MGMT 311 Exam 1

What are the specific variables of interest for "individual characteristics"?

-Ability -Personality & Cultural Values

What are the five categories of variables in the Integrative Model of OB?

-Individual Outcomes -Individual Mechanisms -Individual Characteristics -Group Mechanisms -Organizational Mechanisms

What are the two main categories of citizenship behavior?

-Interpersonal citizenship behavior -Organizational citizenship behavior

What is a correlation?

-It is a tool in the verification process. -describes the statistical relationship between two variables -can be positive or negative

What are the specific variables of interest for "Individual Outcomes"?

-Job Performance -Organizational Commitment

What are the specific variables of interest for "individual mechanisms"?

-Job Satisfaction -Stress -Motivation -Trust, Justice, & Ethics -Learning & Decision Making

What are the specific variables of interest for "group mechanisms"?

-Leadership: Styles & Behaviors -Leadership: Power & Negotiation -Teams: Processes & Communication -Teams: Characteristics & Diversity

What are the specific variables of interest for "organizational mechanisms"?

-Organizational culture -Organizational structure

Why might firms that are good at OB tend to be more profitable?

-They have a higher survival rate -Found that companies the 100 best firms were more profitable -good people are a valuable resource for firms -good organizational behavior does matter for firms profitability and survival rate

what are the moderators in the job characteristics theory?

-knowledge and skill -growth need strength

what are the commonly assessed work values? (8)

-pay -promotions -supervision -coworkers -work itself -altruism -status -environment

what are the specific types of counterproductive behavior

-property deviance -production deviance -political deviance -personal agression

What are the necessary conditions to make a "casual inference"?

-two variables must be correlated -need to verify that the presumed cause precedes the presumed effect (variable A needs to occur before variable B) -no alternative explanations (use controlled experiments)

Which of the following correlations indicates no statistical relationship between two variables? 0 -1 -0.10 0.10 1

0

What are the steps in a job analysis (3 steps)?

1. a list of the activities involved in a job is generated. (data from several sources including, observations, surveys, and interviews of employees) 2. each activity on the list is rated by "subject matter experts" 3. the actives that are rated highly in terms of their importance and frequency are retained and used to define task performance. (those behaviors then find their way into training programs as learning objectives and into performance evaluation systems as measures to evaluate task performance.

approach that involves collecting performance information not just from the supervisor but from anyone else who might have firsthand knowledge about the employee's performance behaviors (employee's subordinates, peers, and customers) (results are usually anonymous).

360-degree feedback

What is the resource-based view of organizations?

A model that argues that rare and inimitable resources help firms maintain competitive advantage

The theory that workplace events can generate affective reactions - reactions that then can go on to influence work attitudes and behaviors

Affective events theory

Occupational Information Network (O*NET)

An online database that includes, among other things, the characteristics of most jobs in terms of tasks, behaviors, and the required knowledge, skills, and abilities.

measuring performance by directly assessing job performance behaviors. Uses "critical incidents" - short descriptions of effective and ineffective behaviors - to create a measure that can be used to evaluate employee performance.

BARS (behaviorally anchored rating scales)

voluntary employee activities that may or may no be rewarded but that contribute to the organization by improving the overall quality of the setting or context in which work takes place.

Citizenship behavior

Which of the following statements is true regarding coworker satisfaction? -Coworker satisfaction leads to lowered productivity. -Coworker satisfaction is important because employees spend considerable time with coworkers. -Coworker satisfaction does not contribute much to overall job satisfaction. -Coworker satisfaction increases if employees take part in annual reviews of each other's work. -Coworker satisfaction requires that all employees of the same level be promoted at the same intervals.

Coworker satisfaction is important because employees spend considerable time with coworkers.

how is job satisfaction measured according to the value-percept theory?

Dissatisfaction = (V want - V have) x (V importance)

When one person can "catch" or "be infected by" the emotions of another person

Emotional contagion

States of feeling that are often intense, last for only a few minutes, and are clearly directed at (and caused by) someone or some circumstance.

Emotions

T or F: Correlations are enough to prove causation

False

A state in which employees feel a total immersion in the task at hand, sometimes losing track of how much time has passed.

Flow

Over the course of a week, various coworkers confide in you about their states of feeling. Which of the following scenarios are you most likely to characterize as a mood? -After his team lost an account, Leon felt out-of-sorts at work for the entire afternoon. -Although she doesn't know why, Martina felt intense anger at Maria during the meeting. -After learning that she won a sweepstakes, Chloe felt overjoyed during a long, boring meeting. -Because she worked long hours, Audrey felt giddy and found everything funny. -For some unknown reason, Vasil felt vaguely irritable at work for days.

For some unknown reason, Vasil felt vaguely irritable at work for days

Why do organizations use O*NET?

If organizations find it impractical to use job analysis to identify the set of behaviors needed to define task performance, they can turn to a database the government has created to help with that important activity

behaviors that benefit coworkers and colleagues and involve assisting, supporting, and developing other organizational members in a way that goes beyond normal job expectations. (helping, courtesy, sportsmanship)

Interpersonal citizenship behavior

Which of the following statements about the resource-based view of organizations is accurate? -A firm's resources include resources related to individual behavior. -It suggests that the value of resources depends on a single factor. -It describes what makes resources capable of creating long-term profits for the firm. -It suggests that resources are valuable because they are plentiful. -It suggests that inimitable resources are of lesser value to an organization.

It describes what makes resources capable of creating long-term profits for the firm.

Saki, Jake, and Tamar have different ideas about what makes a job satisfying. They all work for a nonprofit relief agency and travel to areas where disasters have occurred to render assistance to victims. The pay is not high, and there can be extreme health risks because contagious diseases often break out in disaster zones due to the resulting poor sanitation. Their coworkers are friendly, intelligent, and generally nice. Saki feels strongly that she wants to be able to make a difference and help people when they are in trouble. Jake worries deeply about expenses. He has a large load of student debt to pay off, and his wife is expecting their second child. Tamar tolerates teamwork but isn't thrilled by it, and she also has mild anxiety about germs.Which of the following statements is most likely true? -Jake most likely has the highest job satisfaction. -Jake most likely has the lowest job satisfaction. -Tamar most likely has the highest job satisfaction. -Tamar most likely has the lowest job satisfaction. -Saki most likely has the lowest job satisfaction.

Jake most likely has the lowest job satisfaction.

theory that describes the central characteristics of intrinsically satisfying jobs

Job characteristics theory

the value of the set of behaviors that contribute, either positively or negatively, to organizational goal accomplishment. (NOT the consequences or results of behavior - the behavior ITSELF).

Job performance

a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences

Job satisfaction

How does job satisfaction affect job performance and organizational commitment?

Job satisfaction has a moderate positive effect on Job Performance. people who experience higher levels of job satisfaction tend to have higher levels of Task performance, higher levels of citizenship behavior and lower levels of counterproductive behavior.

management philosophy that bases an employee's evaluations on whether the employee achieves specific performance goals

Management by objectives (MBO)

Why do organizations perform job analysis?

Many organizations identify task performance behaviors by conducting a "job analysis."

Which of the following scenarios demonstrates the core job characteristic of variety? -Mariya has to formulate policies that affect thousands of her constituents. -Dmitri has to constantly perform before an audience that lets him know how he is doing. -Anastasia has to spend most of her time out of the office, during which she supervises herself. -Maxim has to answer the phone, provides tours, write reports, and make appointments. -Ivan has to track a project all the way from conception to implementation.

Maxim has to answer the phone, provides tours, write reports, and make appointments.

something that influences the strength of relationships between variables.

Moderators

States of feeling that are often mild in intensity, last for an extended period of time, and are no explicitly directed at or caused by anything

Moods

-1 <= r < 0

Negative Correlation

As one variable increases, the other decreases

Negative Correlation

What was one of the criticisms of Taylor's Scientific Management? -Not efficient -Not mechanistic enough -Poor study design -No link between incentives and performance -No place for human needs

No place for human needs

behaviors that benefit the larger organization by supporting and defending the company, working to improve its operations, and being especially loyal to it. (voice, civic virtue, boosterism)

Organizational citizenship behavior

0 < r <= 1

Positive Correlation

As on variable increases, so too does the other

Positive Correlation

How are emotions categorized?

Positive emotions and negative emotions

What makes a resource valuable?

Rare and inimitable

Examines what makes resources capable of creating long-term profits for a firm.

Resource-Based View

Creative task performance

The degree to which individuals develop ideas or physical outcomes that are both novel and useful.

Which of these is one of the conditions necessary to establish causal inferences? -Factors other than the variables in question could create causation. -The sample size is large enough. -The two variables are correlated. -The presumed cause follows the presumed effect in time. -Multiple alternative explanations exist for the correlation.

The two variables are correlated.

how much of a value the job supplies

V have

how important the value is to the employee

V importance

how much of a value an employee wants

V want

theory that argues that job satisfaction depends on whether you perceive that your job supplies the things that you value.

Value-Percept Theory

those things that people consciously or subconsciously want to seek or attain.

Values

In the 1960s, a popular ad stated that "Blondes have more fun!" This is an example of -data. -verification. -a proven fact. -negative causation. -a positive correlation.

a positive correlation.

Which behaviors are included in job performance?

behaviors that are within the control of employees

Which of the following attributes have been identified as some of the worst behaviors exhibited by coworkers? -feeling an attachment to an employer for the long haul -complaining about anything and everything -adapting when something needs to be changed or done differently -getting a job done without being managed -being first to arrive and last to leave

complaining about anything and everything

intentional employee behaviors that hinder organizational goal accomplishment

counterproductive behavior

Under management by objectives (MBO), employees meet with their manager in order to _____. -ascertain whether the setting of goals or objectives is proceeding properly. -create mutually agreeable subjective criteria for evaluating job performance. -develop a set of mutually agreed-upon objectives that are measurable and specific -evaluate one another's performance with regard to their respective positions. -work out differences regarding their approaches to the job performance rating.

develop a set of mutually agreed-upon objectives that are measurable and specific

Under the behaviorally anchored rating scales (BARS) system, critical incidents are short descriptions of ________ employee performance. -the various tasks involved in the job, which are used to create a measure for evaluating -effective and ineffective behaviors used to create a measure for evaluating -the various tasks involved in the job, making it possible to subjectively evaluate -effective and ineffective behaviors that may or may not characterize -effective and ineffective behaviors that make it possible to subjectively evaluate

effective and ineffective behaviors used to create a measure for evaluating

Shari works at a fast-food restaurant, which requires her always to be cheerful even when customers are rude or impatient. Shari's job involves a large amount of -flow immersion. -emotional labor. -emotional contagion. -mood swings. -deactivated moods.

emotional labor

Task Performance

employee behaviors that are directly involved in the transformation of organizational resources into the goods or services that the organization produces.

Adaptive task performance

employee responses to task demands that are novel, unusual, or, at the very least, unpredictable.

What are the four methods of knowing?

experience, intuition, authority, science

Amanda and her team are about to begin performing a job analysis for the position of structural engineer at their firm. The very first thing they should do is ______. -generate a list of activities involved with the job, using data collected through observations, surveys, and interviews. -arrange for a group of subject matter experts to evaluate the job in terms of the importance and frequency of the activities involved. -look for activities that can become a part of performance evaluation systems as measures to evaluate task performance. -consult with a technical university to determine the requirements for obtaining a degree in structural engineering. -examine highly rated activities, which can then be incorporated into training programs as learning objectives.

generate a list of activities involved with the job, using data collected through observations, surveys, and interviews.

Although Ella works as a waitress in a supper club, she wants to eventually open her own restaurant that combines traditional supper club dishes with more innovative cuisine. According to job characteristics theory, Ella has a high degree of -growth need strength. -status. -altruism. -the need for power. -agreeableness.

growth need strength.

Routine task performance

involves well-known responses to demands that occur in a normal, routing, or otherwise predictable way.

Vincenza is an accountant whose client list includes an array of Fortune 500 companies. She has developed algorithms that have saved her clients millions of dollars, and as many satisfied customers have said, her solutions are often unexpected, but always legal and always effective. Yet Vincenza says that the real star in her family is her younger sister Siena, whose poetry has been published in a number of journals. Siena's poetry does not pay the bills, but it did get her noticed by a major publisher, who employed her to work in their mail room—a job that has given Siena the opportunity to meet a number of famous authors. In terms of organizational behavior, the best way to describe the difference between Vincenza's and Siena's jobs is to say that Vincenza's job ________ than Siena's. -requires a good deal more education -pays much more -has more to do with routine tasks -is much more involved in creative task performance -involves much less creativity

is much more involved in creative task performance

As the manager of the local Express Package Services, a retail shipping facility, DeAnna is evaluating the employees who work at the counter. She looks at such factors as positive or negative customer comments about each employee, their sales relative to those of their coworkers, the amount of time they spend with each customer, and so forth. DeAnna is evaluating each of these employees in terms of their -task performance -counterproductive behavior -citizenship behavior -job performance -courtesy

job performance

As Isabella gains experience, she obtains job knowledge and uses this knowledge to manage her employees effectively. Which individual mechanism is referred to in this statement? -team processes -motivation -personality and ability -learning and decision making -trust, justice, and ethics

learning and decision making

You are a new employee who wants to impress upon your manager how valuable you are to the company. According to the research-based view, which of the following actions should you take? -act in a friendly way with your co-workers and contribute to team discussions -make sure you arrive on time each work day and attend all the meetings -agree with whatever your manager says, even if you disagree -play it safe and avoid suggesting ideas that might seem risky -make unique, significant contributions to the company that most employees could not achieve

make unique, significant contributions to the company that most employees could not achieve

Which of the following are two of the methods by which people "know" things? -method of experience and method of intuition -method of intuition and method of education -method of education and method of authority -method of authority and method of economics -method of economics and method of education

method of experience and method of intuition

Job satisfaction has a _____ correlation with task performance. -relatively weak -strong positive -weak negative -moderate positive -relatively strong

moderate positive

What facets do employees consider when evaluating job satisfaction?

pay, promotions, supervision, coworkers, work itself

what type of counterproductive behavior is: harassment and abuse

personal aggression

What are the two ways that moods are characterized?

pleasantness and activation

what type of counterproductive behavior is: gossiping and incivility

political deviance

what type of counterproductive behavior is: wasting resources and substance abuse

production deviance

The results of surveys of common work values can be broken down into several general categories. Those general categories include which of the following sets of items? -meaningfulness of work, responsibility for outcomes, and knowledge of results -joy, pride, hope, and compassion -identity, autonomy, and feedback -promotions, altruism, and status -equity and equality

promotions, altruism, and status

what type of counterproductive behavior is: sabotage and theft

property deviance

LeAnne is exhausted after another long day of answering the phones at the law firm of Boardman, Holloway, and Shriver. She says those three names several hundred times a day, followed by "How my direct your call?" This is an example of _________. -knowledge work -job performance -adaptive task performance -routine task performance -citizenship behavior

routine task performance

Interpersonal citizenship behaviors include helping, courtesy, and ______. -civic virtue -boosterism -voice -sportsmanship -generosity

sportsmanship

Akari accepted a position with Innovate Electronics because she knows the company is highly regarded. Which of the following work value categories does Akari's choice relate to? -pay -coworkers -promotions -supervision -status

status

Employee behaviors that are directly involved in the transformation of organizational resources into the goods or services that the organization produces are referred to collectively as ___________. -job performance -task performance -citizenship behavior -behaviorally anchored rating scales -civic virtue

task performance

The finding that employees work harder if they receive added attention is referred to as -job satisfaction -the Integrative Model -organizational commitment -the method of intuition -the Hawthorne Effect

the Hawthorne Effect

The O*NET is useful for many things, but it does not provide _________. -the behaviors associated with a given job. -a resource for organizations that find it impractical to use job analysis. -the knowledge and skills required to perform a task. -the task requirements unique to a particular organization. -the characteristics of most jobs in terms of tasks.

the task requirements unique to a particular organization.

Scientific Method

theory, hypothesis, data, verification

How do values affect job satisfaction?

they affect high salary, prestige, comfort, good supervisory relations, and promotions

Which of the following theories argues that job satisfaction depends on whether an employee perceives that his or her job supplies the things that he or she values? -job withdrawal theory -emotional contagion theory -Maslow's theory -value-percept theory -job characteristics theory

value-percept theory

What are the five core characteristics of Job Characteristics theory?

variety, identity, significance, autonomy, and feedback (VISAF)

Bobby and Sam are taking their time getting their work done. They have already had three smoke breaks in the past hour and a half, and they even managed to sneak in a beer. They could have finished this particular project an hour ago, but as Sam just said to Bobby, "Why bother working when nobody's watching?" This is an example of ________ deviance. -wasting resources, the most common form of production -wasting resources, the most common form of political -wasting resources, the most common form of property -substance abuse, the most common form of production -substance abuse, the most common form of property

wasting resources, the most common form of production

which of the facets has the strongest influence on job satisfaction?

work itself