Medical Terminology Ch. 3-Gastroenterology

Peritoneum

A double layer serous membrane, one layer lines the walls of the AbdPel cavity and the other layer surrounds each of the organs

Duodenum

10 inch, C Shaped segment that begins at the stomach and ends at the Jejunum. Digestive enzymes from the gall bladder and the pancreas flows through ducts into the Duodenum

Ileum

12 foot segment where absorption of nutrients is completed. Contains villi that project into the Lumen to maximize the absorption of nutrients and water into the blood

Pepsin

A digestive enzyme that breaks down protein foods into large protein molecules.

Jejunum

8 foot segment that repeatedly twists and turns in the abdominal cavity. Digestion continues with peristalsis

Cholecystokinin

A hormone secreted by the duodenum when fatty chyme is present. It stimulates the gallbladder to contract and release bile.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease-GERD

Acute inflammation or irritation due to reflux of stomach acid back into the esophagus.

Gustatory Cortex

Area of the brain that receives and interprets tastes from the tongue.

Colon Quadrants

Ascending, Transverse, Descending, Sigmoid

Bile ducts

Bile produced by the liver flows through the Hepatic ducts to the common hepatic duct. Then it goes into the common bile duct to the duodenum. When the duct is full, Bile goes into the cystic duct and gallbladder. All of these ducts form the Biliary tree, a tree like structure

Anus

External opening of the rectum. The external anal sphincter is under voluntary control

Large Intestine Parts (4)

Cecum, Colon, Rectum, Anus

Abdominopelvic Cavity

Contains the largest organs (viscera) of the GI system

Peristalsis

Contractions of smooth muscle that propel a bolus of food and then chime, waste products, and water through the Gastro intestinal tract

Rugae

Deep folds in the gastric mucosa that expand to accommodate food

Lactase

Digestive enzyme from villi in the small intestine that breaks down lactose, the sugar in milk.

Amylase

Digestive enzyme in saliva that begins digestion of carbohydrates in the mouth. Also secreted by pancreas to finish the digestion of carbs in the small intestine.

Lipase

Digestive enzyme secreted by the pancreas that breaks down fat globules in the duodenum into fatty acids.

Small Intestine Parts (3)

Duodenum, Jejunum, Ileum

Rectum

Final part of the large intestine. It is a short, Straight segment that lies between the sigmoid colon and the anus

Uvula

Fleshy hanging part of the soft palate. Plays a role in speech and, during swallowing, it initiates the gag reflex to prevent food from entering the pharynx before the epiglottis closes over the larynx.

Feces

Formed, solid waste composed of undigested material, bacteria, and wasted that is eliminated from the body.

Flatus

Gas produced by bacteria that inhabit the large intestine.

Cholecystokinin

Hormone secreted by the duodenum when he receives fatty chime from the stomach. Cholecystokinin stimulates the the gallbladder to release bile and the pancreas to release digestive enzymes.

Pepsinogen

Inactive substance that is converted into pepsin.

Small Intestine Enzymes (3)

Lactase, Maltase, Sucrose

Tongue

Large muscle that fills the oral cavity. Contains receptors for taste. Lingu/o or Gloss/o

Liver

Largest solid organ in the body. It contains hepatocytes that produce bile

Appendix

Long, thin pouch on the exterior wall of the The cecum. It does not play a role in digestion. It contains lymphatic tissue and is active in the body's immune response.

Colon

Longest part of the large intestine. It consists of the ascending colon, traverse colon, descending colon, and an S shaped Sigmoid colon.

Villi

Microscopic projections of the mucosa in the small intestine. They produce digestive enzymes such as lactase to breakdown sugars. They have a very large combine surface area to maximize the absorption of nutrients in the blood

Mucosa

Mucous membrane that lines the GI system and produces mucus.

Lower esophageal sphincter

Muscle ring at the distal end of the esophagus it keeps food in the stomach From going back to the esophagus

Pyloric sphincter

Muscular ring that keeps chyme in the stomach or opens to let chyme into the duodenum

Pylorus

Narrowing area of the stomach just before joins the duodenum. it contains the pyloric sphincter

Celiac Trunk

Off of the abdominal aorta that supplies blood to the stomach, small intestine, liver, gallbladder, and pancreas.

Lumen

Open channel inside a tubular structure such as the esophagus, small intestine, and large intestine

Stomach

Organ of digestion between the esophagus and small intestine. Areas of the stomach: Cardia, Fundus, body, pyloris. The stomach secretes hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen and gastrin. The stomach secretes intrinsic factor needed to absorb vitamin B 12

Salivary Glands (3)

Parotid (by ear), Sublingual (below tongue), Submandibular (below jaw)

Alimentary

Pertaining to food and nourishment

Gastrointestinal

Pertaining to stomach and intestines

Digestive

Pertaining to the breakdown of food

Haustra

Pouches in the wall of the large intestine that expand to accommodate the bulk of undigested materials.

Emulsification

Process by which bile breaks down large fat droplets into smaller droplets.

Absorption

Process by which digested nutrients move through the villi of the small intestine and into the blood

Elimination

Process in which undigested materials and water are eliminated from the body

Digestion

Process of mechanically and chemically breaking down food into nutrients that can be used by the body

Enzymes

Proteins that speed up chemical reactions in the body. During chemical digestion, enzymes break the chemical bonds in large food molecules. Enzymes are produced by the salivary gland, stomach, small intestine, and pancreas. An enzyme name usually ends in ASE

Fundus

Rounded, most superior part of the stomach

Chyme

Semisolid mixture of partially digested food, saliva, digestive enzymes, and stomach fluid

Cecum

Short, pouchlike first part of the large intestine. The appendix is attached to the cecums external wall

Cardia

Small area where the esophagus enters the stomach

Omentum

Supports the stomach and hangs down as a fatty apron to cover and protect the small intestine.

Deglutition

Swallowing

Gall Bladder

Teardrop shaped, dark green sac posterior to the liver. It concentrates and stores bile from the liver. The presence of fatty chime in the duodenum causes the gallbladder to contract, sending bile into the common bile duct and then into the duodenum to digest fats.

Palate

The hard bone and posterior soft tissues that form the roof of the mouth

Mesentery

Thick, fan shaped sheet that supports the jejunum and ileum

Gastrin

This hormone stimulates the release of more hydrochloric acid and pepsinogen in the stomach.

Hydrochloric Acid (HCl)

This strong acid breaks down food fibers, converts pepsinogen to the digestive enzyme pepsin, and kills microorganisms in food

Pharynx

Throat. The passageway for both food and inhaled/exhaled air

Pancreas

Yellow, somewhat lumpy gland shaped like an elongated triangle. It's located posterior to the stomach. The presence of food in the duodenum causes the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes (amylase, lipase, and others) through the pancreatic duct and into the duodenum.

Bile

Yellow/green, bitter tasting, thick fluid. A combination of bile, acids, mucus, fluid, and 2 pigments (bilirubin and biliverdin). Is produced by the liver and flows through the common hepatic duct and into the common bile duct to the duodenum.