MGT 332- Organizational Behavior Exam 1

d.) high core self-evaluation

A recent study showed that individuals with _____ and strong networking abilities also had higher income. a.) external locus of control b.) internal locus of control c.) low core self-evaluation d.) high core self-evaluation

c.) opportunities to work with higher-ups

According to Douglas McGregor, the need for _____ is considered a higher-order need. a.) a good retirement plan b.) sleep c.) opportunities to work with higher-ups d.) good health

d.) sleep

According to Douglas McGregor, the need for _____ is considered a lower-order need. a.) opportunities for after-work sports b.) social interaction c.) opportunities to work with higher-ups d.) sleep

a.) often hope and plan for success.

According to McClelland, high achievers: a.) often hope and plan for success. b.) prefer to work alone, irrespective of their task. c.) set goals that are very simple. d.) do not mind having external events interfere with their progress.

c.) They set goals that are moderately difficult yet achievable.

According to McClelland, which of the following is true of people with a high need for achievement? a.) They do not like to receive feedback on their work. b.) They do not mind having external events interfere with their progress. c.) They set goals that are moderately difficult yet achievable. d.) They always prefer to work alone, irrespective of their task.

d.) social learning

Adam loves to watch football and supports The New York Giants, an American football team. Although Adam's 12-year-old son doesn't watch football, he supports the same team because of his father. It is evident that Adam's son's preference is a result of _____. a.) direct experience b.) cognitive dissonance c.) competitive inertia d.) social learning

integrative approach

An ____________ ____________ focuses on both personal dispositions and situational variables as combined predictors of behavior.

general mental ability (GMA)

Charles Spearman introduced the concept of __________________________ as a measure of an individual's innate cognitive intelligence.

c.) social constraints

Derek, a manager at a multinational investment firm in France, is transferred to the Indian office of the firm. He holds a negative view of the work environment in the office in India as the office hours stretch beyond 6 p.m. This is inconsistent with his attitude because in France, people work only till 6 p.m. Despite this, he is compelled to work beyond 6 p.m. as his colleagues have a positive attitude toward it. In the context of attitude-behavior correspondence, the factor that leads to Derek's compliant behavior is _____. a.) attitude relevance b.) personality factors c.) social constraints d.) attitude specificity

b.) FALSE

Eustress is a negative response such as frustration or fear, which leads to unhealthy and unproductive results. a.) TRUE b.) FALSE

b.) FALSE

Expectancy theory does not hold up well in cultures that value individualism. a.) TRUE b.) FALSE

d.) the relationship between management and labor from one of conflict to one of cooperation.

Frederick Taylor, the founder of scientific management, examined labor efficiency and effectiveness. His goal was to change: a.) the work conditions related to satisfaction of the need for psychological growth. b.) the relationship between technology and labor efficiency. c.) the motivation factors that relate to job satisfaction and the hygiene factors that relate to job dissatisfaction. d.) the relationship between management and labor from one of conflict to one of cooperation.

Y

Generation __ values freedom in scheduling and embraces a work-to-live mind-set rather than the live-to-work approach of the baby boomers.

a.) TRUE

Global competition, a leading force driving change at work has increased significantly during the past few decades, especially in industries such as banking, finance, and air transportation. a.) TRUE b.) FALSE

d.) direct experience

Holly has developed an aversion toward math. She always scores low grades in the subject. She feels that she can never understand algebra, calculus, or geometry. It is evident that Holly's attitude toward math is influenced by _____. a.) social learning b.) cognitive dissonance c.) competitive inertia d.) direct experience

a.) prefer participative management styles.

In an organization, people with an internal locus of control: a.) prefer participative management styles. b.) react well to close supervision. c.) don't like to exercise control in their work environments. d.) appreciate more structured work settings.

peripheral route

In the ____________ __________ to persuasion, the individual is not motivated to pay much attention to the message's content because she is distracted or perceives the message as personally irrelevant.

c.) Thinking/Feeling

In the context of Jungian psychological types, the _____ preference describes the way we prefer to make decisions. a.)Judging/Perceiving b.) Extraversion/Introversion c.) Thinking/Feeling d.) Sensing/Intuition

b.) The need for sleep

In the context of Maslow's need hierarchy, which of the following is most likely an example of a physiological need? a.) The need for opportunities for after-work sports b.) The need for sleep c.) The need for opportunities to work with higher-ups d.) The need for a good retirement plan

b.) need for autonomy

In the context of Murray's manifest needs theory, the _____ is the desire for independence and freedom from constraints. a.) need for affiliation b.) need for autonomy c.) need for power d.) need for safety

a.) task

In the context of internal components of organizations, the _____ of an organization is its mission, purpose, or goal for existing. a.) task b.) people c.) structure d.) technology

b.) These people may be thought of as givers.

In the context of new perspectives on equity theory, which of the following statements is true of benevolents? a.) They prefer equity based on the originally formed theory. b.) These people may be thought of as givers. c.) They are comfortable only with an equity ratio greater than that of their comparison other. d.) These people may be thought of as takers.

d.) They are meant to enhance a person's belief that effort will improve performance and therefore lead to better pay.

In the context of the expectancy theory of motivation, which of the following is true of evaluation systems? a.) They are based on the notion of social exchange in which each party in the relationship demands certain things of the other. b.) They consider power and exchange important in understanding human behavior. c.) They stress the role of energy recovery in overall performance. d.) They are meant to enhance a person's belief that effort will improve performance and therefore lead to better pay.

a.) structure

In the context of the open systems view of organization, _____ involves the systems of communication, authority and roles, and workflow. a.) structure b.) output c.) task d.) technology

d.) They value self-reliance and individualism.

In the context of values, which of the following is true of Generation X? a.) They value family life considerably more than their jobs. b.) They have a more work-oriented value system than baby boomers. c.) They embrace a work-to-live approach. d.) They value self-reliance and individualism.

c.) They value family life and time off from work.

In the context of values, which of the following is true of the baby busters? a.) They have a more work-oriented value system than baby boomers. b.) They embrace a live-to-work approach. c.) They value family life and time off from work. d.) They place a huge emphasis on achievement values at work.

a.) positive affect

Individuals who, in general, focus on the good aspects of themselves, other people, and the world are said to have _____. a.) positive affect b.) low self-esteem c.) cultural intelligence d.) high general self-efficacy

b.) FALSE

Individuals with high self-esteem are more likely to change their attitudes in response to persuasion than are individuals with low self-esteem. a.) TRUE b.) FALSE

organizational citizenship behavior (OCB)

Job satisfaction encourages ___________________________—behavior that is above and beyond the call of duty.

c.) The absence of hygiene factors

Joe has a keen interest in his present job, but he does not get along with his boss, Martin. Martin never appreciates Joe's achievements and gives him unreasonable targets to meet. This has made Joe unhappy with his job. According to Herzberg's theory, which of the following is a reason for Joe's job dissatisfaction? a.) The presence of existence needs b.) The absence of manifest needs c.) The absence of hygiene factors d.) The presence of motivation factors

b.) continuance commitment

Justin, an employee of Widget Corp., is hesitant to leave the company because he thinks that he will lose a great deal of his investments in time, effort, and benefits. In the context of organizational commitments, it is evident that Justin experiences _____. a.) conjoint commitment b.) continuance commitment c.) normative commitment d.) affective commitment

c.) manufacturing sector

Kantone Corp. is a company that deals with the production and sales of motorcycles. The company saw its profits gain by 15 percent in the current financial quarter. Kantone Corp. operates in the _____ of the economy. a.) nonprofit sector b.) government sector c.) manufacturing sector d.) service sector

a.) TRUE

Machiavellianism is a personality characteristic involving one's willingness to do whatever it takes to get one's own way. a.) TRUE b.) FALSE

a.) TRUE

Medicine focuses on both physical and psychological health as well as industrial mental health. a.) TRUE b.) FALSE

b.) a person can explore new behaviors and skills in a comparatively safe environment.

One of the advantages of structured, experiential learning is that: a.) the behavior of employees at all levels in an organization is altered. b.) a person can explore new behaviors and skills in a comparatively safe environment. c.) it explains people's actions and behavior in terms of their histories and personal value systems. d.) it focuses on factors outside the person to understand behavior.

Social Cognitive Theory

Proposed by Albert Bandura that contains the person, environment, and behavior triadically, reciprocally interact

b.) FALSE

Self-actualization is the most important need for people in cultures with a high need to avoid uncertainty. a.) TRUE b.) FALSE

a.) TRUE

Self-monitoring is the extent to which people base their behavior on cues from other people and situations. a.) TRUE b.) FALSE

a.) need for self-actualization

The _____ is one of the levels of Maslow's need hierarchy. a.) need for self-actualization b.) need for power c.) need for achievement d.) need for affiliation

central route

The ________ _________ to persuasion involves direct cognitive processing of the message's content.

emotional contagion

The influence of emotion at work is extended by _________ ___________, which is the dynamic process through which emotions are transferred from one person to another, either consciously or unconsciously, through nonverbal channels.

b.) FALSE

The integrative approach to the study of personality emphasizes breaking down behavior patterns into a series of observable traits in order to understand human behavior. a.) TRUE b.) FALSE

d.) the past experiences of an individual.

The internal perspective of human behavior focuses on: a.) organizational communication channels. b.) consequences and environmental forces. c.) the work load of an individual. d.) the past experiences of an individual.

Big Five

The most common trait approach is the _____ _______.

elaboration likelihood model

The source, target, and message characteristics are weighed differently in the two cognitive routes to persuasion, the central route and the peripheral route, as shown in the ___________ ____________ ________.

organizational commitment

The strength of an individual's identification with an organization is known as _______________ _________________.

cognitive dissonance

The tension produced by a conflict between attitudes and behavior is __________________.

b.) FALSE

Those with an internal locus of control believe that outside forces such as fate, chance, or other people control what happens to them. a.) TRUE b.) FALSE

b.) encourage positive attitudes among employees.

To prevent and manage counterproductive work behavior (CWB), managers should: a.) give all employees high-performance ratings. b.) encourage positive attitudes among employees. c.) increase the power distance in the organization. d.) terminate employees who show counterproductive behavior.

a.) Intuitive type

Todd is a senior analyst at Supob Inc. He enjoys learning new skills and prefers working on new projects. However, Todd's manager thinks of him as an absentminded employee who gets impatient with routine work and hardly tries to use new skills at work. In the context of the preferences in Myers-Briggs personality types, Todd's personality most likely resembles the _____. a.) Intuitive type b.) Perceiving type c.) Sensing type d.) Feeling type

b.) FALSE

Total quality management is an employee-driven philosophy of management. a.) TRUE b.) FALSE

direct experience; social learning

Two major influences on attitudes are ______________ and ________________.

1.) the perceiver 2.) the target 3.) the situation

What are the 3 major categories of characteristics that influence social perception?

counterproductive work behavior (CWB)

When employees are dissatisfied with their jobs, they are more likely to engage in ______________________________, which is defined as any voluntary, attitude-driven behavior that violates organizational norms and causes some degree of harm to the organization, coworkers, or supervisors.

d.) People often answer the questions in terms of how they want to be seen rather than as they really are.

Which of the following is a drawback of self-report questionnaire method of assessing personality? a.) It requires the observer to stay focused for a very long time. b.) The subjects usually become stressed due to rapid questioning by the observer. c.) Observers are not permitted to question the subjects beyond 30 minutes. d.) People often answer the questions in terms of how they want to be seen rather than as they really are.

a.) One of the important aspects of a person's situation is the person's own subjective view of that situation.

Which of the following is a proposition of interactional psychology? a.) One of the important aspects of a person's situation is the person's own subjective view of that situation. b.) A person is inactive in the interactional process and is unaffected by the situation he or she is in. c.) People's cognitive, affective, motivational, and ability factors do not vary. d.) Behavior is a function of a discontinuous and unidirectional interaction between a person and a situation.

a.) The Rorschach ink blot test

Which of the following is an example of a personality measurement tool that elicits an individual's response to abstract stimuli? a.) The Rorschach ink blot test b.) The Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory c.) The Myers-Briggs Type Indicator d.) The NEO Personality Inventory

c.) Perceptions

Which of the following is an informal element of an organization? a.) Job descriptions b.) Policies c.) Perceptions d.) Goals and objectives

b.) They examine an individual's behavior in a controlled situation.

Which of the following is most true of behavioral measures of personality? a.) They are based on the notion that people are fundamentally different but also fundamentally alike. b.) They examine an individual's behavior in a controlled situation. c.) They elicit an individual's response to abstract stimuli. d.) They help people base their behavior on cues from other people and situations.

d.) They brag inappropriately when they find themselves in stressful situations

Which of the following is true of individuals with inflated self-esteem? a.) They base their behavior on cues from other people and situations.T b.) They are less satisfied with their jobs. c.) They are strongly affected by what other people think of them. d.) They brag inappropriately when they find themselves in stressful situations.

a.) They provide essential infrastructure to the public.

Which of the following is true of the government sectors of the economy? a.) They provide essential infrastructure to the public. b.) They include transportation, financial services, insurance, and retail sales. c.) They include the production of basic materials. d.) They include the production of finished products.

a.) They are points of diagnostic and intervention activities in organizational development.

Which of the following is true of the informal elements of an organization? a.) They are points of diagnostic and intervention activities in organizational development. b.) They do not directly affect individual behavior in the organization. c.) They are often the most visible part of the organization. d.) They enable people to think of the organization in logical and rational ways.

c.) They attribute their failures to lack of ability.

Which of the following statements is true of failure-oriented individuals? a.) They attribute their failures to lack of effort. b.) They behave consistently across situations. c.) They attribute their failures to lack of ability. d.) They pay less attention to situational cues.

b.) It does not have a clear relationship with performance.

Which of the following statements is true of job satisfaction? a.) It is not affected by the degree of supervision b.) It does not have a clear relationship with performance. c.) It is highly influenced by pay. d.) It cannot be measured.

b.)They behave consistently across situations.

Which of the following statements is true of low self-monitors? a.)They respond appropriately to changes in an organizational situation. b.)They behave consistently across situations. c.) They appear more unpredictable. d.) They offer emotional help to people dealing with work-related anxiety.

d.) It enhances the probability of organizational success.

Which of the following statements is true of quality improvement in business? a.) It results in increased absenteeism b.) It leads to organizational turnover c.) It decreases employee motivation due to increased work stress d.) It enhances the probability of organizational success.

c.) It includes transportation, financial services, insurance, and retail sales.

Which of the following statements is true of the service sector of the economy? a.) It provides needs that are essential for our collective well-being. b.) It includes the production of basic materials as well as the production of finished products. c.) It includes transportation, financial services, insurance, and retail sales. d.) It provides essential infrastructure to all other sectors.

a.) Integrative approach

_____ describes personality as a composite of an individual's psychological processes. a.) Integrative approach b.) Projective theory c.) Behavioral theory d.) Trait theory

b.) Equity theory

_____ is a social exchange process approach to motivation that focuses on the interaction between an individual and the environment. a.) Herzberg's two-factor theory b.) Equity theory c.) McClelland's need theory d.) Expectancy theory

Job satisfaction

______ _____________ is a pleasurable or positive emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one's job or job experiences.

deep

______ acting involves attempting to feel the emotion one is displaying.

Surface

______ acting is faking an emotion to meet the display rules

Values

_______ are enduring beliefs that a specific mode of conduct or end state of existence is personally or socially preferable to an opposite or converse mode of conduct or end state of existence

Moods

_______ typically last longer than emotions and don't have a specific cause.

Emotional labor

_________ ________ is the work that employees do to control their feelings and expression of emotions in the workplace and is a type of emotion regulation.

Trait theory

_________ _________ is the breaking down of behavior patterns into a series of observable traits in order to understand human behavior and their personalities.

Terminal

_________ values influence the goals to be achieved or the end states of existence. Ex. happiness, love, pleasure, self-respect, and freedom among the terminal values

b.) Psychology

_________, the science of human behavior, was developed during the closing decades of the nineteenth century. a.) Philosophy b.) Psychology c.) Sociology d.) Anthropology

Social perception

__________ ____________ is a process of interpreting info about another person.

Emotional intelligence (EI)

__________ _____________ is the ability to recognize and manage emotion in oneself and in others. It is made up of several types of abilities: perceiving, understanding, facilitating, and regulating emotion.

Affective; normative

__________ and ___________ commitments are related to lower rates of absenteeism, higher quality of work, increased productivity, and overall performance.

Personality

__________ is a relatively stable set of characteristics that influences an individual's behavior and lends it consistency.

Interactional psychology

__________ psychology was proposed by Kurt Lewin, and he explained that behavior is a function of person and environment.

Attribution theory

___________ __________ explains how individuals pinpoint the causes of their own and others' behavior.

Emotional dissonance

___________ ___________ is a discrepancy between one's felt emotion and one's expressed emotion.

Impression management

____________ _____________ is the process by which individuals try to control the impressions others have of them.

Emotions

____________ are discrete and fairly short-lived feelings that have a specific, known cause.

b.) Engineering

____________ is the applied science of energy and matter. It enhances our understanding of the design of work. a.) Philosophy b.) Engineering c.) Sociology d.) Anthropology

Normative commitment

_____________ ____________ is a perceived obligation to remain with the organization. Individuals who experience normative commitment stay with the organization because they feel they should.

Continuance commitment

_____________ _______________ is an employee's tendency to remain in an organization because he cannot afford to leave.

d.) Anthropology

_____________, the science of human learned behavior, is especially important to our understanding of organizational culture. a.) Philosophy b.) Engineering c.) Sociology d.) Anthropology

Sociology

_____________, the science of society, has contributed greatly to our knowledge of group and intergroup dynamics. a.) Philosophy b.) Psychology c.) Sociology d.) Anthropology

Instrumental

______________ values shape the acceptable behaviors that can be used to achieve some goal or end state. Ex. ambition, honesty, self-sufficiency, and courage.

Management

______________, originally called administrative science, is the study of overseeing activities and supervising people in organizations. a.) Philosophy b.) Management c.) Sociology d.) Anthropology

c.) Medicine

______________, the applied science of treating diseases to enhance an individual's health and well-being, focuses on both physical and psychological health as well as industrial mental health. a.) Philosophy b.) Management c.) Medicine d.) Anthropology

Affective commitment

________________ _________________ is an employee's intention to remain in an organization because of a strong desire to do so.

Conscientiousness

_________________ is the best predictor of overall performance.

Objective knowledge

__________________ results from research, experimentation, and scientific observation.

Emotional stability

___________________ predicts overall performance, but not as well as conscientiousness

Total quality management (TQM)

_______________________ is the total dedication to continuous improvement and to customers so that the customers' needs are met and their expectations exceeded.