Medical Anthropology Exam 1

Center for disease control (CDC)

in the United States this is the main organization focused on epidemiology and public health responses

physical anthropologists

interested in surface level differences (skin color, hair texture, cranial/facial shapes)

ethnography

involves research method of participant observation. you participate in people's lives while observing them and taking field notes. Along with interviews and surveys, this constitutes anthropological data

NO

is medical anthropology apart of the 4 sub categories of anthropology?

water refugees

left the rural areas to go to the capital of port au prince to work, many returned with aids

field work

living and working with the people one is studying. suspending your own sense of what is "normal" in order to understand other people's perspectives

health systems

local and global health systems, including indigenous medicine, biotechnology, and bioethics

rhonchi

low pitched gurgling sounds during exhalation caused by fluid in the larger airways in the lungs

comparative method

make comparisons between people and across societies. We compare ideas, morals, practices, and systems within or between cultures. We might compare the roles of men and women in different societies, or. contrast how different religious groups conflict within a given society

preferential option for the poor

make options for poor people and work on their behalf.

equality

making sure everyone has the same amount of opportunities, treatment, and support

molecular anthropologists

molecular biology in human evolution, have shown that there are not large genetic differences underlying race

TB can affect all people, it's not regionally specific which makes it easier to get support

what is the "great thing about TB"

scope, approach, priorities, and partnerships

what is the difference between global health and public health

DOTS-plus uses individualized treatment regimes based on drug susceptibility testing (DST)

what made DOTS-plus different than DOTS

job opportunities

what motivated people to move to the shantytowns of lima

potentially issues producing second line antibiotics because if the second line drug doesn't work that well the TB can be even more drug resistant

what was the argument against more widely distributing 2nd line antibiotics?

-to have well financed MDR treatment added on to DOTS (DOTS-plus) they created the green light committee -any TB program that wanted lower priced drugs would have to prove they had a good plan that would not breed further antibiotic resistance

what was the solution to the possibility that the second line drugs could make the bacteria resistant to antibiotics?

1. a healthcare worker or other designated person observes the patient take their medication 2. the health care worker check for side effects 3. the health care worker documents the visit 4. the healthcare worker provides social support

what're the DOTS protocols

commercial body

when the body becomes a source of profit. ex: reproductive tech, organ transplant systems, beauty industry

CD4 Cells

white blood cells that play a central role in responding to infection in the body

access to care

who has access to healthcare, and how different groups think about health care

drug monopolies

why are the prices of antibiotics so high

these words imply that these areas are "lesser" than "developed" or "first world countries"

why do we avoid using terms like "third world", "periphery", "developing", or "primitive"

two diseases that when existing in the same organism cause heightened condition of one or both diseases, exist in synergy

Farmer refers to "noxious synergies" between TB and HIV what does this mean

we learn more about the range of possible responses to varying contexts and problems (Human relations area files). this is particularly important in understanding health and health responses

why is the comparative method useful

the treatment is more individualized, it made MDR-TB more discussable

why was DOTS-plus a huge advance in the TB landscape

in Peru the TB cases were much more resistant to antibiotics so it was harder to treat

How were the TB patient stories in Peru (Carabayllo), different from those in Haiti (Cange)?

linked to larger historical and political economic context and fear of losing credibility

why was there as resistance to acknowledging there was a problem with MDR-TB

he went in with the idea of using the generic version generic version patent was expired

Jim Kim had a big shot idea for dealing with the high prices of antibiotics, what was it?

lungs

Main organs of the respiratory system

1. On the ground, the Peruvian ministry of health was worried about losing credibility by admitting there was a problem. They already received global recognition for doing a great job so admitting there was a problem would undo that praise. When PIH came and said there was a problem, the ministry did not support them 2. People said RD-TB is too broad to treat, you can't treat it

PIH faced numerous challenges in launching a TB campaign, what were they?

health

a state of physical, mental, and social well-being

liberation theology

a theological approach emphasizing the liberation of the oppressed. It engages in socio-economic analysis with social concern for the poor and political liberation for oppressed peoples and addresses other forms of perceived inequality

1. globalization and disparity 2. anthropogenic environments 3. disease-emergent and resistant 4. the commercial body 5. war and violence 6. health policy and human rights

Singer and Erikson, 2009 identify six key areas affecting global health. What are they?

epidemiological maps

also known as disease maps, visual representations of geographic distribution of disease

social determinants of health

The conditions of the environments where people are born, live, learn, work, play, worship, and age that affect a wide range of health, functioning, and quality of life outcomes and risks. Draws our attention beyond microbes, to modifiable aspects of our environment that influence human health and well being

public health pertains to populations which has a smaller scope than global health. Medicine is individual. They all come together in anthropology because it studies how these three elements intersect.

how does public health, global health, and medicine differ and how does it come together with anthropology

public health interventions are typically designed to address a specific health problem Global health interventions aim to address broader health and development issues that affect multiple populations

how does the approach between public health and global health differ

public health focuses on the health of populations within a specific geographic area. Global health concerned with health issues that transcend national boundaries and affect people worldwide

how does the scope of public health and global health differ

trachea

The windpipe; a passage through which air moves in the respiratory system.

when treatments don't work, the typical explanatory model is non-compliance. It came up in the Haiti example when Farmer talked about if people believe their sickness comes from sorcery and not microbes they won't take medicines and if they dont have access to places to get the medicine then they won't take it.

how has the issue of non-compliance come up so far in the class

mental health

how mental illness, stigma, and mental health services are experienced

health and illness

how people experience health, illness, and suffering and how these experiences are shaped by culture, history, and biology

health disparities

how race, ethnicity, and other factors contribute to health

TB control program

in 1990, peru revised its national TB control program to use the DOTS program

a model

in 1994, the WHO recognized Peru's program as ___

wealthy aristocrats would collect and display flora and fauna and cultural items from explorations and later European colonies . This makes other people and their cultural artifacts "curiosities" which is problematic because people were put in cages to be displayed

What was the role of "collecting" in the development of anthropology? Why is this problematic?

research proposal

a ___ is built around a central topic of question

great epidemiological divide

a concept that describes the gap in health and longevity between 2 groups of people in the world

structural violence

a form of violence that occurs when social institutions or structures prevent people form meeting their basic needs or rights

respiratory system

a network of organs that facilitates the intake of oxygen and the expulsion of carbon dioxide through breathing

non-compliance

a patient who does not take a prescribed medication or follow a prescribed course of treatment

explanatory model of illness

a patient's beliefs about their illness, including their personal and social meaning, expectations, and therapeutic goals, culturally shaped process that can affect patients' coping, treatment, preferences, and therapeutic relationship with their provider

global south

an area for study, research, and practice that places a priority on improving health and reaching equity in health for all people

anthropogenic environments

an environment that has been modified by human activity, either directly or indirectly

protease

an enzyme in the body that's important for HIV replication

culture

an umbrella term that encompasses human behaviors and norms. Includes knowledge, language, rituals, material items, etc, as well as shared knowledge

scientific racism

attempted at "civilizing" people and scientists rationalizations of racism

tuberculosis

bacterial infection that can affect the entire body, leading infectious disease killer globally, women, children, and people with HIV/AIDS most vulnerable

shining path

between 1980 and 2000, Peru experienced a prolonged and intense armed conflict between the gov and the guerrilla group ___

bronchi

branching airways

Action Research

coined in 1946 to describe research aimed at solving problems and creating positive change

rales

crackling high pitched bubbling sounds during inhalation caused by fluid in the small airways of the lungs

DOTS program

directly observed therapy short course, approach came form the WHO

recruitment of further resistance

facilitating more antibiotic resistance for TB

global health

focused on achieving equity in health for all people worldwide, issues such as the overuse of antibiotics, loss of biodiversity, and the impact of enviornmental degradation on health

public health

focuses on the health of populations. It includes promoting human safety and improving the health of communities through education, policy making and research for disease and injury prevention.

Partners in health (PIH)

founded by Paul farmer, Jim Kim, Ophelia Dahl

equity

giving people what they need in order to make things fair

HAART

highly active antiretroviral therapy, prevents the HIV virus from making copies of itself and limits how much virus is in the body by acting as a protease inhibitor

mounting global tensions stemming from dwindling natural resources. climate change is expected to intensify resource conflict ex: first climate change war in Sundan

how can environmental changes drive war and violence

early anthropology was accompanied by attempts at civilizing people scientific rationalizations of racism

how did anthropology contribute to scientific racism

partnerships public health partnerships often involve collaboration between local health authorities and community orgs, while global partnerships may involve international orgs, gov, and NGOs Global health is also more often paired with an anthropological perspective which prompts us to consider the view on the top of the hill

how do partnerships between public health and global health differ

public health priorities are often driven by local or national health needs Global health priorities are shaped by the needs of developing countries and marginalized populations

how do the priorities of public health and global health differ

basic research is solely focused on investigations and Aid is solely focused on solving problems

how does action research differ from basic investigations of aid

syndemic

population level clustering of two or more health conditions of diseases that interact negatively, increasing the health burden of the affected population

globalization

process by which culture, economies, and societies become more connected and influence each other globally

killer commodities

products sold for a profit that can cause harm to consumers

gustavo gutierrez

regarded as the father of liberation theology, who strongly condemned the exploitation of the poor and unjust use of power. Advocated for a theology of accompaniment of sideline practice of not only walking with people who are poor but working to change the conditions that keep them poor

DOTS-plus

similar to DOTS, this model involves trained community health workers visiting patients in their homes to ensure they take their medication

healing

the healing process and how different groups approach treatment

World Health Organization(WHO)

the main organization focused on global health, founded in 1948, UN agency connects nations, partners and people to promote health, keep people safe, and serve the vulnerable

AIDS (acquired immune deficiency syndrome)

the most advanced stage of HIV

epidemiology

the study of distribution, causes, and control of disease and other health-related factors in the population. The scientific discipline within the broader field of public health

medical anthropology

the study of how health and illness are influenced by cultural, social, and biological factors

anthropology

the study of humans

HIV

the virus that causes AIDS is primarily transmitted through the exchange of bodily fluids from an infected person. transmission can occur through unprotected sexual intercourse, sharing needles, or form an infected mother to her child during pregnancy, childbirth, or breastfeeding

chromosome

there is no ___ for race and it is more culturally constructed than biologically rooted

pharynx

throat; passageway for food to the esophagus and air to the larynx

marginalization

treatment of a person, group, or concept as insignificant or peripheral

multi drug resistant TB

type of TB that is caused by bacteria that are resistant to at least two of the more effective Tb drugs: isoniazid and rifampin

bicultural approach

views biology and culture as dialectically and inextricable intertwined, explicitly emphasizing the dynamic interaction between humans and their larger social, cultural, and physical environments

biological approach

views biology and culture as dialectically and inextricably intertwined, explicitly emphasizing the dynamic interaction between humans and their larger social, cultural, and physical environments

1. real service to the poor involves understanding global poverty. Poverty is not some accident of nature but the result of historically given and economically driven forces.human beings constitute the social world, and we will always shape it. 2. advances in tech and science tend to increase structural inequalities, increases in knowledge and power brings an increase in responsibility 3. An understanding of poverty must be linked to efforts to end it. For example, PIH is dedicated to providing the highest level of clinical care possible while alleviating the crushing social and economic burden of poverty that creates obstacles to health

what are the 3 points that Farmer has for preferential option for the poor

blood semen vaginal secretions breast milk

what are the four fluids that HIV can be transmitted through

1. archeology 2. cultural anthropology 3. biological anthropology 4. linguistic anthropology

what are the four main sub-disciplines of anthropology

rales and Rhonchi

what are the two symptoms of TB

-gained control of poor rural and urban districts in central and southern Peru by violence and intimidation -sympathizers were drawn to the focus on empowering Indigenous populations at the expense of Peru's traditional Spanish speaking elite

what did the shining path do

baby food, 80% of baby foods tested have lead in them

what is an example of a killer commodity