MGMT 3720 Exam 3

Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Megan is trying to gain a sense of equity by distorting her perception of herself?

She believes that she is less-capable than her colleague.

The attitudes relationship can be modified by all of the following EXCEPT​ _________________.

cultural identity

The summation of job facets measurement of job satisfaction identifies key elements of the job including all of the following EXCEPT​ _________________.

cultural identity

An HR Director wants to institute a new plan that will increase employee job satisfaction. This will not only improve profitability​ overall, but it will do so by improving​ ________.

customer satisfaction

Which of the following is the major drawback of job sharing from management's perspective?

difficulty in finding compatible partners

According to the attribution theory, ________ is one the three main factors which attempts to determine an individual's behavior.

distinctiveness

Jackie thinks that she is paid a lot less than other employees in her division and feels extremely resentful. She starts taking long breaks and generally wastes time. Her actions resulted from a perceived lack of ________ justice.

distributive

Which of the following is referred to as a halo effect?

drawing a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic

Job satisfaction ratings were consistently high over a​ thirty-year period, and then job satisfaction ratings declined dramatically in 2007. What might be the reason for this​ decline?

economic conditions

________ is a participative process that uses employees' input to increase their commitment to the organization's success.

employee involvement

Which of the following is an example of an intrinsic reward?

employee recognition

What is an advantage of bonuses over merit-based pay plan?

employees are rewarded for recent performance

According to Albert Bandura, the most important source of increasing self-efficacy is ________.

enactive mastery

Which of the following sources of increasing self-efficacy involves gaining relevant experience with a particular task or job?

enactive mastery

The proponents of reinforcement theory view behavior as ________.

environmentally caused

Karen graduated from college four years ago and has been working at Betaphy Inc. ever since. She has consistently received good performance evaluations for the quality of her work. She recently found out that her company hired a fresh college graduate with no experience at a salary higher than hers. Which of the following theories will Karen most likely use to evaluate this situation?

equity

Core-plus plans consist of ________.

essiential benefits and a menu like selection of other benefits that an employee can choose from

Job enrichment is the process of ________.

expansion of jobs by increasing the degree to which the worker controls the planning, execution, and evaluation of the work

Which of the following theories discusses three relationships: effort-performance relationship, performance-reward relationship, and rewards-personal goals relationship?

expectancy theory

Which of the following is a component of the three-component model of creativity?

expertise

The external competitiveness of an organization's pay relative to elsewhere in the industry is measured by its ________.

external equity

Which of the following statements is true regarding the cognitive evaluation theory?

extrinsic rewards tend to reduce intrinsic interest in a task

A candidate is likely to receive a more favorable evaluation if preceded by mediocre applicants and a less favorable evaluation if preceded by strong applicants. This is an example of the halo effect

false

A flexible benefits package is designed for a male with a wife and two children at home.

false

A focus on utilitarianism creates an environment that hinders productivity and efficiency.

false

A person's tendency to believe he/she can predict the outcome of random events is known as the self-serving bias.

false

A profit-sharing plan works by tying rewards to productivity gains as the only criterion.

false

According to Herzberg, the opposite of "satisfaction" is "dissatisfaction."

false

According to Maslow, lower-order needs are satisfied internally while higher-order needs are satisfied externally.

false

According to attribution theory, the more consistent a behavior, the more we are inclined to attribute it to external causes.

false

According to the attribution theory, if a behavior scores high on consensus and distinctiveness, we tend to consider it as an internally caused behavior

false

According to the two-factor theory, adequate hygiene factors provide job satisfaction.

false

Goal-setting theory strongly advocates participation in decision making, whereas MBO demonstrates that managers' assigned goals are usually just as effective.

false

Goal-setting theory takes a behavioristic approach whereas reinforcement theory takes a cognitive approach.

false

Individuals low in self-efficacy respond to negative feedback with increased effort and motivation.

false

Job enrichment improves employees' skills by periodically shifting an employee from one task to another with similar skill requirements at the same organizational level

false

John Dunker is one of the best firefighters in his squad and he recently received an award for his outstanding performance. From this information, it may be concluded that John's job has low task significance.

false

McClelland's theory of needs proposes that the factors that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction.

false

Participative management is characterized by the symbolic representation of employees in work councils and board meetings.

false

Rational decision making is an unconscious process created from distilled experience.

false

Task identity is defined as the degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities so the worker can use a number of different skills and talent.

false

The job characteristics model describes any job in terms of five core job dimensions and these five dimensions are skill variety, task significance, recognition, reward, and feedback.

false

The lower your self-efficacy, the more confidence you have in your ability to succeed

false

The major advantage of flextime is that it can be used for all categories of jobs.

false

The perception of a target is unaffected by the perceiver's personality or past experiences

false

The rational decision-making model takes into consideration the fact that all information pertaining to a problem might not be available to the decision maker.

false

The tendency for individuals to attribute their own successes to internal factors and put the blame for failures on external factors is known as the confirmation bias.

false

The tendency to believe falsely, after an outcome of an event is actually known, that one would have accurately predicted that outcome is known as the confirmation bias.

false

The tendency to draw a general impression about an individual on the basis of a single characteristic is known as the contrast effect

false

The tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others is known as the randomness error

false

To enhance the amount of autonomy employees enjoy, a company must provide its employees with tasks combined into natural work units.

false

Under Theory Y, managers believe that employees inherently dislike work and must therefore be directed or even coerced into performing it.

false

Underpayment and overpayment, according to equity theory, tend to produce similar reactions to correct the inequities.

false

When the profits of Emm Corp rose steadily over two quarters three years back, the employees of the company were given the offer of purchasing the company's shares at subsidized rates. Many of the employees who bought the shares have become extremely rich after the phenomenal growth Emm Corp has had in the following years. This is an example of a bonus.

false

Workers around the world prefer rewards based on seniority over rewards based on performance and skills.

false

According to the job characteristics model, ________ indicates the degree to which carrying out work activities generates direct and clear information about your own performance.

feedback

According to Herzberg, when ________ are adequate, people won't be dissatisfied, but they will also not be satisfied.

hygiene factors

Following this discovery, Megan starts coming to work late and her productivity begins to suffer. Which of the following is most similar to the scenario mentioned above?

lisa starts working longer hours after learning that her co workers earn less than she does for the same work

A ________ pay plan pays for individual performance based on performance appraisal ratings.

merit based

________ are predesigned packages or modules of benefits, each of which meets the needs of a specific group of employees.

modular plans

Which of the following best describes the difference in job satisfaction between​ low-income individuals and people who make a comfortable​ living?

money has a greater effect on job satisfaction among low income people than among comfortable income people

The core dimensions of the job characteristics model can be combined into a single predictive index called ________.

motivating potential score

________ is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

motivation

According to social learning theory, which of the following processes demonstrates whether an individual is capable of performing the modeled activities?

motor reproduction process

Henry realized that he no longer looked forward to going into work after a mandatory reorganization shifted both the specific tasks he was doing and how the tasks were accomplished. According to the summation of job facets measurement of job​ satisfaction, Henry's job satisfaction was impacted by a change​ in_________________.

nature of the work

A negative response that passively allows conditions to worsen​ (chronic absenteeism or​ lateness, reduced​ effort, and increased error​ rate) is a condition normally associated with subordinates rather than management personnel. The HR Director is attempting to minimize the negative ramifications of this​ response, known as​ ________. In concert with this goal of reducing the​ negative, she is also striving to increase​ ________, which generally results in employees going beyond the normal expectations of their jobs.

neglect; organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)

Unlike in the case of goal-setting theory, MBO strongly advocates ________.

participatively set goals

Zappos works to improve customer service employee satisfaction by​ ________________

paying employees to leave after training

Which of the following statements is true regarding goal-setting theory?

people do better when they get feedback on how well they are progressing toward their goals

Which of the following statements is true according to McClelland's theory of needs ?

people with a high needs for power and a low need for affiliation often make the best managers

________ is the process by which individuals organize and interpret their sensory impressions in order to give meaning to their environment.

perception

The ________ dimension of motivation measures how long a person can maintain effort.

persistence

MBO provides individual employees with ________.

personal performance objectives

Which level of Maslow's hierarchy of needs deals with satisfying one's hunger, thirst, and other bodily needs?

physiological

The ________ pay plan has long been popular as a means of compensating production workers by paying a fixed sum for each unit of production completed.

piece-rate

Employee satisfaction is related to​ ________________

positive customer outcomes

Organizational citizenship behavior​ (OCB) is defined as​ _________________.

positive talk, helping others, and going beyond normal expectations at the job

A prerequisite condition for job rotation is the ________.

presence of employees with similar skill sets and requirements

Flexible spending plans consist of ________.

pretax dollars up to the dollar amount offered in the plan that an employee sets apart to pay for particular benefits

Edith believes that the methods for determining salary hikes and bonuses in her company are extremely unfair. In this case, Edith perceives a lack of ________ justice.

procedural

Which of the following types of justice relates most strongly to job satisfaction, employee trust, withdrawal from the organization, job performance, and citizenship behaviors?

procedural justice

A ________ plan distributes compensation based on some established formula designed around revenue of the company.

profit-sharing

An​ employee's belief in the degree to which they influence their work​ environment, their​ competencies, the meaningfulness of their​ job, and their perceived autonomy is known as​ ________.

psychological empowerment

The best way for a manager to use verbal persuasion is through the ________, a form of self-fulfilling prophecy in which believing something can make it true.

pygmalion effect

According to the two-factor theory proposed by Herzberg, which of the following is considered a hygiene factor?

quality of supervision

Jack Holmes is a middle-aged, lower-level employee at an automobile service center. Though he is not paid very well, he loves his job. His supervisor speaks to him with respect and he is the favored candidate for mentoring new employees because on the vast experience he holds in the job. Based on this information, which of the following is most likely to be the reason Jack likes his job?

recognition

Which of the following is a motivational factor, according to Herzberg's two-factor theory?

recognition

A(n) ________ is any consequence, immediately following a response, that increases the probability that the behavior will be repeated.

reinforcer

If a manager incorrectly assumes that all employees want the same thing, then according to the expectancy theory, it is most likely to result in a weak ________ relationship.

rewards-personal goals

According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs, which of the following is a lower-order need?

safety

________ is an extrinsic means of motivation.

salary

If we consider Maslow's hierarchy of needs in the context of Japan, Greece, and Mexico, where uncertainty-avoidance characteristics are strong then ________ needs would be on top of the hierarchy.

security

Individuals engage in ________ because it is impossible for them to assimilate everything they see and can take in only certain stimuli.

selective perception

You are more likely to notice a car like your own due to ________.

selective perception

Which of the following needs in Maslow's hierarchy refers to the drive to become what one is capable of becoming?

self-actualization

The concept of ________ considers how strongly peoples' reasons for pursuing goals are consistent with their interests and core values.

self-concordance

Which of the following theories proposes that people prefer to feel they have control over their actions, so anything that makes a previously enjoyed task feel more like an obligation than a freely chosen activity will undermine motivation?

self-determination theory

The ________ theory is also known as the social cognitive theory or the social learning theory.

self-efficacy

________ refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task.

self-efficacy

Helen, a high school teacher, wants her students to actively participate more in class. She has decided to use reinforcement theory to get the required results. Which of the following methods is she most likely to use?

she is going to give students an extra mark each time they contribute

Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument that Megan is trying to gain a sense of equity by changing her inputs?

she takes long breaks from work and shirks her responsibilities

If Alberta is a categorized as a Theory X manager, which of the following behaviors is she most likely to exhibit?

she will strictly control all the details of any project she is managing

In which of the following variable-pay programs is the pay level based on how many skills employees have or how many jobs they can do?

skill based pay

Which of the following series of dimensions of the job characteristics model (JCM) combine to create meaningful work?

skill variety, task identity, and task significance

Which of following needs, as detailed by Maslow's hierarchy of needs, best corresponds to McClelland's need for affiliation?

social

The job characteristic model fails to consider the role ________ plays in employee motivation.

social support

MBO emphasizes goals that are ________.

tangible, verifiable, and measurable

According to goal-setting theory, goals are more likely to have a stronger impact on performance when ________.

tasks are independent rather than interdependent

The option of working at home at least 2 days a week on a computer linked to the employer's office is termed as ________.

telecommuting

The emotional or feeling segment of an​ attitude, which is viewed to be the more critical part of an​ attitude, is called​ ________.

the affective component

According to the two-factor theory, ________.

the aspects that lead to job satisfaction are separate and distinct from those that lead to job dissatisfaction

Which of the following is Theory X consistent with?

the autocratic style of managing people

Which of the following, if true, would strengthen the argument in favor of adopting job rotation?

the company can enhance productivity of existing employees in various areas for different projects

Which of the following, if true, would weaken the argument of adopting job rotation?

the company is now entering its busiest business season with multiple project deadlines

With reference to the job characteristics model, which of the following defines skill variety?

the degree to which a job requires a variety of different activities tapping different abilities

With reference to the job characteristics model, which of the following defines task identity?

the degree to which a job requires completion of a whole and identifiable piece of work

Which of the following is the best description of job​ involvement?

the degree to which people identify psychologically with their jobs

According to the expectancy theory, the performance-reward relationship is the degree to which ________.

the individual believes performing at a particular level will lead to desired outcomes

Which of the following statements is true of the job characteristics model?

the operation of the model is relatively individualistic in nature

Much research has been conducted on measuring and recording employee​ satisfaction, and there are numerous intricate techniques for gathering information. Which of the following is the most helpful to management to record this type of​ information?

the single global rating

The cognitive component of an attitude is best described by​ _______________.

the thought or description that underlies attitude

Job design is defined as the ________.

the way the elements in a job are organized

A flextime arrangement requires all employees to be at their jobs during the common core period.

true

A pure piece-rate plan provides no base salary and pays the employee only for what he or she produces.

true

A variable-pay program bases a portion of an employee's pay on some individual and/or organizational measure of performance.

true

According to Maslow, a need that is substantially satisfied no longer motivates

true

According to McClelland's theory of needs, when jobs have a high degree of personal responsibility and feedback and an intermediate degree of risk, high achievers are strongly motivated.

true

According to goal-setting theory, a specific goal will produce a higher level of output than a generalized goal.

true

An individual's perception of reality can be substantially different from objective reality.

true

Anchoring bias occurs because our mind appears to give a disproportionate amount of emphasis to the first information it receives.

true

Attribution theory tries to explain the ways in which we judge people differently, depending on the meaning we attribute to a given behavior.

true

Employee recognition programs are highly susceptible to political manipulation by management

true

Escalation of commitment refers to staying with a decision even when there is clear evidence it's wrong

true

Feedback is the degree to which carrying out work activities generates direct and clear information about one's own performance.

true

Flexible spending plans allow employees to set aside pretax dollars up to the dollar amount offered in the plan to pay for particular benefits, such as health care and dental premiums.

true

In an interview, information elicited early from an interviewee carries greater weight than information elicited later.

true

Interactional justice refers to an individual's perception of the degree to which she/he is treated with dignity, concern, and respect.

true

Internal equity refers to the worth of the job to the organization.

true

Jobs with high autonomy give incumbents a feeling of personal responsibility for the results.

true

Motivation is defined as the processes that account for an individual's intensity, direction, and persistence of effort toward attaining a goal.

true

People who pursue goals for intrinsic reasons are more likely to attain their goals and are happy even if they do not.

true

People's behavior is based on their perception of what reality is, not on reality itself.

true

Procedural justice refers to the perceived fairness of the method used to determine the distribution of rewards.

true

Self-efficacy refers to an individual's belief that he or she is capable of performing a task

true

Self-generated feedback is a more powerful motivator than externally generated feedback.

true

Stereotyping helps individuals make quick decision through generalizations.

true

When it comes to motivating employees, financial incentives may be more motivating in the short term, but in the long run it's nonfinancial incentives.

true

Women are more likely than men to overanalyze problems before making a decision and to rehash a decision once made.

true

The ________ theory is also called motivation-hygiene theory

two-factor

Which of the following theories proposes the idea of a dual continuum?

two-factor theory

Which of the following statements is true regarding an employee stock ownership plan (ESOP)?

under this plan, employees acquire shares often at below-market prices

Which of the following statements is true regarding a merit-based pay plan?

unions typically resist merit based pay plan

According to the concept of ________, decisions are made solely on the basis of their outcomes, ideally to provide the greatest good for the greatest number.

utilitarianism

________ bases a portion of an employee's pay on some individual and/or organizational measure of performance.

variable-pay program

Which of the following ways of increasing self-efficacy is generally used by motivational speakers?

verbal persuasion

One of the sources of self-efficacy is ________, becoming more confident because you see someone else doing the task.

vicarious modeling

Individuals who report unethical practices by their employer to outsiders are known as ________.

whistle-blowers

Employees who use the flextime option have to ________.

work from the office during the common core period and put in the extra hours as per their convenience

Internal equity refers to the ________.

worth of the job to the organization

which of the following is an example of a piece-rate plan?

$2 for each unit produced

According to the attribution theory, which of the following behaviors is most likely to be attributed to an external cause?

A behavior that scores high on consensus

With reference to the expectancy theory, which of the following examples indicates a weak rewards-personal goals relationship?

An employee works hard in order to be relocated to the Paris office but instead is transferred to Beijing

The job characteristics model describes five dimensions of a job. A job can be enriched by modifying one or more of these five dimensions. Which of the following methods of job enrichment involves modifying skill variety and task identity dimensions of a job?

combining tasks

Which of the following statements is true regarding employee recognition?

Critics argue that employee recognition programs are highly susceptible to political manipulation by management

Why do people who perceive themselves as victims of interactional injustice often blame their immediate supervisor rather than the organization at large?

Interactional justice or injustice is intimately tied to the conveyer of the information.

The term "virtual office" describes working from home on a relatively permanent basis.

TRUE

Self-determination theory proposes that in addition to being driven by a need for autonomy, people seek ways to achieve ________.

competence and positive connections

Why is Maslow's theory criticized?

There is little evidence that needs are structured or operate in the way it describes.

Sally Peterson, who works as an entry-level editor, wants to go for dental reconstruction surgery and sent a query to her HR department asking for a list of preferred hospitals. The HR looked through her healthcare plan which provided only a minimum coverage for routine drugs and vision care. Consequently, the HR manager has recently informed her that if she wishes to carry on with the dental procedure, she will have to pay for it on her own. Which of the following healthcare plans should she avail to meet her needs?

a core-plus plan

According to the job characteristics model, autonomy is defined as the degree to which ________.

a job provides the worker freedom, independence, and discretion

McClelland's theory is based on which of the following needs?

achievement, power, and affiliation

The Director of HR at Multimedia Corporation is concerned about some stereotyping which has occurred in the work environment. To combat this stereotyping the HR director has decided​ to________________.

adopt more transparent practices

Eric has been at his job for more than five years but has been passed over for promotion three times. Each time Eric was not considered he became angrier and angrier at the​ situation, until he started thinking about getting a new job.​ Eric's anger about being passed over for promotion represents which piece of his​ attitude?

affective

Managers need to be aware of exit and neglect behaviors in response to dissatisfaction because they impose a negative influence on the organization and its employees. These behaviors are initiated and felt by the employee rather than imposed by management. In addition to these behaviors, which are generally perceived to have a negative​ effect, voice and loyalty are also possible responses.​ Again, these are behaviors initiated by the employee. With this​ information, what can a HR Director do to maximize the possibility the dissatisfied employees will respond with voice or loyalty or​ both, rather than an exit or neglect​ response?

all the tactics listed in this could be very successful in eliciting a positive voice or loyalty response in the event they become dissatisfied in the workplace

Ginger works for an organization that requires employees to engage in a variety of socially responsible projects as part of the​ job, although work hours are not reduced by this participation. In order to have a positive impact on job​ satisfaction, the organization may choose​ to___________.

allow Ginger to decide whether she wants to participate or not

Self-inside, one of the four referent comparisons in the equity theory, refers to ________

an employee's experiences in a different position inside the employee's current organization

Which of the following best describes cognitive​ dissonance?

an incompatibility between two of a person's beliefs, behavior, or attitudes

Telecommuting is an option that suits professionals like ________.

analysts

According to the equity theory, there are four referent comparisons. The referent comparison known as other-inside refers to ________.

another individual or group of individuals inside the employees organization

Other-outside is a referent comparison that refers to ________.

another individual or group of individuals outside of the employees organization

When individuals observe another person's behavior, they attempt to determine whether it is internally or externally caused. Which of the following attempts to explain this phenomenon?

attribution theory

One of the methods of job enrichment is to expand jobs vertically. This method involves modifying the ________ dimension of the job.

autonomy

For employee stock ownership plans to be effective in improving performance, they must ________.

be implemented such that employees psychologically experience ownership

With reference to the four sources of self-efficacy as proposed by Albert Bandura, verbal persuasion involves becoming more confident ________.

because someone convinces you that you have the skills necessary to be successful

Maria has been at her job for three years but is very dissatisfied and is ready to find a new job. When she goes home she tells her partner that she is going to look for a new job that has better benefits and pay and in which she can grow her career. This statement is an example of what part of​ Maria's attitude toward her​ job?

behavioral

The concept of operant conditioning is a part of the broader concept of ________, which argues that behavior follows stimuli in a relatively unthinking manner.

behaviorism

Which of the following represents a pay plan that rewards employees for recent performance rather than historical performance?

bonus

Individualized rewards by allowing each employee to choose the compensation package that best satisfies his or her current needs and situation are called ________.

flexible benefit plans

Which of the following statements is true regarding flexible benefits?

flexible benefits can be altered to meet employee needs based on age, marital status, and number and age of dependants

Which of the following terms best describes the tendency to underestimate the influence of external factors and overestimate the influence of internal factors when making judgments about the behavior of others?

fundamental attribution error

An advantage of the ________ plan is that benefits accrue to groups of workers, high-performing workers pressure weaker performers to work harder, improving performance for the group as a whole.

gainsharing

Which of the following variable pay programs is free from dependence on company profits?

gainsharing

________ is a formula-based group incentive plan that uses improvements in group productivity from one period to another to determine the total amount of money allocated.

gainsharing

Which of the following statements is true regarding gainsharing?

gainsharing focuses on productivity gains rather than profits

The Pygmalion effect is also called the ________ effect.

galatea

To get the best results while using reinforcement theory, rewards should be ________.

given immediately following the desired behavior

William Davies, a guest relations executive at a five star deluxe hotel, regularly interacts with bureaucrats, politicians, celebrities, and other prosperous individuals. He feels that all rich people are kind, hardworking, and friendly. Which of the following is Davies most likely to be characterized by?

halo effect

The effects of dissonance can be reduced by​ __________________.

high rewards

To be effective, an employee involvement program must ________.

incorporate the unique demands of different cultures

The ________ element of motivation describes how hard a person tries.

intensity

Which of the following factors represents the influence of social aspects of the work environment on motivation?

interdependence

The three-component model of creativity proposes that individual creativity essentially requires expertise, creative thinking skills, and ________.

intrinsic task motivation

Which of the following statements is true regarding job rotation?

it decreases productivity in the short run

What is the limitation of reinforcement theory in explaining changes in behavior?

it does not recognize cognitive variables

The main drawback of representative participation as an employee involvement measure is that ________.

it is primarily symbolic in its impact

The investment of an employee's physical, cognitive, and emotional energies into job performance is called ________.

job engagement

The degree to which a person has a positive feeling about a job after evaluating the​ job's characteristics is known as​ ______________

job satisfaction

Which of the following alternative work arrangements enables the organization to draw on the talents of more than one individual in a given job?

job sharing

According to Douglas McGregor's Theory Y, a manager assumes that employees ________.

learn to accept responsibility

For management, the major downside of telecommuting is

less direct supervision of employees

______ argues that people learn to behave to get something they want or to avoid something they don't want.

operant conditioning theory

Identifying with the goals of an organization and a desire to stay with that organization is known​ as________________.

organizational commitment

Which of the following statements is true regarding perception?

our perception of reality can be different from the objective reality

In equity theory, individuals assess the ________.

outcome-input ratio