MED22310_Dec. 1
16% of cancers found at screening as DCIS
Approximately 16% of breast cancers detected through screening are ductal carcinoma in situ
Risk Tailored therapy assessment
Assessing the appropriate therapy based on an individual's risk level
Beginning at age 50, both men and women should follow one of the schedules
At the age of 50, both men and women should start following one of the recommended screening schedules
CBE every 3 years for women in the 20s-30s and every year for women 40+
Clinical breast examination should be conducted every 3 years for women in their 20s-30s and every year for women aged 40 and above
Randomized trials
Clinical trials in which participants are randomly assigned to different groups
Colonoscopy every 10 years
Colonoscopy should be conducted every 10 years
Environmental factors
Factors in the environment that can influence disease development
Factors influencing screening
Factors like cost, incidence, test sensitivity, and actions to take after identifying ill individuals
Genetic factors
Factors related to an individual's genetic makeup
Risk factors
Factors that increase the likelihood of developing a disease
Determinants Mortality/Survival
Factors that influence the mortality and survival rates of a disease
Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years
Flexible sigmoidoscopy should be conducted every 5 years
Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines (ACS, 2010)
Guidelines for breast cancer screening recommended by the American Cancer Society in 2010
Colorectal Cancer Screening Guidelines (ACS, 2010)
Guidelines for colorectal cancer screening recommended by the American Cancer Society in 2010
Chronic cholecystitis
Inflammation of the gallbladder associated with gallbladder cancer
Digital mammography
Mammography using digital technology
Film screen mammography
Mammography using film screens
Sensitivity and specificity
Measures of accuracy for screening tests
Lifestyle changes
Modifications to one's lifestyle to reduce the risk of disease
EBV NHL
Non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection
Unusual patterns
Patterns of disease occurrence that deviate from the norm
Population-based screening
Screening conducted on an entire population
Opportunistic screening
Screening conducted on individuals as opportunities arise
Screening for high risk
Screening conducted on individuals with a high risk of developing a disease
Screening for average risk
Screening conducted on individuals with an average risk of developing a disease
Breast screening
Screening for breast cancer
Screening for other diseases
Screening for diseases like infectious diseases, diabetes, strokes, and heart disease
Gene/Environment Screening
Screening for genetic and environmental factors related to disease
Genetic screening
Screening for genetic factors related to disease
Screening for cancer
Screening for the presence of cancer
Recurrence (e.g., cancer) or new
Screening for the recurrence of a disease or the development of a new disease
Intervention Strategies by Risk Profile
Strategies for intervention based on an individual's risk profile
Bias
Systematic errors in the screening process that can affect the results
Access to the organ
The ability to reach and examine the organ
Genetic Screening Benefits
The advantages and benefits of genetic screening
Clinical Practice
The application of screening strategies in a clinical setting
Population heterogeneity
The diversity and variation within a population
Medical Education
The education and training of medical professionals in the field of screening
Efficacy of screening
The effectiveness of screening in detecting diseases
Behavior/Ethics Implications for Medicine
The ethical considerations and implications for medical practice
Health System Cost
The financial implications and expenses associated with screening
Disease Incidence
The frequency of occurrence of a disease in a population
Intervention and control groups should be comparable
The groups in a clinical trial should be similar in all relevant aspects except for the intervention being tested
Early detection
The identification of a disease at an early stage
The need for disease control & prevention
The importance of controlling and preventing diseases
Helicobacter pylori and chronic gastritis
The link between Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic gastritis
Majority ductal
The majority of breast cancers are ductal carcinoma
Causal mechanism
The mechanism by which chronic inflammation leads to cancer development
Histopathological features
The microscopic characteristics of diseased tissues
Public view: favorable
The perception of the general public towards screening
Medical view: no harm, do benefit, ↓ mortality
The perspective of medical professionals on the benefits and risks of screening
Diagnosis and confirmation
The process of determining the presence of a disease and confirming the diagnosis
Risk assessment
The process of evaluating an individual's risk of developing a disease
Translation to Descriptive Etiologic Research
The process of translating epidemiological findings into descriptive and etiological research
Disease Course
The progression and development of a disease over time
Palliative care of health
The provision of care to improve the quality of life for patients with serious illnesses
Incidence Age-specific rates
The rates of disease occurrence in specific age groups
Rationale for Screening
The reasons and justifications for conducting screening
Chronic Inflammation & Human Cancer
The relationship between chronic inflammation and the development of cancer
Available resources
The resources and tools available for conducting screening
The evidence for screening
The scientific evidence supporting the use of screening
Type of Cancer
The specific type of cancer associated with chronic inflammation
Stage at diagnosis
The stage of a disease at the time of diagnosis
The screening process
The steps and procedures involved in conducting screening
Anatomy
The structure and organization of body parts
Cancer Epidemiology to Prevention and Control
The study and implementation of measures to prevent and control cancer
Prevention Epidemiology
The study of preventive measures and strategies in the field of epidemiology
Chronic disease epidemiology
The study of the patterns and determinants of chronic diseases
Chemoprevention
The use of drugs or other substances to prevent the development of cancer
Chemoprevention & Cytotoxic Agents
The use of drugs to prevent or treat cancer
CRC charts
Charts related to colorectal cancer screening
Clinical Overview
An overview of the clinical aspects of a disease
Ulcerative colitis
A chronic inflammatory bowel disease associated with an increased risk of colon cancer
New Prevention Paradigm
A new approach to prevention that takes into account individual risk profiles
Schistosoma hematobium
A parasitic infection associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder
Strategy for prevention
A plan or approach for preventing disease
Framework for disease control & prevention
A structure or plan for controlling and preventing diseases
Epidemiology and natural history should be understood
A thorough understanding of the epidemiology and natural progression of the disease is necessary for conducting a clinical trial
Adenocarcinoma
A type of cancer that develops in the glandular cells
Adenocarcinoma of stomach
A type of cancer that develops in the lining of the stomach
Crohn's colitis
A type of inflammatory bowel disease associated with an increased risk of colon cancer
Ductal or lobular types
Breast cancer can be classified as ductal or lobular based on the type of cells involved
BCE
Breast clinical examination, a physical examination of the breasts
BSE is an option starting in their 20s
Breast self-examination is an option for women starting in their 20s
BSE
Breast self-examination, a self-examination of the breasts
CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy) every 5 years
CT colonography should be conducted every 5 years
Colon cancer
Cancer that develops in the colon
Gall bladder cancer
Cancer that develops in the gallbladder
Carcinoma in situ
Cancer that is confined to the original site and has not spread
Difficulties in Early Detection
Challenges and obstacles in detecting diseases at an early stage
Defining Opportunities for Screening
Determining the appropriate opportunities for conducting screening
Average Moderate High Very High
Different levels of risk for developing a disease
Breast Cancer Screening tests
Different tests used for screening breast cancer
Types of Breast Cancer
Different types of breast cancer
Double-contrast barium enema every 5 years
Double-contrast barium enema should be conducted every 5 years
DCIS invasive cancer
Ductal carcinoma in situ can progress to invasive cancer
Setting up Screening Strategies
Establishing methods and approaches for conducting screening
Yearly mammograms recommended starting at age 40
Women should have mammograms every year starting at the age of 40
Family history and genetic tendency-- be screened with MRI in addition to mammograms
Women with a family history of breast cancer or genetic predisposition should be screened with MRI in addition to mammograms
