mgmt chpt 6
Which of the following are aspects of a learning goal?
learning new knowledge adding to a skill set
A colleague receives a significant reward for work you accomplished together, but you do not receive a similar reward. What impact might that have on you?
loss of motivation inconsistent future performance
strengthening a desired behavior by removing a displeasing consequence is ______ reinforcement.
negative
According to Gallup, which conditions make PM more effective?
Expectations are collaborative, clear, and aligned. Accountability exists. Coaching is continual.
When a manager monitors, evaluates, and creates consequences for an employee's work so that it meets defined performance expectations, it is an example of:
performance management
Rewarding employees who have perfect attendance records with a check for $100.00 is an example of:
positive reinforcement
Which of the following is an example of negative reinforcement?
probationary periods for new hires
Which of the following terms describe trends in feedback?
inclusive informal continual
Skinner labeled unlearned reflexes, or stimulus-response connections ______ behavior.
respondent
The step in the performance management process when feedback and coaching are delivered is:
reviewing performance
Compensation, benefits, and growth opportunities are all part of an organization's options for total _____ for employees.
rewards
Which of the following takeaways will prove helpful to managers?
setting clear expectations and providing regular feedback clearly linking rewards to expectations ensuring your direct reports set SMART goals
A desired outcome of the _______ system is to retain talented people.
reward
Key components such as types of rewards, distribution criteria, and desired outcomes are part of an organization's _____ system.
reward
The reinforcement schedules that produce the strongest behavior that is most resistant to extinction include:
variable ratio schedules variable interval schedules
Some examples of extrinsic rewards include
a pay raise a promotion
An individualized and customized form of performance management is known as
coaching
Of the three potential outcomes from rewards, which one motivates the wrong behaviors?
undesired side effects
Thorndike's observations that led to the law of effect were that behavior with ______ consequences tends to disappear.
unfavorable
Thorndike's observations that led to the law of effect were that behavior with _____ consequences tends to be repeated.
unfavorable or postive
which conditions help make pay for performance effective?
using multiple measures of performance calibrated performance measures that ensure accuracy paying top performers much more than other employees
When a teacher uses pop quizzes and unannounced tests to determine students' grades, what type of reinforcement schedule is being used?
variable interval
Which of the following statements are true about effective PM?
Employees benefit when feedback is delivered more frequently.
An important factor in the perception of feedback is the fundamental ______ bias.
attribution
Why do so few people want to provide negative feedback?
they are concerned about how the employee will react. They are uncomfortable delivering bad news. They worry the exchange will harm their working relationship.
True or false: Managing the timing of the reinforcement will likely enhance the effectiveness of positive reinforcement
true
True/False: Many work organizations use fixed schedules rather than variable interval schedules of reinforcement.
true
Which types of rewards can enhance the value of your overall compensation?
tuition benefits vacation time work flexibility
A performance goal is related to
achieving a defined outcome
Feedback is only positive or negative when:
compared to a goal
The two functions of feedback are to:
motivate instruct
When Lindsay was late three times in two weeks, her manager told her that her pay would be docked by the amount of time she was late. This is an example of:
punishment
cutting the pay of two top executives at Carnival Cruises because of major accidents and mishaps is the form of behavior modification known as
punishment
What can employees do to avoid surprises during performance appraisals?
Check in with managers periodically to see how things are going. Ask managers informally for more frequent feedback.
Fundamental characteristics of action plans include:
being specific about what will be achieved incorporating specific time limits focusing on results
The primary functions of performance management include:
communicating the employee behavior that is being sought guiding employee training and development making decisions related to employees such as pay raises
Total rewards offered by an organization may include:
compensation such as base pay and other monetary incentives benefits such as health and wellness and retirement funds personal growth opportunities such as training
If a target behavior is rewarded every time it occurs, then it is a(n):
continuous reinforcement
What are two common means for timing the administration of positive reinforcers?
continuous reinforcement intermittent reinforcement
Jordan sells on commission and is paid for every sale. This is an example of a:
continuous reinforcement schedule
What type of common perceptual error occurs when an employee is rated as being average after being compared to top performers
contrast effect
Which of the following can be influenced by promotions and pay raises?
employees' perception of fairness employees' intentions of quitting employees' emotional well-being
Comparing actual performance to a previously set goal is the step in the performance management process called:
evaluating performance
Not reinforcing or ignoring an undesirable behavior is called _____.
extinction
Weakening a behavior by not reinforcing it or ignoring it is:
extinction
Which of the following factors have a tendency to demotivate employees?
extreme executive compensation across-the-board raises layoffs and cutbacks
True or false: Feedback only provides information about individual performance.
false
True or false: Kendra is setting a sales goal for her employee, John. In setting this goal, Kendra should make the goal general and open-ended enough for flexibility
false
It is important to monitor progress toward goal achievement in order to
identify problems while pursuing a goal
Reinforcement theory states that you can:
increase desired behaviors by providing pleasing consequences strengthen desired behaviors by withdrawing a displeasing consequence
Which of the following exemplifies a performance goal?
increasing sales by 10% in a period
which of the following exemplifies a performance goal?
increasing sales by 10% in a period
At its core, what is feedback?
info
Feedback is more likely to be acted upon when it is ______ and helps achieve an important goal.
instructional
Fixed ratio, variable ratio, fixed interval, and variable interval are four subcategories of ______ reinforcement schedules.
intermittent
Reinforcement of some, but not all instances of a target behavior is:
intermittent reinforcement
Strengthening a desired behavior by removing a displeasing consequence is:
negative reinforcement
When monitoring performance, it is important to check progress to identify ______ that can be remedied.
problems
What elements need to be both monitored and evaluated when determining someone's performance?
progress toward the goal goal achievement
Some examples of intrinsic rewards include:
providing donations to a food cupboard completing quarterly financial statements without errors
In order to determine if the rewards given to employees are having the desired outcome, a manager should link rewards to which of the following aspects?
results expectations
A desired outcome of a good ______ system is to foster personal growth and development.
reward
The acronym SMART refers to which step in the goal-setting process?
setting goals
Pay for performance results tend to be best when organizations do which of the following?
significantly reward top performers enact a transparent system consider multiple performance measures
What type of positive reinforcement is being used if a manager decides to recognize the early successful completion of a project and gives employees the afternoon off as a reward?
spot reward
Although most employers rely on fixed interval reinforcement schedules, some examples of effective variable rewards include:
spot rewards celebrations of milestones variable bonuses for achieving major goals
Components of the performance management process include:
overseeing performance defining expectations creating consequences
As part of the contingency approach to goal setting, what elements should fit the situation
the practice the behavior the policy
It is important to provide clear guidance on how to improve performance:
when giving both positive and negative feedback
Which of the following describe when feedback is motivational?
when it is a reward when there is promise of a reward
What are some of the reasons why feedback is not delivered?
Feedback providers often lack confidence in issuing feedback. Negative feedback can make someone feel bad. Feedback is easy to put off because it takes time.
A customized process between two or more people with the intention of enhancing learning and motivating change is
coaching
Which of the following promote goal commitment?
creating a record of your goals giving yourself a reward for making progress on your goals
The first step in the goal-setting process is to:
define clear goals
Information about performance given to those who can make the situation better is the definition of:
feedback
Which of the following ideas will help someone excel as an employee?
finding a manager who uses performance management practices that align with your values and aspirations seeking regular feedback discovering what the company says it values and what it actually rewards
When a teacher bases students' grades on a midterm and a final exam of equal weight, what type of reinforcement schedule is being used?
fixed interval
For feedback to be perceived as useful and credible, it must be
honest, timely, and constructive
Among the "do's" of providing feedback are:
keep it relevant to the person's work provide specific and descriptive feedback
Skinner concluded that behavior is:
respondent and operant
SMART goals are those that include which of the following characteristics?
Specific Attainable Measurable
The important last step in the goal-setting process is to create a(n) ______ plan.
action
Examples of pay for performance rewards include:
bonuses merit pay
Feedback delivery tends to be which of the following?
direct critical
The general criteria for distributing rewards in organizations include which of the following?
tangible outcomes of performance such as sales behaviors such as teamwork or cooperation nonperformance factors such as seniority
When feedback comes as a surprise to an employee, what might be happening on the part of the manager?
The quality of feedback is lacking. The quantity of feedback is insufficient.
The monetary incentives that link a portion of pay directly to results or accomplishments is:
pay for performance
Strengthening a behavior by offering a pleasing reward is:
positive reinforcement
When choosing measures of performance, which of the following criteria should be met?
relevancy accuracy
What are some of the biggest perceived detriments of the performance management system?
lack of fairness by the manager excessive emphasis on compensation poorly translated actionable goals for improvement
What are reasons that employees have negative views of performance management systems?
limited guidance on how to improve performance failure of managers to understand employee responsibilities infrequent feedback
Which two of the following are aspects of a performance management process function?
locating a need for employee development explaining the reason to terminate employment
Jaime is on time for work every day now because her manager yelled at her when she was late. Now that she is on time, her manager doesn't yell at her. This is an example of
negative reinforcement
The factors that affect perceptions of feedback include:
airness of the system reasonable goals or standards accuracy of the feedback
The key components of an organizational reward system include:
desired outcomes distribution criteria types of rewards
Which of the following describes a way to increase goal commitment by naming someone who can assist you pursuing your goal?
determining sources of support
Tracking goal achievement and progress toward goals can have which impacts on employees?
It improves performance. It increases motivation.
Undesirable behavior can be reduced by:
using punishment
Which statements describe why rewards often fail to motivate employees?
Motivation is impacted by the use of one-shot rewards. Monetary rewards are over emphasized. Too much time passes-between the achievement and the reward.
