MGMT 363 test 1
Barbara's annual performance review incorporates performance appraisal data collected not only from her supervisor but also from her coworkers, subordinates, and even her customers. What type of performance management practice does Barbara's company use?
360-degree feedback
Students in Professor Alsever's class make a final project presentation before their classmates, and other department professors are invited to attend. The grade on the final project is based on weighted feedback from Professor Alsever, classmates, and the other professors in attendance. What type of performance management system is Professor Alsever using for evaluating the final project?
360-degree feedback
What is the role of theory in the scientific method?
A collection of assertions-both verbal and symbolic- that specify how and why variable are related, as well as the conditions in which they should (and should not) be related. built from a combination of interviews, observations, research reviews, and reflections, form the beginning point for the scientific methods and inspire hypotheses that can be tested with data.
The use of statistical methods to combine the results of several individual but similar studies is known as
A meta-analysis
Organizational behavior seeks to understand, explain, and improve employees' attitudes and _____.
Behaviors
Property deviance
Behaviors that harm the organization's assets and possessions
Political deviance
Behaviors that intentionally disadvantage other individuals
Production deviance
Behaviors that reduce the efficiency of work output
long breaks
Company policy allows a thirty minute break for lunch, but Carla usually takes an hour-long break.
A summary of the statistical relationships between variables is referred to as
Correlation
management by objectives (MBO)
Employees and managers develop mutually agreed-upon goals.
Which of the following is a feature of performance management that is more suitable for social networking systems than for more traditional practices?
Employees can post questions about their own performance for coworkers to give immediate anonymous feedback.
Which of the following statements about counterproductive behaviors is true?
Employees who engage in one form of counterproductive behavior frequently engage in others.
______ argues that management decisions and organizational practices should be based on scientific research and findings.
Evidence-based management
True or false: Citizenship behaviors are important only in jobs that involve interface with individuals and groups outside the organization.
False
True or false: Employees with high levels of task performance seldom have counterproductive behaviors.
False
Why might firms that are good at organizational behavior tend to be more profitable?
Good people are both rare and inimitable and, therefore, create a resource that is valuable for creating competitive advantage. history can not be bought or copied, make numerous decisions that cannot be observed by competitors, and create socially complex resources such as culture, teamwork, trust, and reputation
Which of the following two conditions are required in order to result in a state of flow?
High skill High challenge
______ levels of withdrawal behavior are closely correlated with a ______ degree of organizational commitment.
High; low
According to the resource-based view, the collective store of useful experience, wisdom, and knowledge possessed by an organization's people is referred to as
History
Personal aggression
Hostile verbal and physical actions directed toward other employees
Written predictions that specify relationships between variables are referred to as
Hypothesis
link
I grew up in the community and it's "home."
sacrifice
I'd hate to lose all that accrued vacation time.
fit
I'm good at what I do in my job.
According to the integrative model of organizational behavior, ability, personality, and cultural values would be categorized as
Individual characteristics
What factors affect the two primary organizational behavior outcomes?
Individual mechanisms (Job satisfaction; stress; motivation; trust, justice, & ethics; learning &decision making), individual characteristics (personality and cultural values; ability), group mechanisms (team characteristics and diversity; team processes and communication; leader power and negotiation; leader style and behaviors), and organizational mechanisms (organizational structure; organizational culture)
The resource-based view of organizations suggests that a resource is more valuable when it is which of the following?
Inimitable and rare
Which of the following actions by an employer would likely foster an increased continuance commitment among its employees?
Instituting a "promote from within" policy Establishing a generous salary and benefit package
Which of the following statements are correct about the Occupational Information Network?
It sets forth the required knowledge, skills, and abilities for jobs. It is an online database developed by the government. It lists the characteristics of jobs in terms of tasks and behaviors.
tardiness
Karen has been late for work at least twice a week. She can't stand the thought of going to work and hits the "snooze" button on her alarm repeatedly before she finally gets up.
absenteeism
Laura calls in sick at least once a month even when she is feeling well. She calls these days "mental health days."
The individual mechanism that deals with how employees acquire and apply knowledge to a job is referred to as
Learning and decision making
quitting
Lindsay hands her boss her resignation and a two-week notice. She says curtly, "Enough is enough. I'm outta here."
how can organizations use job performance information to manage employee performance?
MBO, BARA, 360-degree feedback, and forced ranking practices are four ways that organizations use job performance information to manage employee performance
forced ranking
Managers are required to classify employees as top, average, or low performers.
Tyrone has been a sales manager for many years, and his staff has always reached or exceeded quota, so he is confident that he has good leadership skills. Which of the following bases for knowledge does Tyrone use to assess his leadership skills?
Method of experience
Shawna instinctively believes that most people have an inherent tendency to avoid work. She believes the only way they'll do their jobs is if she "rides herd" over them all day long. Which method of knowledge does Shawna use in developing her management style?
Method of intuition
In order to test market acceptance of the company's new product, Marketing Manager Francesca has conducted a number of focus group interviews and has also had an independent firm conduct several market surveys. Which basis for knowledge is Francesca relying upon?
Method of science
The energetic forces that drive employees' work effort is best described as
Motivation
The comprehensive online database of worker attributes and job characteristics in terms of tasks, behaviors, required knowledge, skills, and abilities is known as the ______ Network.
Occupational Information
Which of the following is the best description of a causal inference?
One variable causes another
The field of study devoted to understanding, explaining, and improving the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations is known as
Organizational behavior
An employee's desire to remain a member of an organization that she or he respects is referred to as his or her
Organizational commitment
The organizational mechanism that captures the shared knowledge about the values and beliefs of the organization is called
Organizational culture
The organizational mechanism that reflects how units within an organization link to and communicate with other units is called
Organizational structure
According to the integrative model of organizational behavior, which of the following would be categorized as organizational mechanisms that contribute to individual mechanisms? (Check all that apply.)
Organizational structure and organizational culture
360-degree feedback
Performance information is provided by supervisors, subordinates, peers, and others.
behaviorally anchored rating scale (BARS)
Performance is measured by identifying and assessing job performance behaviors.
Which of the following would include characteristics that describe how people act, such as extroversion and conscientiousness?
Personality and cultural values
The basic premise of evidence-based management is that ______ should be the basis for management decisions and organizational practices
Scientific findings
Although Sarah does not particularly like her job anymore, her employer provides her with a generous benefits package that she cannot afford to give up. Which of the following describe Sarah's relationship to her organization?
She has a continuance commitment to it. She is embedded in it.
The theories and concepts in organizational behavior (OB) are derived from which of the following disciplines? (Check all that apply.)
Social psychology Anthropology Industrial psychology
According to the resource-based view, people within an organization create resources such as culture, teamwork, trust, and reputation. These resources are referred to as ______ resources.
Socially-complex
Organizational behavior (OB) research with respect to team characteristics and organizational structure draws primarily from studies in the field of
Sociology
The group mechanism that describes team behavior, including conflict and unity, is known as
Team processes and communication
In the management by objectives (MBO) process, who sets goals or objectives?
The employees and their managers
what workplace trends are affecting organizational commitment in today's organizations
The increase diversity of the workforce can reduce commitment if employees feel lower levels of affective commitment or become less embedded in their current jobs. The employee Dash employer relationship, which has changed due to decades of downsizing, can reduce affective and normative commitment, making it more of a challenge to retain talented employees
How are correlations interpreted?
The statistical relationship between two variables. Can be positive or negative and range from 0 (no statistical relationship) to 1 (perfect statistical relationship). .5 strong, .3 moderate, and .1 weak
True or false: The basic premise of the Rule of One-Eighth is that effective management of organizational behavior requires both a belief that several different practices are critical, as well as a long-term commitment to continually improve those practices.
True
Which of the following demographic trends in the U.S. workforce are true?
Workers older than 60 years are staying in the workforce longer. There are increasing numbers of foreign-born workers in the U.S.
The statement, "A change in X produces a change in Y" is an example of
a causal inference.
Organizational behavior
a field of study devoted to understanding, explaining, and ultimately improving the attitudes and behaviors of individuals and groups in organizations.it focuses on why individuals and groups in organizations act the why they do.
Which of the following factors can increase an employee's continuance commitment?
a high unemployment rate the cost of switching jobs
What workplace trends are affecting job performance in today's organizations?
a number of trends affect job performance in today's organization including the rise of knowledge work and increase in service jobs
what is job satisfaction?
a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences. it represents how you feel about your job and what you think about your job.
Melinda was humiliated at a recent staff meeting when she made a mistake in her presentation and her boss yelled, "That was stupid. You never do anything right, do you?" This example illustrates which of the following types of behavior by Melinda's boss?
abuse
When a major winter storm knocked out power to the Humane Society, the director had to quickly find alternative shelter for the animals housed there. This would likely be categorized as
adaptive task performance.
how do individuals cope with stress?
addressing the stressful demand or decreasing the emotional discomfort associated with the demand
"I love my job," Brendan says of his job at the humane shelter. "Every day brings a new challenge and a new opportunity for me to learn and make a difference in the community." This description best demonstrates which type of organizational commitment?
affective
Consuela has been with the company since she graduated from college and has often said, "I love it here. The people I work with aren't just coworkers; they're my family." Based on this description, Consuela has a high level of ______ commitment.
affective
Which of the following types of organizational commitment is associated with organizational citizenship behaviors?
affective
______ commitment reflects an employee's desire to stay with an organization because of an emotional attachment to it.
affective
what are the three types of organizational commitment, and how do they differ?
affective commitment occurs when employees want to stay and is influenced by the emotional bonds between employees. Continuance commitment occurs when employees need to stay and is influenced by salary and benefits and the degree to which they are embedded in the community. Normative commitment occurs when employees feel that they ought to stay and is influenced by an organization investing in its employees or engaging in charitable efforts.
Dawn's boss gave her a complicated report to finish by the end of the day. As a result, Dawn became angry and dissatisfied with her job and her boss in particular. This is an example of the ______ theory.
affective events
The ______ theory states that workplace occurrences that can generate reactions can go on to influence work attitudes and behaviors.
affective events
What Jessica values most about her job at the humane shelter is that she believes she makes a difference every single day in the lives of homeless animals in the community. This best describes which category of work values?
altruism
Jason is frustrated with the group project that is due in his organizational behavior class. His team hasn't met to discuss who is going to do which portion of the project and no deadlines have been set. Jason is experiencing role ______ with this project.
ambiguity
Research suggests that job satisfaction is strongly correlated with affective commitment. This means that employees who are satisfied with their job
are more likely to want to stay with the organization.
heloing
assiting coworkers with work or personal matters
Which method of assessing employees' job satisfaction is thought to be the most accurate and effective?
attitude survey
what step can organizations take to assess and manage job satisfaction?
attitude surveys such as job descriptive index (JDI)- asses pay satisfaction, promotion satisfaction, supervision satisfaction, coworker satisfaction, and satisfaction with the work itself. used to assess the level of job satisfaction experienced by employees, and its specific facet scores can identify interventions that could be helpful.
A high level of ______ directly contributes to the psychological state known as responsibility for outcomes, according to the job characteristics theory.
autonomy
According to the job characteristics theory, the degree to which the job provides an employee with freedom, independence, and discretion to perform the work is referred to as
autonomy
Turnover that may have been averted if the organization had tried harder or used a different approach to keep a worker at his or her job is known as ______ turnover.
avoidable
Trina is worried that she won't be able to finish her report on time, so she asks a couple of coworkers to help her. This is an example of ______ coping.
behavioral
People consider ______ job demands less stressful.
benign
Devon's pickup truck displays a bumper sticker that sports the logo of his company, Marathon Petroleum Co., and reads, "Fueling the American Spirit." Which organizational citizenship behavior is Devon demonstrating?
boosterism
Emilie has worked as an animal control officer at the county animal shelter for years and the constant stress has finally caught up with her. She is continually exhausted and has reached the point where she doesn't care about her job and is disillusioned with everything. Emilie is experiencing ____ due to this prolonged stress.
burnout
how can organizations foster a sense of commitment among employees
by fostering perceived organizational support which reflects the degree to which the organization cares about employees well-being. Commitment can also be fostered by specific incentives directed at the three commitment types
An organization may be able to build normative commitment among employees
by providing employees with quality training and opportunities for career growth.
Which of the following actions may constitute physical withdrawal on the part of the employee?
calling in sick being late to work
Jake is a salesperson for a car dealership. He has missed his monthly sales quota for March, largely because the car dealership down the street introduced a sales incentive of 0% financing for 36 months and a $1,000 rebate on all new vehicles purchased during the month of March. This illustrates that a problem with evaluating job performance on the basis of results is that the results _____.
can be influenced by factors beyond the employees' control
Although citizenship behaviors are somewhat discretionary and situationally influenced, such behaviors
can range widely over time.
what are the 4 main types of stressors?
challenge stressors (opportunities for growth and achievement), and hinderance stressors (hurdles to goal achievement) in both work and nonwork domains.
Tyler probably isn't the "brightest crayon in the box" in his department, but he can always be counted on to do the little extra tasks, like taking up collections for coworkers' birthdays, bringing homemade baked goods to staff meetings, or organizing a luncheon to celebrate an employee's retirement. As an employee, Tyler would best be described as a(n)
citizen
Lucinda is an active member of the local chapter of the National Association of Realtors. She therefore can keep up with the latest industry and consumer trends that can help her company achieve its goals. Which organizational citizenship behavior does this demonstrate?
civic virtue
An employee's desire to remain a member of the organization is referred to as organizational
commitment
The people, places, and things that can inspire an employee's desire to remain a member of an organization are known as his or her focus of
commitment
According to the ______ model of withdrawal, performing one withdrawal behavior makes an employee less likely to perform another type withdrawal behavior.
compensatory forms
"As long as my boss doesn't bother me with extra work, I can handle going into the office," Tina reports. "So I just pretend I'm busy, even if I'm surfing the Internet. Or when I've just turned in an assignment, I'll hang out in the lunch room. If I had to deal with my boss more, I'd quit." Which of the following models of withdrawal best describes Tina's behavior?
compensatory forms model
Aimee isn't happy with her job but her family really needs her income, especially now that her husband's hours at work have been reduced. This demonstrates ______ commitment.
continuance
Anton has received an attractive job offer from a competitor but agonizes over leaving his current employer. "If I leave the company now, I'll lose my stock options and all that accrued vacation." What type of organizational commitment does this best depict?
continuance
Sinead's company has a generous tuition reimbursement policy but requires that employees remain with the company for two years or repay the full amount of company-paid tuition. Sinead would like to find a new job but cannot afford to reimburse the company for tuition. Thus, she plans to stay with her current company for the requisite two years. This policy and Sinead's situation reflect ______ commitment.
continuance
What is the term for the actions and beliefs people use to face stress and the emotions caused by stress?
coping
Employee behaviors that intentionally hinder organizational goal accomplishment are referred to as ______ behavior.
counterproductive
Of the employee behaviors that are relevant to job performance, which of the following contributes negatively to the organization?
counterproductive behavior
"We're like family here," Martika says of the people in her department. "I don't just work with these people -- they're my friends." Based on this, it can be assumed that Martika has a high level of ______ satisfaction.
coworker
Employees' feelings about their fellow employees, including whether they are smart, responsible, helpful, fun, and interesting, is known as ______ satisfaction.
coworker
Which of the following workplace satisfaction facets are measured by the Job Descriptive Index?
coworker satisfaction pay satisfaction promotion satisfaction
Alec, a sales rep, is tech-savvy and has developed a number of different apps for his own Android phone. He has volunteered to help his boss develop a mobile app for the sales force. This is an example of job
crafting
Ricardo works for a manufacturing company that had excess plastic material. To make use of the material, he developed what he called a "bag bowl," a plastic bag that can be turned into a bowl with a round, collapsible piece of plastic. This is an example of
creative task performance
Google asks its employees to spend 20% of their work time on a pet project that their job descriptions do not necessarily cover. As a result of this "20% Project," employees have launched products such as Gmail, AdSense, and Google News. Google's 20% Project encourages
creative task performance.
Under the BARS approach to assessing job performance behaviors, descriptions of both effective and ineffective workplace behaviors used to evaluate employee performance are known as
critical incidents.
According to a survey conducted by salary.com, a majority of employees admitted that they visit websites like Facebook on a daily basis, and many spent 10 hours or more a week visiting websites unrelated to their work. This is an example of which form of psychological withdrawal?
cyberloafing
What is the term for the types of hindrance stressors that are less important but interfere with the more important types of work that need to be completed?
daily hassles
Which of the following behaviors likely would be involved in adaptive task performance?
dealing with unpredictable situations analyzing options for dealing with uncertain situations handling emergencies or crisis situations
Recent studies demonstrate that job satisfaction is
declining
What is the first step in managing stress?
determining the amount of stress in an organization and its causes
Which of the following would likely be characterized as negative emotions?
disgust guilt anger
moonlighting
doing work for another job while on the clock
______ is a term that describes involuntary turnover of employees that an organization performs to reduce costs.
downsizing
The collection of work and nonwork forces that influences employee retention, such as links to the community or organization, what they would have to give up if they changed jobs, and their perceived fit with the organization and the community, is known as
embeddedness.
Tameka has just learned that a prospective customer she's been working on for months has placed a large order with her company. She thrusts her fist into the air jubilantly and yells, "Yes!" Tameka is experiencing a(n)
emotion
According to affective events theory, affective events can trigger ______, which can influence fluctuations in satisfaction levels and also trigger spontaneous behaviors.
emotions
what is task performance?
employee behaviors that are directly involved in the transformation of organizational resources into the goods or services that the organization produces. example: routine performance, adaptive task performance, and creative task performance
what is counter productive behavior?
employee behaviors that intentionally hinder organizational goal accomplishment. example: sabotage, theft, wasting resources, substance abuse, gossiping, incivility, harassment, and abuse
adaptive task performance
employee responses to task demands that are unusual, novel, or unpredictable
what are the four primary responses to negative events at work?
employees can respond to negative work event in four ways: exit(A form of physical withdrawal in which the employee either ends or restricts organizational membership), voice(an active and constructive response by which employees attempt to improve the situation), loyalty(passive and constructive), neglect(A form of psychological withdrawal in which interest and effort in the job decrease).
cyberloafing
engaging in nonwork electronic communication while on the clock
socializing
engaging in nonwork verbal communication while on the clock
The process of adding task variety and significance, more autonomy, and other motivators into the job itself to make it more challenging and interesting is referred to as job
enrichment.
Drew likes aspects of telecommuting, but one of the drawbacks is that he feels somewhat isolated from his coworkers and has formed few bonds with them. According to the ______ model, Drew is more likely to leave the organization than his coworkers who have frequent communication with more emotional depth.
erosion
An intense positive mood is characterized by feeling
excited enthusiastic
After a heated discussion with his boss when he learned that he was going to be transferred to a new sales territory, Ken packed up his personal belongings and quit without giving any notice. Which of the following best describes Ken's reaction to a negative work event?
exit
True or false: According to research, there is a strong correlation between job satisfaction and continuance commitment.
false
True or false: Counterproductive behavior encompasses employee behaviors that intentionally or unintentionally hinder organizational goal accomplishment.
false
True or false: Evidence-based management argues that intuition and experience should form the foundation for managerial decisions and organizational practices.
false
True or false: Moods are extreme in intensity.
false
One of the principal ways in which job performance is used to manage employee performance is called 360-degree
feedback
Maria became so absorbed in her project that she didn't even realize that she'd worked through lunch. This state would be described as
flow
The state in which an employee feels a total immersion in the task at hand is referred to as
flow
how is job satisfaction affected by day to day events?
fluctuate during the course of the day. triggered by positive and negative events that are experienced that changes emotion and eventually give way to changes in mood.
Benny agonizes over whether or not to accept a new job. "It isn't just one thing," he explains. "I'm not crazy about my job, but I like the people I work with, and it would be really hard to give up four weeks of vacation every year. Besides that, the commute would take twice as long." The factors to remain with the organization that Benny describes are referred to as his _____.
focus of commitment
At the beginning of the semester, Professor Wolfman explained her grading policy. She stated that students would be evaluated on the basis of comparison with one another and that 20% of the class would earn an A grade, 70% of the class would earn a C grade, and 10% of the class would fail. What performance management system is Professor Wolfman using in her class?
forced ranking
The performance management approach that uses job performance evaluations to identify a company's best, average, and worst performing employees, using person-to-person comparisons, is known as
forced ranking.
List the steps involved in a job analysis in their correct order, with the first step listed at the top and the last step listed at the bottom.
generate a list of the activities involved in the job have a subject matter expert list each activity according to importance or frequency define task performance in terms of the activities that are important or frequently performed
Which of the following counterproductive behaviors are types of political deviance?
gossiping incivility
Leilana would best be described as a go-getter. She seems to have an inner drive to always excel, to continue to learn and master new skills, and to continually advance within the company. According to the job characteristics theory, this reflects Leilana's
growth need strength.
Tyrese has been in the same job for over four years and doesn't seem to have any interest in advancing within the company. According to the job characteristics theory, adding more variety and autonomy to Tyrese's job would likely not increase his job satisfaction because he lacks strong
growth need strength.
Dave frequently touches Jacinda when he is talking with her. He might rub her neck or shoulders or touch her hands or hair. It makes Jacinda uncomfortable and she has asked him repeatedly to stop doing this. Which of the following counterproductive behaviors is Dave displaying?
harassment
Which of the following are forms of personal aggression?
harassment abuse
Which of the following may reduce continuance commitment in foreign-born employees relative to other workers?
having fewer links to their community feeling less embedded in their current jobs experiencing a weaker fit with their new geographic area
What is the term for employer practices that are intended to help employees with personal problems, such as alcohol and drug dependencies, financial problems, or marital difficulties?
health and wellness programs
stars
high commitment, high task performance
citizens
high commitment, low task performance
Johanna is proud to be a Motorola employee and wants to continue her career with the company. Johanna demonstrates
high organizational commitment.
Research has shown that people who experience ______ levels of challenge stressors tend to have ______ levels of job performance.
higher: higher
The type of stressors that most often trigger negative emotions, such as anxiety and anger, are known as ______ stressors.
hindrance
how does stress affect job performance and organizational commitment?
hindrance stressors- weak negative relationship with job performance and strong negative relationship with organizational commitment. challenge stressors- weak positive relationship with job performance and strong positive relationship with organizational commitment.
According to the job characteristics theory, the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole, identifiable piece of work from beginning to end with a visible outcome is known as
identity
Jaycee is an interior designer who designs spaces for small business clients. He loves being able to "see" his ideas and concepts come to life as a functional and well-designed workplace. This would best describe which job characteristic?
identity
According to the job characteristics theory, a tailor who measures a client for a custom-made suit, selects the fabric, cuts and sews the suit, and alters it to precisely fit the client would have high
identity.
According to the integrative model of organizational behavior, ______ would include such elements as motivation, stress, and job satisfaction.
individual mechanisms
According to the resource-based view, resources that are unique and impossible to copy are referred to as
inimitable
Which of the following are the two primary categories of citizenship behavior?
interpersonal and organizational
Citizenship behavior that benefits coworkers and colleagues and involves assisting, supporting, and developing other organizational members is known as
interpersonal citizenship behavior
______ satisfaction is positively correlated with life satisfaction.
job
Sophia has been hired as a consultant to identify the core tasks of different jobs in a large electronics manufacturing plant. She closely observes workers, records what they do, how the work is done, and how long it takes to perform the task. Sophia is involved in the process of
job analysis.
Which theory identifies certain job characteristics that produce high levels of the three psychological states that make work more satisfying?
job characteristics theory
What are the two primary outcomes in studies of organizational behavior?
job performance and organizational commitment
______ has two basic elements: what you think about your job and how you feel about your job.
job satisfaction
how does job satisfaction affect job performance and organizational commitment? how does it affect life satisfaction?
job satisfaction has a moderately positive relationship with job performance and a strong positive relationship with organizational commitment and a strong positive relationship with life satisfaction.
courtesy
keeping coworkers informed about matters that are relevant to them
Cognitive work that requires the application of theoretical and analytical knowledge is known as ______ work.
knowledge
According to the job characteristics theory, which of the following factors can serve as moderators that influence the strength of the relationship between job characteristics and job satisfaction?
knowledge and skill growth need strength
The extent to which employees are aware of the outcome of their work is called
knowledge of results.
The group mechanism that details how individuals gain power over others within the organization is referred to as
leadership power and negotiations.
Alonzo is a successful salesperson but he's seen as a bit of a renegade in the organization. He doesn't like to be managed and doesn't have much interest in complying with company policy or procedures. His only interest is in making his sales quota. Alonzo would best be described as a(n)
lone wolf
Luis is fed up with his job. He is frequently late for work and instead of taking only ten minutes twice a day for a cigarette break, he is sometimes gone for as long as thirty minutes. What forms of physical withdrawal is Luis demonstrating?
long breaks tardiness
lone wolves
low commitment, high task performance
apathetic
low commitment, low task performance
sportsmanship
maintaining a positive attitude with coworkers through good and bad times
The performance appraisal system that involves the development of a set of mutually agreed-upon objectives between employees and supervisors is
management by objectives (MBO).
One of the factors in Irina's job as a web designer that gives her the most satisfaction is putting together images, words, animation, and sound and immediately seeing her work take shape and come to life. This would best describe which critical psychological state?
meaningfulness of work
A ______ takes all of the correlations found in studies of a particular relationship and calculates a weighted average of them.
meta-analysis
what are mood and emotions, and what specific forms do they take place?
mood- states of feelings that are often mild in intensity, last for an extended period of time, and are not explicitly directed at anything (enthusiastic, excited, elated, hostile, nervous, annoyed). emotion- state of feeling that are often intense, last only a few minute, and are clearly directed at someone or some circumstance (joy, pride, relief, hope, love, compassion, anger, anxiety, fear, guilt, shame, sadness, envy, disgust).
States of feeling that are relatively mild, last for a while, and are not explicitly directed at or caused by someone or something are referred to as
moods
Instead of advising or counseling students, Jim, a college professor, often uses his posted office hours to write a textbook for a publisher. Which form of psychological withdrawal does this best demonstrate?
moonlighting
How does the type a behavior pattern influence the stress process?
more stressors, appraise more demands as stressful, and are prone to experiencing more strain
Gary was unhappy that he had been scheduled for so many evening shifts at his job. As result he became less engaged and diligent and just went through the motions at work. Which of the following best describes Gary's reaction to a negative work event?
neglect
A correlation of 0 between two variables suggests which of the following?
no statistical correlation
According to research, what type of statistical relationship exists between continuance commitment and citizenship behavior?
no statistical relationship
After staying at home with her child for almost three years, Simone has returned to work. Now she is continually pulled between family and professional obligations and feels as if she is disappointing both her family and her employer. This is an example of a what kind of stressor?
nonwork hindrance
Fatima feels that she must stay at her company because it has invested time, energy, and money into training her. This describes a(n) ______ commitment to her organization.
normative
In which type of organizational commitment does an employee choose to remain with the organization because of a feeling of obligation to do so?
normative
Matt just finished his MBA, thanks to his company's generous tuition reimbursement program. He has received an attractive job offer from a competitor but feels that he owes a debt to his current employer for all the money the employer invested in his education. What type of organizational commitment does this describe?
normative
Tonya isn't especially happy with her job or the company, but her boss is on maternity leave, and Tonya knows that the department would be in disarray if she left before her boss returned. What type of organizational commitment does this describe?
normative
Citizenship behaviors, such as supporting and defending the company, working to improve its operations, and being especially loyal to the company, are known as
organizational citizenship behavior
what is organizational commitment? what is the withdrawal behavior? how are the two connected?
organizational commitment is the desire on the part of an employee to remain a member of the Organization. Withdrawal behavior is a set of actions that employees perform to avoid the work situation. Commitment and withdraw or negatively related to each other, the more committed employees or the less likely they are to engage in withdrawal.
how do organizations identify the behaviors that underlie task performance?
organizations gather information about relevant task behaviors using job analysis and O*NET
Employees' feelings about their salary, including whether it's as much as they deserve and sufficient for both normal expenses and luxury items, is referred to as ______ satisfaction.
pay
Of the five job facets identified by the value-percept theory, which facet appears to have the lowest correlation with job satisfaction?
pay
what specific facets do employees consider when evaluating their job satisfaction?
pay satisfaction, promotion satisfaction, supervision satisfaction, coworker satisfaction, and satisfaction with the work itself.
The degree to which employees believe that the organization values their contributions and cares about their well-being is referred to as
perceived organizational support.
Dwayne wants to advance in his career, so he has enrolled in an MBA program and attends classes two evenings a week. This is an example of a what kind of stressor?
personal development
Individual characteristics that improve individual mechanisms, such as job satisfaction and motivation, include which of the following?
personality cultural values ability
What kind of strains result from stressors affecting the healthy or normal functioning of the systems of the human body?
physiological
Iris gets stressed out when she shops at a crowded supermarket, so she changes her schedule to shop early in the morning when the store isn't as busy. Iris is using ______-focused coping to deal with the stressor.
problem
Phyllis works as a telemarketer for a nonprofit organization, but instead of calling potential donors, she often calls friends and relatives instead. Which counterproductive behavior does this illustrate?
production deviance
Counterproductive behavior directed against the organization that focuses on reducing the efficiency of work output is referred to as
production deviance.
Allison is a pediatric nurse who has become burned out after eight years on the job. At first, she dealt with her dissatisfaction by socializing with her coworkers. This led to longer breaks during the work day, and then she began missing entire days of work, feigning illness or family emergencies. She has finally decided to quit her job. Allison's actions depict which model of withdrawal?
progression model
Which model of withdrawal is confirmed by scientific research?
progression model
Which model of withdrawal suggests that even minor forms of psychological withdrawal can lead to major forms of physical withdrawal and ultimately to quitting?
progression model
Tyler has applied for several higher-level jobs in his company, but they have always hired someone from outside of the company. He feels his chances for advancement within the company are slim, and now he has a low level of ______ satisfaction.
promotion
______ satisfaction refers to how employees feel about their employer's policies regarding changes in job titles and responsibilities.
promotion
The primary advantage of social networking systems for performance management is that, in contrast with more traditional practices, they
provide performance information in a timely manner
what are some examples of psychological withdrawal? how do the different forms of withdrawal relate to each other?
psychological- daydreaming, socializing, looking busy, moonlighting, cyberloafing. physical- tardiness, long breaks, missing meeting, absenteeism, and quitting, consistent and progression model, withdrawal behaviors tend to start with minor psychological forms before escalating to to major physical forms
Which of the following forms of withdrawal involves permanent withdrawal from the work environment?
quitting
what steps can organizations take to manage employee stress?
reducing or eliminating stressors, providing resources that employees can use to cope with stressors, or trying to reduce strain
Horatio works as a parking attendant at a municipal parking lot. He monitors the parking lot to prevent vandalism and theft, collects fees from motorists, and makes periodic rounds to check for expired permits. These duties would be considered as
routine task performance.
In 2012 a Taco Bell employee in Indiana tweeted a photo of himself urinating on a plate of nachos. Which counterproductive behavior did he display?
sabotage
Laurie was so angry when she was passed over for a promotion that she intentionally poured a bottle of molasses on her supervisor's keyboard. This is an example of which counterproductive behavior?
sabotage
The quote, "Choose a job you love, and you will never have to work a day in your life" best describes which facet of the value-percept theory?
satisfaction with the work itself
What facet of job satisfaction has the most influence on overall job satisfaction?
satisfaction with the work itself
Randi works as an aesthetician at a local spa and works with clients to improve the tone, health, and appearance of their skin through massage, facials, and hair removal. What type of work does Randi perform?
service work
Asked to describe what was most meaningful about his job at the Red Cross, phlebotomist Kenji answered, "I make a difference every day to people's lives within our community." This is an example of which element of the job characteristics theory?
significance
Aaron, Michael, and Jaylan are best friends who joined the company right after college, and they used to refer to themselves as the "Three Musketeers." A few months ago, Aaron and Jaylan left the company for different jobs, and Michael is starting to wonder if he should consider getting a new job as well. Which model describes this phenomena?
social influence
Which discipline has contributed research on satisfaction, emotions, and team processes to the field of organizational behavior (OB)?
social psychology
Almost every Monday morning during football season, you can find a group of employees in Shawn's cubicle at work, comparing their football pool picks and analyzing the weekend's games. Which form of psychological withdrawal does this represent?
socializing
According to the resource-based view, which of the following factors make human resources inimitable?
socially complex resources history numerous small decisions
Jason tends to be the "nattering nabob of negativism" at his company. He seems to be constantly upset with his coworkers and the efforts they make in doing a good job and getting along with each other. Jason displays a low level of which interpersonal citizenship behavior?
sportsmanship
What is the term for negative consequences, such as headaches, depression, or compulsive behaviors, that can occur when people do not have the ability to deal with stress?
stains
continuance
staying because you need to
normative
staying because you ought to
affective
staying because you want to
High-level executives and managers often feel physical and mental effects due to the ______ that their demanding jobs cause.
stress
Psychologists use the term ____ to describe a state of mental or emotional tension resulting from adverse or demanding circumstances.
stress
The individual mechanism that deals with workers' psychological reactions to overtaxing job demands is referred to as
stress
In a(n) ______ ______, managers study the positions in their workplaces to determine if stress is negatively impacting the workplaces.
stress audit
Research suggests that job satisfaction has a(n) ______ effect on organizational commitment.
strong positive
Employees' feelings about their boss, including whether the boss is competent, polite, and a good communicator, is referred to as ______ satisfaction.
supervison
Which of the following refers to the set of explicit obligations that an employee has for fulfilling a job?
task performance
Employee behaviors relevant to job performance include which of the following?
task performance counterproductive behavior citizenship behavior
Employee behaviors directly involved in the transformation of organizational resources into goods or services are referred to as
task performance.
Which group mechanism describes the creation and composition of teams?
team characteristics and diversity
Group mechanisms include which of the following?
team characteristics and diversity leadership styles and behaviors
Which of the following is required in order to establish a causal inference between two variables?
that the variables be correlated
The premise that 12% or less of organizations will sustain and increase profitability by emphasizing effective management practices is referred to as
the Rule of One-Eighth.
creative task performance
the degree to which individuals develop ideas or outcomes that are both novel and useful
Which of the following suggests that an employee who has fewer emotional attachments to work colleagues will be most likely to leave the organization?
the erosion model
Which of the following is the best description of emotional labor?
the need to manage emotions to complete job duties successfully
According to the value-percept theory, employees establish their level of pay satisfaction partly on
the pay of similar coworkers.
Deon is an aesthetician at a busy salon. In order to reach her sales goal for the month, she sometimes lies to clients who call to make an appointment with someone else by saying that she is the only aesthetician available for an appointment. This illustrates which problem associated with evaluating job performance on results alone?
the problem of social undermining and sabotaging in order to achieve bottom-line results
what is stress and how is it related to stressors and strains?
the psychological response to demands when there's something at stake for the individual and coping with these demands would tax or exceed the individual's capacity or resources. stressors are the demands that cause the stress response, and strains are the negative consequences of the stress response.
what is job performance?
the set of employees behaviors that contribute to organizational goal accomplishment. 3 dimensions: task performance, citizenship behavior, and counterpart behavior
Which of the following suggests that employees who have bonds with "leavers" are also likely to leave the organization?
the social influence model
According to the job characteristics theory, the best source of ongoing feedback on task performance comes from
the work itself.
According to this text, with which of the following does the scientific method begin?
theory
Verbal and symbolic assertions that specify how and why variables are related and the conditions in which they should or should not be related are referred to as
theory
what are values, and how so they affect job satisfaction?
things that people consciously or subconsciously want to seek or attain. according to value perception theory, job satisfaction depends on whether you perceive that your job supplies those things that you value
daydreaming
thinking about other things while on the clock
Which of the following is the best definition of values?
those things that people consciously or subconsciously want or seek to attain
Keyara does her best work when she has a tight deadline for a project because she focuses instead of being distracted. This is an example of what type of work challenge stressor?
time pressure
A(n) ______ contract defines the employment relationship in terms of monetary obligations.
transactional
Jessica perceives her relationship with her employer in relatively simple terms. She owes the organization her time and effort; the organization owes her pay and benefits. This would best describe a(n) ______ contract.
transactional
True or false: Employees can have different reactions to identical stressors as the result of a number of factors, such as perception, appraisal, and the degree of social support they receive.
true
True or false: Increasing diversity in the workforce potentially reduces some employees' organizational affective commitment.
true
True or false: Remaining employees after a downsizing have "survivor syndrome" and are likely to have low levels of organizational commitment.
true
The ______ theory argues that job satisfaction depends on whether you feel that your job supplies the things that you value.
value-percept
"I'm so bored on this job I could scream," Annette complained. "Every day, it's the same thing, day in and day out. I could do this job in my sleep." According to the job characteristics theory, Annette is likely deficient in which of the core job characteristics?
variety
According to the job characteristics theory, the degree to which a job requires an employee to complete a number of different activities involving several different skills and talents is known as
variety
which job characteristics can create a sense of satisfaction with the work itself?
variety, identity, significance, autonomy, and feedback- combine to result in particularly high levels of satisfaction with work itself
Bob was unhappy with the way scheduling of shifts was handled at work. He decided to meet with his boss to express his dissatisfaction and suggest ways that the scheduling could be improved. Bob's reaction to a negative work event could best be described as
voice
Richard works in a large office building and has noticed that many people have been leaving on office lights unnecessarily. He suggests that timers might be used to turn off the lights at night automatically. Richard's initiative would be an example of which organizational citizenship behavior?
voice
what is citizenship behavior?
voluntary employee activities that may or may not be rewarded but that contribute to the organization by improving the overall quality of the setting in which work takes place. examples: helping, courtesy, sportsmanship, voice, civic virtue, and boosterism
Blake works as a bartender at a sports bar. He doesn't measure as he pours and often serves very generous drinks, especially if customers tip him well. "After all," he shrugs, "I'm not paying for the booze and it keeps the customers happy." Which counterproductive behavior does this describe?
wasting resources
routine task performance
well-known responses to demands that occur in a normal or predictable way
What is one major factor people consider when choosing coping strategies?
whether they believe the strategies have a good chance to succeed
Place the following groups in order of the percentage of the U.S. labor force that they represent, with the group that represents the largest percentage at top.
whites hispanics african americans asians
Actions that employees perform to avoid their work situation are referred to as ______ behavior.
withdrawal