Memory and Cognition

Ebbinghaus learned 10 nonsense syllables for 20 minutes. His memory was tested after 24 hours, and he relearned the 10 items for 5 minutes. His saving score was:

75%

Which of the following seems to be true of both echoes and icons?

They are modality specific, holding only one type of sensory information.

The icon is said to be characterized by all of the following EXCEPT:

it lasts about 18-30 seconds.

Learning a rhyme that begins "one is a bun, two is a shoe" is a part of the mnemonic technique called _________ .

the pegword method

Which of the following represents a good example of a proximal stimulus?

the retinal image formed by a tree

If the search of short-term memory is serial self-terminating, then we would expect that:

unsuccessful searches (no trials) would take longer than successful ones (yes trials), on the average.

Bransford and Franks asked participants to read sentences derived from four basic sentences: "The ants were in the kitchen", "The jelly was on the table", "The jelly was sweet", and "The ants ate the jelly"; and some combinations of them. Participants received some simple sentences and several combinations of the simple sentences on a later recognition test, and they were most confident in "remembering" having seen

"The ants in the kitchen ate the sweet jelly on the table." (never actually presented)

You have just listened to a list of 20 words. When asked to recall these words in any order, you are least likely to recall the _____ .

10th word

In Treisman and Gelade's visual search experiment, assume that the target is a red T, and there are red L's and green T's as distractors. If they found that the slope of target absent (negative) trials is 4, then what would be the slope of target present (positive) trials?

2

Studies of coding in STM suggest that which of the following would be most difficult to recall correctly?

C - D - P - V - T

_________ refers to the inability to detect changes to an object or scene.

Change blindness

In composite face illusion, when participants view two faces with identical top halves but different bottom halves, participants tend to perceive those top halves as ______.

Different

A split-brained patient we discussed in class would point out __________ on the screen in response to the question of what he saw when the visual stimulus below was briefly displayed.

Faces

Prosopagnosia is a specific visual agnosia for ________ .

Faces

The idea that different mental abilities, such as reading and arithmetic, are independent functions carried out by different parts of the brain: ________ .

Faculty psychology

Imitation behavior has been linked to lesions (damage) in the _________ lobe.

Frontal

Glancing out your window, you notice a woman in a blue coat walking with a child in a red coat. Later, you recall seeing a child in a blue coat. You have fallen victim to the phenomenon known as: ________ .

Illusory conjunction

(bonus question) Which of the following is NOT related to the examples of visual perception and illusions we saw in class?

Jesus Christ

(bonus question) Which of the following is the movie trailer we watched in class to understand amnesia?

Memento

Research utilizing a visual search of the array below showed that ________

People took longer to find the Z than to find the Q.

The meaningful interpretation of a proximal stimulus is called the __________ .

Percept

One model of perception emphasizes that a percept is compared idealized representations in memory of every class of information, and matched to the one it most closely approximates. This model is known as: _______

Prototype matching

If we see the figure below as a set of rows rather than columns, that is because of the Gestalt principle of

Similarity

You hold a comb and a ruler right in front of a patient. Sometimes the patient sees the comb but not the ruler, and sometimes the patient see the ruler but not the comb. However, the patient never recognizes both the comb and the ruler at the same time. This condition is called ________ .

Simultanagnosia

Repeating a phone number to yourself to hold it in memory while you dial it would use which component of working memory?

The phonological loop

Imagine yourself in an experiment (as demonstrated in class) where you are shown up to four letters [screen 1] and asked to report the letter that is underlined (only one letter per trial is underlined), given the two choices that follow it [screen 2]. Imagine each of the following three trials (which would be presented one at a time):

Trial 1 should be the fastest.

Patients with Wernicke's aphasia are often unable to __________ . Select one:

Understand speech

Bartlett's research in which participants recalled the story of "War of the Ghosts" more than once demonstrated that over time, memory __________ .

becomes more distorted

The major difference between filter theory and late selection theory is that ________

both hypothesize a bottleneck, but filter theory places it earlier in the process.

Weaver's study comparing memories of an everyday event (e.g., meeting with roommate) with a flashbulb event (e.g., the beginning of the Persian Gulf war) showed that ______ .

both types of memories dropped off in a similar way

The central executive in working memory is hypothesized to have the function of _____ .

directing the flow of information

Your memory of your first college lecture would be an example of _____ memory.

episodic

Repetition priming is often used in the laboratory to demonstrate ______ memory.

implicit

In an experiment procedure known as ______ learning, Jared is asked to listen to lists of pairs of words such as "fish-table". Later, he is given the first word of the pair (cue) and asked to recall the word that was paired with it (target).

paired associate

Be a cognitive neuropsychologist. The brains of five imaginary neurological patients are depicted below. In each panel, the left hemisphere (on the left) and the right hemisphere (on the right) of one patient's brain are pictured. The big black splotches identify the site of that patient's brain damage. The patient seems completely unaware of left visual space, as seen in the example below, but is otherwise normal. This is most likely ___ .

patient D

In Waugh and Norman's probe digit task for STM, ______.

presentation rate had no effect on performance

Assume that you are taking two psychology courses this term, a course in cognition and a course in learning. Both professors are giving midterm exams tomorrow. You have just finished studying for your cognition test, and are attempting to study for the learning exam. If you find it difficult to recall the material on learning, you are experiencing _________ .

proactive interference

Which of the following is NOT a method for testing memory?

recording

Which of the following is NOT an example of a cognitive process?

reflex

Which of the following is the behavior that participants do during the typical dichotic listening task?

shadowing

"Cramming" for exams tends to be ineffective because of the _____ .

spacing effect

Studies of eyewitness memory ______.

support Bartlett's idea of memory as a constructive process

The "cocktail party effect" refers to the fact that shadowing performance is disrupted when ____ is embedded in the unattended message.

the listener's name

What does the capacity of short-term memory refer to?

the number of meaningful chunks

Cognitive psychologists use all of the following as criteria for determining whether an activity is automatic EXCEPT: ________ .

whether or not it requires mental filtering

You are studying for an exam. According to the context dependent memory effect, ____ .

you should try to study in the same room in which you will take your exam