med/surg F&E
What is the normal range for magnesium? What are some good sources of this electrolyte?
1.5 to 2.5 mEq/L Sources: green leafy vegetables, dark chocolate, tuna, halibut, nuts, and whole grains
What is the normal respiratory range? If someone is breathing below the normal respiratory range, what is occurring? What would you expect their blood pH to be?
12-20 respirations/minute They are HYPOventilating and retaining carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide is an acid - if you retain CO2 your blood pH will become more acidic and less alkaline
What is the normal range for pH of the blood? 7.35-7.45
7.35-7.45
What is the normal range for calcium?
9 -11 mg/dL OR 4.5-5.5 mEq/L
metabolic ______ can be caused by taking too many antacids, or from sucking out stomach acid via nasogastric tube, or by vomiting away your stomach acid
ALKALOSIS
these nuts, along with leafy green vegetables are a good source of magnesium
ALMONDS
generalized, all over edema
ANASARCA . .
this yellow fruit, along with cantaloupe, potatoes, avocado are high in potassium
BANANAS .
What is HCO3? What is the normal range? What can excessive amounts do to your blood pH? What can insufficient amounts do to your blood pH?
Bicarbonate. 22-26 mEq/L Make the pH of your blood more basic/alkaline and less acidic Make the pH of your blood less basic/alkaline or more acidic
normal range 8-10 (or 4-5): major component of bones and teeth, important for nerve function and cell permeability
CALCIUM
these will be heard, along with rhales, when auscultating the lungs of a person with hypervolemia (pulmonary edema)
CRACKLES
______ per minute: to calculate, volume (in ml)/time (in minutes) x drop factor = ______ per minute (a very important formula for IV rate!)
DROPS
this disorder of the heart beat is one of the main dangers of hyper and hypokalemia, and can lead to myocardial infarction (heart attack)
DYSRHYTHMIA
What is hypovolemia? What are some causes of hypovolemia? What are some signs and symptoms of hypovolemia?
Deficiency(not enough) of fluid and electrolytes in the ECF, Dehydration: Decreased volume of water; does not occur without electrolyte changes Possible causes, Inadequate fluid intake and starvation, Loss of body fluids (hemorrhage, diaphoresis, diuretic therapy), Prolonged fever, Inability of the body to conserve and reuse water by concentrating the urine
this "swelling" is caused by many things such as hypervolemia, injury, and infection
EDEMA
What is edema and what are some causes of this condition?
Edema: Local or generalized clinical manifestation of many disorders involving FVE, Heart failure, thrombophlebitis, liver cirrhosis, Poor lymphatic drainage, Inflammation, Physical stress: tissue trauma and responses by the endocrine system, Low protein levels: cause fluid to be drawn out of blood vessels and into tissue spaces, Sodium retention (water follows salt)
What is hyperkalemia? What are s/s of this condition? Is this electrolyte more abundant in the intracellular fluid or the extracellular fluid? What are some good sources of this electrolyte?
Excess potassium in the blood. Cardiac dysrhythmias, Heart palpitations or arrhythmia ICF intracellular fluid Bananas, oranges, cantaloup, apricots, Cooked spinach, Potatoes, Sweet potatoes
Your client has had persistent diarrhea for 3 days, what type of imbalance would you expect them to have?
Excessive diarrhea causes your body to lose base - the pH of your blood will be more acidic - acidosis
if this is high and prolonged, it can cause hypovolemia...aka "febrile"
FEVER
What is anasarca?
Generalized edema
this can cause respiratory alkalosis, "smell the roses, blow out the candles" or breath into a paper bag to correct
HYPERVENTILATION
caused by disease like CHF, too much sodium intake, too much fluid intake, kidney failure, etc.
HYPERVOLEMIA .
s/s include muscle spasm/tetany, Trousseau sign, tingling around the mouth and in the extremities. Can be caused by hyperparathyroidism
HYPOCALCEMIA
a blood sodium level below 135, can be caused by taking in clear water while sweating, s/s include mental confusion and muscle spasm
HYPONATREMIA .
this can be caused by sleep apnea or opiod overdose and leads to respiratory acidosis
HYPOVENTILATION
caused by too much fluid leaving the body...puking, pooping, bleeding, sweating, urinating, breathing etc.
HYPOVOLEMIA
What does excessive diaphoresis cause?
Hypovolemia or fluid volume deficit
. potassium wasting diuretic, too much can cause hypovolemia
LASIX
normal range 1.5-2.5: you're MAGnificent! Important player in enzyme function
MAGNESIUM
Is the fluid in your stomach more basic/alkaline or more acidic? What can happen to the pH of a client's blood after vomiting for 3 days?
More acidic Their pH may become more basic/alkaline and less acidic
Can excessive diaphoresis cause hypervolemia?
No, excessive sweating can cause hypovolemia
What is hypervolemia? What are some causes of hypervolemia? What are some signs and symptoms of hypervolemia?
Overhydration, Excessive (too much) retention of water and sodium in the ECF, Possible causes of FVE, Increased fluid intake, decreased urine output, Excess ingestion of sodium, Kidney or liver failure or disease, Physical disorders that result in a decreased ability of the heart to pump effectively such as congestive heart failure, Stress from surgery or other physical trauma that causes aldosterone and antidiuretic hormone (ADH) production, resulting in sodium and water retention
this endocrine gland lies on top of the thyroid gland, and controls calcium levels in the blood
PARATHYROID
. this type of edema is rated from +1-+4
PITTING
range 3.5-5.3: the major intracellular ion, VERY important for muscle contraction and proper heart function
POTASSIUM
What is the normal range for potassium?
Potassium (K) 3.5-5.0 mEq/l
normal range 135-145: the major extracellular ion, plays a major role in fluid balance in the body...remember, water follows salt!
SODIUM
a potassium sparing diuretic
SPIRONOLACTONE
What is the normal range for sodium? Is this electrolyte more abundant in the intracellular fluid or the extracellular fluid? What is hyponatremia/hypernatremia?
Sodium (Na) 135-145 mEq/L ECF-extracellular fluid Sodium deficiency/excess sodium
A client has been vomiting for two days, what type of imbalance would you expect them to have?
Stomach contents are acidic, the client's blood pH will be less acidic and more basic/alkaline
drip rate formula
The formula for calculating the IV flow rate (drip rate) is... total volume (in mL) divided by time (in min), multiplied by the drop factor (in gtts/mL), which equals the IV flow rate in gtts/min.
When someone is hyperventilating what is occurring? Are they breathing rapidly or slowly? Are they retaining carbon dioxide or blowing off carbon dioxide? Would you expect their blood pH to be acidic or basic?
They are breathing rapidly Blowing off carbon dioxide Their blood pH should be more basic/alkaline and less acidic
What condition may cause a deficiency in CALCIUM? What are s/s of a deficiency?
hypoparathyroidism Trousseaus sign, tetany, tingling and cardiac dysthymias can be a sign of hypocalcemia
What are some good sources of CALCIUM ?
milk, cheese and other dairy foods.
What is diaphoresis?
sweating