MIC 205 learnsmart: respiratory diseases
who is most likely affected by scarlet fever
children
condition where fluid remains in the middle ear for indefinite periods of time
chronic otitis media
the _______ of the respiratory epithelium are inhibited by mycoplasma
cilia
influenza viruses bind to which cell type to initiate infection
ciliated cells of respiratory tract
pneumonia infections that are acquired by persons in the general population
community-acquired pneumonias
pertussis is still a concern even though a vaccine exists because
concern about the safety of the vaccine has led to lower vaccination rates
the solidification of exudates, cells, and bacteria in the air spaces of the lungs
consolidation
recovery period from a disease when the numbers of the causative agent are decreasing and the symptoms have disappeared
convalescent period
a blue discoloration of the skin or mucous membranes due to decreased oxygen in the blood often seen in Pneumocytitis pneumonia
cyanosis
influenza viruses are named according to
differing H and N spikes
therapy used to assure that TB patients take all of the prescribed antibiotics
directly observed therapy
best prevention for group A streptococci infection
hand washing
the best way to prevent rhinitis is through frequent _____ _______ along with covering sneezes or coughs to prevent airborne transmission
hand washing
viruses that cause pneumonia as their primary disease today are _______, adenovirus 14 and SARS-associated coronavirus
hantavirus
individuals with untreated tuberculosis
have a normal lifespan
immunofluorescence microscopy using _________ antibodies against Pneumocystis jiroveci has a higher sensitivity in detecting the organism compared to conventional microscopy
monoclonal
causative agent for tuberculosis
mycobacterium tuberculosis
inflammation of the kidney
nephrititis
bacterial sinusitis is most often caused by
normal biota of the respiratory tract
in the Ziehl-Neelsen acid-fast staining procedure, acid-fast organisms will appear what color
red
virus that causes colds in most people, but can cause a potentially devastating infection in children and neonates
respiratory syncytial
which agent usually causes minor colds in most patients, but can lead to a serious respiratory infection in young children
respiratory syncytial virus
most common portal of entry for pathogens
respiratory tract
acute otitis media is a common sequelae of
rhinitis
inflammation of the nose, which often occurs with the common cold
rhinitis
which type of viruses are the most common causative agent for rhinitis
rhinoviruses
diphtheria is easily prevented by
routine vaccination
which of the following is the most noticeable symptom seen in the catarrhal stage of pertussis
runny nose
inflammation of any of the 4 pairs of air cavities in the cranial bones is also known as
sinusitis
causes the greatest number of lethal cases of pneumonia compared to any other microorganism
streptococcus pneumoniae
highest number of lethal cases of pneumonia are due to infection with
streptococcus pneumoniae
most common causative agent for community-acquired pneumonia
streptococcus pneumoniae
S. pyogenes produces _______ whose action is to lyse red blood cells to release hemoglobin
streptolysin
bacterial toxins that are potent stimuli for T cells causing an excessively strong reaction
superantigens
source of symptoms of rhinitis are generally due to
the body's immune response to the virus
current treatment for uncomplicated acute otitis media
wait for resolution
milder form of bacterial pneumonia
walking pneumonia
fungus that causes pneumonia in some people
Histoplasma capsulatum
bacterial sinusitis is transmitted via
a patient's microbiota
pneumonia caused by _______ organisms is often more serious that pneumonia caused by ________
bacterial; viruses
an A-B toxin is an exotoxin composed of a _____ component and a ________ component
binding; active
pertussis is caused by the bacterium
bordetella pertussis
usual treatment of bacterial sinusitis when allergic and fungal sinusitis are ruled out
broad-spectrum antibiotics
the secretion of mucus or fluids and is used to describe the first stage of pertussis
catarrhal
which can be used to detect possible Group A streptococci in the pharynx (3)
1. measuring sensitivity to bacitracin 2. antibody reaction tests to Group A carbohydrates in cell wall 3. culture of pharyngeal swab on blood agar
RSV can be prevented with
good handwashing and hygiene practices
incubation period for influenza
1-4 days
infectious diseases of both the upper and lower respiratory tract (3)
1. RSV 2. pertussis 3. influenza
sinusitis can be caused by which of the following (3)
1. allergies 2. microbial infection 3. structural problems with nose
second/third line defenses for the respiratory system (2)
1. alveolar macrophages 2. specific antibodies in mucus
pertussis is usually treated with (2)
1. antibiotic therapy 2. supportive care
which of the following contributes to the high level of variability in influenza virus (2)
1. antigenic shift 2. antigenic drift
treatments for rhinitis (2)
1. antihistamines 2. decongestants
the later signs/symptoms of RSV infections result in a condition are often referred to as (2)
1. bronchiolitis 2. croup
signs/symptoms of otitis media in younger children (4)
1. build up of fluid in middle ear 2. hearing difficulties 3. ear pain 4. irritability/fussiness
infection with the TB bacterium leads to which type of hypersensitivity to tuberculoproteins (2)
1. delayed 2. cell-mediated
diseases prevented by the DTaP vaccine
1. diphtheria 2. tetanus 3. pertussis
because of its constant contact with the external environment, the upper respiratory tract harbors a ______ population of commensal biota (2)
1. diverse 2. large
pneumocystis pneumonia usually occurs in which population groups (3)
1. elderly adults 2. premature infants 3. immunocompromised
3 types of tuberculosis
1. extrapulmonary 2. reactivation 3. primary
initial symptoms of RSV are (4)
1. fever 2. rhinitis 3. otitis 4. pharyngitis
viruses causing rhinitis are transmitted by (3)
1. fomites 2. droplet contact 3. inhalation of aerosols
primary TB may present with which of the following signs
1. formation of tubercules 2. mild fever
chest X rays are used in the diagnosis of TB when (2)
1. further verification of a positive test is required 2. other tests give unclear results
initial signs/symptoms of pneumonia (4)
1. headache 2. fever 3. runny nose 4. congestion
fungal agents that are known to cause cases of pneumonia (2)
1. histoplasma capsulatum 2. pneumocystis jiroveci
used to diagnose Histoplasma capsulatum infection (3)
1. immunodiffusion 2. complement fixation 3. fluorescent antibodies
transmission of the viruses that cause rhinitis occur in which of the following ways (3)
1. indirect fomite transmission 2. droplet contact 3. aerosol transmission
most common modes of transmission for streptococcal pharyngitis (2)
1. inhalation of respiratory droplets 2. contact with mucus
over-the-counter medications are effective for which of the following cases of rhinitis (3)
1. minimizing symptoms 2. blocking the inflammation process 3. decreasing the transmission to other persons
first line defenses for the respiratory system (5)
1. mucus production 2. sneezing 3. nasal hair 4. ciliated epithelium 5. coughing
upper respiratory tract is composed of: (5)
1. nasal cavity 2. oral cavity 3. larynx 4. epiglottis 5. pharynx
signs/symptoms of sinusitis (4)
1. nasal discharge 2. headache 3. nasal or facial pressure 4. nasal congestion
infectious diseases of only the lower respiratory tract (2)
1. pneumonia 2. tuberculosis
streptococcus pyogenes is a gram-_____ coccus that grows in chains and forms capsules and _____ layers
1. positive 2. slime
signs and symptoms of pharyngitis (3)
1. reddened mucosa in throat 2. swollen tonsils 3. pain and swelling of throat
signs/symptoms of Pneumocystis pneumonia in immunodeficient patients
1. respiratory difficulty 2. fever 3. cyanosis 4. cough
serious cases of RSV infection progress to lower parts of the respiratory tract resulting in (4)
1. respiratory distress 2. dyspnea 3. coughing 4. rales
signs/symptoms of scarlet fever (2)
1. sandpaper-like skin rash 2. high fever
symptoms of rhinitis (3)
1. sneezing 2. scratchy throat 3. runny nose
signs/symptoms of influenza (7)
1. sore throat 2. dry cough 3. fatigue 4. headache 5. stuffy nose 6. fever 7. body aches
manifestations of histoplasmosis include (3)
1. systemic infection 2. pulmonary infection 3. cutaneous lesions
a negative tuberculin skin test may indicate (3)
1. that an individual is immunocompromised and can't mount a reaction 2. that an individual has not yet had any contact with tuberculosis 3. that a person has been infected but has not yet reacted
important reasons to study influenza (3)
1. there is a seasonal pattern of influenza infection in the US 2. the influenza virus is a model for understanding the behavior of other viruses 3. the term "flu" is often used incorrectly to describe other disease condition
children are more susceptible to rhinitis because (3)
1. they have no secondary immunity to rhinoviruses 2. their immune systems are immature 3. each virus they encounter is a new virus
lower respiratory tract (4)
1. trachea 2. bronchi 3. alveoli 4. bronchioles
acute otitis media is caused by which general types of microorganisms (2)
1. viruses 2. bacteria
main categories of microorganisms are known to cause pneumonia (3)
1. viruses 2. fungi 3. bacteria
pneumonia is caused by a wide variety of (3)
1. viruses 2. fungi 3. bacteria
prodromal symptoms of hantavirus infection (5)
1. vomiting 2. nausea 3. diarrhea 4. muscle aches 5. fever
only ___% of people who become infected with tuberculosis develop a clinical case
5
streptococcus pyogenes belong to which group of streptococci
A
severe pulmonary edema and acute respiratory distress are characteristics of
Hantavirus pulmonary syndrome
general type of staining procedure that is used to diagnose the tuberculosis bacterium based upon its cell wall structure
acid-fast stain
influenza is primarily transmitted through inhalation of _______ and _______ containing virus particles
aerosols; droplets
most commonly, sinusitis is caused by what
allergies
the first white blood cells that respond to Mycobacterium tuberculosis
alveolar macrophages
one of the important functions of the normal biota of the upper respiratory system is __________ ________, which reduces the possibility of pathogens establishing themselves there
antagonism
usual treatment for pneumococcal pneumonia
antibiotics
swapping of genetic material between different viral strains
antigenic shift
who is able to receive the influenza vaccine
anyone over 6 months of age
pneumonias caused by Mycoplasmas usually have symptoms that differ from pneumococcal pneumonia and therefore are often called
atypical pneumonias
pneumonias caused by mycoplasmas usually have symptoms that differ from pneumococcal pneumonia and are often called
atypical pneumonias
prevention of HPS is accomplished through
avoiding contact
presence of viable bacteria in circulating blood
bacteremia
an initial viral infection can predispose a patient to a secondary ______ infection in the upper respiratory tract
bacterial
annual flu vaccination is recommended due to yearly antigenic _____
drift
mode of transmission for TB
droplets
technical term for difficulty breathing seen in later stages of RSV
dyspnea
the severity of pneumonia is based on the
etiologic agent
tuberculosis that spreads to other organs outside the lungs
extrapulmonary
second most common route for transmission of influenza
fomite contact
in addition to the respiratory route, influenza can also be transmitted via
fomites
current rates of TB worldwide are
increasing
area of hardened, reddened tissue associated with a tuberculin test
induration
causative agents for the flu
influenza viruses
infection is focused in/completetly fills an entire lobe of a lung
lobar pneumonia
the majority of TB cases remain contained in the
lungs
streptococcus pyogenes causes scarlet fever when it has become infected with a
lysogenic bacteriophage
the screening test for tuberculin hypersensitivity or tuberculin reaction
mantoux test
even though scarlet fever had a 95% fatality rate in the early 20th century, cases today are often
mild
second stage of pertussis characterized by uncontrollable coughing with a distinct sound
paroxysmal
biggest problems with TB therapy
patient noncompliance
causative agent for pneumocystis pneumonia
pneumocystis jiroveci
which agent causes the most frequent opportunistic infection in AIDS patients
pneumocystis jiroveci
inflammatory condition of the lung in which fluid fills the alveoli is generally referred to as ________ and can be caused by several different types of microbes
pneumonia
technical term for the abnormal breathing sounds heard in the lungs during the later stages of RSV
rales
why isn't there a vaccine for rhinitis
there are more than 200 possible causative agents
why do physicians distinguish between nosocomial and community-acquired pneumonia
they are caused by different types of bacteria
signs and symptoms of pharyngitis include pain and swelling in the _____, reddened ______, swollen _______, and sometimes white packets on the walls of the throat
throat, mucosa, tonsils
substance used in skin test for TB infection
tuberculin
children who have high rates of recurrence of ear infection have _______ surgically placed in the eardrum to aid drainage of fluid
tubes
the initial symptoms of pneumonia involve the ________ respiratory tract
upper
best way to prevent pneumococcal pneumonia in the elderly
vaccination
low incidence of diphtheria in the US due to an effective
vaccine
in addition to streptococcus pyogenes, pharyngitis can be caused by the same _________ that causes the common cold, mechanical _____ or sinus _____
virus; irritation; drainage
the drier air of which season most effectively facilitates the spread of influenza virus, leading to the highest rates of infection
winter