medieval Europe final

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Manuscript

A hand-written book. All medieval books are manuscripts until the printing press is developed in the mid-15th century

Initial

A large, decorated letter that marks the beginning of a new or important portion of text

Quire

A set of pages folded to form a booklet. Quires are sewn together to form a manuscript

Abbot Suger of Saint-Denis: c. 1080-1151

Abbot sugar began the Abbot of Saint-Denis which was the first and biggest fair. He decides the old church won't work and invests in renovation and in new style. He used light and space in guiding principles.

Second Crusade: 1145-1148

After Baldwin dies the Seljuk Turks declare Jihad against the crusaders. the first crusade surprised the turks, but now they were fighting a religious war of their own. In the 12th century the Turks try to reclaim their territory. In 1144 the Turks recapture edessa the first crusader kingdom. The solution to this is another crusade. Pope Eugenius the 3rd calls the second crusade. He uses urban's points but is not super successful. It is more glamorous to capture Jerusalem than to defend it. Bernard of Clairveux goes on a preaching circuit, leading kings and queens to fight. The plan is to rescue edessa and shore up defenses in Jerusalem. This fails. The new crusaders fight with the old crusaders.

Battle of Hastings: October 14, 1066

After the battle of Stanford bridge (1066) between Harold and his brother Tostig, William arrives in Southern England. Herald doesn't give his troops time to rest and sends them south 250 miles to Hastings. The Anglo-Saxons (Herald) succumb to the normans. A lot of Anglo-Saxons including herald die. William "the Bastard" of Normandy becomes king William "the Conquere" of England. This created a new dynasty of Norman kings, and the Norman king of England. Normans were now dukes of France and kings in England. The normans (william) had a cavalry army and the anglo-saxons (herald) had an infantry/foot soldiers. This took place at the beginning of chivalric warfare. Herald seemed to be winning at the beginning of the battle because he was on higher ground so it was hard for horses to run uphill. The Anglo-saxons used a shield wall tactic which is where they interlocked to stop the horses attack. William then pretends to run away. The anglo-saxons break the shield wall and run after the normans, abandoning the hill. Once lured out the Normans surround the anglo-saxons. Not until the anglo-saxons strategy is abandoned do the normal have a change. the battle of hastings was too early for chivalric hostages. But knights were concerned with their honor. Norman authors therefore talk about the anglo-saxons as barbarians so it was okay to kill them. The feigned retreat doesn't seem honorable so the norman authors talk about it very little. Authors accuse anglo saxon king of being disloyal, committing treachery, and betraying fealty. English authors say that the english army was committing treachery and didn't deserve to be saved. All sources talk about shame.

Saladin: r. 1171-1193

After the first crusade there is fragmentation among the crusaders and Muslims start to unite against the Latins, declaring a Jihad. This peaks in the 12th century under Saladin. Saladin is from Iraq, he fought against the crusaders, and began consolidating his own power. He wanted to unite Muslims against the crusaders. He creates a counter-crusade that gains control of Syriah and Egypt. He tells people that the land has been taken because they are not good enough Muslims. He is a pious Muslim that builds mosques. He wants to undo the crusade and take Western Europe. Although this never happens, he does reclaim crusader territories. He participates in the Battle of Hattin that destroys the latin settlers army.

Baldwin of Edessa, later King of Jerusalem: r. 1100-1118

After winning Antioch they stay their until January. A lot of crusaders try to flee, including Peter the hermit. Count Baldwin is a French noble who tries to find help from the city of Odessa which was a Christian city with a Christian ruler. He makes a deal saying that if Baldwin helps defend Odessa from the Turks, Baldwin will become king after the King died. this violated the oath made to the emperor of Byzantium, Alexius, but it started a new trend among the crusader leaders. Baldwin of Odessa becomes kings of Jerusalem after Godfrey dies. He organizes defenses and establishes a strong western modeled monarchy.

Nuremberg Chronicle (also known as the Liber Chronicarum): 1493

An early printed Latin book, on paper with woodcut illustrations. The text narrates the history of the world from creation onwards, dividing time into "Six Ages of the World." Around 1500 copies were made, of which around 400 survive; copies were also made in a German translation

Vellum or Parchment

Animal skin stretched and treated until it's thin enough to write on. Calf, sheep, and goat skin were all used to make parchment.

Siege of Antioch: 1096-1097

Antioch is the next big city the crusade reaches after their first battle in Niceae. Antioch is a Christian city under Turkish rule, but the Christians don't want the help of the crusaders so they shut them out. A bunch of crusaders desert. But in June of 1098 the crusaders bribe the guards and get into the city at night. The Turkish army comes after them and the crusaders besiege themselves. The problem was that the time the crusaders got to Antioch, they were tired and the Christians in the city didn't just let them in. The crusaders killed everyone inside, but they were trapped and fortified the city. They were low on supplies but there was an act of divine intervention when they found the holy lance. The lance they found looked like a crusader spear, but it rallied everyones spirits. They figured God was on their side. They unexpectedly charge the turks outside and most of the turks fled. The crusaders blame the victory on the lance, claiming that it confirms the relic was real. They finally had control of the city.

Arabic Numerals

Arabic numerals were one of the discoveries of the 12th century that allowed you to do much more sophisticated mathematics. Before everything was Roman numerals.

King Ferdinand of Aragon Spain: r. 1479-1516

At the end of the 13th century there are only 2 christian kingdoms in Spain with two separate monarch, but they unite in 1469 with a marriage. They decide to drive out the muslims so the reconquista is complete. They want complete conformity to Christianity, and have no Jews. The new Spanish policy towards jews is to convert or leave. They wanted to root out the fakers. in 1478 they call the Inquisition.

Queen Isabella of Castile, Spain: r. 1474-1504

Great Schism: 1378-1417

Avignon papacy during philip the fair. Becomes so powerful dont want to go to rome. A lot of anti-clerical sentiment in rome so try to put pope back in rome = two popes, even have 3 at some point. Popes and how many there should be. Romans were put out by the Avignon papacy because every Avignon pope was French. there was Anti-clerical sentiment that the clergy was corrupt. In the 1370's the popes in Avignon were unpopular. Pope Gregory XI goes back to Rome in 1377, and he wants to re-establish the papacy there. But the papal palace was in ruin in Rome and was not set up to handle the papal bureaucracy. Gregory then goes home and dies. The college of cardinals is still in Rome when Gregory fled. In April 1378 they elect a Urban IV who is Italian. He has one condition and that is to return to Avignon. However, Urban stays in Rome. This angers the cardinals and they leave by themselves. They declare the election of Urban IV to be invalid and they elect Clement VII. Urban then appoints a new college of cardinals and declares the election of Clement VII to be invalid. This begins the great schism. two popes in Europe is a problem. According to Unam Sanctum everyone is subject to the pope. If they chose the wrong pope, could they still go to heaven? The schism therefor had spiritual implication. Both sets of cardinals agree to meet in Bologna and decide to depose both popes and appoint a new candidate. Both old popes then create new colleges of cardinals. Secular rulers then threaten to stop paying tides. The great schism is resolved at the council of constance in 1417. They agree that the roman pope will resign, the other two popes are false, and they agree on a new pope.

Count Raymond of Toulouse

Baldwins deal with the king of Odessa that he will keep Odessa started a new trend among the crusader leaders. All of the leaders of Antioch then start fighting over who would keep the city, while the men under them urge them to go on. Count Raymond leads people from Antioch to Jerusalem in January 1099, and is acknowledged as the leader of the crusade. once Jerusalem is taken, the people offer kingship to Count Raymond but he says that there is no king in Jerusalem but Christ.

mendicant movement

Began by st. francis of Assizi. He gave up all of his clothes and he could ask for everything but money. It is religious / voluntary poverty. Wanted to be poor like Christ and the apostles. They set themeselves up as examples for the population. People were more willing to give charity to the poor. Seen as extremely pure. Basis for franciscans.

Bernard of Clairvaux: c. 1090-1153

Bernard is a second generation cistercian. He is a writer and a preacher that wants to spread the cistercian methods. He criticizes cluny. In 1115 he finds a daughter monastery. There are over 60 daughter monasteries by the time he dies. Bernard is one of the most important scholars of the day. He has an enormous audience and writes about the philosophy of crusading in the "knew knighthood." He thinks crusading is the epitome of Christian lay virtue. This legitimized the crusade even more and evoked the ideas of chivalry. It drew more people to crusading. Bernard of Clairveux goes on a preaching circuit, leading kings and queens to fight in the second crusade. Bernard was the second preacher of the crusade. He stressed individual piety, and that each individual should pursue God as an individual (unlike collective clunaism). He promoted exegesis which was pulling out secrete meaning from a text. His ideas become popular and are adopted by the Papacy.

On the New Knighthood: written c. 1128

Bernard of Clairvaux is a cistercian monk that is one of the most important scholars of the day. He has an enormous audience and writes about the philosophy of crusading in the "knew knighthood." He thinks crusading is the epitome of Christian lay virtue. Crusaders are a new kind fo knighthood that have a double mission to be a good Christian and a good warrior. This legitimized the crusade even more and evoked the ideas of chivalry. It drew more people to crusading.

Exegesis

Bernard of Clairveux promoted exegesis which was pulling out secrete meaning from a text. There was a literal meaning of the text and then spiritual meaning. He tried to extract this spiritual meaning through meditation, contemplation, and prayer. The longer you did these things the better spiritual meaning you would find. This is similar to courtly love. Men fighting and risking their lives for God was the most individualistic way to show their love for God.

Canon Law

Canon law was the law of the church. Any document produced by the church. This was compiled in the Gratian, Decretum.

Cathars and Catharism

Cathar was a region of france. The Cathars believed that stuff in the material world was evil and the earth was created by the devil. Their goal was to get to God. They believed the church, Pope, and eucharist was evil. They rejected the authority of the pope and the roman church. They did not believe in transubstantiation, which was in violation of the 4th lateran council (1215). The catchers were excommunicated as heretics.

King Charles VI of France: r. 1380-1422

Charles has a long reign because there is no one else to take over. He became the king at 11 years old and was a bad ruler. He had no military strategy, mental health problems, awful politician. Charles fought with the duke of burgundy, which was an independent territory in France that ended up siding with the English.

Stirrup

Chivalry comes from the french word for horse. A person on a horse is a knight. Horse mounted soldiers were fundamental to warfare in the middle ages. The invention of stirrups in Asia, and the use of them in the west in the 11th century allowed horses to be used in battle because soldiers wouldn't fall off of them. This created mounted soldiers called the cavalry.

Chivalry

Chivalry has two trends: (1) warfare and battle field conduct (2) cultural shift/courtliness. Loyalty and honor are chivalric virtues. Chivalry included manners in love and courtliness. This didn't always work out though. Chivalric society was idealized. Chivalry comes from the french word for horse. A person on a horse is a knight. Stirrups allowed people to fight on horses, leading to the development of the couched lance, and plate armor. As a result, if you were not a chivalric knight, you had little chance of defending yourself. Before the age of chivalry you could likely defend yourself. Chivalry created a bigger difference between those who fight and those who couldn't because of a skills and materials gap. Knights needed to train, leading to the development of tournaments. Chivalry is the rise of honorable warfare between equals. Raiding and pillaging is looked down upon, so there are fewer fights to the death between nobility. Defeated enemies were taken hostage instead of killed. It was shameful to kill, and you earned honor by not killing. You could hold people for ransom and get money. Prisoners were shown hospitality and treated as guests. There was a catch and release policy amongst nobles. (for example the capture of richard the lionheart for ransom). the chivalric honor code was restricted to the upper classes, so people didnt have to be honorable to the lower classes or barbarians or pagans. in the 11th and 12th century, chivalry became an alternative universe and the literary world defined chivalry. There were handbooks written on how to be a chivalric knight stating (1) good warrior, (2) honorable warrior that respects their enemy (3) behave well in ordinary life by being humble, modest, generous, and polite. Chivalry and Christiany were closely tied. It was believed that culture and religion made you civilized. love is a big part of the chivalric world, with the development of romantic love in the 12th century. This resulted in courtly love which is the rejection of the economic institution of marriage.

Ransom

Chivalry is the rise of honorable warfare between equals. Raiding and pillaging is looked down upon, so there are fewer fights to the death between nobility. Defeated enemies were taken hostage instead of killed. It was shameful to kill, and you earned honor by not killing. You could hold people for ransom and get money. Prisoners were shown hospitality and treated as guests. There was a catch and release policy amongst nobles. (for example the capture of richard the lionheart for ransom).

Avignon Papacy: 1305-1377

Church leaders realized King Philip IV "the fair" of France was a threat and tried to befriend him by electing a French pope. The bishop of Bordeaux became Pope Clement the 5th who bows to Philip on some matters. Pope Clement never set foot in Rome, resulting in the papacy relocating to the south of france and establishing the Avignon papacy. The popes of Avignon become very efficient and act like regular monarchs. They built the papal palace of Avignon. The Avignon papacy becomes an institution and is run as a bureaucracy. they become good at collecting money through church dues (tides). They crank out documents of any interaction that was documented. The Popes in Avignon are richer and more powerful than ever. They have power in real material terms. But the price is that they lost control of Rome.

Cnut, King of England: r.1017-1035

Cnut is the son of Swein Forkbeard, king of Denmark. In 1016 after Aethelred dies, Cnut attaches the anglo-saxon nobles. in 1017 Cnut becomes the king of England, and later becomes the king of Denmark. Cnut is a viking that helped damage the English countryside. But, Cnut tries to out English the English. He creates coins, creates laws that are the most substantial since Aethelred, he embraces old English and Christianity. He depicts himself as a major church patron, and donates a cross to a Winchester church with Christ, Mary, and St. Peter looking on. Cnut therefor has the clergy on his side. He has reciprocity with the anglo-saxon nobles in order to gain their support. when Cnut dies his two sons become the Kings of England instead of the crown going back to an English family.

Æthelred II "the unready," King of England: r. 978-1016

Created his own law code. Aethelred is unable to get rid of the vikings, but tries many strategies. 1. Pays vikings off. He creates a special tax to bribe swein. Swein took the money and then came back. 2. Asked God for help. He created a law that required everyone to do penance, believing God would stop the invasions. 3. Raised an army. This was not effective enough because Swein was mobile. Aethelred flees to England in 1013. After Swein dies in 1014, he returns, rules for two years and dies in 1016

Crusaders States

Crusader states include Edessa and Jerusalem. They are crusader kingdoms after the first crusade. They have western style feudal kingdoms. There is still a lot of danger in keeping these territories, because Seljuk Turks raid them. There is an emergence of crusading orders that defend crusading kingdoms including the knights templar.

Holy Lance

During the seige of antioch when the crusaders were trapped inside the city, a crusader has a vision of st. Andrew saying that the holy lance is buried in antioch. The holy lance is what killed Christ. The lance they found looked like a crusader spear, but it rallied everyones spirits. They figured God was on their side. They unexpectedly charge the turks outside and most of the turks fled. The crusaders blame the victory on the lance, claiming that it confirms the relic was real. They finally had control of the city.

King Edward the Confessor of England: r.1042-1066

Edward the confessor is a son of Emma of Normandy and Aethelred II. Edward is the second to last king of the Anglo-Saxon. dward was part Norman, and lived in Normandy until he was an adultHe has trouble with the Godwinsons so he marries their daughter. Harold Godwinson becomes king Edwards brother in law. Harold is a trusted advisor to Edward. Edward dies without any sons. The English nobles therefor decide that Harold should be the king. When Edward dies in 1066 the Normans conquer.

Emperor Alexius I of Byzantium: r. 1081-1118

Emperor Alexius puts together a mercenary army and solidly protects Constantinople. He realizes that he can't re-take the territory from the Seljuk turks. In 1095 he reaches out to Pope Urban II for the wests help. at the end of 1096 the crusade shows up to Byzantium but emperor Alexius is suspicious of them because of the peoples crusades massacre that happened. He therefor invites all of them over for dinner and takes them all as prisoners. He makes them swear an oath they will give over what is won.

Council of Clermont: 1095

Emperor Alexius puts together a mercenary army and solidly protects Constantinople. He realizes that he can't re-take the territory from the Seljuk turks. In 1095 he reaches out to Pope Urban II for the wests help. Urban pulls out Pope Gregory the VII plan to re-unite the east and west. In 1095 he calls the council of Clermont, and calls Christians to undertake the first crusade. He visits all over Europe to preach the crusade. No one wrote the speech down, but he may have (1) asked Western European christians to start a war to free Byzantium, save constantinople, and free it from Muslim rule. (2) He focused on taking Jerusalem from the Seljuk turks (which is similar to reconquista), pilgrimage and fight enemies of Christ. (3) people who die on the expedition will go to heaven and survivors will be taken care of. (4) Emphasized Muslim violence against Christians. Peoples response was instantaneous and wanted to fight for Christ. Urban adopted just war for 11th century Christians by stating that war was a necessity and going to the holy land to fight would stop violence at home.

Pope Urban II: r. 1088-1099

Emperor Alexius puts together a mercenary army and solidly protects Constantinople. He realizes that he can't re-take the territory from the Seljuk turks. In 1095 he reaches out to Pope Urban II for the wests help. Urban pulls out Pope Gregory the VII plan to re-unite the east and west. In 1095 he calls the council of Clermont, and calls Christians to undertake the first crusade. He visits all over Europe to preach the crusade. No one wrote the speech down, but he may have (1) asked Western European christians to start a war to free Byzantium, save constantinople, and free it from Muslim rule. (2) He focused on taking Jerusalem from the Seljuk turks (which is similar to reconquista), pilgrimage and fight enemies of Christ. (3) people who die on the expedition will go to heaven and survivors will be taken care of. (4) Emphasized Muslim violence against Christians. Peoples response was instantaneous and wanted to fight for Christ. Urban adopted just war for 11th century Christians by stating that war was a necessity and going to the holy land to fight would stop violence at home.

English Common Law

England has a well established legal system. English common law was confirmed after 1066 and applied to everyone commonly, including the anglo-saxons and normans. It stated that the king was in charge of everyone, however the enforcement of the law was local in reality. In reality the only important cases went to the king. Enforcing justice was hard because it was no ones job to arrest to people for breaking the law (lack of enforcement). Henry II of the angevin dynasty was more aggressive. There were two ways to deal with law breaking. (1) secular court (2) ecclesiastical court. Common law was dealt with in secular court.

Duke William IX of Aquitaine: d. 1127

First of the troubadours. William IX was the son of the founder of cluny monastery. He was a high class noble. He had the ethos of chivalry infused in his troubadour lyrics. He glorifies battle but embraces the romanticism of courtliness. nudity starts to come out of the wood work with chivalry. He uses double entendres and pushes the envelope.

Flying Buttresses

Flying buttresses were an outside support system that took the pressure off of the walls. They could build higher without seeing the masonry inside. These were used in the Notre Dam cathedral.

College of Cardinals

From the 12th century onward, the college of cardinals were the official electors of the new pope.

Emperor Frederick I "Barbarossa" of Germany": r. 1152-1190

Germany wanted a king, creating the ottoman and Salian dynasties. They focused on cultivating power with the church through investiture and were forced to cooperate with the nobility. Relationships needed to be built with each king. The investiture controversy illustrates that there was constant factionalism between the kings, nobles, and clergy. The Salians were replaced with the Staufen dynasty. Frederick began ruling similarly to the ottomans and the Salians, but shifted to a chivalric and feudal style. He subdued German nobles. He watnted credibility with the papacy and supported the pope in political debates. in 115 he was crowned roman emporer by the pope, but calls himself holy roman emperor. He focuses on ritual and evokes historical past. He re-imagines Charlemagne as his own ancestor to make himself look powerful. He convinces the pope to recognize Charlemagne as a saint, legitimizing that Frederick has close connections with God. At the end of his reign Frederick uses the law. He established formal relationships and wants a top down hierarchy. The vassals that have old money give Frederick a hard time, so he promotes the vassals vassals. Henry the lion, Duke of Saxony is of old noble money and didn't want to obey fredrick. So in 1179, everyone goes to Saxony and sits in on court, but Henry doesn't show up to the trial. Henry therefor has committed treason against the emperor and is tried again, but he doesn't show up again. Henry's therefor declared guilty of treason, and is driven into exile. This divides Saxony against the nobles and vassals. The long terms strategy showed that Frederick was not a tyrant. Using law allowed Frederick to get whatever he wanted while looking fair.

Normans, Normandy

Giving them land: in 911 Rollo made a deal with one of the kings of france (charles the simple) where Rollo was supposed to stop raiding if he was given territory in france. The one other condition was that rollo had to convert to Christianity for real. As a result Rollo of Normandy became the first duke of Normandy (r. 911-c.932). Rollo was baptized and the vikings settled in france where they were called legitamte Christians. These viking settlers were called northmen in france because they came from the north land of scandinavia. This was shortened to norman, and the are where they settled was called Normandy From rollos reighn onward the normans assimilated within a generation of settelment and were on par with the french nobles. Normandy became a post carolingian mini kingdom. They all become Christians and many marry frankish aristocrats. In the year 1000 the dukes of normandy were prestigious enough to have high profile marriages and marry their daughters to kings of the anglo saxons. In the 800s and 900s the viking populations of england and france become legitamate civilized christians. Vikings become civilized and Christian in Normandy. They assimilate, and in less than 100 years the daughters of the dukes of Normandy marry kings. When Cnut dies, the population wants his sons to become kings, not Aethelreds. Emma of Normandy is connected to every king in England for nearly 60 years. She is the Queen of England and patronizes English churches. After the battle of Stanford bridge (1066) between Harold and his brother Tostig, William arrives in Southern England. Herald doesn't give his troops time to rest and sends them south 250 miles to Hastings. The Anglo-Saxons (Herald) succumb to the normans. A lot of Anglo-Saxons including herald die. William "the Bastard" of Normandy becomes king William "the Conquere" of England. This created a new dynasty of Norman kings, and the Norman king of England. Normans were now dukes of France and kings in England.

Gothic

Gothic architecture evolved over centuries. Abbot sugar began the Abbot of Saint-Denis which was the first and biggest fair. He decides the old church won't work and invests in renovation and in new style. He used light and space in guiding principles. They used slender columns. Gothic architecture is pointy whereas romanesque architecture is curved. They used larger windows with pointy arches. Pointy arches provided more weight so the windows could be larger. Gothic was the first use of stained glass. They saw God expressed in light. They believed that the more you contemplated the beauty of a church the more it brought you closer to God.

Guilds

Guilds were professional organizations that developed from the rise of cities. Guilds provided training, regulated prices, protected their members, and lobbied the government. You could not apply for a guild until you were a master. Guilds were devoted to feminine trades such as weaving, spinning, and beer brewing.

Battle of Stamford Bridge: September 25, 1066

Harold Godwinson had a younger brother named Tostig who attacked Harold with the king of Norway. Harold defeated them at the Stanford bridge in 1066, believing that his reign is secure after the death of King Edward the Confessor of England.

Angevin Dynasty

Henry II of England comes to power because of a civil war in the family, creating the new angevin dynasty. Monarchs were Henry II, Richard I the lionheart, and John. It ends with the loss of land under John (specifically Anjou). The Angevin dynasty had land holdings in france (normandy, Anjou, and aquitaine) and England, creating a large empire.

King Henry V of England: r. 1414-1422

Henry V is one of the best Kings in English history. Henry studied Edward III and wanted to replicate his victories. The battle of Agincourt was a pivotal moment for Henry V of Englands reighn. Henry V goes to battle, which was unusual for kings at the time, and it shows affection for his men.

King Henry II of England: r. 1154-1189

Henry is the son of the count of Anjou. Henry is married to Eleanor of Aquitaine. Henry is made king of England, so Eleanor becomes queen, consolidating her power. They are the king and queen of England, the duke and duchess of Normandy and aquitaine, and the count and countess of Anjou. Eleanor and Henry are more powerful than Luoise the 7th who only owns Paris (Eleanors old husband). Henry II of England comes to power because of a civil war in the family, creating the new angevin dynasty. In 1166 Henry II of England designated court officials to find criminals called sheriffs. But this was based entirely off of the accusations of others. Assize of Clarendon was made official royal council in 1166. All they needed was a suspicion of guilt to be accused. the separate secular and ecclesiastical courts had the same procedures except ecclesiastical courts didn't have the death penalty because clergy can't shed blood. As a result, clergymen couldn't be killed and could thus get away with serious crimes. Henry didn't like this because every crime was supposed to be against the king. He wanted clergy to come to the secular courts. In 1164 he issued the Constitutions of Clarendon, stating that all conflicts have to be treated in secular court. Clergy therefor had to go to both secular and ecclesiastical court. Thomas Becket was best friends with Henry and was made Archbishop through lay investiture. But he took the job very seriously and wanted to support the church not the king. He doesn't like the constitutions of claredon. This conflict got so bad that Becket had to leave for fear of his life. This conflict lasts 7 years. In 1170 Henry's knights kill Becket in his own church, and he is revered as a martyr. Henry had to back down and do penance. The pope orders him to never touch another clergymen. The canon law developed at universities led to this.

Hildegard of Bingen: c. 1098-1179

Hildegard had visions that led to art and music. She would have 1 voice that was a drone and other voices that move around the drone. Someone invented the musical staff in 1000 and there were 5 lines by the time Hildegard started writing. Benedictine abbess.

Honor

Honor is one of the chivalric virtues. Chivalry is the rise of honorable warfare between equals. Raiding and pillaging is looked down upon, so there are fewer fights to the death between nobility. Defeated enemies were taken hostage instead of killed. It was shameful to kill, and you earned honor by not killing. You could hold people for ransom and get money. Prisoners were shown hospitality and treated as guests. There was a catch and release policy amongst nobles. (for example the capture of richard the lionheart for ransom). the chivalric honor code was restricted to the upper classes, so people didnt have to be honorable to the lower classes or barbarians or pagans.

Couched Lance

Horse mounted soldiers in the 11th century with the invention of the stirrup changed the weapons they used. There was an increased use of spears in chivalric/cavalry warfare. there were 3 methods for fighting with a spear: (1) hold spear over head and throw it (2) hold spear over shoulder and stab downward (3) hold spear under arm and hold steady upward. The third method is known as a couched lance and was the most popular method in 1100. Couched means under arm, and lance means spear. couched lances made knights on horses more effective, because together they were one enormous projectile. Overtime, spears and lances increased in length because they could be heavier if they were held under the arm. This changed warfare because a foot soldier was no match for a mounted soldier. This led to an increase in armor technology.

Vinland

Icelanders keep going once Eric the Red discovers Greenland, and find Vinland Canada. Viking ships settle Newfoundland at L'Anse aux Meadows. Sagas tell us this happened. There are also remains of viking settlements there such as the Maine penny. Vinland was likely used as a base for exploration, where they went all over Canada. But then it was abandoned for a few years. The Maine penny is a penny from the King of Norway in the 11th century.

Illumination and Illuminated Manuscripts

Illumination refers to the use of color and precious metals (especially gold and silver) to decorate the pages of a manuscript. An illuminated manuscript is any manuscript that has colored or metallic decoration

Cistercian Monasticism

In 1095 Count monasteries are focusing entirely on prayer, and monks spend all of their time praying. They ritualize and regiment communal prayer. They reinterpret work from benediction rule as being prayer. This leads to Cluny's decline (1) monks needed to hire people to do labor because they were praying, so the church became employers of lay people, and Abbotts were feudal lords. (2) Cluny was so prestigious it got a lot of donations, and at first they gave the money away but the poor started getting rich so they then spent money on stuff. the monks were living a cushy easy life. in 1098 certain monks of cluny decide its not working and they find their own monastery in citeaux of france. They reject the excesses of cluny, and follow the original benedictian rule. They dress in all white, which is less expensive than the all black of the cluny monks. They emphasize simplicity, and spend less time on ritualized prayer. They spend a lot of time laboring and revive scholarship through reading religious texts. Cistercian churches were as simple as they could be. The architecture itself was beautiful enough. They adhered to romanesque architecture but rejected ornamentation.

Assize of Clarendon: 1166

Secular and Ecclesiastical Courts

In 1166 Henry II of England designated court officials to find criminals called sheriffs. But this was based entirely off of the accusations of others. Assize of Clarendon was made official royal council in 1166. All they needed was a suspicion of guilt to be accused. There were no rights for the accused, but it was effective at stopping crime. This allowed people in smaller positions to actually get justice against people exploiting them. From 1166 onwards secular courts had a lot of power. This allowed kings to exercise power, because these crimes were against the king. Ecclesiastical court was about canon law and passing judgement for sin. Ecclesiastical courts were religious offenses and were staffed by clergy. They ran the same way as secular courts. They had power over lay people for moral transgression or sin, and clergy for any kind of offense. the separate courts had the same procedures except ecclesiastical courts didn't have the death penalty because clergy can't shed blood. As a result, clergymen couldn't be killed and could thus get away with serious crimes.

Apprentice, Journeyman, Master

In feudal societies there were few options for women in advancement. Women have options in cities because businesses were centered in the home. Women can have their own businesses as entrepreneurs and merchants. Women in businesses were not problematic because... (1) businesses were heavily regulated by guilds. First you would start out as an apprentice, then become a journeyman, then be a master. Only once you were a master you could begin to apply for a guild. Women could train apprentices in family businesses such as baking and blacksmithing. (2) money

Ile-de-France

In france there were independent regions that were governed by individual nobles who held power. The Ile-de-france was the territory of the Capetian French kings, with Paris at its center. This was all the French monarchy owned, and thus they had little money and power. Ile-de-france was surrounded by vassals. Although the vassals had fealty and homage, they had more power than the kings. The king of England was technically a vassal to the French king. After the carolingians it is the only chunk of land the french king owns when philip augustus comes to power. Small territy around paris. Around it are larger territories owned by vassals to the french king. Philip augustus helps expand this.

University of Bologna

In the 11th century Justinian's law code was re-discovered (it consisted of every law code Justinian could find). It was the epitome of what law should be. They reproduced and adopted Justinian's law code to create complex law. This leade to the creation of Universities. The university of Bologna was focused on Canon law. They tried to make sense of how canon law should work. They tried to compile every piece of canon law ever to get a full understanding of the law of the church.

Black Death

In the 12th century there is the agricultural revolution that causes a population boom, and a shift to cities, and the rise of monetary economy and standard of living. In the 14th century there is a shift in climate and everything gets colder. as a result there is massive crop failure creating famine (1315-1317). The price of food increases, and even the rich were malnourished. The population declines and everyone has weakened immune systems. Plauges happen all of the time. Black Death/bubonic plague (1346-1353) was the worst plague ever in Western European history. It was carried by fleas from rodents to humans. The trade routes became a massive liability because thats where it would spread. Dense urban populations were hit first and hardest. Italy was the first, and then it spread west and north. There are continual outbreaks every 10-20 years. The initial epidemic cased 1/3 of europeans to die, and 1/2 of the urban populations. Victims would grow pustules and chances of survival were slim. The neumonic plague was airborne and killed people within three days of contraction. The economic effects included a decimated labor force, decrease in agriculture, decrease in the population boom from the 12th century. The social effects were that there wasn't enough places to bury the dead. there were burial pits. It was thus impossible to have a dignified Christian death, and priests would not handle the dead.

Roman Law

In the 12th century there was a re-discovery of Roman law. re-discovery of roman law, how it comes back into public law. Justinian's law is re-discovered. Have a model to follow for western states that are trying to centralize themselves under kingship. Rejuvinates practice of law and sets up universities. University of Bologna set up to study canon law and roman law.

Canonization

In the late middle age, the Pope began stamping sainthood. Before the 12th century people just thought you were a saint. But canonization was the officialization of saint hood. Philip the fair makes this happen for saint Louis IX through negotiation. Thomas Becket is canonized in 1173, three years after martyrdom in 1170. Canonization centralized church power and increased the popes power. Populations needed more proof than rumors of saints.

Mary of Oignies: lived 1177-1213

Jacque de Vitry wrote the hagiography of Mary fo Oignies and supported the beguines. Mary was the founder of the beguines She was married, and then decided to to become chaste with her husbands consent. She wants more asceticism so she becomes a hermit. She expresses her faith through crying. This is within the realm of femininity and it becomes part of her individual identity. Mary was a visionary and saw things during mass. She saw the bread turn into the body, which was the most orthodox thing. Mary was still in line with the correct belief, proving she was not a heretic. The pope doesn't make Mary a saint despite Jacques effort.

Church of the Holy Sepulcher

Jesus was buried in Jerusalem, and people wanted to see his tomb. The church of the holy sepulcher was built from 326-337. It was then expanded in the 12th century. It was built over the entire space of crucifixion. The problem was the Jerusalem was under Islamic control since 635. So it was an important Christian site that was under non-Christian control. Jerusalem was an important city for both muslims and jews too Christians were allowed to make a pilgrimage to Jerusalem and worship, but they had to pay a fee. This changed int he 11th century during the Seljuk turk expansion.

Joan of Arc: lived c. 1412-1431

Joan of Arc is a peasant girl. She has divine visions to save france. When she is 17 she gets an audience with the dauphin in 1429. She sees that God wants her to save france. The Dauphin entrusts the military to Joan, and she fixes the siege at the Orleans border within a week. The French drive the English away. The French then follow Joan from city to city and get victories. Joan does not fit the expectations for women at the time. She dresses like a boy in military dress and rides like a guy. This is a social class issue but she is respected by troops. She uses religious rhetoric effectively in a similar way to the crusades. She was renowned as a virgin, and she tried to make the army moral. She led the army to re-take Paris and then encourages the dauphin to neglect the treaty Troyes. In 1429 the dauphin makes himself king. The dauphin wonders if he needs Joan at all, creating tension. In 1430 Joan was captured by the duke of Burgundy. He tries to sell her to the dauphin, but Charles VII says he doesn't want her. He then sells her to the English who try her as a heretic for making up visions and wearing boys clothing. When she is being is being tortured she admits she is making everything up and then immediately takes it back. The English then justly execute her and burn her at the stake in 1431. The Pope reverses her declaration of heresy and in 1920 she becomes a saint. we get someone like Joan because there are new economic opportunities for peasants. There are new forms of piety which allows lay people to be able to rise to saintly ranks. There is emphasis on Christian conformity, so Joan is too individualistic, This is not okay in England, and is a clear illustration of how the inquisition evolved.

Knights of the Round Table

King Arthur was depicted as the perfect chivalric king. He had equality at court, so had everyone sitting at a round table so no one had a high seat.

Magna Carta: 1215

King John of England wanted to invade france to stop Philip Augustus, but this was an unpopular idea in the 1200's. The taxes John put in place were entirely new. the people and things that were being taxed had never been taxed before. The barons/nobles were especially in opposition. in 1214 John has enough money to assemble an army. He pays for mercenaries and ships, spending everything he's collected. But his army is completely whipped out in france, wasting all of the taxes. In 1215 the barons conduct a military revolt and force John to accept their demands in the Magna Carta. The Magna Carta is also known as the great charter. It is the foundation of the modern legal system, and is a royal document signed by king John but written by the barons at Runnymede. It declares that the king is not above the law. (1) the king won't impose new taxes or depart from traditional customs of rulership. (2) the king won't take away rights of the people. (3) the king must ensure law and justice are upheld for everyone. This gave the nobles bargaining power and set a precedent for parliament. The democratic tools set out in the Magna Carta are still in use today. This written text was powerful and diluted the power of the king.

King John of England: r. 1199-1216

King John was a horrible king. He was the youngest son of Eleanor of Aquitaine and King Henry II of England, and had to wait awhile to become king. The Angevin dynasty had land holdings in france (normandy, Anjou, and aquitaine) and England, creating a large empire. They were able to hold the property together, but it falls apart in Richard the lionharts reign due to his involvement in the 3rd crusade. Richard draws on Englands resources through the Saladin tax, and that tax is continued after the crusade. Richard is captured on the way home from the crusade and asks for John to pay his ransom. This bankrupts England. Philip II "Augustus" of France therefore chips away at Angevin lands. When John comes to power there is no money so he taxes everyone and everything. He requires money from the nobles/barons instead of feudal military service. He also taxes widows and common people. John wanted to invade france to stop Philip Augustus, but this was an unpopular idea in the 1200's. The taxes John put in place were entirely new. the people and things that were being taxed had never been taxed before. The barons/nobles were especially in opposition. in 1214 John has enough money to assemble an army. He pays for mercenaries and ships, spending everything he's collected. But his army is completely whipped out in france, wasting all of the taxes. In 1215 the barons conduct a military revolt and force John to accept their demands in the Magna Carta.

King Louis IX of France: r. 1226-1270

King Louis IX died in the crusade. He has a reputation of a good Christian and was eventually recognized as a Saint by the Pope. He was the most pious king of france. He acquired the crown of thorns relic from Constantinople by buying it from the emporer. He brings is back to france, showing his willingness to pay a lot for the souls of his subjects. The crown was symbolic for King Louis IX because it was associated with kingship and Christs suffering. He builds Saint-Chapelle to house the crown. He was a good administrator that added government officials to delegate, thus centralizing his authority. He rendered justice among ordinary people, unlike King John of England who was not interested in common people. He reminds people of Charlemagne because he helped subjects identify themselves as a kingdom. However Louise was more beuqacratic and had more control of his underlings. This increased power that Louise created led to a stable royal government.

Sainte-Chapelle: 1248

King Louise IX of France acquired the crown of thorns relic from Constantinople by buying it from the emporer. He brings is back to france, showing his willingness to pay a lot for the souls of his subjects. He builds Saint-Chapelle to house the crown to serve as a reliquary. Sainte-Chapelle was made to look like a jewel box.

King Philip IV "the Fair" of France: r. 1285-1314

King Philip IV was the grandson of King/Saint Louise IX of France. He tried to continue Louise legacy by centralizing government and doing demonstrative piety. In 1297 he petitioned the Pope to make Louise a saint. He expanded royal territory and more than doubled the land through purchasing land or taking it by military means. This was very expensive. To do these he (1) expelled all of the Jews from France in 1306. This happened in other kingdoms too, but this was the biggest expellation ever. The Jews land was then forfeited to the crown. This was a land grab dressed up as a religious action. (2) The knights of templar were monk/warrior knights that defended the land. When Acre fell and the crusades ended they came to france wealthy and became secretive and suspicious. In 1307 Philip accuses them of sins and confiscates their property. In 1312 he dissolves the order, and in 1314 he burned alive any members who refused to dissolve. All of their money went to the crown. (3) Philip raised normal taxes, and in 1296 he started taxing churches. This was a sort of reciprocity because the king protects the church. However, the 4th lateran council declared that the church should not be taxed. This creates conflict with Pope Boniface VIII. Philip wants control of the church courts, creating another conflict with Pope Boniface VIII who administers the unam sanctum. However Philip kidnaps boniface for three days, causing him to back down. Church leaders realized Philip was a threat and tried to befriend him by electing a French pope. The bishop of Bordeaux became Pope Clement the 5th.

King Richard II of England: r.1377-1399

King Richard II of England was just a teenager and he decided to negotiate with the peasants rebellion. The rebels have two demands (1) abolish serfdom, allowing everyone to get a wage (2) grant general amnesty for people that participated in the peasants revolt. Richard tells them they have won, leads them outside of London and locks them out. He then orders the deaths of the leaders of the revolt. The rebels back down and the king offers pardons to everyone who has survived. But they have to pay the king a fine and promise to never do it again.

Domesday Book: 1086-1087

King William I "the conqueror" catalogues and lists all property in England. He sends royal representatives to take a census, creating the domesday book. This is the first time historians have an economic picture in England. According to the anglo-saxon chronicle the Anglo-saxons hated this. They thought it to be intrusive and aggressive. The book was given its name by the anglo-saxons, and were very insulted. This was a pivotal moment in literacy. Before most documents were created by the church. This text was used as a tool of the secular government. The new mode of government action included written texts. Before texts were just partially reliable and peoples testimony were the truth. After 1066 documents takes the place as witnesses. The anglo-saxons thought that William didn't trust them. This was most likely a resistance to new technology. Before kings authority came from a physical person, now documents fulfilled this role. Kings could govern from home. This led to the development of royal seals to stand in for the king. This created a text based bureaucracy.

Tournament

Knights needed to train, leading to the development of tournaments. Tournaments were fake battles to practice fighting skills with other knights. Although they used blunted weapons tournaments were still dangerous. They used both swords and couched lances. There were either one on one tournaments or fake battles. The fake battles were more popular. Tournaments were widely attended and became social events. There was a big gap between exercises and actual battle.

Latins

Latins were Western European fighters. There were tensions between the byzantines and Latins because of the peoples crusade.

English peasants rebellion: 1381

Most people died from the plague, but if you survived the plague you were in an okay position. There was an immediate shortage of labour in cities and vacancies in guilds. There was also a decreased number of serfs in the rural areas, so serfs could demand actual wages. This created class tension because lords and vassals were not excited about this, and guilds didn't want to take some people. The result was violence. The English peasants rebellion was in response to the post plague economy. In the 1370s the English nobility decided not to pay serfs, so they pressed taxes on poor to cancel out the wages. Also the nobles placed caps on the wages of serfs to be not anymore than what they were before the plague. In 1381 small local uprisings grew and started converging in London. They rioted and burned stuff as they tried to gain control of the city. They killed people that looked rich, important, and foreign. This was the lower class vs. the upper class. They were respectful towards the monarchy. King Richard II of England was just a teenager and he decided to negotiate with the rebels. The rebels have two demands (1) abolish serfdom, allowing everyone to get a wage (2) grant general amnesty for people that participated in the peasants revolt. Richard tells them they have won, leads them outside of London and locks them out. He then orders the deaths of the leaders of the revolt. The rebels back down and the king offers pardons to everyone who has survived. But they have to pay the king a fine and promise to never do it again. The upper class realizes they can't be so oppressive because the lower class is a force. They end up moderating taxes and the serfs are able to negotiate slightly better wages. This is the beginning of the feudal hierarchy breaking down.

Motet

Motets came about in the 13th century and means 3 or more voices (multi voiced polyphony). This began as church music exclusively, then it was adapted for secular songs.

The song of Roland: Composed c. 1000

Narrates the battle of rencevals (778). Roland is Charlemagnes nephew. This song is historical fiction. Roland leads against muslims and is enjoying war. This is a 100% just war. Roland has a good time killing, but he might have wanted to do penance. Roland is a romanticized account of a tragic hero. Rolands army was demolished because he was being punished for his sins and God wasn't on their side. This is therefor a morality tale, because if the franks were better Christians they would have survived. But christians needed to defend Christianity from non-Christians so this was greater than any sin. This idea attracts a lot of people and they go to islamic al andalusite.

Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris

Notre Dame was Gothic. It used height and light. It had flying buttresses. They had windows bigger than ever, and were double storied.

Olaf Tryggvason, King of the Norwegians: r. 995-1000

Olaf fights off the dains and becomes the king of Norway. He began as a viking raider. Olaf rallied earls to his cause. He spent most of his reign fighting off Danish rulers and becomes very famous. Olaf is firmly Christian, and he made the conversion to Christianity an official policy. He established churches and placed bishops in office and took their advice. He understood how to make Christianity work as a political tool. Olaf was killed in battle while fighting the Danes. He is remembered as the king who brought Christianity.

Scandinavian Earls

One of the reasons vikings may have begun raiding was because of a shift in the political landscape of Scandinavia. Scandinavia was a patchwork of small territories ruled by earls. earls were nobles of Scandinavia. This was similar to post Carolingian Europe. Before 800, there were no Scandinavian kings. In 800, earldoms (or noble territories) shifted and coalesced allowing more powerful local leaders to take over more territories. Raiding allowed earls to establish themselves as leaders and acquire wealth. This resulted in the emergence of cohesive kingdoms, and strong war leaders. in 900 you see individual families hold kingships across generations. They wanted to emulate European territory kings. the first earl to become king of Norway and unify the kingdom was Herald Fairhair. He made the other earls pledge allegiance and pay tribute to him.

Penance

Penance counterbalances sin. You could pray or fast for penance, but for really bad sins you had to make a pilgrimage. The saint/church at the end of the pilgrimage would absolve you from sin. In the 10th and 11th centuries knights and lords went to Santiago for penance. This is the same time the peace movement is taking off, so the knights absolve themselves of killing. It is new that people feel guilty for killing. New authors modify augustins just war view because there is deep discomfort with killing in battle. There are now instructions for soldiers to do penance in warfare. Killing in war is less of a problem than normal killing but it is still a problem, after the battle of Hastings (1066) the pope issued a penance for anglo saxons even though the pope authorized the invasion. This was because it was better to be safe than sorry. wartime penance was how people reconciled war and religion. People liked fighting and stories of warfare were exciting. When the popes declare that dying while killing a non-christian with help you go to heaven and absolve your sin, they make battling an act of penance.

Fabliaux

People began showing anti-clerical sentiment after the administration of the papal bull unam sanctum. Churches were exerting more control over peoples lives, and increasing their wealth. there was a resistance to the idea that salvation only comes from the pope. This was not-anti Christianity, rather dissatisfaction with representatives of the church. Fabliaux was making fun of the clergy. It included parodies/sature and engaged stereotypes of bad priests. It demystified the clergy. Fabliaux is old French vernacular literature. Fabliaux originated in northern france. Popular entertainment. Short, humerous poems meant to make people laugh Poked fun at preists. Rhyming couplets

Polyphony

People started to add more voices with more ornament to plainchant creating polyphony. Polyphony means multiple voices. These were often improvised. 11th century polyphony was formalized with notation.

Krak des Chevaliers

People who come to the east for the crusades stay there and settle. Kings and queens go home, but there are enough people there to hold the crusader kingdoms. They construct western style castles to proclaim there authority and that they're there to stay. Krak des Chevaliers is in Syria, and it was originally built in 1030, but was expanded by crusaders. People adapt to the Muslim lifestyle in a similar way of al andalus. Westerenrs are aware of the transformation and still write in Latin, maintaining a middle ground. The Muslims think that the settlers are better than the crusaders, but they are a reminder that the land was taken and the conquest needs to be undone.

Peter Abelard: 1079-1142

Peter Abelard was the most famous scholar of the 12th century. He wrote the history of my misfortunes. The university of Paris focused on theology and Abelard was a theologian and was charismatic. He introduced a new style of teaching that included discussion, analysis, and debate. This was called the dialectic method (academic debate). he wrote sic et non (yes and no) which was a written work of dialectic where he investigated the contradictions in the Bible. He argued both sides. It was similar to ration, but instead of having a definitive answer it left things open. Many people hated Abelard, including Bernard of Clairvioux. Abelard had a love affair with his private student Helloise. He values her mind, not her beauty. He meditates on her like courtly love, and decides she's worthy. She gets pregnant and her uncle who hired Abelard feels betrayed. Her uncle hires people to catrate Abelard and Heloise becomes a nun. The pair never see each other again but they write to each other for the rest of their lives. In this story you see the convergence of courtly love, urbanization, and universities.

Dialectic Method

Demonstrative Piety

Philip II "Augusts" of france makes sure he remains in power by using demonstrative piety as a political strategy. This is showing off christianity. he does this by patronizing churches. It is flamboyant Christianity. Charlemagne did this. Saint Louise brought the crown of thorns. Philip Augustus participated in the first crusade. The crusades were the number one form of piety for kings.

Papal Bull: Unam Sanctum: 1302

Philip IV "the Fair" of France raised normal taxes, and in 1296 he started taxing churches in order to buy more land and expand the kingdom. This was a sort of reciprocity because the king protects the church. However, the 4th lateran council declared that the church should not be taxed. Pope Boniface the VIII administers a papal bull (official canon law) stating that the church was independent of kings. Philip IV then closed the French borders, and money typically sent to Rome was not allowed to leave. Boniface backs down. In 1301, Philip wants to control the church courts. Pope Boniface VIII administers a second papal bull, the Unam Sanctum. This states that if you want to get into heaven, you have to do what the church says. In 1302 Philip IV takes the pope captive for three days to show his force, causing the pope to lose all credibility. French subjects side with the king, which is different than the investiture controversy. This illustrates the rising importance of the French monarchy and anti-clerical senitment.

Pope Boniface VIII: r. 1294-1303

Troubadour

Poets and musicians, singing in old Occitan, the vernacular of the region. Troubadours are singers and poets in the 12th century. They were considered rockstars. They wrote and performed in the earliest secular vernacular, before church music. Troubadours first emerge in southern France and they were influenced by al-andalus. courtly love and troubadour poetry was likely masoginistic. But it is more likely that it was an attempt to place romantic love into a familiar form. Women function as the feudal lord and man functions as the vassal. Women were placed on a pedestal and man devotes himself to her entirely.

Peter the Hermit

People's Crusade (a.k.a. Peasants' Crusade): 1096

Pope Urban II wanted people to fo home and garage their affairs before leaving for the crusade in August. But the fact that the pilgrimage was a forgiveness of sins drew everyone to call. A bunch of rogue preachers popped up who got people to go on the crusade whether they were ready or not. Peter the hermit preached exercises and miracles. He urged people to leave before the official start date in April. He led 1,000s of poor, women, and children fighters from Germany to the Middle East creating the peoples crusade. They got easily distracted and realized that Germany was full of Jews under the protection of the king and living in peace. The peoples crusade slaughters them (Rhineland of Germany). This allows them to fund the trip. German bishops try to protect the Jews, and Pope Urban says that the Jews are under his protection. The people then go on to the Middle East. They arrive in constantinople, confusing emperor Alexius because they're early, starving, and not warriors. They steal stuff. Alexius takes care of them and asked them to wait. The people crusade gets restless and one group makes a successful raid on the turks. More groups try to raid but are wiped out. The turks lure the peoples crusade into their camp and they are all killed in 1096. This is a public relations disaster and Alexius thinks the west is crazy.

Inquisition

Populations needed more proof than rumors of saints for canonization. The Pope would send out representatives to investigate saints for evidence of sanctity. This was the same way courts were working. The pope would then decide if they deserved canonization. The inquisition was founded in the 12th century. The Inquisition would ask around to prove people were saints to help their canonization. Their second job was to find heretics. Heretics were people not practicing Christianity properly. The inquisitions goal was to arrest and try them in ecclesiastical court. The job to find heretics becomes more pronounced. At first they find people by questioning but then they start to use torture, coercion and execution. This becomes a legitimate means to seek out heresy. The goal is to get a confession, and the punishment is burning. This is an earthly punishment for a spiritual offense, and is an acceptable practice. The inquisition therefor expands upon its original role.

St. James the Apostle: died 44 CE

Saint James was an aposte, or one of the 12 original followed of Jesus. He preached in Spain, but his body disappeared. In the 9th century a christian hermit has a vision of st. James, who tells him where the body is by a beam of light. A church is then built to house the relics of st. James (Santiago de Compostela). This was a sketchy story, but it doesn't matter from a medieval perspective. saint James begins to be recognized as a warrior saint because of reconquista. He is known as "Santiago matamoros" meaning st. James the warrior. Warfare and christianity are therefore joined and approved by the clergy.

Spanish Inquisition: begun 1478

Spain is in its final stages of Reconquista when Joan of Arc dies. In 1236 the Umayyad capital falls. In the late 13th century only Granada is left of Muslim Spain. At the end of the 13th century there are only 2 christian kingdoms in Spain with two separate monarch, but they unite in 1469 with a marriage. They decide to drive out the muslims so the reconquista is complete. They want complete conformity to Christianity, and have no Jews. The new Spanish policy towards jews is to convert or leave. They wanted to root out the fakers. in 1478 they call the Inquisition. The inquisition began with the papacy and then becomes closely tied with the Spanish monarchy. It is all made up of clergy, but the royal agents are the ones that brought people in and executed them. The irony was that only with the rise of strong monarchies could you have something like the inquisitions torture.

Franciscan Friars

St. Francis of Assisi wanders around Italy preaching and creates a set of rules for his disciples to follow (called Fransciscan rules). Voluntary poverty is called the mendicant movement. Francis and his followers survived by begging. They were forbidden from accepting money because money was evil. They wanted to imitate the gospels. They don't try to find hidden meaning in them. Began by st. francis of Assizi. He gave up all of his clothes and he could ask for everything but money. It is religious / voluntary poverty. Wanted to be poor like Christ and the apostles. They set themeselves up as examples for the population. People were more willing to give charity to the poor. Seen as extremely pure. Basis for franciscans.

Swein Forkbeard, King of Denmark: r. 987-1014

Swein was the son of Herald Bluetooth, and killed Herald in 987 making himself the king. Swein tried to conquer Norway and wanted to conquer England. He started viking raids in England with his son Cnut. This created the second wave of viking raids in England in the 990's, causing enormous damage. The first wave was small bands of raiders, but the second wave was a king with an army. These raids threatened the integrity of England. in 1012, Aethelred kills the Archbishop of Canterbury who is the most important clergy men After forcing Aethelred from England, Swein rules England between 1013-1014.

Fairs

The Roman Empire was urban and cities were administrative. When there was a breakdown of the empire there was no longer long distance trade and the west was isolated. Populations moved to the countryside, and money lost its value. Wealth therefor meant land and was the basis for the feudal hierarchy. The feudal hierarchy was focused on manors with villages around them. These were self sustaining and closed to outsiders. Serfs provided food, but everything they made went to the lord. There was little left over for the serfs and there was not much trade. in the 12th century there were technological developments creating the agricultural revolution. There is now a surplus of food, but still the same fixed amounts given to the lords. A trade economy emerges at the local level creating village markets. There is an increased quality of life at the lowest level of society, and you see profits at the markets. Coins therefor have more value and people can buy luxury goods. This creates long distance trade within Western Europe. luxury goods for richer clientele creates fairs such as the Abbey of saint-denim in Paris. You had to pay the abbey to buy or sell goods. Fairs become more permanent and they build permanent structures. This creates the beginning of towns.

Seljuk Turks

The Seljuk turks expanded in the 11th century. They were muslim but not Arab. They displaced Arab rule in the Middle East and took control of Jerusalem. They thought the earlier dynasties were too lax and shut down Christian pilgrimage, attacked pilgrims, and destroyed churches. However, they lost money from this so they re-allowed the Christian pilgrimage, but by that time the Christians were scared. The Seljuks wanted Byzantium and Constantinople.

Battle of Agincourt: 1415

The battle of Agincourt was a pivotal moment for Henry V of Englands reighn. It took place outside of Paris. Paris was the headquarter of the French monarchy. Shakespear wrote Henry V and used the battle of as a point of national pride. Henry V goes to battle, which was unusual for kings at the time, and it shows affection for his men. On the eve of the battle it is not going well for the English. They had a hard time getting to Paris, dysentary killed a bunch of the troops, they were outnumbered by the French 3:1. French used a cavalry charge. This benefitted the English because the battlefield was narrow so the charge was squished, there were wet days leading up to the battle making the field slippery and the cavalry slow. The English used long bows and surrounded the French. 7,000 French died whereas only 400 English died.

Battle of Manzikert: 1071

The battle of manzikert was between the Seljuk turks and the Byzantium army in turkey. The Seljuks wanted Byzantium and Constantinople. The Byzantine army pulled out everything they had, but the Seljuks won. The emperor of Byzantium was captured and forced to surrender land. Only the walls around Constantinople protected it. The war eliminated the Byzantium army so there was no one left to protect Constantinople. The Byzantines never asked for the wests help because they considered the west to be barbarian states, and the great schism of 1054.

King Harold Godwinson of England: r.1066-1066

The brother in law of king Edward the Confessor of England. Harold is a trusted advisor to Edward. When Edward dies he has no sons, and the English nobles decide that Harold should be the new king. The coronation of Harold is in 1066. Apparently, Edward sent Harold Godwinson as a messenger to William, telling William that he would be Edwards heir. Harold swore an oath to William to never oppose him. Harold had a younger brother named Tostig who attacked Harold with the king of Norway. Harold defeated them at the Stanford bridge in 1066, believing that his reign is secure. After the battle of Stanford bridge (1066) between Harold and his brother Tostig, William arrives in Southern England. Herald doesn't give his troops time to rest and sends them south 250 miles to Hastings. The Anglo-Saxons (Herald) succumb to the normans. A lot of Anglo-Saxons including herald die.

Pilgrimage

The camino De Santiago to Santiago de Compostela to see the relics of saint James the apostle was the second most important pilgrimage next to Rome. It was an act of christian piety to see the apostle, and you may have a miracle, healing, or improve your should. It was also an excuse to see the world. People would brag about seeing the apostle, and receive a pilgrimage badge, which is an emblem that you achieved the pilgrimage. The badge for saint James was a scallop. It was a hard journey to Santiago, expensive and dangerous. There was an upswing in pilgrimage to Santiago in 1000. This coincided with a rise in of violence in Europe in response to just war, the peace movement, and chivalric norms. The most important pilgrimage site in the world was Jerusalem because it was where Jesus lived and died. Pilgrimage shifts to Jerusalem in the 11th century.

Eleanor of Aquitaine: Lived c. 1122-1204

The capetian dynasty in france has weak kings. Most nobles are more powerful and more wealthy than the kings. in the 1100's the king of france gains power due to the power of eleanor of aquitaine. She is the duchy of aquitaine which is the largest territory in france. She is the granddaughter of William IX, and her father is william X. William X had no sons so eleanor inherited the most valuable peace of property in western europe. Everyone wants to marry eleanor and she plays people off of each other. In 1137 she marries the son of the Capetian king in france. The capetian king of france making the pair king and queen of france when they are teenagers. The pair only have daughters. They ask for a divorce from the Pope and he agrees. Eleanor still owns aquitaine and marries the son of the count of Anjou. Henry is made king of England, so Eleanor becomes queen, consolidating her power. They are the king and queen of England, the duke and duchess of Normandy and aquitaine, and the count and countess of Anjou. Eleanor and Henry are more powerful than Luoise the 7th who only owns Paris (Eleanors old husband). Eleanor is given a lot of responsibility in England. Together they had 7 surviving kids. Their oldest son Henry tries to overthrow his father and Eleanor sides with her son. The king defeats his son and locks Eleanor in prison. When the oldest son dies, the younger sons rebel against the king until he dies. Richard becomes king, and then John. Eleanor is still alive and does a lot of advising to her sons. When she's old, she goes home to France. Eleanor transformed royal power in England and France. Many people hated Eleanor because women at the time weren't supposed to be doing what she did. She was the most prominent patron of courtly literature and cultivated a literary environment.

Bayeux Tapestry: 1080s

The conquer of the Normans after Edward the confessor dies is illustrated in the Bayeux tapestry. It embroidered in England in the 1080's. It is 20 feet high and 230 feet long. the tapestry also documented fighting with spears.

Santiago de Compostela

The crusading movement was an exodus of warriors thought to be just and righteous. Al andalus was dominated by a relationship between sephardic jews, Umayyad muslims, and Mozarabic Christians (convivencia). Outside of al andalusite, it was very different. The north of Spain was christian like the rest of Western Europe, and were suspicious of islam. Santiago = saint James, compostela = starfield. This was a town built around a church that housed the recurs of saint James the apostle. It was in the northern christian kingdom above al andalusite. The cathedral begun in 1078. New generations add to the cathedral. There were few places outside of Rome with an apostle. Christian Spain gained a lot more attention. It became the second most important sight of pilgrimage next to Rome (camino de Santiago). This is next to the only non-Christian territory in western Europe. There is therefor an enemy across the border, and there is fear in northern Spain that islam would try to expand.

Dance of death

The dance of death was a fresco by Janez of Kastav (1490). It shows skeletons leading people to death. It is at the Church of the holy trinity in Hrastovlje, Slovenia. It depicts the idea that death is the great equalizer. It is about the bubonic plague/Black Death. The dance of death became a popular artistic motif of the living be led away by their future dead bodies. The dance of death was shown in the Nuremberg chronicle.

Dauphin

The dauphin is the crown prince/heir to the throne of france. After the battle of Agincourt, the dauphin (Charles VII) is disinherited by the treaty of Troyes. In 1422 Charles VI and Henry V die. This creates a complete change in personal. The dauphin (Charles VII) is a grown man and Henry V kid (Henry VI) is a baby. This is not sustainable for the treaty of Troyes to be upheld. Things start to look up for france. Joan of Arc encourages the dauphin to neglect the treaty Troyes. In 1429 the dauphin makes himself king. The dauphin wonders if he needs Joan at all, creating tension.

King Charles VII of France: r. 1422/1429-1461

Gratian, Decretum: c. 1140

The decretum is the most important piece of canon law ever. It was a collection of all of the canon law ever made. It was not a list, but rather structured around important theological questions. He offers all of the data and then provides a cohesive answer. This was the first time that canon law was brought together in one place and offered answers. It was set up so future scholars could continue adding. The additions were around the middle of pages and called a gloss (expansion upon a written text). Gratian was the guy.

Harald Bluetooth, King of the Danes: r. 958-987

The earliest king of Denmark was Gorm the old. His son was Herald Bluetooth. Herald was a raider and a good warrior. He set up the Jelling monument which was an enormous runestone to memorialize Heralds success and family. It was in memory of his father Gorm and mother There. The rhinestone was a dynastic monument that allowed Herald to gain legitimacy by promoting his parent and claiming his descent. The stone had runic writing. There is a depiction of the crucificxion of christ on the stone. Herald wanted to seem like he was born a leader because at the bottom of the stone it says Herald of Norway and Denmark. He established the Danish dynasty. Herald won himself both Norway and Denmark through military conquests. Most Norwegian earls had to pay herald tribute. Herald killed other kings and expanded territory, even though that territory only lasted 1 generation. In the year 1000, Norway and Denmark pull apart.

Romanesque

The first buildings to be stone were churches because they were meant to last. Stone will stand out indicating how special the building the is, and it takes labor and expense indicating prestige. To evoke authority they re-used Roman stone to create a link with the Roman Empire. The churches were small, boxy, and narrow to create an enhanced spiritual experience that was different from day to day life. This was called post and lintel construction. In the mid 900s romanesque architecture emerged. It had curved arches so they could build taller. These were used for decoration and support. They used double symmetrical towers.

Four horsemen of the apocalypse

The four horsemen are from the book of revelations. They foreshadow judgement day. They are an artistic motif. After the plague it became more meaningful and their depictions more dramatic. They served as metaphors of death, famine, pestilence, and war. The horseman of death had a large role, because it seemed real and scary. the other horseman also became more clearly defined. The horseman of war became important because there were uprisings in response to the Black Death (the English peasants rebellion 1381) and there was war coinciding with Black Death (the hundred year war 1337-1453).

Pope Innocent III: r. 1198-1216

Fourth crusade: 1198-1204

The fourth crusade is Pope Innocent the III's idea. He looks at what went wrong and decides that it was a good idea to cut off aid to Jerusalem from Egypt. They decide to go by sea. They need ships which they order from Venice because the premier chipmakers are there. They commission 1,000 boats. But the crusaders don't want to pay them. They fight in Venice until they come up with a deal. Venice wanted Zara city, but Zara was a Christian city under protection of the Pope. The Crusaders then kill a bunch of Christians for Zara, which makes Pope Innocent mad. Prince Alexius of Byzantium shows up at the crusader camp. He wants the crusaders to help re-take Constantinople. He is crowned emperor in 1203. He pays the crusaders half of the promised sum, and can't raise the rest of the money. The crusaders then raid the countryside. The people of Constantinople kill emperor Alexius in 1204. The crusaders go nuts, and they attack Constantinople in 1204. Then everyone foes home.

Fourth Lateran Council: 1215

The fourth lateran council went over canon law. Canon law is the law of the church. Canons are individual clauses. It was a meeting of Clergymen. They circulated the meetings proceedings. Before the council canon law were in small bits of things such as letters written by bishops, so it was hard to find rulings. At the Council there was a desire to be comprehensive and universal for the clergy, pope and the spiritual obligations of the laity. It was important that everyone went to confession at least once a year. the implication for this was that you could not go to heaven unless you confessed regularly. You had to remember all of your sins and understand them. One time a year, you had to go to mass and take the eucharist. People didn't fo to church often and there was debate over what the eucharist was. They stated that the bread and wine were the literal body and blood of Christ. When they raised the bread and blood there was spiritual transformation. You had to believe in this to get to heaven. Only the priest could effect transubstantiation. from these you needed the church to get to heaven. They also required lay Christians are active about their faith. They also came up with other things like restrictions on jews and muslims and marriage was a sacrament.

Transubstantiation

Plainchant (a.k.a. Gregorian chant)

The main objective was to create a spiritual experience in church that was different from everyday life. The mass always had music and the Christian mass was in song. There was variation in how they sang prayers because music was passed down orally. Charlemagne and the Carolingian renaissance recorded and standardized church music, and began to start writing it down. A bunch of dots and slashes made up neumes which indicated relative pitch. The earliest midivil music was plainchant. You would start with one voice and other voices would come in and chant in unison. Plainchant dominated for centuries.

Mongol Empire

The new Mongol empire from Central Asia pushes west. The mongol empire bumps up against Constantinople. In the 1220's they start migrating and move very fast. At first the europeans are very intrigued. They get excited about their expansion because they take Muslim territory and opens up trade routes. Westerners also open up their own trade routes. They believe the Mongols are Christians coming home. When they find out this is not true, they try to convert them. The Mongols then start encroaching on Western Europe and convert to Islam. People then become nervous about the Mongols. This coincides with the end of the middle eastern crusade.

St. Francis of Assisi: Lived 1182-1226

The new monetary economy of cities and the Borgeoisie made people nervous. Money seemed dangerous. How could you be a good Christian and have coin money? They decided to give money away to help others. Charity makes this wealth okay (alms-giving). This is not a new idea, but it has a new urgency. People in cities got rich fast. Urban poverty was a new kind of poverty. There was disease and starvation, and no one was obligated to help. Merchants and guilds stopped admitting new people because they were too full, causing an increase in poverty. St. Francis was raised in an urban economy and was Italian. He sells everything and offers the money to a monastery, but the monastery throws it out. He then studies in that monastery, but wants to make a difference in the world so he goes back home. his dad disowns him because of money. This is a public ceremony. But Francis disowns his father and gives his clothes to his dad because he's a cloth merchant. Francis then adopted a life of poverty. He rejects money and his family to literally imitate Christ. He wanders Italy preaching. Francis is really good friends with animals. He is known for the stigmata which is the holes in his hands and feet. He is overwhelmingly popular. He is canonized just two years after his death. Francis is orthodox and allows the Bourgeusie to think differently about poverty. They become accustomed to giving because it is a way to get into heaven.

King Arthur

The problem with chivalry was that knights would rarely live up to the standards. Instead they had the fictional knight of King Arthur and his court. King Arthur was a 5th or 6th century British warlord that disappeared for 600 years and then was reinvented in the 12th century as a chivalric knight. He was depicted as the perfect chivalric king. Arthur became a massive genre because it was not as boring to read as handbooks, but still provided ways to act and instruction. Arthur was exemplary and entertaining, and people would imitate him. The Arthurian universe was depicted as the perfect utopia of a chivalric world. Gwenivere and Lancelot breach fealty which is a violation of the chivalric and feudal code. Arthur had fans such as Edward III of England who tried to revive Camelot.

Bourgeoisie

The rise of cities created a coin driven monetary economy. Transactions were anonymous so you needed a stable coin. In the early Middle Ages money was negligible. But in the 13th century there were larger coins. This created a new class of rich people with wealth that was not based on land. The urban money didn't fit into feudal roles. This new urban middle class was called the Borgeoisie.

Rose Window

The rose windows were stained glass windows in Notre Dam cathedral. they were made up of tons of tiny images, so that when light passed through them it passed through images of the saints.

Gothic Script

The script used in the manuscripts we're looking at today! Gothic script emerged in the late 12th century, around the same time as Gothic architecture. It continued to be used and developed through the 16th century—and beyond (on modern newspaper mastheads, for example)

King Richard I "the lionheart" of England: r. 1189-1199

Third crusade: 1187-1193

The second crusade was a failure but made royalty want to go, and it was almost seen as a requirement. King Phillip II and King Richard I both had crusading parents, and so they heard about the crusades for their entire lives. Richard and Phillip were in a land dispute and Pope intervened because it was so bad. They both had to take the cross together and go on a crusade. the 3rd crusade had enormous support because they had to re-capture Jerusalem, and people wanted to re-live the first crusade. For the first time, they had a real effective military general: Richard. Richard was a good general and was charismatic. He used his popularity too raise support and money in England. He had the Saladin tax, which people paid with enthusiasm but bankrupted England. the city fo Acre was the first stop of the 3rd crusade. There is no progress there until Richard arrives. They take the city and Acre surrenders. The negotiation is that the kings get the city and a lot of money. Until they get the money, they take hostages. They wait for Saladin to get them the money, but they get antsy so they kill everyone. This works by crusader logic because they are taking vengeance for the death of Christians. This terrified Muslims and made the crusader progress easier afterwards. The massacre got a lot of support from the Christians back home because they were doing Gods work. Philip is in the backseat of the crusade and decides to go home after the seige of antioch. Things fall apart on the way to Jerusalem. Richards idea is to cut of Saladins reinforcements in Egypt and approach Jerusalem from the south but the armies say no. They could not take Jerusalem and the end result is a truce. Christians could keep the re-captured cities and territories and Saladin keeps Jerusalem. The armies go home, and a few months later Saladin dies, and they could have taken it. There was therefor mixed success. They didn't take Jerusalem but there was still a latin presence in the east.

King Philip II "Augustus" of France: r. 1180-1223

Peace of God: 989

Truce of God: 1041

The two big problems with the three orders of society were that a feud was an unjust war for personal gain. As a result, everyones souls were in danger. Also those who work and pray were in the cross fires of feuds. So the casualties were churchmen and laborers. This led to a the grassroots movement in western europe called the peace movement. This occurred in the late 900s and emerges to oppose the violence wreaking havoc among the two lower levels of the order of society. The 2 lower levels decide to push back against those who fight and demand that the lords make peace. The truce of God stated that you would be excommunicated if you fought between sundown on wednesday and sunrise on Monday, or if you fought on holidays or during advent or lent. This was to try to make people value their soul more than fighting. At first this was welcomed and supported by nobles, but soon they found other excuses to fight. The peace movement didn't really work, but it did raise awareness that it was a Christian obligation and that unjust wars endanger everyone's soul.

Peace movement

The two big problems with the three orders of society were that a feud was an unjust war for personal gain. As a result, everyones souls were in danger. Also those who work and pray were in the cross fires of feuds. So the casualties were churchmen and laborers. This led to a the grassroots movement in western europe called the peace movement. This occurred in the late 900s and emerges to oppose the violence wreaking havoc among the two lower levels of the order of society. The 2 lower levels decide to push back against those who fight and demand that the lords make peace. There were large gatherings, or peace councils that formed in fields with thousands of people. The clergy played a prominent role. They brought relics of saints with them and preached that Jesus was the prince of peace and the lamb of God. Noblmen were often loured into the middle of the massive crowds of peasants where the clergymen used social and religious pressure to have them make an oath of peace. This worked because by evoking God, the lords could get out of the honour argument and could still go home with their honor. The peace movement didn't really work, but it did raise awareness that it was a Christian obligation and that unjust wars endanger everyones soul. However, the nobles used the peace movement as an excuse for more fighting. They would go to war to enforce the peace.

Hair Side and Flesh Side

The two sides of a piece of parchment. The hair side originally had the animal's hair on it; the flesh side did not

First Crusade: 1096-1099

The word crusade is a modern term and was never actually used. People did not think of the expedition as a war, rather as a pilgrimage. The main purpose was to visit Jerusalem. People were required to get a pilgrimage badge before leaving, which was a cross. Process of committing to the pilgrimage was called taking the cross and it became a legal obligation. If people left the crusade before Jerusalem was taken they would be excommunicated. This happened concurrently with reconquista but was more organized than reconquista. The first crusade was basically an armed pilgrimage. Wealthy warriors or those who fight were supposed to go. at the end of 1096 the crusade shows up to Byzantium but emperor Alexius is suspicious of them because of the peoples crusades massacre that happened. He therefor invites all of them over for dinner and takes them all as prisoners. He makes them swear an oath they will give over what is won. The first battle is in May 1097 and the crusade takes Niceae. They then take Antioch. They arrive in Jerusalem in 1099. Jerusalem has big thick walls, so they create war machines to breach the walls. Someone has a divine vision that God wants them to do penance, so they walk around the walls of Jerusalem chanting, praying, and fasting. Once one of the towers gets through the walls the gates are opened and they kill everyone they can find. Jerusalem is re-claimed, finishing Urbans mission, and validating the cause by God. This is seen as the realization of biblical history. liberating a city for Christ was the epitome of what a Christian warrior should do. Western knights decide to keep Jerusalem. the crusaders were welcomed home as heroes. The quick success validated Christian superiority.

Battle of Hattin: 1187

There is a massive number of Muslims under Saladin (30,000). Latin settlers rally everyone they can (20,000), but they are all killed or captured. There is no one left to defend the crusader states, and almost all of the crusader outposts surrender including Jerusalem. After this there are only 3 crusading outposts left: Antioch, Tripoli, and Tyre. These are only cities not states.

Reconquista

There is an enemy across the border by Santiago de compostela, and there is fear in northern Spain that islam would try to expand. in 1000 there is an attempt by christian warriors to take al andalus for Christ. Reconquista means reconquest. This was not a unified effort, rather it was made up of small warlords of vassals who fought on their own. IT was not completed until 1492. There was a constant influx of christian warriors who made a pilgrimage to Santiago and then fought in the south. Ferdinand and Isabela unite northern Spain for reconquista. the Paradox is that pilgrimage is for piety, but the warriors come in armed and fight after the pilgrimage. muslims in al Andalusia are known as enemies of God. This idea is embraced by the Pope, and fighting muslims becomes policy. In the 9th century, the popes add incentives by stating that dying while killing non-christians will help you go to heaven and absolve your sin. Warefare and killing are therefor beneficial to the soul, just, and virtuous. This is a way to kill and still be a good Christian. The heavenly reward for killing is solidified and becomes part of the Christian ethos.

Three orders of society

There was a consolidation of power in Europe after the Carolingians. This resulted in the 3 orders of society which was a better model than reality. The problem was that those who fight did not have a just war or chivalry so those who pray and those who work suffered.

Beguines

There were new ways of expressing Christian faith. The crusades were a clear role to those who fight. The paradox of the 12th century was that the church encouraged Christians to take responsibility for salvation, but they needed to remain in the correct boundaries and rules of the faith. Women were in clear social boxes. They had a hierarchy that was in medieval Christian thought. (1) Virgin nuns that emulated the Virgin Mary. (2) Chaste widows were once married and then adopted chastity. (3) Chaste wives only have sex to have children. (4) everyone else. The beguines came up in the 13th century. They were religious women that were loosely organized. They wanted a religious life outside of the monastery. They had piety with no religious rules/vows. They all swore off sex. This was done with the consent of husbands. Their celibacy was a form of asceticism. They wanted sex but were rejecting it, making marriage and religion compatible. People considered the beguines to be heretical and dangerous. They were afraid they would cause a breakdown of the social order because they were unsupervised women.

Tympanum

They used more direct imagery in romanesque architecture building Christian images into the architecture. The arch over the front door is called a tympanum. They built important biblical scenes into them. These were instructive and pretty. They helped you remember and understand whats going on inside of the church.

Battle of crécy: 1346

This was a battle in the 100 years war. It was the first big win by the English. It was in northern france The English were outnumbered 2/3 to 1. But the English were better trained and organized, and they surrounded the French army with their long bows. They wiped out the French army in record time. This shifted moral. After the battle of Crecy the French nobles take the English threat seriously.

Duke Rollo of Normandy: r. 911-932

Vikings were scandinavian raiders and traders that terrorized europe between the 9th and 11th century. However, they did have a home society. Lindisfarne was a monastery off of the coast of England. It was the first viking raid that had an effect in europe. This was followde by viking raids all over europe, particularly England and Francia. Alfred the great (880s-890s) stopped these raids when he gave them land in Danelaw (rule of the Danes) that created peace. The Frankish had a similar strategy as Alfred. In 843 when the Treaty of Verdum split up charlemagnes empire into 3 chunks by the sons of Louise the Pious, the vikings took advantage and raided. They were succesfull because there was no centralized authority to keep them away. As a result, the nobles organized defense locally while the kings fought with each other. The nobles had 4 solutions to the vikings raids. 1. Fight the vikings: this was not sustainable because the vikings would then just go to where there were no armies. 2. Pay the vikings off: this created a sense of reciprocity with the nobles, but not with the vikings. The vikings saw this as easy money and kept demanding more. 3. Convert the vikings to christianity: in the 9th and 10th century they tried to baptize the vikings leaders with nobles serving as the godfathers to them in the baptism. They thought this would work because Christians aren't suppose to kill each other. But the vikings werent baptized knowing what Christianity was because they were given a lot fo gifts and thought that baptism was free money. Many of the vikings got baptized multiple times and continued raiding. 4. Giving them land: in 911 Rollo made a deal with one of the kings of france (charles the simple) where Rollo was supposed to stop raiding if he was given territory in france. The one other condition was that rollo had to convert to Christianity for real. As a result Rollo of Normandy became the first duke of Normandy (r. 911-c.932). Rollo was baptized and the vikings settled in france where they were called legitamte Christians. From rollos reighn onward the normans assimilated within a generation of settelment and were on par with the french nobles.

Hundred years war: 1337-1453

War changed in the 13th century onwards. Before there were comitatus, then the crusades. But now there was (1) the emergence of centralized monarchies. This allowed for kings to govern from home by using documents as their representatives. This led to longer and larger wars. (2) The re-emergence of professional armies for the first time since the Roman Empire. People were not fighting based on loyalty, but rather a salary. This also lead to longer ward. (3) War tactics became more destructive. Armies burned, pillagesd, and terrorized civilians in order to intimidate their enemy. There were also pitched battles. If there was a war in your area you were in danger. The 100 years war was between the Angevin English and the capetian French. It was not continuous and it spanned generations. The issue was that part of the French territory was owned by English kings. The angevins owned a lot of france but through King Philip II "Augustus" and Philip IV "the fair" france reclaimed a lot of it. Eventually only part of aquitaine was held by England, and France wants it back. As dukes of france, The kings of England were supposed to pay homage to the French kings, but they didnt want to. In the 1320s the king of france claims the English king never paid homage and he could therefor confiscate aquitaine as punishment. The English king and the French king then die at the same time. The French throne has been between father and son for generations. But when the King Charles IV died he had no sons, so it went to his first cousin King Philip VI. King Charles IV sister Isabella had a nephew named king Edward III who becomes the king of England. Both the cousin and the nephew are legitimate condidates for the French kingship. By the 1330s King Edward III wants to be king of france too. The beginning of the 100 years war (1) Edward III of England formerly claims the French throne (2) Philip VI of France seizes Aquitaine, the remaining English land in france (3) Edward III of England sent an army to attack France and Philip. it was unlikely that England would win but... (1) the war was fought on French soil so the French had more to lose (2) the English could attack on many fronts (north and south) using aquitaine and neutral territories as their base. (3) they had better weapons. They used long bows which were light and fast whereas the French armies used crossbows which were heavy and slow. The battle of Angicourt and the treaty of Troyes gave the English an upper hand and allow them to take Paris. But they realize its easier to capture than to sustain land. The treaty falls apart with the death of Henry V and Charles VI. Charles VII re-takes almost all of france. In 1435 the 100 years war is almost done.

Old Norse Sagas

When Christianity came to Iceland, it brought literacy and writing. Icelanders authors wrote in old norse which was their vernacular. Iceland was the only place other than England to use the vernacular heavily. authors wrote pros texts called sagas. Saga means story in old norse. Many of these sagas were the history of Iceland, and therefor preserved the history of Scandinavia, and germanic pagan stories too. Everything we know about early medieval germanic religion is from these sagas (viking raids, romance, hagiographies).

William "the Bastard" of Normandy, King of England: r.1066-1087

William is the Duke of normandy and wants to be king after king Edward the Confessor of England dies because Edward was part Norman, and lived in Normandy until he was an adult. William and Edward were friendly, and apparently, Edward sent Harold Godwinson as a messenger to William, telling William that he would be Edwards heir. Harold swore an oath to William to never oppose him. William plans to invade England, and writes to the Pope. The pope tells William to take the throne, resulting in a "Christian" war. After the battle of Stanford bridge (1066) between Harold and his brother Tostig, William arrives in Southern England. Herald doesn't give his troops time to rest and sends them south 250 miles to Hastings. The Anglo-Saxons (Herald) succumb to the normans. A lot of Anglo-Saxons including herald die. William "the Bastard" of Normandy becomes king William "the Conquere" of England. This created a new dynasty of Norman kings, and the Norman king of England. Normans were now dukes of France and kings in England. William does not try to assimilate like Cnut. He establishes that norman have superior status and demotes Anglo-Saxons. He also builds castles to proclaim that there is someone new there. The Normans like france more and french becomes the new elite language in england. French nobles rise in status and english nobles have to submit.

Seven Liberal Arts: Trivium and Quadrivium

With the rise of cities, we start to see new professional schools. Monastic schools trained clergy, and encouraged laity to come and learn. Early medieval schools were not intended to discover things, they were just meant for passing down existing knowledge. There were different types of knowledge. The seven liberal arts consisted of the trivium (3 ways) and the quadrivium (4 ways). The trivium consisted of grammar, rhetoric (argue fluently), and logic (argue in a way that makes sense). The quadrivium consisted of arithmetic, geometry, music, and astronomy. These were basic programs that had no emphasis on original thought. But this changes in the 12th century.

Rubric

Writing in red ink. A rubric usually marks a new portion or verse of a text

Treaty of Troyes: 1420

charles 6th surrenders france. After the battle of Agincourt the English move onto Paris. Charles VI has to settle with Henry V. The treaty of Troyes is basically a surrender by the French. (1) the heir to the French throne/the crown prince (dauphin) is disinherited (2) Henry V is formally made Charles VI heir. Henry V is also made regent, so he will rule in Charles VI place until Charle VI dies. (3) Henry Marries Charles' daughter. Together they rule both England and france as one. Overall this derailed the French monarchy. In 1422 Charles VI and Henry V die. This creates a complete change in personal. The dauphin (Charles VII) is a grown man and Henry V kid (Henry VI) is a baby. This is not sustainable for the treaty to be upheld. Things start to look up for france.

Andreas Capellanus, The Art of Courtley love: 1180s

courtly love has handbooks. The "art of courtly love" is the most famous. It defined courtly love stating that love begins with contemplation, leading to desire, and then suffering. Love can sometimes be a good thing, but love is a completely internal excercise/meditation meaning the guy doesn't actually have to talk to the girl. This creates a sense of individuality, or individual development psychology of love. Love as an emotion cannot exist without contemplation. Guys don't fall in love with a girls personality, just the idea of the girl. This is believed to be a good thing by Andreas. courtly love means chastity because the love is do deep. However, often sex is the main goal. When Andreas talks about chastity he fudges what it means. He states the sex is a Christian virtue and if your not doing it with someone you don't really love them. Andreas believed that courtly love was pure and true, and therefor endorsed by God and it was in an honorable pursuit. Lust and adultery were only bad if it was not motivated by true love. scholars don't know if Andreas was satirical or serious but his ideas were common at the time.

Knights Templar

here is still a lot of danger in keeping crusader states, because Seljuk Turks raid them. There is an emergence of crusading orders that defend crusading kingdoms including the knights templar. These are military fraternities. The knights templar was founded by the Pope and they were meant to defend the holy land. they were part knight and part monk. They had to take monastic vows but were allowed to take weapons. They were very poor.

Albigensian Crusade

in southern france against the cathars deemed heretics. Crusade within Europe, officially declared by pope with same stuff as middle eastern crusade (die and go to heaven). Now ataacking people in europe who claim to be Christian. Cathars claim to be better christians than other christians. Pope decided they were too far. They did not believe in trans substantiation which was requisitie for christian beleif frmo the 4th lateran council at 1215. Cathars beleived everything on earth was created by satan. Their land is confiscated and they are wiped out. Southern france was the most valuable chunk of france. Cathar was a region of france. The Cathars believed that stuff in the material world was evil and the earth was created by the devil. Their goal was to get to God. They believed the church, Pope, and eucharist was evil. They rejected the authority of the pope and the roman church. They did not believe in transubstantiation, which was in violation of the 4th lateran council (1215). The catchers were excommunicated as heretics. The pope calls a crusade against the Cathars called the Albigensian crusade. If people died in the crusade then they went to heaven. Philip Augustus wanted to conquer the south of France so they supported the crusade. This was tied to the inquisition and the change in French rule.

King William I "the Conqueror" of England: r. 1066-1087

in the 12th century there was gothic script. Although there was the re-discovery of Roman Law, England already has their own legal culture. After the conquest of the normans, kings did not have to be approved by the noble council (it was no longer a dynastic kingship). Instead kingship was a military conquest. From the 1066 to the 1070s Williams goal was to keep things as similar as possible (continuity). He tried to assimilate into anglo-saxon society and befriend the nobility. He followed Cnut's example. However, he realizes that this doesn't work and people don't buy it. There were revolts during this time. William then tries a new strategy of cultural domination. He throws anglo-saxons out of office and takes away all of their privileges. The anglo-saxons are inferior to the Normans. The normans begin only speaking French. They built medieval castles. These were the first castles in England, and they were meant to send a message to the anglo-saxons. He starts a new bureaucracy. He creates the doomsday book.

Commonwealth of Iceland

larger community, entire political polity governed by more important families (collective government). Iceland is not a kingdom. The Scandinavian kings were ruthless in attempting to secure power in the 9th century. As a result, some Scandinavians left and found Iceland. There was no king in Iceland instead there was the Althing (al=everybody, thing=meeting). Leading families would meet once a year. This was the commonwealth of Iceland. Here they would settle diputes, dispense justice, and establish law. Lawspeakers would memorize entire collections of Icelandic law. later this was written down creating one of the biggest and most thorough laws for Europe. Thingvellir was the site of the Althing and the law rock. Althing was all done collaboratively with a council. This was not a democracy because it was dominated by rich families. commonwealth was that the elites of Iceland made decisions as a collective. This is the only place in Europe with a kingless society. in 1000 the Althing debates whether or not to accept Christianity because there is no official religion at the time creating conflict. They decide to abandon paganism because they believe they all need the same law in order to survive. this was influenced by Olaf who sent missionaries to Iceland.

Great Schism of 1054

last and final split between western europe and byzantium. Two christian territories from roman empire. Churches split. Final straw was that byzantine patriarch in constantinople (clergy) refused to submit to papal authority. Break remained. In the 8th and 9th centuries the pope claimed enormous power (such as through imperial crownings and claiming to be the heir of St. Peter), but the Byzantine emperor didn't care for imperial crownings. The number one clergymen in Constantinople did not want to submit to the Pope. Schism means break. The patriarch of Constantinople refused to submit to the Popes authority. East are west churches are irreconcilable and develop in their own ways. The churches of Rome and Byzantium break. This is why the byzantine empire doesn't ask the west for help after the battle of manzikert. Pope Gregory VII wants the east and west to unite but the investiture controversy prevents this.

Courtly love (fin amor)

love is a big part of the chivalric world, with the development of romantic love in the 12th century. This resulted in courtly love which is the rejection of the economic institution of marriage. Marriage and courtly love are opposites in the 12th century. courtly love has rules to be good: (1) the lady should be perfect (2) the lady should be unattainable - she is hard to get or married (3) both lovers need to be loyal to each other or emotionally monogamous courtly love has handbooks. The "art of courtly love" is the most famous. courtly love and troubadour poetry was likely masoginistic. But it is more likely that it was an attempt to place romantic love into a familiar form. Women function as the feudal lord and man functions as the vassal. Women were placed on a pedestal and man devotes himself to her entirely.

Fall of Acre: 1291

mamluks took acre, snuffing out the last of the crusader states. Crusaders lost major strong hold in the east. lead to the end of the crusades.

Count Godfrey of Bouillon: r. 1099-1100

once Jerusalem is taken, the people offer kingship to Count Raymond but he says that there is no king in Jerusalem but Christ. They then offer it to Godfrey. He gave himself the title Protector of the holy sepulcher, and ensured that Jerusalem stayed in Christians hands.

Althing

smaller body that meets once a year. Not governing. Meeting where business takes place. See promulgation of law, refined/expansion. Where lawsuits are settled. Social event. Marriages. Catch up with each other. Giant meeting of everyone in Iceland. In thingvellir.

Conversos

spanish jews who convert to christianity. Conversion is forced, no choice if did not want to flee. Christian authorities still did not believe they converted. Still brought in for questioning by inquisition. Converted Jews in Spain. Spanish Jews who converted to Christianity.

Massacre of Acre: 1191

the city fo Acre was the first stop of the 3rd crusade. There is no progress there until Richard arrives. They take the city and Acre surrenders. The negotiation is that the kings get the city and a lot of money. Until they get the money, they take hostages. They wait for Saladin to get them the money, but they get antsy so they kill everyone. This works by crusader logic because they are taking vengeance for the death of Christians. This terrified Muslims and made the crusader progress easier afterwards. The massacre got a lot of support from the Christians back home because they were doing Gods work.

Cruciform church

the cruciform was in the shape of a cross. The altar was always on the east end of the church because in the last judgement Jesus is supposed to come from the east. You can see down the entire length of the church. There were no pies or chairs and there was an unobstructed view of the church. the nave was the central part where the congregation stood. The aisles were on either side of the nave, separated by arches/columns. The narthex was the lobby. The transept was the short arm of the cross, and the laity was not allowed beyond this. The ambulatory was the outside curve of the top of the cross that contained shrines of saints. The development of romanesque architecture created different kinds of vaulted ceilings including the barrel vault, the groin vault (4 arches met at top), and the ribbed vault (purely decorative).

Thomas Becket, Archbishop of Canterbury: r. 1162-1170

the separate secular and ecclesiastical courts had the same procedures except ecclesiastical courts didn't have the death penalty because clergy can't shed blood. As a result, clergymen couldn't be killed and could thus get away with serious crimes. Henry didn't like this because every crime was supposed to be against the king. He wanted clergy to come to the secular courts. In 1164 he issued the Constitutions of Clarendon, stating that all conflicts have to be treated in secular court. Clergy therefor had to go to both secular and ecclesiastical court. Thomas Becket was best friends with Henry and was made Archbishop through lay investiture. But he took the job very seriously and wanted to support the church not the king. He doesn't like the constitutions of claredon. This conflict got so bad that Becket had to leave for fear of his life. This conflict lasts 7 years. In 1170 Henry's knights kill Becket in his own church, and he is revered as a martyr. Henry had to back down and do penance. The pope orders him to never touch another clergymen. The canon law developed at universities led to this.

Marco Polo: lived 1254-1324

there were enormous populations in cities that were driven by trade. This increased the importance of the trade routes. Inhabitats of cities could buy things because they had disposable income. This started attracting long distance trade for the demand for luxury goods. Spices were the largest thing in demand and were the most expensive thing you could buy. Spices were not natural in Europe. Trade from India and Indonesia was sold through a middle man in Constantinople. No one actually went to the east, so no one knew anything about the lands beyond the Byzantium empire. An example of this is the mappamundi. They believed that monstress races were there, as shown in the Nuremberg chronicle of 1493. In the late 1200's the first europeans go to the Far East to make an impact. Marco Polo was a trader/merchant that worked in Venice. He spent 17 years in the court of china and visited India. His goals was to find spices and cut out the middle man in Constantinople. But he wrote about his travels in 1300. He never mentions monstress races and causes ideas to shift about the east. He talks about the wealth in the east and makes the east alluring. Interest in the east increases.

King Edward III of England: r. 1327-1377

when the King Charles IV died he had no sons, so it went to his first cousin King Philip VI. King Charles IV sister Isabella had a nephew named king Edward III who becomes the king of England. Both the cousin and the nephew are legitimate condidates for the French kingship. By the 1330s King Edward III wants to be king of france too. He revives arthurian legends to whip up nationalism for being English and says that france is the enemy.

King Philip VI of France: r.1328-1350

when the King Charles IV of france died he had no sons, so it went to his first cousin King Philip VI. The beginning of the 100 years war (1) Edward III of England formerly claims the French throne (2) Philip VI of France seizes Aquitaine, the remaining English land in france (3) Edward III of England sent an army to attack France and Philip.

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