MGMT 4320 Midterm Review
To get other students on a team to contribute equally, one might tell them about the benefits of getting a good grade on the project in an attempt to create a positive ___________ toward doing the work.
attitude
Public opinion polls and surveys are methods used to measure workplace ____________ since they can predict likely behavior in the workplace and in society.
attitude
Core self-evaluations have a desirable effect upon which of the following outcomes?
job/life satisfaction motivation job performance
____________ reflect feelings about people, places, and objects and can be positive or negative.
attitudes
Which responses from management suggest a suppression approach to diversity issues?
"Quit whining." "You've got to pay your dues."
Rank the four steps in the stereotyping process with the first step at the top.
1. Categorization 2. Inferences 3. Expectations 4. Maintenance
Place the stages of social perception in order, with the first stage at the top.
1. Selective attention/comprehension 2. Encoding and Simplification 3. Storage and Retention 4. Retrieval and Response
According to anonymous surveys, what percentage of high school students admitted to cheating on tests?
51%
Match the components of overall attitude to their definitions.
Affective --> feelings or emotions that one has about a given object or situation Cognitive --> beliefs or ideas that one has about a given object or situation Behavioral --> how one intends or expects to act toward someone or something
Select the steps in the process of stereotyping.
Categorization Expectation Maintenance Inferences
Select ways to reduce cognitive dissonance.
Change your attitude or behavior Find consonant elements that outweigh the dissonant ones Belittle the importance of the inconsistent behavior
When defining a problem, what should you do immediately after you determine your desired outcome or state?
Compare the desired state or outcome to your current situation.
Which of the following behaviors have been shown by research to improve intelligence?
Constructive thinking Reasoning Problem solving
Which of the following is an example of unethical behavior at work?
David doesn't think he will get in trouble for cutting corners.
Select all that apply to those with an external locus of control.
Demonstrate less motivation for performance Tend to be more anxious Earn lower salaries and smaller salary increases
What should you do after identifying unethical conduct in your workplace but before confronting the problem?
Determine possible causes
Which of the following are key perceiver characteristics that affect our perceptions of others? (Check all that apply.)
Experience with target Direction of gaze Needs and goals
True or false: Stereotypes are always negative.
False
True or false: Technical expertise is the only factor that matters in getting a new job or advancing one's career.
False
True or false: The percentage of non-Hispanic whites will grow in the US by 2060.
False
True or false: You must be born with self-efficacy.
False
Which statement best describes the ideal approach to making recommendations for solving problems?
Good recommendations address causes.
Research suggests that CEOs with high CSEs
Have a positive impact on organizational drive
In response to changes in its core customer demographics, Target launched a campaign to reach out to ______ customers.
Hispanic
Why do critics suggest that IQ tests are not a reliable predictor of performance?
IQ tests measure things taught in school rather than innate intelligence or ability.
Which statement is an example of Vroom's concept of instrumentality?
If I meet my performance goals, I will receive a promotion.
Which of the following outcomes are associated with higher levels of emotional stability? (Check all that apply.)
Increased relaxation Increased likelihood of doing work beyond required job responsibilities Higher levels of job performance
The ______option in Thomas' framework of options that organizations use to deal with any diversity issue is based on the action of moving the diverse person off to the side.
Isolate
Which of the following are true concerning implicit cognition?
It can lead to biased decisions. It comes from people's memory. It happens without conscious awareness.
Select the steps in the applied 3-step approach to problem solving.
Make recommendations Define the problem Identify causes
An unfair social exchange, such as not being paid for overtime worked, is likely to do which of the following?
Motivate the employee to correct the situation. Lead to changes in the employee's attitude or behavior. Cause cognitive dissonance in the employee.
Match the model name to the method management can use to boost job satisfaction.
Need fulfillment: Understand and meet employee needs Met expectations: Meet expectations of employees about what they will receive from jobs Value Attainment: Structure the job and its rewards to match employee values Equity: Monitor employees' perceptions of fairness Disposition: Hire employees with an appropriate disposition
Match the bipolar dimension to its elements.
Openness to Change --> Self-direction, Stimulation Conservation --> Tradition, Security
Workplace attitudes come from the interaction of which of the following processes?
Organizational Group Individual
Which of the following are workplace attitudes that managers pay attention to? (Check all that apply.)
Organizational commitment Job satisfaction Employee engagement Perceived organizational support
Which of the following statements about cheating are true?
Over half of high schoolers report cheating on exams. Cheating takes many forms, including plagiarism and sharing answers via text messaging.
Which of the following is among the methods used by Hilton to increase organizational commitment?
Requiring every executive to spend one week working alongside front-line employees such as cooks or housekeepers
Select reasons people are unethical at work.
Reward systems that offer incentives for bad behavior Pressure from supervisor Personal motivation to perform
Which of the following should managers do to deal with unethical behavior in the workplace?
Set clear expectations when employees are confronted with unethical behavior. Determine likely causes of unethical behavior in managers and employees.
Which statement best describes the results of research on the effectiveness of brain training games?
The evidence is inconclusive, but it suggests that the games are not effective.
How effective are brain training games at improving cognitive performance?
The evidence is inconclusive.
Which of the following trends suggest the existence of a glass ceiling for minorities?
There has been a marked increase in racial discrimination cases. Hispanics and African Americans comprise a smaller relative share of the professional class. Hispanics and African Americans earn less than whites on average.
Which of the following is true of stereotypes?
They are an individual's feelings about a group of people
Which of the following best describes situation and person factors?
They are dynamic
Understanding workplace attitudes is valuable for which of the following reasons?
They predict likely behavior
Which of the following is true about attitudes?
They range from positive to negative
Which of the following statements about unethical behavior is true?
Very few unethical acts are illegal.
When does cognitive dissonance occur?
When a person holds two or more conflicting ideas, beliefs, values, or emotions
When defining a problem, you can refine and focus your definition by asking which of the following questions multiple times throughout the process?
Why is this a problem?
Which question is most important to ask during Step 2 of the 3-Step Approach to problem solving?
Why or how does this cause a problem?
Which of the following statements about constraints in selecting problem-solving solutions is true?
You should consider various constraints before making a selection.
Which of the following is a situation factor at the group/team level that may contribute to a situation in which many employees quit their jobs during a short period of time?
a new manager taking over the department
A person's perception about the terms and conditions of a reciprocal exchange between him or herself and another is called:
a psychological contract
Which characteristics must intelligence training have for experts to consider it effective?
adaptive generalizability variety
Demographics are statistical measurements of population qualities such as:
age race gender
Compared to those with an internal locus of control, people with an external locus of control ______.
are less motivated by performance-based rewards
The _____________ option in Thomas' framework of options that organizations use to deal with any diversity issue is based on the premise that all diverse people will learn to fit in or become like the dominant group.
assimilate
Which of the following are methods that have been used by major corporations to respond to issues regarding sexual orientation and transgender rights?
assisting with taxes imposed on same-sex couples in states that did not recognize same-sex marriage maintaining an inclusive culture offering transgender-inclusive health insurance
Widespread corporate corruption has led to which two of the following?
bankrupting of companies destruction of lives
People who possess an internal locus of control
believe their success is due to their own efforts.
Implicit cognition results in
biased decisions occurring unwittingly
Characteristics of the perceiver include
cognitive load. direction of gaze. gender and emotional status.
Which of the following groups were caught cheating in the 2019 college admissions scandal?
college admissions consultants parents counselors
A force that binds an individual to a course of action of relevance to one or more targets is:
commitment
Hiring people whose personal values align with the organization's is a good way to increase employee ____________.
commitment
OB researchers define __________ as "a force that binds an individual to a course of action of relevance to one or more targets."
commitment
Organizational _____________ exists to the degree that an employee's personal values match the values present in a firms culture.
commitment
What are the key elements of equity theory?
comparison of the ratio of outputs to inputs outputs inputs
The theories that focus on identifying the factors that motivate employees are known as ______ theories.
content
The job characteristics model builds intrinsic motivation by:
designing jobs with the five core characteristics
The most effective method for raising one's self-esteem is to think of
desirable characteristics possessed.
Expectancy theory states that people are motivated to behave in ways that produce
desired combinations of expected outcomes.
Select the types of solution response.
dissolving solving resolving
The array of individual differences and similarities to be found among people represents:
diversity
Individuals with high levels of ____________ tend to be relaxed, secure, unworried and less likely to experience negative emotions under pressure.
emotional stability
Feeling a sense of urgency to complete your work is one indicator of employee _______.
engagement
The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is job ___________
enlargement
Psychologist J. Stacy Adams first applied ___________ theory in the workplace.
equity
The theory that explains how people strive for fairness in social exchanges is ________ theory.
equity
It is ______ responsibility to confront ethical issues in the workplace.
everyone's
Vroom's __________________ theory requires that all three of the elements must be high for motivation to be high.
expectancy
The theory that can be used to predict behavior in any situation where there is a choice between two or more alternatives is:
expectancy theory
True or false: Most illegal unethical acts are prosecuted.
false
True or false: OB and problem solving are at odds and do not go together when studying OB.
false
True or false: There are only a few situation factors that can impact an outcome when you are trying to accomplish something.
false
Which of the following is a form of cheating that occurs among school administrators?
falsifying transcripts and application materials
Which type of bias contributes the most to managers inaccurately evaluating a job applicant's suitability for a job?
fundamental attribution bias
Research has shown that setting ______________ helps individuals, teams, and organizations to achieve success.
goals
Since person factors are different for everyone, a change in environment will:
have different reactions from people
Asking "Why or how does this cause a problem" is an important method for achieving which step of the 3-Step Approach to problem solving?
identifying potential causes
Job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments are known as _______________ deals
idiosycratic
What are job design terms that individuals negotiate for themselves involving schedule flexibility, career development, or other adjustments?
idiosyncratic deals
What level of OB would be represented by studies of people quitting their jobs because of unfulfilled personal values?
individual
Which of the following are the three levels that OB distinguishes among?
individual group organizational
Education, skills, creativity, experience, and personal appearance can all be perceived as ______________ in Adam's equity theory
inputs
Feelings of inequity are based on whether you perceive that the outputs you receive are adequate to compensate for your collective ___________________.
inputs
In Adams' equity theory, knowledge, experience, education, and effort expended all are perceived as:
inputs
The question "What are the chances of receiving various outcomes if I achieve my performance goals?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?
instrumentality
An individual's capacity for constructive thinking, reasoning, and problem solving is called _____.
intelligence
The form of organizational justice that reflects whether people are told the truth and treated with respect is:
interactional justice
The two forms of locus of control are
internal and external
People who believe they control the events and consequences that affect their lives are said to possess a(n):
internal locus of control
Select all that are influenced by person factors.
job career aspirations
The approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work is known as ____________ ____________.
job crafting
The approach to job design in which individuals make physical and cognitive changes in the task or relational boundaries of their work is known as:
job crafting
The activities that involve alteration of specific jobs or sets of interdependent jobs to improve employee experience and motivation are known as ___________________
job design
Workplaces attitudes result from OB-related processes such as _____.
leadership
A relatively stable personality characteristic that describes how much personal responsibility you take for your behavior and its consequences is:
locus of control
Which model of job satisfaction reflects the difference between what an employee expects to receive from a job and what he or she actually receives?
met expectations
The psychological mechanisms that guide the direction, intensity, and persistence of one's behaviors or thoughts are known as:
motivation
Which of the following are important to consider when selecting alternative solutions?
necessary resources who will be supporters who will be resisters
The extent to which the characteristics of a job allow an individual to fulfill his or her needs is called:
need fulfillment
Physiological or psychological deficiencies that arouse behavior are called __________.
needs
According to Schwartz's theory, an employee who values tradition will not want to work:
on a holiday
Programs to help people come back to their careers after taking a break are known as
on-ramping
Studying a faulty reward system that unfairly distributes raises is a study of what level of OB?
organizational
Your personal and professional success most heavily depends on
others' perceptions of you
Feelings of equity are based on a comparison of which two factors?
outcomes inputs
Equity theory uses a comparison of the ratio of __________ to _____________.
outputs inputs
Our values are influenced by the values of our ______ and by the ___________ we have as children.
parents experiences
Object recognition is a major function of
perception
In Vroom's expectancy theory, instrumentality is the relationship between which two factors?
performance outcome
In the systems model of the organizing framework, what are the initial drivers of all outcomes?
person and situation
In the isolation approach, managers respond to diversity issues by
placing certain employees in functionally independent "silos."
People who have a ___________ attitude about work will be more open to working longer hours.
positive
According to Ajzen, someone's intention to engage in a given behavior is a strong ________ of that behavior.
predictor
Managers can reduce the effect of stereotypes by
providing education about how stereotypes work.
Cognitive dissonance is a representation of:
psychological discomfort
______ a problem means opting for a solution that is satisfactory but not the most ideal.
resolving
Over the past seven decades, intelligence levels in developed countries have
risen significantly
The job design method that moves employees from one job to another is job
rotation
Studies show that met expectations are strongly correlated with feelings of job ___________.
satisfaction
The kind of management that sets standards established by facts gained from systematic observation, experiment, or reasoning is:
scientific management
Which approach to job design often creates jobs that are very simple, repetitive, and boring?
scientific management
Which value is likely to be strongest in people who lived during the Great Depression?
security
How people feel about their chances of doing something successfully is known as _____.
self-efficacy
Environmental characteristics that cause stress are called
stressors
When evaluating core self evaluations,
the whole is greater than the sum of the parts
True or false: Research in more than 1000 different studies from a wide range of countries show that goal setting helps achieve success.
true
The distinction between person and environment is critical to:
understanding OB concepts
Childhood events tend to cause _________ to vary across generations.
values
According to research, which area are job applicants most likely to lie about?
work history
What are the four components of core self-evaluations?
Emotional Stability Self-esteem Locus of Control Self-efficacy
Which of the following are accurate uses of a basketball analogy for core self-evaluations?
Emotional stability and self-esteem are like teammates. The core self-evaluation is the team and the traits are the players.
Select the reasons ethics are important in business.
Employees face ethical challenges throughout their careers. Unethical behavior impacts cooperation and loyalty in a negative manner. Unethical behavior hurts relationships and destroys trust.
Mena, a student, feels cognitive dissonance over her conflicting desires to hang out with her friends and to finish her class project. She reduces the dissonance by telling herself that finishing the project now means that she can have the entire weekend free to spend with her friends. Which method of reducing cognitive dissonance does this represent?
Finding consonant elements that outweigh dissonant ones
What role does cognitive dissonance play in equity theory?
It motivates people to maintain consistency between their beliefs and their behavior.
Which of the following are improvements made in women's equality by 2018? (Check all that apply.)
Leadership positions in schools and government More seats on boards of directors Higher educational attainment than men
Select all the ways employee engagement can be increased.
Listening and communicating effectively Offering career and developmental opportunities for employees Recognizing people for good work
Studies imply that managers
Should help develop self-efficacy in their employees by mentoring and role modeling
Select ways employees can address unethical behaviors.
Treat ethics like business strategy Challenge the rationale behind decisions Accept the need to address ethics at work
According to goal setting theory, which of the following are needed in order for goals to motivate employees?
ability to achieve the goal commitment to the goal goal specificity
One way managers can improve employee perceptions of procedural justice is to:
allow them to participate in important work decisions
Job satisfaction and employee engagement are two workplace ___________ measured by management.
attitudes
Personal values exemplify global beliefs, while personal ___________ are more specific to a situation, person, or object.
attitudes
A ______ concept of personality allows you to more effectively predict behavior.
broader
A person's intelligence
can be increased
Schwartz's second bipolar dimension ranges from self-directed independence or openness to ________________ to ___________________.
change conservation (or conformity)
Select the three common elements in choosing among alternatives to arrive at an effective solutions
choice process selection criteria consequences
Individuals committed to an organization tend to display a _____.
continuation of employment with the firm
A broad personality trait comprised of four narrower and positive individual traits as components is called:
core self-evaluations
Corporate _______ is prevalent even though most leaders are dedicated to operating ethical organizations.
corruption
People with low self-esteem
deal with a lot of self-doubt.
In the coming years, the population percentage of non-Hispanic whites in the US is predicted to see:
decline
The statistical measurements of populations and their qualities such as age, gender, race, and income over time are
demographics
Select all of the characteristics that are influenced by motivation.
direction of behavior or thought intensity of behavior or thought persistence of behavior or thought
The form of organizational justice that reflects the perceived fairness of how rewards are allocated is:
distributive justice
Select the components of core self-evaluations.
emotional stability generalized self-efficacy locus of control self esteem
Kahn described "the harnessing of organization members' selves to their work roles" as:
employee engagement
When people express themselves physically, cognitively, and emotionally during a role performance. they are demonstrating ___________ _____________.
employee engagement
It is believed that awareness of multiple intelligences should play an important role in
employee selection training performance
Gallup has estimated that when employees are highly ______, the firm can achieve 10% higher customer satisfaction and loyalty ratings.
engaged
A manager who makes sure to treat employees in a manner that they perceive as fair is exhibiting which model of job satisfaction?
equity
Which term describes the idea that not all individuals prefer an equal ratio of outputs to incomes?
equity sensitivity
Reward systems, decision making, leader behavior, and organizational culture are all affected by ______ conduct.
ethical
Select all disciplines that OB draws from:
ethics management anthropology psychology
The concept of equity ties directly to how ___________ a person is treated at work.
fair
People with an external locus of control
feel that their success is explained by environmental factors.
The ___________ _____________is an unseen barrier that stops women from advancing to higher-level positions.
glass ceiling
Which term describes someone who cares more about what they put into a group project than the rewards they receive from participating in the project?
high equity sensitivity
Any thoughts or beliefs that are automatically activated from memory without our conscious awareness are examples of
implicit cognition
Which generic action option is an outgrowth of affirmative action programs and attempts to either increase or decrease the number of diverse people throughout an organization?
include/exclude
Managing diversity and targeting specific demographics
is a good business move.
Promoting high intrinsic motivation by designing jobs with the five core job characteristics is the goal of which approach to job design?
job characteristics model
The job design method that puts more variety into a job by combining specialized tasks of comparable difficulty is:
job enlargement
Select the areas of OB that have been shown to have a powerful influence on ethical conduct at work.
leader behavior organizational culture decision making
Which of the following are positively associated with organizational support in firms?
less tendency to resign employee engagement better job satisfaction more commitment to the organization
Select the ways that POS can be increased.
limit work environment stressors avoid political behavior treat employees fairly provide job security
People can use the skills associated with practical intelligence to
manage themselves and others. manage tasks. adapt to their environment.
The top-down job design method that creates jobs that are very simplified and repetitive is scientific ___________________
management
Intelligence is more practically thought of as
multiple intelligences
In Schwartz's circular-motivation structure, individuals are least likely to hold two values that are
on opposing sides of the circle.
The field of ________ ________ encompasses research and practice from various disciplines like anthropology, psychology, statistics, political science, vocational counseling, and management.
organizational behavior
The extent to which an individual identifies with an organization and commits to its goals is called _______________ ______________ .
organizational commitment
Select aspects of OB to be considered in an organization if many employees begin quitting their jobs.
organizational policies group/team dynamics individual level characteristics
Managers who provide ______ can increase employee engagement, organizational commitment, job satisfaction, and other factors that make firms more functional and productive.
organizational support
Perceived ________ __________motivates employees to work hard and commit to the organization.
organizational support
Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered ______ in Adam's equity theory.
outputs
When there is a difference between a goal and the actual outcome, this is known as a(n)
problem
The systematic process of closing gaps between a desired outcome and actual situation is called ________ ___________
problem solving
When we attempt to meet our goals through a systematic process of closing gaps between goals and outcomes, we are
problem solving
An employee's beliefs about what he or she is entitled to receive in return for what he or she provides to the organization are represented by his or her
psychological contract
Which of the following are considered outputs in equity theory? (Check all that apply.)
recognition bonuses
Research shows that effective mentoring of Hispanics and other workers from minority groups can significantly improve
retention. career progression.
A person's general belief about his or her own self-worth is:
self-esteem
Match the population size and event to the generations.
traditionaist: 38.6 million - the Great Depression baby boomer: 73 million - the Vietnam War Gen Xers: 65 million - AIDS Millennials: 71 million - September 11th terrorist attacks Gen Zers: 86 million - the election of Barack Obama
Which of the following often fall short when diversity of intelligences is taken into account?
training programs
Schwartz's first bipolar dimension includes self-_______ and self-______ enhancement , Correct Unavailable.
transcendence enhancement
True or false: Careers can be tarnished by the unethical behavior of others.
true
True or false: In early 2019, the U.S. Supreme Court allowed President Trump's ban on transgender persons in the military to proceed, which meant that most transgender persons were disqualified from military service.
true
In managerial and professional jobs, _____.
women of color are represented better than men of color
Drag and drop the descriptions of different types of intelligence against the corresponding types of intelligence.
Linguistic: learn and use spoken and written languages Logical: deductive reasoning, problem analysis Musical: appreciate, compose, and perform music Bodily: using one's mind and body to coordinate physical movement Spatial: can recognize and use patterns Interpersonal: understand, connect, and work with others Intrapersonal: understand and regulate oneself Naturalistic: live in harmony with the environment
Select reasons students might cheat
Peer behavior Low certainty of being reported Perceived unfairness of grading
Which of the following statements about the relationship between person factors and situation factors are true?
Person factors can change situation factors. Situation factors can change person factors.
Select the person factors that contribute to employee engagement.
Personality Social capital
Select characteristics of a person with high self-efficacy.
Plans, prepares and practices Avoids or neutralizes obstacles Sets goals Active in selecting opportunities
Match the description (on the right) with the step (on the left) in the 3-Step Approach to problem solving.
Step 1: Identify the problem by reviewing desired outcomes Step 2: Consider possible causes of the problem using OB knowledge Step 3: Make practical recommendations
Which of the following statements are consistent with Locke and Latham's findings about goal setting?
Successful goal achievement reinforces employee satisfaction and leads to setting higher goals. People need the ability and resources to achieve the goal. Goals that are specific and difficult lead to higher performance.
Which of the following statements about situation factors is true?
They are very important to your job performance.
Which of the following are true of personal values? (Check all that apply.)
They influence behavior across all situations. They represent global beliefs.
Why is it important for managers to track key workplace attitudes?
They link to other important organizational outcomes such as task performance and employee turnover.
Which statement is true of core self-evaluations?
They represent a broad personality trait composed of four narrow traits.
Select characteristics of a person with low self-efficacy.
Thinks of excuses for failing Avoids difficult tasks Has low commitment Focuses on personal deficiencies
Drag and drop different types of traits on the right against the generations they relate to on the left.
Traditionalist: Patriotic, loyalty, disciplined, conformist, high work ethic, respect for authority Baby boomer: Workaholic, idealistic, work ethic, competitive, materialistic, seek personal fulfillment Gen Xers: Self-reliant, work-life balance, adaptable, cynical, distrust authority, independent, technologically savvy Millennials: Entitled, civic minded, close parental involvement, cyber literacy, appreciate diversity, multitasking Gen Zers: Multitasking, digital natives, independent learners, online life, communicate fast and online
True or false: Intelligence and mental abilities are related to performance.q
True
Which of the following statements about unethical behavior in the workplace is true?
Unethical behavior makes everyone in the workplace look bad.
Select all the feelings related to employee engagement.
Urgency Enthusiasm Focus Intensity
Which of the following are true of using core self-evaluations in a managerial role?
Using core self-evaluations as one characteristic works better than using the four traits. Self-efficacy is more flexible to use in training than the other traits. The training power of core self-evaluations is limited because of the fixed nature of the traits.
The fact that at work some coworkers remain satisfied in situations where others always seem dissatisfied is the idea behind:
Disposition/Genetic Components
Sigrid is trying to determine why so many people in her department are transferring to a different department. Which of the following questions would Sigrid ask if she were focusing on person factors to determine the source of the problem?
Do the departing coworkers have a preference for working collaboratively versus independently?
A situation in which employment decisions about a person are due to reasons not associated with performance or are not related to the job is called
discrimination
Eradicating or getting rid of the situation that is causing the problem is known as ______ problems.
dissolving
Toleration differs from isolation as an approach to diversity issues in that
diverse people are included, but their differences are not valued or appreciated.
Managing _______ helps maintain and grow an organization in an increasingly competitive marketplace.
diversity
_______________ represents the multitude of individual differences and similarities that exist among people. (Enter one word in the blank.)
diversity
The ways managers can work to reduce stereotyping include:
educating employees about how stereotypes influence behavior encouraging employees to increase their awareness of stereotypes creating opportunities for diverse employees to work together as equals
The job design method that offers an employee the opportunity to experience achievement, recognition, and stimulating work through vertical loading is job ____________
enrichment
Pay, promotions, challenging assignments, participation in decision making are all considered outputs in Adam's Elements of ____________ theory
equity
A concern for right versus wrong is referred to as:
ethics
Which of the following are potential constraints during problem solving?
insufficient funds lack of information lack of time
Advantages of designing jobs using job rotation include:
providing employees with a broader perspective of the organization building employee knowledge and ability to promote from within increased worker flexibility for scheduling through cross-training
For most jobs, candidates are selected for their ______ skills.
technical
Which of the following are examples of situation factors? (Check all that apply.)
Jin's manager gives him a new project. Stefan and his team are laid off due to company-wide downsizing.
Which shape on a graph best represents the relationship between increasing emotional stability and outcomes?
an inverted-U
Skills that are related to technical know-how, such as bookkeeping or financial analysis, are known as __________ skills.
hard
According to Schwartz's theory, if an employee values benevolence and universalism, it makes sense to assign projects or tasks that:
have social value
Employees' perceptions of _________________ are enhanced when they have a voice in the decision-making process.
justice
Managers track the four key workplace attitudes because they:
link to other outcomes managers will want to improve represent important outcomes they are working to enhance
A _______ concept of personality enables you to more precisely describe individuals.
narrow
Sternberg applied what he called "practical intelligence" to leadership by using an aspect of intelligence referred to by Gardner as
naturalist intelligence
To achieve ______, managers should structure work and its associated rewards to reinforce employees' values.
value attainment
It is believed that intelligence increases due to a combination of which factors?
improved socioeconomics technological complexity better schooling healthier nutrition
Who are on-ramping programs designed to help?
people reentering the workforce after a temporary career break
Eagly and Carli determined that modern women have a career path that
resembles a labyrinth.
Which stage of social perception involves turning mental perceptions into real-world judgments and decisions?
retrieval and response
The quantifiability of a goal is known as goal _________________
specificity
According to Azjen, modeling desired behaviors is an effective way to impact the intentions of others and increase ________ norms about doing work..
subjective
In Ajzen's theory of planned behavior, a perceived social pressure for or against a behavior is a(n)
subjective norm
Before managers can identify the best job candidates, it is first necessary for them to identify
the intelligences necessary for the job.
Values remain mostly stable across _________ and _________
time situations
True or false: At a certain level emotional stability becomes problematic.
true
True or false: Perceptions of organizational support can be either positive or negative.
true
True or false: Values and attitudes are usually in agreement.
true
Select the situation factors that drive employee engagement.
Job characteristics Stressors Leadership
Select all of the approaches used on the individual corporate level to make technically oriented jobs accessible to less-qualified candidates.
apprenticeships specialized training programs internships
A concern with identifying right and wrong behavior is referred to as
ethics
The question "What are the chances of reaching my performance goal?" represents which element of Vroom's expectancy theory?
expectancy
Those who believe their performance is a product of circumstances beyond their immediate control possess a(n):
external locus of control
What does equity theory explain?
how people strive for fairness in social exchanges how people strive for fairness in give-and-take relationships
Which of the following are benefits firms gain as a result of having highly engaged employees?
improved profitability more customer loyalty and engagement increased productivity
Select the levels that OB distinguishes among.
individual group/team organizational
Select the practical implications of multiple intelligence.
it explains how a child can score poorly in an IQ test and yet be gifted in one or more ways employees can be developed in areas of need based on intelligence it is important to identify intelligences relevant to a job during the selection process
Select examples of why people and environment are not static.
opportunities and rewards change people the job market is ever changing as are employers each new person and their characteristics changes a situation
A person seeking to understand and manage people at work is likely to study _______ ________ , which is an interdisciplinary field.
organizational behavior
An interdisciplinary field focused on understanding and managing people at work is _____.
organizational behavior
Organizational commitment occurs when employees value achievement and an employer rewards people for accomplishing goals. When this occurs, the consistency is called __________-_________ fit.
person-culture
Which of the following are problems that often arise with jobs based on Taylor's scientific management methods?
poor mental health high levels of dissatisfaction and stress low sense of accomplishment
Which component of CSEs is the most flexible and therefore best suited to being a focal point for employee training?
self-efficacy
According to equity theory, people compare
their output-to-input ratio to that of relevant others.
The abstract ideals that influence the choices we make are called:
values
Organizations compete more effectively when employees feel their managers are doing which of the following?
valuing them including them supporting them
Job enrichment is the job design method that uses ________________ loading to improve motivation
vertical
What is the best way to celebrate your uniqueness while remembering that some people are uncomfortable with individual differences?
Just be yourself.
Choosing among available options is not always a pure choice between right and wrong, which means that sometimes one faces a(n)
ethical dilemma
Intelligence training that does not replicate what users actually do in their daily life lacks which essential characteristic?
generalizability
The ___________ / _____________ option in Thomas' framework has the goal to either increase or decrease the number of diverse people at all levels of the firm.
include exclude
In the systems approach to OB, person and situation factors are considered _________, while the three levels of analysis are categorized as processes or _________.
inputs outputs
The term _________ __________ reflects the extent to which a person likes his or her job.
job satisfaction
The extent to which employees believe their organization values their contributions and genuinely cares about their well-being is:
perceived organizational support.
The idea that good treatment inspires good work is the basic premise of
perceived organizational support.
A cognitive process that enables people to interpret and understand their surroundings is called
perception
According to the Organizing Framework for Understanding and Applying OB, human and social capital is considered a _______________ factor that aids in employee engagement at work.
person
Masahiro prefers to work as a team member. He enjoys working collaboratively with others. This preference is a(n)
person factor
The various characteristics that make individuals unique are known as
person factors
Which of the following is an example of a person factor?
preference to work independently
Organizations cannot discriminate due to ______.
pregnancy race age
Select barriers to implementing successful diversity programs.
prejudice inaccurate stereotypes ethnocentrism
Match the term to the correct definition.
Diversity Climate: a subcomponent of an organization's overall atmosphere as defined by employees' aggregate perceptions about the firms diversity related format structure characteristics and informal values. Psychological Safety: the extent to which people feel comfortable to express their ideas and beliefs without fear of negative consequences.
In Schwartz's value theory, values are organized into two
bipolar dimensions
In Ajzen's model, what is the best way to change a behavior?
by modifying intentions
Which of the following are ways in which organizations pursue an assimilation approach to diversity issues?
by using recruitment practices that emphasize company values by providing policies that instruct employees on what to do in specific situations by employing orientation programs that introduce standard operating procedures
The ___________ option in Thomas's framework means people refute that differences exist.
deny
To ensure the highest levels of employee motivation, employers should strive to create work environments that:
match employees' values
Scientific management designs jobs based on which of the following?
systematic observation experimentation reason
The top-down approaches to job design include:
the job characteristics model job enlargement scientific management
What is the purpose of The Fellowship Initiative instituted by JPMorgan Chase?
to provide academic and leadership training to young men of color
Select all that apply to those with an internal locus of control.
Display greater work motivation Derive more job satisfaction from performance Have strong expectations that effort leads to performance
Beliefs you have that concern something specific, such as a specific person, are known as personal
attitudes
An invisible barrier that restrains women from reaching higher-level positions is called the:
glass ceiling
Who pioneered the use of equity theory in the workplace?
J. Stacy Adams
Select ways to improve self-esteem.
apply yourself to thinks important to you think of desirable characteristics possessed by yourself Perform at a high level
What did medical device maker Arthrex and Shaw Industries Inc. incorporate to raise productivity, satisfaction, and motivation among Hispanic employees?
customized training programs to improve communication skills
A firm that lacks diversity among its workforce but insists that the company does not take into account factors such as age, gender, or ethnicity in making hiring decisions is using which generic action option in response to diversity issues?
deny
Altering jobs to improve employee experience and productivity is called job
design
Which approach did Target use in its social media campaign to target a new core demographic?
using Spanish words that have no English equivalent
Shalom Schwartz believed that ________ impact behavior no matter what the context.
values
Which of the following are common criteria used when hiring new college graduates for their first job?
GPA major internship or other work experience
Using Vroom's expectancy theory to predict motivation, it can be said that:
motivation will be high when all three elements are high
Which of the following are among the general motives in Ajzen's theory of planned behavior that predict or influence intention and behavior?
perceived behavioral control subjective norms attitude toward the behavior
Compared to people with an external locus of control, people with an internal locus of control
show greater motivation.
It is important to understand the interaction of person factors and ____________ factors.
situation
When assessing good or bad behavior from employees, managers should consider both the person and the __________.
situation
The myriad external elements that influence what we do, how we do it, and the outcomes of our actions are called
situation factors
Which of the following are among the top-down approaches to job design?
Job enlargement Job rotation Scientific management
Skills dealing with human relationships and interactions are referred to as ______ skills.
soft
OB concepts can be applied to the problem-___________ process to overcome challenges and improve your performance.
solving
Problem ____________ efforts can be adversely affected if the problem is incorrectly identified.
solving
The _________ option in Thomas' framework means that differences are squelched or discouraged. (Enter one word in the blank.)
suppress
One way to make sure inputs in the Organizing Framework are positively oriented is to measure, track, and respond to
surveys
Which theory of organizational behavior suggests that people are not inherently better than others but may perform better in a given job or situation due to the combination of person and situation factors involved?
the interactional perspective
An affective or emotional response toward various facets of one's job is called ______.
job satisfaction
Select all the benefits of perceived organizational support.
job satisfaction organizational citizenship organizational commitment employee engagement
The definition of a(n) __________ is when our desired outcomes do not match the actual situation.
problem
To solve problems effectively, it is important to consider necessary ______, such as people who will provide support.
resources
In choosing among alternatives to qualify a solution, a person is focusing on ______ if he or she considers such things as ethical implications, personal values, profits, and/or company reputation.
selection criteria
Workers who value their own personal success and power more than they value teamwork and the needs of others exhibit which of Schwartz's values?
self-enhancement
The ________________ option in Thomas' framework involves acknowledging differences but not valuing or accepting them. (Enter one word in the blank.)
tolerate
In Schwartz's theory, which of the following values are dimensions of conservation?
tradition security conformity
Which of the following are true about values? (Check all that apply.)
They are generally stable. They can guide behavior subconsciously.
Select ways managers can increase employee commitment:
Treat employees fairly and foster trust between managers and employees. Hire people whose personal values align with the organization. Make sure that management does not breach its psychological contracts.
When there are two choices in a situation, and neither resolves the issue in an ethically acceptable manner, a(n) ______ exists.
ethical dilemma
The idea that satisfaction results from the perception that a job allows for fulfillment of an individual's important values is:
value attainment
When making recommendations for solving a problem, it is important to link the recommendations to
causes
What motivates corrective action in equity theory?
cognitive dissonance
What is the primary argument of the interactional perspective of organizational behavior?
Behavior is a function of interdependent person and situation factors.
Select the components that influence overall attitudes.
Behavioral Cognitive Affective
Ajzen and Fishbein consider intentions as the key link between ______ and planned _____.
attitudes; behavior
Match the explanation to the application of self-efficacy at work.
Job Design: Complex jobs tend to enhance self-efficacy. Training and Development: Guided experiences improve employee self-efficacy. Self-Management: Training linked to goal setting, action planning, and self-motivation increases self-efficacy. Goal Setting and Quality Improvement: Difficulty must match employees perceived self-efficacy. Creativity: Managerial support of workplace creativity raises self-efficacy. Coaching: Constructive pointers and feedback especially for those victimized by learned helplessness is important. Leadership: High self-efficacy managers should be given an opportunity to prove themselves under pressure.
Which of the following job characteristics is most likely to increase job satisfaction under the dispositional/genetic components model?
feelings of autonomy
Select all the ways that Cisco increases employee commitment.
supporting employee volunteer work offering flextime outlining expectations in a company manifesto
The theories that focus on explaining the process by which internal and situational factors influence employee motivation are known as ______ theories.
process
