MGT-475 Leadership Chap 9-16 Exam 2

Chap 9: Which of the following would most likely result in consistently higher effort and performance? A. Assigning goals that are both specific and difficult B. Having goals that are very difficult to achieve C. Assigning "do your best" goals D. Having multiple goals

A. Assigning goals that are both specific and difficult

Chap 10: _____ refers to any time people increase their level of work due to the presence of others. A. Social facilitation B. Additive tasking C. Social loafing D. Overbounding

A. Social facilitation

Chap 12: Jeff works as a self-employed consultant. He decides when, where, and how he works based on market demand and personal preference. Jeff's job most likely has a high degree of task: A. autonomy. B. interdependence. C. structure. D. feedback.

A. autonomy.

Chap 9: Which of the following is one of the motivators described in Herzberg's two-factor theory? A. Working conditions B. The work itself C. Co-workers D. Job security

B. The work itself

Chap 9: Which of the following assesses the overall degree to which employees are satisfied with their organization and their job? A. Hygiene factors B. Facet satisfaction item C. Global satisfaction item D. Motivators

C. Global satisfaction item

Chap 11: Based on the norms component of the Rocket Model, which statement is most likely FALSE? A. If the team or team leader is not explicit about setting the rules that govern team behavior, norms will simply evolve over time. B. Norms about how often and how long the team meets should be driven by the team's purpose and goals. C. The most important team norms relate to decision making, communication, and accountability. D. Leaders should address norms before discussing the context or mission components.

D. Leaders should address norms before discussing the context or mission components.

Chap 10: Functional, interdependent roles are characteristic of which stage of group development? A. Forming B. Storming C. Norming D. Performing

D. Performing

Chap 10: Which of the following is most likely a group dynamic? A) Conflict management B) Creative thinking skills C) Organizational processes D) Information technology systems

A) Conflict management

Chap 9: On the empowerment continuum, which of the following most likely characterizes empowered employees? A) High competence B) High creativity C) Low influence D) Cautiousness

A) High competence

Chap 11: Which of the following is a common reason that leaders avoid delegation? A. Subordinates are too busy. B. The task is too insignificant. C. The costs are too extensive. D. Subordinates are too unskilled.

A. Subordinates are too busy.

Chap 10: In comparing teams and group members, which statement is most likely true? A. Team members can readily identify who is and who is not on the team; identifying members of a group may be more difficult. B. Group members have common goals; teams may not have the same degree of consensus about goals. C. Group members often have more differentiated and specialized roles than team members. D. Task interdependence typically is greater with groups than with teams.

A. Team members can readily identify who is and who is not on the team; identifying members of a group may be more difficult.

Chap 12: According to the GLOBE study, societies higher on future orientation tend to: A. have flexible and adaptive organizations and managers. B. assign greater weight to love in marriage decisions. C. have lower rates of economic success. D. have lower heart attack rates.

A. have flexible and adaptive organizations and managers.

Chap 12: Organizational climate is best described as: A. how well organizational members get along with each other. B. a system of shared beliefs among members of a group. C. highly related to task perceptions of work. D. wider in scope than job satisfaction.

A. how well organizational members get along with each other.

Chap 11: According to the Rocket Model, the first step to building high-performing teams is to: A. identify the constituencies affecting the team. B. evaluate team and individual goals. C. build buy-in for the program. D. establish expected norms.

A. identify the constituencies affecting the team.

Chap 12: Which term refers to the diffusion of decision making throughout an organization? A) Organizational culture B) Centralization C) Informal organization D) Formalization

B) Centralization

Chap 11: What components comprise the base (booster stage) of the Rocket Model of Team Effectiveness? A) Power and morale B) Mission and talent C) Results and norms D) Buy-in and context

B) Mission and talent

Chap 11: Which of the following is the LEAST likely reason that a leader should delegate responsibilities? A) Gain time for other activities B) Provide structure for teams C) Strengthen the organization D) Develop followers

B) Provide structure for teams

Chap 9: Which of the following is the lowest level of needs according to Maslow's hierarchy of needs theory? A) Esteem B) Security C) Belongingness D) Self-actualization

B) Security

Chap 11: Which of the following statements is most likely true about principles of effective delegation? A) Followers have a responsibility to balance developmental opportunities among themselves. B) To delegate effectively, leaders must give subordinates authority and responsibility. C) Effective delegation should always involve micromanagement of the tasks the subordinate does. D) After delegating a task, a leader should provide continual advice to ensure positive task outcomes.

B) To delegate effectively, leaders must give subordinates authority and responsibility.

Chap 10: A highly cohesive group with members who overstep their boundaries or even violate laws to please the leader illustrates: A) groupthink. B) ollieism. C) overbounding. D) teamwork.

B) ollieism.

Chap 12: The information age organization operates with integrated business processes that cut across traditional business functions. This concerns which operating assumption underlying the information age? A. Links to customers and suppliers B. Cross functions C. Global scales D. Knowledge workers

B. Cross functions

Chap 9: Which of the following reflects the degree to which people are given information about different reward procedures and are treated with dignity and respect? A. Decentralization B. Interactional justice C. Empowerment D. Distributive justice

B. Interactional justice

Chap 10: A manager makes the following statement to a subordinate, "I need this report back in five minutes, and it had better be perfect." Which term best describes this type of role conflict? A. Interrole conflict B. Intrasender role conflict C. Person-role conflict D. Intersender role conflict

B. Intrasender role conflict

Chap 10: _____ are the informal rules that groups adopt to regulate and regularize group members' behaviors. A. Values B. Norms C. Ethics D. Outputs

B. Norms

Chap 9: Which of the following most likely occurs when leaders articulate high expectations for followers? A. Hawthorne effect B. Pygmalion effect C. Golem effect D. Hierarchy effect

B. Pygmalion effect

Chap 9: Which of the following statements about affectivity is most likely FALSE? A. Leadership experiences are affected by the positive or negative affectivity of followers. B. Research shows a strong link between negative affectivity and low productivity levels. C. A leader's own affectivity can strongly influence followers' morale or satisfaction levels. D. Leaders can most likely improve job satisfaction by hiring upbeat, optimistic followers.

B. Research shows a strong link between negative affectivity and low productivity levels.

Chap 11: Teams with high levels of morale most likely: A. accomplish goals with limited resources. B. handle interpersonal conflict effectively. C. require few one-one-one meetings. D. delegate responsibilities frequently.

B. handle interpersonal conflict effectively.

Chap 11: The first requirement for a team intervention to be successful is: A. brainstorming a range of positive feedback techniques. B. raising awareness about how teams really work. C. providing instrument-based team feedback. D. practicing behaviors with team role play.

B. raising awareness about how teams really work.

Chap 10: The phenomenon of reduced effort by people when they are not individually accountable for their work is referred to as: A. process loss. B. social loafing. C. group polarization. D. group storming.

B. social loafing.

Chap 12: Typically, greater horizontal complexity is associated with: A. the number of hierarchical levels appearing on an organization chart. B. the increased likelihood for communication breakdowns between subunits. C. the degree of standardization in an organization. D. the diffusion of decision making throughout an organization.

B. the increased likelihood for communication breakdowns between subunits.

Chap 11: Which of the following is a principle of effective delegation? A) Creating rigid procedures and steps B) Making the assignment general C) Assigning a task objective D) Supervising very closely

C) Assigning a task objective

Chap 10: According to Katzenbach and Smith, which of the following may be the most important single step in teamwork? A) Development B) Design C) Dream D) Dynamics

C) Dream

Chap 12: Which of the following is NOT viewed as a positive leader attribute and behavior? A) Dynamic B) Motivational C) Nonexplicit D) Communicative

C) Nonexplicit

Chap 12: Which term best describes an organization holding ceremonies for retiring employees? A) Symbolic gesture B) Formalization C) Ritual D) Myth

C) Ritual

Chap 12: Societies higher on collectivism tend to: A) have a faster pace of life. B) achieve economic success. C) have fewer interactions. D) experience higher heart attack rates.

C) have fewer interactions.

Chap 12: According to GLOBE, which of the following behaviors is culturally contingent? A. Asocial B. Dynamic C. Ambitious D. Insensitive

C. Ambitious

Chap 12: Which of the following is an advantage of decentralized organizations? A. Uniform policies and procedures that are strictly enforced B. Minimal participation in the decision process C. Greater acceptance of decision outcomes D. Clearer coordination procedures

C. Greater acceptance of decision outcomes

Chap 11: What should a coach most likely do to help a follower stick to a development plan? A. Conduct a GAPS analysis B. Establish long-term objectives C. Schedule regular reflection sessions D. Delegate simple and challenging tasks

C. Schedule regular reflection sessions

Chap 9: Performance is best described as: A. the likelihood that behaviors will be repeated without reward. B. judgments about the adequacy or inadequacy of behavior. C. behaviors directed toward the organization's mission. D. how much an individual enjoys a work activity.

C. behaviors directed toward the organization's mission.

Chap 12: A leader trying to solve a morale problem in the workplace is most likely facing a task that is: A. structured. B. synchronized. C. unstructured. D. technical.

C. unstructured.

Chap 9: _____ concerns followers' perceptions of whether the level of reward corresponds with an individual's performance. A) Decentralization B) Interactional justice C) Empowerment D) Distributive justice

D) Distributive justice

Chap 10: _____ teams are more commonly referred to as virtual teams. A) Interdependent B) Self-managed C) Organizational design D) Geographically dispersed

D) Geographically dispersed

Chap 10: _____ occurs in highly cohesive groups when group members become more concerned with striving for unanimity than in objectively appraising different courses of action. A) Role conflict B) Punctuated equilibrium C) Overbounding D) Groupthink

D) Groupthink

Chap 12: Which leadership theory distinguishes between microvariables and macrovariables? A) Role theory B) GLOBE theory C) The Great Man theory D) Multiple-influence model theory

D) Multiple-influence model theory

Chap 9: According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, which of the following is a motivator? A) Salary B) Job security C) Co-workers D) Recognition

D) Recognition

Chap 12: According to GLOBE, which of the following is universally viewed as a negative leader attribute? A. Formal B. Domineering C. Foresighted D. Egocentric

D. Egocentric

Chap 11: What is the first step in the coaching model developed by Peterson and Hicks? A. Determining what task to assign B. Creating a long-term development plan C. Conducting a gaps-of-the GAPS analysis D. Establishing a relationship based on trust

D. Establishing a relationship based on trust

Chap 10: Which term refers to interactions among team members, such as how they communicate with each other? A. Punctuated equilibrium B. Organizational shells C. Group polarization D. Group dynamics

D. Group dynamics

Chap 12: The organizational structure is best described as: A. a tangible reality. B. an end in itself. C. sacrosanct and permanent. D. a tool for getting things done.

D. a tool for getting things done.

Chap 9: An individual's tendency to exert effort toward task accomplishment depends partly on the strength of his/her motive to achieve success. This concept is called: A. problem solving. B. customer orientation. C. relationship building. D. achievement orientation.

D. achievement orientation.

Chap 9: One limitation of Maslow's Hierarchy of Needs is that it fails to: A. consider an individual's higher order needs. B. place enough emphasis on an individual's lower order needs. C. address the general nature of the various types of basic human needs. D. make specific predictions as to how individuals will satisfy their needs.

D. make specific predictions as to how individuals will satisfy their needs.

Chap 11: The power component of the Rocket Model most likely relates to a team's: A. leadership style. B. commitment. C. accountability. D. resources.

D. resources.

Chap 12: Role theory clarifies how situational demands and constraints cause: A. vertical complexity. B. horizontal complexity. C. role overload. D. role conflict.

D. role conflict.

Chap 9: Which of the following is a macro psychological component that underlies empowerment? A) Motivation B) Influence C) Meaning D) Support

A) Motivation

Chap 11: Which of the following is most likely a true statement about goals? A) Setting goals does not guarantee success. B) Goals should be easily attainable and not very challenging. C) Research shows that participating in goal setting improves productivity. D) Performance is higher when goals and feedback are used independently of each other.

A) Setting goals does not guarantee success.

Chap 12: Which of the following types of culture has roots that mean "temporary or specialized"? A. Adhocracy culture B. Hierarchy culture C. Clan culture D. Market culture

A. Adhocracy culture

Chap 11: Which of the following is most likely a true statement about feedback? A. Feedback should focus on facts rather than inferences. B. Overly descriptive feedback is too complex to be useful. C. Feedback is ineffective if given too soon after the behavior occurs. D. Providing both positive and negative feedback during one session is contradictory.

A. Feedback should focus on facts rather than inferences.

Chap 10: Which term refers to the set of expected behaviors associated with a particular job or position? A. Group role B. Groupthink C. Social facilitation D. Punctuated equilibrium

A. Group role

Chap 9: Which statement best summarizes the components of empowerment as defined by the authors? A. Leaders delegate leadership and decision making down to the lowest level possible and equip followers with the resources, knowledge, and skills necessary to make good decisions. B. Leaders articulate a vision and specific goals and hold followers responsible for achieving them. C. Followers act as entrepreneurs and owners who question rules and make intelligent decisions. D. Empowerment is a bottom-up approach that focuses on intelligent risk taking, growth, change, trust, and ownership.

A. Leaders delegate leadership and decision making down to the lowest level possible and equip followers with the resources, knowledge, and skills necessary to make good decisions.

Chap 11: When giving performance feedback privately to a subordinate, what should a leader most likely emphasize? A. Positive behaviors and results B. Developmental opportunities C. Inadequacies and misbehaviors D. Necessary changes for the future

A. Positive behaviors and results

Chap 10: What is the LEAST likely way that a leader could improve team effectiveness? A. Putting subtle pressure on dissenting members of the team to ensure concept cohesiveness B. Designing input-stage variables at the individual, organizational, and team design levels C. Ensuring that the team has a clear sense of purpose and performance expectations D. Providing coaching while the team is performing its task

A. Putting subtle pressure on dissenting members of the team to ensure concept cohesiveness

Chap 12: Industrial age companies prospered by offering low-cost but standardized products and services. This pertains to: A. customer segmentation. B. links to customers and suppliers. C. innovations. D. cross functions.

A. customer segmentation.

Chap 10: Receiving conflicting information from two or more people about their expectations for your work behavior reflects: A. intersender role conflict. B. intrasender role conflict. C. interrole conflict. D. person-role conflict.

A. intersender role conflict.

Chap 9: In terms of the underlying causes of performance problems, leaders seem to have the most difficulty recognizing and rectifying: A. motivation problems. B. unclear expectations. C. employee skill deficits. D. resource shortages.

A. motivation problems.

Chap 10: The clear emergence of a leader and the development of group norms and cohesiveness are the key indicators of the _____ stage of group development. A. norming B. performing C. forming D. storming

A. norming

Chap 10: Molly, a member of a product development team, is most likely experiencing _____ if she wonders, "Just what am I supposed to be doing?" A. role ambiguity B. role conflict C. role overload D. role insufficiency

A. role ambiguity

Chap 10: For a team to do well, the individuals composing the team must sometimes not maximize their individual effort. This is referred to as: A. subsystem nonoptimization. B. limited span of control. C. organizational process loss. D. intersender role conflict.

A. subsystem nonoptimization.

Chap 12: Workers may be able to accomplish their tasks in an autonomous fashion, but the products of their efforts must be coordinated in order for the group to be successful. This refers to: A. task interdependence. B. task autonomy. C. task structure. D. task feedback.

A. task interdependence.

Chap 9: Which of the following is most likely an example of a non-contingent reward? A. Performance bonus B. Annual salary C. Monthly commission D. Stock options

B. Annual salary

Chap 11: Which of the following would LEAST likely improve a leader's feedback skills? A. Being flexible B. Being critical C. Being descriptive D. Being specific

B. Being critical

Chap 9: Which statement about empowerment and the operant approach is most likely true? A. The situation is almost always fixed, and followers are the only variables important in the performance equation. B. By changing the situation, leaders can enhance followers' motivation, performance, and satisfaction. C. Restructuring work processes and procedures generally has little effect on follower's motivational levels. D. Most followers enjoy the challenge of doing things in new ways and feel immediately empowered.

B. By changing the situation, leaders can enhance followers' motivation, performance, and satisfaction.

Chap 11: What is the first step of effective delegation? A. Establishing a specific timeframe B. Deciding what activity to hand over C. Determining the objectives of the task D. Choosing an individual for the assignment

B. Deciding what activity to hand over

Chap 11: Which statement about delegation is most likely FALSE? A. Delegation is a simple way for leaders to free themselves of time-consuming chores. B. Delegation is an overused management option that frustrates most followers. C. Delegation increases the number of tasks accomplished by work groups. D. Delegation gives followers developmental opportunities.

B. Delegation is an overused management option that frustrates most followers.

Chap 10: Which question is most relevant to the task variable of team design? A. Are there too few or too many team members? B. Does the team have a meaningful piece of work? C. Has the team leader established a flexible climate? D. Does the team have an appropriate amount of diversity?

B. Does the team have a meaningful piece of work?

Chap 9: What are the most powerful determinants of task behaviors according to Locke and Latham? A. Values B. Goals C. Abilities D. Needs

B. Goals

Chap 9: Which of the following is NOT a macro psychological component that underlies empowerment? A. Motivation B. Influence C. Learning D. Stress

B. Influence

Chap 12: There is a known procedure for accomplishing a task and rules governing how one goes about it. If these rules are followed, there is one result. These features most likely characterize: A. task autonomy. B. a structured task. C. an unstructured task. D. task interdependence.

B. a structured task.

Chap 11: Goals are most effective when they are: A. vaguely worded. B. challenging. C. general. D. easy.

B. challenging.

Chap 10: Which of the following is a possible solution for groupthink? A. Increasing group cohesiveness and engaging in more overbounding techniques. B. Isolating the group from outside sources which might bias decision making. C. Establishing an independent subgroup to make recommendations. D. Using mindguards to screen negative input from the group.

C. Establishing an independent subgroup to make recommendations.

Chap 11: According to the Rocket Model, which of the following would LEAST likely build buy-in? A. Developing a compelling vision or purpose for the team B. Involving team members in the rule-setting process C. Exhibiting a high level of personal consideration D. Establishing the credibility of the team leader

C. Exhibiting a high level of personal consideration

Chap 11: When delegating an assignment, which of the following questions is LEAST relevant to address? A. How has the task been accomplished in the past? B. What are the limits of the subordinate's authority? C. How does the task relate to industry standards? D. What sources of help are available?

C. How does the task relate to industry standards?

Chap 9: Which of the following statements is most likely true about affectivity? A. People with positive affectivity tend to avoid new situations. B. Researchers have found that negative affectivity is not related to job dissatisfaction. C. People with a disposition for positive affectivity tend to react optimistically to changes. D. People with negative affectivity tend to be unhappy with their lives but enjoy their jobs.

C. People with a disposition for positive affectivity tend to react optimistically to changes.

Chap 11: Which of the following statements about feedback is most likely FALSE? A. Sometimes supervisors hesitate to use positive feedback because they believe subordinates will view it as insincere. B. Leaders may give positive feedback infrequently if they believe good performance is expected. C. Research shows that subordinates believe their leaders give more feedback than their leaders think they do. D. Followers will most likely perform at a higher level if they are given accurate, frequent feedback.

C. Research shows that subordinates believe their leaders give more feedback than their leaders think they do.

Chap 9: According to Herzberg's two-factor theory, which of the following is a hygiene factor? A. Recognition B. Responsibility C. Supervision D. Advancement

C. Supervision

Chap 12: Which of the following is NOT a characteristic of an adaptive problem? A. The problem can only be solved by changing the system itself. B. It may be difficult to reach a consensus on what the problem really is. C. The problem may be complex, but there is an expert solution to solve it. D. Current resources and ways of thinking may be insufficient to solve the problem.

C. The problem may be complex, but there is an expert solution to solve it.

Chap 12: Which of the following statements concerning societal culture is most likely FALSE? A. Societal culture is comprised of the learned behaviors characterizing the total way of life of members within any given society. B. The beliefs and myths of a culture that provide context to manifest behaviors are generally hidden from view. C. To most outsiders, the most salient and visible aspect of any culture is the values. D. Becoming aware of cultural perspectives is critical for leaders in the global context.

C. To most outsiders, the most salient and visible aspect of any culture is the values.

Chap 11: Which of the following is NOT one of the components of the Rocket Model of Team Effectiveness? A. Power B. Morale C. Vision D. Buy-in

C. Vision

Chap 12: Which of the following statements about unstructured tasks is most likely FALSE? A. Unstructured tasks are by nature somewhat ill defined. B. Reducing the ambiguity of an unstructured situation is a leadership behavior appreciated by followers. C. While it is easier for a leader to give instruction in unstructured tasks, it is not necessarily the most helpful thing to do. D. Subordinates need help when a task is unstructured.

C. While it is easier for a leader to give instruction in unstructured tasks, it is not necessarily the most helpful thing to do.

Chap 10: The _____ stage of development of groups is characterized by polite conversation, the gathering of superficial information about fellow members, and low trust. A. norming B. storming C. forming D. performing

C. forming

Chap 10: The sum of forces that attract members to a group, provide resistance to leaving it, and motivate them to be active in it is called: A. group polarization. B. social facilitation. C. group cohesion. D. punctuated equilibrium.

C. group cohesion.

Chap 12: Organizations with a _____ culture tend to have formalized rules and procedures. A. clan B. adhocracy C. hierarchy D. market

C. hierarchy

Chap 11: It is most likely important to have specific goals for the purpose of: A. eliminating competition. B. encouraging teamwork. C. measuring progress. D. delegating tasks.

C. measuring progress.

Chap 10: The inefficiencies created by more and more people working together is called: A. groupthink. B. social loafing. C. process losses. D. deindividuation.

C. process losses.

Chap 10: At the organizational level, the Team Leadership Model (TLM) suggests that leaders examine the _____ that may be impacting the team. A. motivations B. creative skills C. reward systems D. interpersonal behaviors

C. reward systems

Chap 11: How does delegation most likely strengthen the organization? A. By developing valuable customers B. By utilizing more virtual teams C. By monitoring quality control D. By stimulating innovation

D. By stimulating innovation

Chap 12: GLOBE researchers identified six cultural dimensions that were determined to be applicable across all global cultures for assessing culturally endorsed implicit theories of leadership (CLTs). Which of the following is NOT one of those dimensions? A. Team-oriented leadership B. Self-protective leadership C. Autonomous leadership D. Democratic leadership

D. Democratic leadership

Chap 9: Which of the following statements about goals is most likely FALSE? A. Determining just how challenging to make goals creates a dilemma for many leaders. B. Goal commitment is likely to increase with follower participation in goal setting. C. Followers exert the greatest effort when goals are accompanied by feedback. D. Easily attainable goals result in higher levels of effort and performance.

D. Easily attainable goals result in higher levels of effort and performance.

Chap 9: Which of the following involves making judgments about the adequacy of behavior with respect to certain criteria such as work-group or organizational goals? A. Reliability B. Responsiveness C. Performance D. Effectiveness

D. Effectiveness

Chap 10: What type of conflict most likely occurs when a store manager encourages a salesperson to mislead customers about the quality of the store's products if deception is inconsistent with the salesperson's values and beliefs? A. Interrole conflict B. Intrasender role conflict C. Intersender role conflict D. Person-role conflict

D. Person-role conflict

Chap 9: What is the main reason for people staying with organizations? A. Job evaluations based on 360-feedback B. Frequent development opportunities C. Use of pay-for-performance systems D. Promises of long-term employment

D. Promises of long-term employment