MED22310_Dec. 1

16% of cancers found at screening as DCIS

Approximately 16% of breast cancers detected through screening are ductal carcinoma in situ

Risk Tailored therapy assessment

Assessing the appropriate therapy based on an individual's risk level

Beginning at age 50, both men and women should follow one of the schedules

At the age of 50, both men and women should start following one of the recommended screening schedules

CBE every 3 years for women in the 20s-30s and every year for women 40+

Clinical breast examination should be conducted every 3 years for women in their 20s-30s and every year for women aged 40 and above

Randomized trials

Clinical trials in which participants are randomly assigned to different groups

Colonoscopy every 10 years

Colonoscopy should be conducted every 10 years

Environmental factors

Factors in the environment that can influence disease development

Factors influencing screening

Factors like cost, incidence, test sensitivity, and actions to take after identifying ill individuals

Genetic factors

Factors related to an individual's genetic makeup

Risk factors

Factors that increase the likelihood of developing a disease

Determinants Mortality/Survival

Factors that influence the mortality and survival rates of a disease

Flexible sigmoidoscopy every 5 years

Flexible sigmoidoscopy should be conducted every 5 years

Breast Cancer Screening Guidelines (ACS, 2010)

Guidelines for breast cancer screening recommended by the American Cancer Society in 2010

Colorectal Cancer Screening Guidelines (ACS, 2010)

Guidelines for colorectal cancer screening recommended by the American Cancer Society in 2010

Chronic cholecystitis

Inflammation of the gallbladder associated with gallbladder cancer

Digital mammography

Mammography using digital technology

Film screen mammography

Mammography using film screens

Sensitivity and specificity

Measures of accuracy for screening tests

Lifestyle changes

Modifications to one's lifestyle to reduce the risk of disease

EBV NHL

Non-Hodgkin lymphoma associated with Epstein-Barr virus infection

Unusual patterns

Patterns of disease occurrence that deviate from the norm

Population-based screening

Screening conducted on an entire population

Opportunistic screening

Screening conducted on individuals as opportunities arise

Screening for high risk

Screening conducted on individuals with a high risk of developing a disease

Screening for average risk

Screening conducted on individuals with an average risk of developing a disease

Breast screening

Screening for breast cancer

Screening for other diseases

Screening for diseases like infectious diseases, diabetes, strokes, and heart disease

Gene/Environment Screening

Screening for genetic and environmental factors related to disease

Genetic screening

Screening for genetic factors related to disease

Screening for cancer

Screening for the presence of cancer

Recurrence (e.g., cancer) or new

Screening for the recurrence of a disease or the development of a new disease

Intervention Strategies by Risk Profile

Strategies for intervention based on an individual's risk profile

Bias

Systematic errors in the screening process that can affect the results

Access to the organ

The ability to reach and examine the organ

Genetic Screening Benefits

The advantages and benefits of genetic screening

Clinical Practice

The application of screening strategies in a clinical setting

Population heterogeneity

The diversity and variation within a population

Medical Education

The education and training of medical professionals in the field of screening

Efficacy of screening

The effectiveness of screening in detecting diseases

Behavior/Ethics Implications for Medicine

The ethical considerations and implications for medical practice

Health System Cost

The financial implications and expenses associated with screening

Disease Incidence

The frequency of occurrence of a disease in a population

Intervention and control groups should be comparable

The groups in a clinical trial should be similar in all relevant aspects except for the intervention being tested

Early detection

The identification of a disease at an early stage

The need for disease control & prevention

The importance of controlling and preventing diseases

Helicobacter pylori and chronic gastritis

The link between Helicobacter pylori infection and chronic gastritis

Majority ductal

The majority of breast cancers are ductal carcinoma

Causal mechanism

The mechanism by which chronic inflammation leads to cancer development

Histopathological features

The microscopic characteristics of diseased tissues

Public view: favorable

The perception of the general public towards screening

Medical view: no harm, do benefit, ↓ mortality

The perspective of medical professionals on the benefits and risks of screening

Diagnosis and confirmation

The process of determining the presence of a disease and confirming the diagnosis

Risk assessment

The process of evaluating an individual's risk of developing a disease

Translation to Descriptive Etiologic Research

The process of translating epidemiological findings into descriptive and etiological research

Disease Course

The progression and development of a disease over time

Palliative care of health

The provision of care to improve the quality of life for patients with serious illnesses

Incidence Age-specific rates

The rates of disease occurrence in specific age groups

Rationale for Screening

The reasons and justifications for conducting screening

Chronic Inflammation & Human Cancer

The relationship between chronic inflammation and the development of cancer

Available resources

The resources and tools available for conducting screening

The evidence for screening

The scientific evidence supporting the use of screening

Type of Cancer

The specific type of cancer associated with chronic inflammation

Stage at diagnosis

The stage of a disease at the time of diagnosis

The screening process

The steps and procedures involved in conducting screening

Anatomy

The structure and organization of body parts

Cancer Epidemiology to Prevention and Control

The study and implementation of measures to prevent and control cancer

Prevention Epidemiology

The study of preventive measures and strategies in the field of epidemiology

Chronic disease epidemiology

The study of the patterns and determinants of chronic diseases

Chemoprevention

The use of drugs or other substances to prevent the development of cancer

Chemoprevention & Cytotoxic Agents

The use of drugs to prevent or treat cancer

CRC charts

Charts related to colorectal cancer screening

Clinical Overview

An overview of the clinical aspects of a disease

Ulcerative colitis

A chronic inflammatory bowel disease associated with an increased risk of colon cancer

New Prevention Paradigm

A new approach to prevention that takes into account individual risk profiles

Schistosoma hematobium

A parasitic infection associated with squamous cell carcinoma of the bladder

Strategy for prevention

A plan or approach for preventing disease

Framework for disease control & prevention

A structure or plan for controlling and preventing diseases

Epidemiology and natural history should be understood

A thorough understanding of the epidemiology and natural progression of the disease is necessary for conducting a clinical trial

Adenocarcinoma

A type of cancer that develops in the glandular cells

Adenocarcinoma of stomach

A type of cancer that develops in the lining of the stomach

Crohn's colitis

A type of inflammatory bowel disease associated with an increased risk of colon cancer

Ductal or lobular types

Breast cancer can be classified as ductal or lobular based on the type of cells involved

BCE

Breast clinical examination, a physical examination of the breasts

BSE is an option starting in their 20s

Breast self-examination is an option for women starting in their 20s

BSE

Breast self-examination, a self-examination of the breasts

CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy) every 5 years

CT colonography should be conducted every 5 years

Colon cancer

Cancer that develops in the colon

Gall bladder cancer

Cancer that develops in the gallbladder

Carcinoma in situ

Cancer that is confined to the original site and has not spread

Difficulties in Early Detection

Challenges and obstacles in detecting diseases at an early stage

Defining Opportunities for Screening

Determining the appropriate opportunities for conducting screening

Average Moderate High Very High

Different levels of risk for developing a disease

Breast Cancer Screening tests

Different tests used for screening breast cancer

Types of Breast Cancer

Different types of breast cancer

Double-contrast barium enema every 5 years

Double-contrast barium enema should be conducted every 5 years

DCIS invasive cancer

Ductal carcinoma in situ can progress to invasive cancer

Setting up Screening Strategies

Establishing methods and approaches for conducting screening

Yearly mammograms recommended starting at age 40

Women should have mammograms every year starting at the age of 40

Family history and genetic tendency-- be screened with MRI in addition to mammograms

Women with a family history of breast cancer or genetic predisposition should be screened with MRI in addition to mammograms