mgmt 201 final exam
suitability
____________ of a person's leadership style is determined by whether the situation is favorable or unfavorable
decision
a choice made from available alternatives
balanced scorecard
a comprehensive management control system that balances traditional financial measures with operational measures relating to a company's critical success factors
risk
a decision maker has clear-cut goals. future outcomes are associate with an alternative are subject to change
bottom-up budgeting
a process in which lower-level managers anticipate their departments' resource needs and pass them up to top managers for approval
many layers of management
a tall organizational structure has _______________-
360 feedback
a trend in performance appraisal, a process that uses multiple raters, including self-rating as a way to increase awareness of strengths and weaknesses and guide employee development
need for achievement, need for affiliation, need for power
acquired needs theory
open book management
allows employees to see themselves through charts, printouts, meetings, and so forth the financial condition of the company
functional
also called U-form, activities are grouped together by common function from the bottom to the top of the organization
zero-based budget
an approach to planning and decision making that requires a complete justification for every line item in a budget instead of carrying forward a prior budget and applying a percentage change
captain phillips
an example of a servant leader
coalition
an informal alliance among managers who support a specific goal
contingency approaches
approach that explores how organizational situations influence leader effectiveness
administrative model
captures things as they happen. identifies how things actually work
level 5 leadership
characteristics include lack of ego, humility, willingness to step back, is self-effacing, and credits others.
job analysis
collecting information on how the job is done
referent power
comes from liking and respect like power your best friend has over you
team management
consider the most effective, organization members work together
administrative model
considered to be descriptive, meaning that it describes how managers actually make decisions. managers make decisions based on the recognition of human limitation
decentralization
decision authority is pushed downward to lower organization levels
satisficing
decision makers choose the first solution that satisfies minimal decision criteria
recruiting
defined as activities or practices that define the characteristics of applicant to whom selection procedures are ultimately applied
benchmarking
defined as the continuous process of measuring products, services, and practices against the toughest competitors or those companies recognized as industry leaders
work specialization
degree to which organizational tasks are subdivided into individual jobs
motivation
determines what people will do and for how long
contingency approaches
different leadership styles are needed when organizational circumstances change
job description
document contains info on duties and outcomes of the job
content theories
focus on WHAT motivates people
motivators
focus on high level needs and include achievement, recognition, responsibility, and opportunity for growth
equity theory
focuses on individuals perceptions of how fairly they are treated compared with others
extrinsic rewards
given by another person, typically a manger. includes promotions, praise, and pay increases.
functional structure
grouped by job specialty: sales, operations, research, accounting
functional structure
groups of this structure are groups positioned into departments based on similar skills, expertise work activities, and resource use
country-club management
high concern for people. thoughtful attention to the needs of people
strategy drives structure
in the long term________
expense budget
includes anticipated and actual expenses for each responsibility center and for the total organization
nondirective
interview where the applicant directs the conversation
structured interviews
interviews that use a set of standardized questions that are asked of every applicant so that comparisons can be easily made. these may include biographical interviews and behavioral interviews
programmed decisions
involve situations that have occurred often enough to enable decision rules to be developed and applied in the future
job specification
knowledge and skills associated with the job
situational model
leaders can lead as effectively as followers can follow
revenue budget
lists forecasted and actual revenues of the organization
cash budget
lists planned investments in major assets such as buildings, heavy machinery, complex information technology systems. often involving expenditures over more than year
nonprogrammer decisions
made in response situations that are unique, poorly defined, and largely unstructured, and have important consequences for the organization
certainty
means that all the information the decision maker needs is fully available
uncertainty
means that managers know which goals they wish achieve, but information about alternatives and future events is incomplete. if it dependent on the amount of information available and its value
impoverished management
means the absence of a management philosophy; managers exert little effort toward interpersonal relationships or work accomplishment
centralization
means the decision authority is located near the top of the organization
on the job training
most common type of training
stand and deliver
most popular form of training
divisional
occurs when departments are grouped based on similar organizational outputs. organized with responsibility for individual products, services, product groups, major projects, programs
authority-compliance
occurs when efficiency in operations is the dominant orientation
country club
occurs when primary emphasis is given to people rather than to work output
flat
organizational structure has a wide span and more horizontally dispersed, and fewer hierarchical levels
tall
organizational structure that has an overall narrow span and more hierarchical levels
goal setting theory
people are motivated when they have difficult yet attainable goals
devil's advocate
person responsible for seeing other side of decision. arguing causes group to think more clearly about a problem
human resource management
process includes recruiting, selecting, developing, rewarding, and terminating employees
goal setting theory
proposes that managers can increase motivation and enhance performance by setting specific and challenging goals, and then helping people track their progress toward goal achievement
ideal, rational model
rational economic assumptions drive decisions. the problem is defined, and the decision maker is striving for certainty. the decision maker is rational and uses logic
authentic leadership
refers to individuals who know and understand themselves, who espouse and act consistent with higher order ethical values and who empower and inspire others with their openness and authenticity
performance appraisals
refers to observing and assessing employee performance and providing feedback to the employee. during this, skillful managers give feedback and praise
human resource management
refers to the design and application of formal systems in an organization to ensure the effective and efficient use of human talent to accomplish organizational goals
human capital
refers to the economic value of the combined knowledge, experience, skills an capabilities of employees.
motivation
refers to the forces either within or external to a person that arouse enthusiasm and persistence to purse a certain course or action
organizational control
refers to the systematic process of regulating organizational activities to make them consistent with the expectations established in plans, targets, and standards of performance
middle-of-the-road
reflects a modern amount of concern for both people and production
affirmative action
requires the an employee take positive steps to guarantee equal employment opportunities for people within protected groups
university of Michigan research
research that identified employee centered and job centered behavior
Ohio state research
research that identified two major behaviors: consideration and initiating structure
intrinsic rewards
satisfactions that a person receives in the process of performing a particular action
choosing first acceptable solution
satisficing includes _______________
reinforcement perspectives
simply looks at the relationship between behavior and its consequences
1. identifying problem 2. diagnosis and analysis 3. development of alternatives 4. selection of desired alternative 5. implementation of desired alternative 6. evaluation
the 6 steps in the decision making process
leadership
the ability to influence people toward the attainment of goals
top down budgeting
the budgeted amounts for the coming year are literally imposed on middle and lower level managers
panel interview
the candidate meets with several interviewers who take turns asking questions
contemporary leadership
the concept of leadership evolves as the needs of the organization change
organizing
the deployment of organizational resources to achieve strategic goals
bounded rationality
the idea that humans do have limits
nondirective interview
the interviewer asks broad, open-ended questions and permits the applicant to talk freely with minimal interruption
ambiguity
the most difficult decision situation. means goals to achieved or the problem to be solved is unclear
hygiene factors
the presence or absence of job dissatisfies, such as working conditions, pay, company politics, and interpersonal relationships
personal power
the primary tool of the leader and it is becoming increasingly important as moral businesses are run by teams of workers who are less tolerant of authoritarian management
difficult to predict
the results of a nonprogrammed decision are _______________
organizing the vertical structure
the set of formal tasks assigned to individuals and departments. it is the design of systems to ensure effective coordination of employees across departments
organizational performance
the strategic goal of HRM is to drive _________________
hygiene factors and motivators
the two factor approach includes:
relationship-oriented
these kinds of leaders excel in moderately favorable situations
task oriented
these kinds of years are more effective when the situation is highly favorable or highly unfavorable
servant leader
type of leader transcends self-interest to serve others, the organization, and society
authentic
type of leadership that has an understanding of their own values while respecting other's values
chain of command
unbroken line of authority that links all individuals in organization and specifies who reports to whom
political model
useful model for making nonprogrammer decisions. involves mangers with diverse interests. mangers must engage in coalition building.
implementation
what is the most difficult step in the decision making process
identifying the problem
what is the most important step in the decision making process
Blake and mouton
who created the leadership grid
it follows strategy
why is organizing important?
risk
you can approximate the results with different solutions but never know the exact solution
