensional

disadvantages of plain radiographs

sinusoids

discontinuous capillaries are also called

scurvy

disease caused by deficiency of Vitamin C

gout

disease of the joints caused by buildup of uric acid in the tissues

oxygen

distal His associates to this

frontal/coronal

divides body into anterior/posterior

sagittal

divides body into left and right

transverse

divides body into upper and lower

does cartilage have blood vessels?

voluntary movements

dopamine in the basal gangia controls this

emotional responses, memory

dopamine in the limbic system controls this

bromocriptine

dopamine receptor agonist used in treatment of parkinson's disease

neural crest

dorsal root ganglia are derived from the

thoracic duct

drains the lower extremities and lower trunk, left upper trunk and left arm

right lymphatic duct

drains the right arm and upper right trunk

dynein

drive intracellular transport toward the minus end of microtubules

kinesin

drive intracellular transport toward the plus end of microtubules

hydrogen bonding

driving force of secondary structure folding

methylation and snoRNA

driving forces of rRNA maturation

clomiphene citrate

drug used for treatment of anovulation in women

anode (+)

during protein electrophoresis, which pole do proteins migrate toward?

secondary oocyte

during the ovarian cycle, a primary oocyte completes meiosis I and becomes a

secondary chorionic villi

during the third week, extrembryonic somatopleuric mesoderm cells penetrate the primary villi, forming

proteasome

dysfunction of this organelle is suspected when proteins are stored and accumulate within the cell

leaflet

each half of the phospholipid bilayer is called a

feedforward activation

earlier pathway intermediate activates enzyme

neuroectoderm, neural crest

ectoderm gives rise to

margin

edge of a flat bone

favors T form

effect of 2,3-BPG on hemoglobin

blocks sodium activation gate

effect of Tetrotoxin

slow repolarization

effect of blocking potassium activation gates

1/1000

efficiency of endogenous DNA repair mechanisms means only this fraction of base changes remain as permanent mutations

gly, ala, pro, and val

elastin is rich in these amino acid residues

3rd-4th

embryonic folding happens during these weeks

epiphysis

end part of a long bone, usually has a larger diameter than the shaft

epiblast

extraembryonic mesoderm is derived from the

ptosis

eye drooping

proline

facilitates helical structure of collagen alpha chain by inducing kinks

O2, CO2, pH, 2,3-BPG

factors affecting loading and unloading of oxygen to hemoglobin

temperature, pH, substrate concentration

factors affecting the rate of an enzyme-catalyzed reaction

repressors

factors which shut down gene expression; often work with HDAC

mad cow disease

famous infectious prion disease

villous chorion

fetal portion of the placenta

Type IX, XII

fibril-associated collagen types

Type I, Type II, Type III

fibril-forming collagen types

syndesmosis

fibrous connection between radius and ulna

gomphosis

fibrous connection that holds teeth to bones

raphe

fibrous or tendinous band; pterymandibular, pharyngeal, and scrotal are examples

appendicitis

finding that the wall of the appendix appears thickened on ultrasound supports this diagnosis

tyrosine-> dihydroxyphenylalanine (DOPA) by tyrosine hydroxylase

first step of dopamine synthesis

minus end

fixed end of microtubule assemble (close to centrosome)

aponeuroses

flat fibrous sheets or expanded broad tendons; connect muscle to bone

belly

fleshy, contractile portion of musle

CK-2 or CK-MB

following MI, this creatinine kinase is elevated in the blood stream

hydrogen bonds

force that holds together the triple helix of collagen

hydroxyapatite

form of calcium phosphate in the bones

H2A, H2B, H3, H4

form the "bead" around which a nucleosome is wound

rRNA

form the basic structure of the ribosome and catalyze protein synthesis

microtubules

form the structural framework for cilia and flagella

amnion

formed at week 2 from the epiblast

blastocyst

formed when fluid secreted within the morula forms a cavity

sclerotome

forms cartilage and bone, derivative of somite

elastic cartilage

forms cartilages of larynx: epiglottis, corniculate, and cuneiform cartilages

hyaline cartilage

forms costal cartilages, cartilages of nasal cavity, larynx

hyaline cartilage

forms fetal skeletal tissue, epiphyseal plates, articular surface of synovial joints

collagen

forms gel in extracellular matrix and vitreous humor of eye

fibrocartilage

forms insertion of tendons

fibrocartilage

forms intervertebral discs, symphysis pubis

fibrocartilage

forms meniscus and triangular cartilage complex of wrist

myotome

forms muscle; derivative of somite

elastic cartilage

forms pinna of external ear, external acoustic meatus, eustachian tube

hyaline cartilage

forms rings of trachea and plates in bronchi

paraxial mesoderm

forms somites

foramen

round hole of bone through which blood vessels, nerves, or ligaments pass

tubercle

round nodule or warty outgrowth of bone

condyle

rounded bump or large rounded prominence of a bone

head

rounded projection of bone that forms part of a joint

tendon

rounded, fibrous, noncontractile muscle portion that connects to the bone

median

sagittal plane passing through nose, mouth, navel

calcium phosphate

salt contributing to hardness of bone

ipsalateral

same side

neural crest

schwann and glial cells are derived from the

neural crest

schwann cells are derived from what embryonic feature?

ligase

seals nicks in DNA backbone; joins Okazaki fragments

DOPA->dopamine by aromatic amino acid decarboxylase

second step of dopamine synthesis

fertilization

secondary oocytes complete meiosis II at _____________

spermatids

secondary spermatocytes complete meiosis II to form 4

golgi tendon organ

senses changes in muscle tension. It is a proprioceptive sensory receptor organ that is at the origins and insertion of skeletal muscle fibers into the tendons of skeletal muscle

AAUAAA

sequence which signals the end of a gene to RNA pol II

hallucinogens

serotinin agonists are often ______________

enterochromaffin cells

serotonin producing tumors can arise from the ___________________ of the GI tract, causing carcinoid syndrom

operon

several genes controlled by same promotor in prokaryotes

diaphysis

shaft of a long bone

fossa

shallow depression, in bone

edrophonium (tensilon)

short acting inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase

simple cuboidal epithelium

single layer of epithelial cells in which height of each cell is approximately equal to the width

simple columnar epithelium

single layer of epithelial cells in which the height of each cell is greater than the width

simple squamous epithelium

single layer of flattened epithelial cells

cardiovascular defects

single umbilical artery indicates 20% chance of these

beneath stratified squamous epithelium

site if type VII collagen

lumen of RER

site of Y position proline and lysine hydroxylation

peroxisome

site of breakdown of uric acid

hydroxylyxine

site of glycosylation of pro alpha-chains of collagen

rER

site of histone synthesis

nucleus

site of mRNA processing, capping, polyadenylation

nucleolus

site of rRNA synthesis

basement membrane

site of type IV collagen

cartilage

site of type IX collagen

lys and arg peptide bonds

sites of hydrolysis by enzyme trypsin

Skin, bone, tendon, blood vessels, cornea

sites of type I collagen

cartilage, intervertebral disc, vitreous body

sites of type II collagen

blood vessels, fetal skin

sites of type III collagen

tendon, ligaments, other tissues

sites of type XII collagen

ectoderm

skin is derived from this germ layer

neuropeptides

small peptides shown to influence neural function

arteriole

smallest arteries

chorionic cavity

the conceptus is suspended by the connecting stalk within the

fibrous

sutures, syndesmosis, and gomphosis are examples of this type of joint

neural crest

sympathetic chain and preaortic ganglia are derived from the

increasing Ca++ permeability during slow repolarization

sympathetic stimulation increases heart rate by

norepinephrine

sympathetic synapses use neurotransmitter ____________ at the end organ synaptic terminal

flushing, increased HR, abdominal pain, diarrhea

symptoms of carcinoid syndrome

ionotropic

synaptic response is fast, doesn't last

metabotropic

synaptic response is slow, lasts longer, uses second messengers

achondroplasia, marfans syndrome

syndromes associated with advanced paternal age

condyloid

synovial joint composed of a convex surface articulating with a concave surface; permits movement in two axes

hinge

synovial joint composed of one convex and one curved surface; permits movement in only one axis

ball and socket

synovial joint comprised of a globular head and a cup-shaped socket; permits movement in many axes

saddle

synovial joint comprised of two concavo-convex surfaces; permits movement in two axes

pivot

synovial joint with central bony pivot surrounded by osseoligamentous ring; permits twisting movement in one axis

plane

synovial joint with flat surface; permits gliding/sliding movements

primase

synthesizes a short RNA primer for DNA replication

mifepristone/misoprostol

taken in conjunction, 96% effective at terminating pregnancy

amniotic bands

tears in the amnion which can encircle parts of the fetus; causes amputation, deformities

AGGGTT

telomere sequence in humans

minisatellite

telomeres fall in the ___________ category of noncoding DNA

rho dependent

termination which depends on formation of a hairpin structure to slow transcription

golgi

the "post office" of the cell

Valine, Methionine, Leucine, Isoleucine, Phenylalanine, Tryptophan, Threonine, Histidine, Lysine

the Essential amino acids

permeability

the ability of a substance to move across a membrane

neural crest

the adrenal medulla is derived from the

quaternary structure

the association of two or more polypeptide chains into a single functional protein is referred to as what?

black widow

the bite of this spider causes tetany in adults, but is not usualy lethal except in children and small animals

irregular bone

the bones of the face and the spine fall in this general class of bone

dense regular connective tissue

the collagen fibers of this connective tissue are numerous and arranged in orderly, parallel bundles

irregular dense

the collagen fibers of this connective tissue are numerous and randomly oriented

scaRNA

used to modify snoRNA and snRNA

snoRNA

used to process and chemically modify rRNA's

xray

uses photons to acquire images at a single point in time

chondroblasts and chondrocytes

usual cells of cartilage

Myoclonic Epilepsy with ragged red fibers

usually caused by mutation of mitochondrial DNA, this condition causes weakness, muscle spasms, and spasticity

notch

v shaped depression in the margin or edge of a flat area of bone

valve failure

varicosities of medium veins are caused by this

sclerotome

vertebrae and ribs arise from the ___________ layer of the somites

0.54nm

vertical length of each turn in an alpha helix

RNA viruses

viruses which use reverse transcriptases to synthesize DNA

folic acid

vitamin which prevents neural tube defects

skeletal

voluntary, striated muscle type

splanchic mesoderm

wall of digestive and respiratory tracts (not epithelium), visceral serosa, heart, and blood vessels are derived from this layer

atrophy

wasting of muscle tissue

blastocyst

week 1 of development, fetus is called

week when fetus resembles baby

week when genitalia are expressed

week when hear has 4 chambers

week when heart begins to beat

week when limb buds form

3-8

weeks when organogenesis occurs

continuous, fenestrated, discontinuous

what are the three types of capillaries?

proteins

what forms the junctions between epithelial cells?

breaks up into cartilaginous plates because more flexibility is needed due to lung movement

what happens to the cartilage as you descend from primary bronchi into secondary and tertiary bronchi? Why?

charge/mass ratio

what is the basis of separation observed in protein electrophoresis?

trans

what is the configuration of a peptide bond?

PrPsc is misfolded, PrPc is natively occurring protein (usually alpha helix)

what is the difference between PrPc and PrPsc?

high mutation rates

what is the expected outcome when an RNA virus uses a polymerase lacking proofreading activity?

keeps trachea and primary bronchus patent

what is the function of the cartilage of the trachea and primary bronchus?

within one unit of pKa

what is the ideal range of a buffer

c-shaped

what is the shape of the cartilage of the trachea?

what percent of the human genome is noncoding?

lacuna

what structures do the chondrocytes of cartilage sit in

proline, glycine

what two amino acids are frequently associated with bends and turns?

when H1 is present, DNA wraps around histone octamer this many times

stereospecificity

when an enzyme acts on only L or D isomers, it is said to have

isomeric specificity

when an enzyme acts only on either cis or trans bonds, it is said to have

group specificity

when an enzyme can act on a few related substrates, it is said to have

heteroptropic

when an enzyme effoector is different from the its substrate it displays ___________ regulation

homotropic

when an enzyme is regulated by its substrate it displays ______________ regulation

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