Medical Terminology Ch. 3-Gastroenterology
Peritoneum
A double layer serous membrane, one layer lines the walls of the AbdPel cavity and the other layer surrounds each of the organs
Duodenum
10 inch, C Shaped segment that begins at the stomach and ends at the Jejunum. Digestive enzymes from the gall bladder and the pancreas flows through ducts into the Duodenum
Ileum
12 foot segment where absorption of nutrients is completed. Contains villi that project into the Lumen to maximize the absorption of nutrients and water into the blood
Pepsin
A digestive enzyme that breaks down protein foods into large protein molecules.
Jejunum
8 foot segment that repeatedly twists and turns in the abdominal cavity. Digestion continues with peristalsis
Cholecystokinin
A hormone secreted by the duodenum when fatty chyme is present. It stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease-GERD
Acute inflammation or irritation due to reflux of stomach acid back into the esophagus.
Gustatory Cortex
Area of the brain that receives and interprets tastes from the tongue.
Colon Quadrants
Ascending, Transverse, Descending, Sigmoid
Bile ducts
Bile produced by the liver flows through the Hepatic ducts to the common hepatic duct. Then it goes into the common bile duct to the duodenum. When the duct is full, Bile goes into the cystic duct and gallbladder. All of these ducts form the Biliary tree, a tree like structure
Anus
External opening of the rectum. The external anal sphincter is under voluntary control
Large Intestine Parts (4)
Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anus
Abdominopelvic Cavity
Contains the largest organs (viscera) of the GI system
Peristalsis
Contractions of smooth muscle that propel a bolus of food and then chime, waste products, and water through the Gastro intestinal tract
Rugae
Deep folds in the gastric mucosa that expand to accommodate food
Lactase
Digestive enzyme from villi in the small intestine that breaks down lactose, the sugar in milk.
Amylase
Digestive enzyme in saliva that begins digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth. Also secreted by pancreas to finish the digestion of carbs in the small intestine.
Lipase
Digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks down fat globules in the duodenum into fatty acids.
Small Intestine Parts (3)
Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum
Rectum
Final part of the large intestine. It is a short, Straight segment that lies between the sigmoid colon and the anus
Uvula
Fleshy hanging part of the soft palate. Plays a role in speech and, during swallowing, it initiates the gag reflex to prevent food from entering the pharynx before the epiglottis closes over the larynx.
Feces
Formed, solid waste composed of undigested material, bacteria, and wasted that is eliminated from the body.
Flatus
Gas produced by bacteria that inhabit the large intestine.
Cholecystokinin
Hormone secreted by the duodenum when he receives fatty chime from the stomach. Cholecystokinin stimulates the the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes.
Pepsinogen
Inactive substance that is converted into pepsin.
Small Intestine Enzymes (3)
Lactase, Maltase, Sucrose
Tongue
Large muscle that fills the oral cavity. Contains receptors for taste. Lingu/o or Gloss/o
Liver
Largest solid organ in the body. It contains hepatocytes that produce bile
Appendix
Long, thin pouch on the exterior wall of the The cecum. It does not play a role in digestion. It contains lymphatic tissue and is active in the body's immune response.
Colon
Longest part of the large intestine. It consists of the ascending colon, traverse colon, descending colon, and an S shaped Sigmoid colon.
Villi
Microscopic projections of the mucosa in the small intestine. They produce digestive enzymes such as lactase to breakdown sugars. They have a very large combine surface area to maximize the absorption of nutrients in the blood
Mucosa
Mucous membrane that lines the GI system and produces mucus.
Lower esophageal sphincter
Muscle ring at the distal end of the esophagus it keeps food in the stomach From going back to the esophagus
Pyloric sphincter
Muscular ring that keeps chyme in the stomach or opens to let chyme into the duodenum
Pylorus
Narrowing area of the stomach just before joins the duodenum. it contains the pyloric sphincter
Celiac Trunk
Off of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.
Lumen
Open channel inside a tubular structure such as the esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine
Stomach
Organ of digestion between the esophagus and small intestine. Areas of the stomach: Cardia, Fundus, body, pyloris. The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen and gastrin. The stomach secretes intrinsic factor needed to absorb vitamin B 12
Salivary Glands (3)
Parotid (by ear), Sublingual (below tongue), Submandibular (below jaw)
Alimentary
Pertaining to food and nourishment
Gastrointestinal
Pertaining to stomach and intestines
Digestive
Pertaining to the breakdown of food
Haustra
Pouches in the wall of the large intestine that expand to accommodate the bulk of undigested materials.
Emulsification
Process by which bile breaks down large fat droplets into smaller droplets.
Absorption
Process by which digested nutrients move through the villi of the small intestine and into the blood
Elimination
Process in which undigested materials and water are eliminated from the body
Digestion
Process of mechanically and chemically breaking down food into nutrients that can be used by the body
Enzymes
Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body. During chemical digestion, enzymes break the chemical bonds in large food molecules. Enzymes are produced by the salivary gland, stomach, small intestine, and pancreas. An enzyme name usually ends in ASE
Fundus
Rounded, most superior part of the stomach
Chyme
Semisolid mixture of partially digested food, saliva, digestive enzymes, and stomach fluid
Cecum
Short, pouchlike first part of the large intestine. The appendix is attached to the cecums external wall
Cardia
Small area where the esophagus enters the stomach
Omentum
Supports the stomach and hangs down as a fatty apron to cover and protect the small intestine.
Deglutition
Swallowing
Gall Bladder
Teardrop shaped, dark green sac posterior to the liver. It concentrates and stores bile from the liver. The presence of fatty chime in the duodenum causes the gallbladder to contract, sending bile into the common bile duct and then into the duodenum to digest fats.
Palate
The hard bone and posterior soft tissues that form the roof of the mouth
Mesentery
Thick, fan shaped sheet that supports the jejunum and ileum
Gastrin
This hormone stimulates the release of more hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen in the stomach.
Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)
This strong acid breaks down food fibers, converts pepsinogen to the digestive enzyme pepsin, and kills microorganisms in food
Pharynx
Throat. The passageway for both food and inhaled/exhaled air
Pancreas
Yellow, somewhat lumpy gland shaped like an elongated triangle. It's located posterior to the stomach. The presence of food in the duodenum causes the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, and others) through the pancreatic duct and into the duodenum.
Bile
Yellow/green, bitter tasting, thick fluid. A combination of bile, acids, mucus, fluid, and 2 pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin). Is produced by the liver and flows through the common hepatic duct and into the common bile duct to the duodenum.