MIC205 Exam 2 (Modules 4,5,6,7)
Which of the following is correct about Salmonellosis?
- The disease usually resolves without the need of antibiotics - It is transmitted through contaminated food - The causative agent replicates within macrophages - The causative agent is a bacteria
Which of the following is true about the organism that causes genital herpes?
- The organism consists of DNA as the genetic material - The organism is cellular in nature - The organism needs a host cell to reproduce
Which of the following is correct about Hepatitis A disease?
- The organism that causes it is an RNA virus - The disease is transmitted through the consumption of infected food (foodborne)
Which of the following is the function of a T-Helper cell?
1. Helps in activation of B cells. 2. Helps in activation of Macrophages. 3. Helps in activation of Cytotoxic T cells. 4. Production of antibodies. 5. 1,2 and 3. 6. 1,2,3 and 4.
Which of the following shows the CORRECT order of events that must occur for the production of antibodies from B cells? 1. Production of antibodies 2. Clonal expansion of B cells 3. Binding of antigen to B cell receptors 4. Differentiation of B cells into plasma and memory B cells 5. Exposure to antigen
5,3,2,4,1
A T helper cell count of >200 U/microliter of blood is used to clinically define which disease?
AIDS
Match the following diseases on the left to their respective causative agents on the right
AIDS: RNA virus Ebola: RNA virus Hep B: DNA virus Malaria: Protozoan
The terms on the left are related to the length of duration and onset of infections. Match the terms with their appropriate definition and examples. Each term may be used only one time.
Acute Infection: symptoms develop quickly but last short time (EX: Flu virus) Chronic Infection: symptoms develop slowly but last a long time (EX: Hep B) Latent Infection: symptoms develop quickly but are never cleared (EX: Chicken Pox)
What is the role of passive immunization with regards to infection with Hepatitis B?
Administer pre-formed antibodies to fight infection AFTER exposure
Which are factors affecting disease?
All of the answers host health and type of microbe number of microbes at initial exposure and microbe virulence factors port of entry and dose host immunity to pathogen age and host immunity to pathogen gender and genetics
The following terms in the left column are related to the manner in which Influenza virus can undergo genetic changes. Match the following term with the correct definition in the right column. An answer may be used only one time.
Antigenic drift: minor mutations during replication, resulting in small changes in HA and NA genes Antigenic shift: Reassortment of 2 different variants, resulting in novel HA and NA genes
A patient is bitten by a dog with confirmed rabies infection. After treating the bite wound, the physician injects the patient with antibodies that are specific for the rabies virus to prevent the development of an active infection. This is an example of
Artificial passive immunity
You are a public health official from the CDC investigating a recent outbreak in Arizona. Initial investigation reveals that the infection transmits rapidly in all age groups and presents itself in the form of severe gastrointestinal distress followed by multi function organ failure in infected people. Which of the following could be potential reservoirs of the causative agent?
Asymptomatic humans Symptomatic humans Animals Nonliving reservoirs All of the above answers are possible
What are the steps of infection of a respiratory virus
Attachment of virus to respiratory cells, entry into respiratory cells, virus multiplies, virus spreads to other cells
________ and _______ are the two kinds of tissues that the malarial parasite infects
Blood, Liver
Cholera is a disease that spreads through which of the following ways?
By drinking contaminated water
Which of the following would NOT be considered an endemic disease?
COVID-19
Which group is often asymptomatic when infected with Hep A?
Children
Antibiotic associated pseudomembranous colitis is caused by _________
Clostridium difficile
What is the main source of cryptosporidiosis infection?
Contaminated water
Which of the following is NOT a component of the Influenza virus?
DNA segments
How is Ebola transmitted?
Direct contact with bodily fluids
The terms in the left column differentiate diseases based on patterns and geographical concentration in the world. Match these terms with the appropriate definition and example in the right column. An answer may be used only one time.
Endemic: localized or geographically constrained disease (Ex: Valley Fever) Epidemic: broader geographic distribution of disease (Ex: Flu) Pandemic: global distribution of disease (Ex: HIV)
A vaccine against influenza virus should protect against the common cold.
False
All viruses that cause Hepatitis belong to the same family and are related
False
An inactivated vaccine is made by attenuating (weakening) a pathogen such that it is alive, can replicate inside the host and generate an immune response.
False
Ebola virus infections leads to a chronic disease
False
HIV cannot be detected in the body during latency
False
Interferons are proteins made by viruses to allow replication within the host.
False
People with sickle cell anemia disease are susceptible to infection with malaria
False
True or False: Malaria can be directly passed from human to human
False
True or False: Vibrio cholera can cause disease with only around 10 bacteria
False
_____ is the name of the vaccine that protects against HPV infections
Gardasil
If you were to gram-stain the causative agent of Cholera and visualize it under the microscope, you would see
Gram negative, curved rods
Proteins ____ and ____ on the surface of Influenza virus are immunogenic (will elicit the production of antibodies).
H and N
Generally in case of herpes viruses, ________ causes cold sores, while _________ causes genital sores
HSV-1, HSV-2 respectively
Why can't herpes be cured?
Herpesvirus establishes latency in nerve cells
Match the following classes of antibodies in the left column with their functions in the host shown in the right column. Each answer can be used one time only.
IgE - Involved in allergies, fighting parasitic infections IgA - Found in secretions (tears, saliva) and mucous membranes IgG - Most abundant, crosses placenta, found in blood
What are the three stages of disease progression (in order, as presented in the video lecture)?
Incubation, Illness, Convalescence
The production of heat and redness occurs during an infection when the small blood vessels in the infected area open up, bringing more blood much closer to the infected area. Heat and redness are hallmarks of [-----] response.
Inflammatory
The complement system that is used to defend against pathogens is a part of which of the following?
Innate Immunity
Norovirus infects and kills which type of cells in human hosts?
Intestinal epithelial cells
Which of the following is NOT true about Cryptosporidiosis?
It can be treated with antibiotics
Which of the following statements about the adaptive immune system is INCORRECT?
It is triggered immediately after exposure to an antigen Production of T cells is considered to be an adaptive immune response Production of antibodies is considered to be an adaptive immune response It is a specific defense mechanism initiated by the host.
Which of the following statements about the innate immune system is INCORRECT?
It requires prior exposure to an antigen It is a non specific defense initiated by the host. Normal microbiota in the body is considered as an innate immune response It provides short term immunity It is present at birth
Which is NOT a function of B cells?
Killing infected cells.
The bacteria that causes TB multiples inside of which of the following cells in the lungs?
Macrophages
What kind of cells does Ebola Virus infect?
Many types of cells throughout the body
An [--------------] infection is marked by a rapid onset of disease conditions, wherein pathologic changes occur over very short periods of time.
acute
A person who has been exposed to the HIV virus should not get the antibody testing done within the first week of exposure because
antibodies are not yet formed
Choose the correct option to fill the blanks in the following sentence. Interferons are ----------- proteins that are synthesized as a part of the ------------ immune response.
antiviral, innate
The function of the [--------------] is to kill infected cells in the body.
cytotoxic T cells
In the progression of disease, the initial period beginning with the entry of pathogen until the appearance of the first symptoms is called ------.
incubation
Why is HIV called a "retrovirus"?
it uses reverse transcriptase to replicate its genome in human cells
You get a cold, and recovers a few days later. The members of your household also come down with the same cold roughly a week later, but you do not get the same cold again. Your immunity to the cold virus is an example of
natural active immunity
A(n) [__________] pathogen can cause disease only under certain circumstances when conditions are favorable for themicroorganism (as an example because of weakened immunity in an individual or transfer to an inappropriate body site)
opportunistic
When salmonella causes a systemic infection in the body (or infects different regions of the body), it results in which disease?
typhoid fever
Which is NOT an example of a practice that will reduce or prevent the transmission of STIs, such as Gonorrhea?
Testing of only one partner for STIs
In the following picture of antibody responses, what do C and D illustrate?
The first and subsequent exposure to the antigen
Why is the Human Papillomavius (HPV) vaccine recommended to be given to children, particularly around ages 11-12?
The vaccine works best when given before the individual has started having sex
What ability of Clostridium bacteria makes them so good at surviving antibiotic regimens to colonize a patient's gut?
They form endospores
Why does HAART treatment attack four parts of the HIV viral replication process at once?
To highly reduce the chance that the virus can mutate in a way that makes one attack ineffective
Virulence factors can be defined as:
Traits possessed by the pathogen that allow it to successfully infect the host.
A vaccine is available for protection against Hep B virus infection
True
Ebola is an example of an endemic disease
True
Endotoxins are components of bacterial membranes that may lead to development of endotoxic shock in the body.
True
Histamines are chemical signals that stimulate a wide range of immune defenses in the body, including inflammation.
True
If left untreated, Gonorrhea could lead to pelvic inflammatory disease and infertility
True
In the following picture of antibody responses, peak "b" is larger than peak "a" because of the formation of memory cells in the body.
True
One of the complications of HIV infection is TB
True
Rheumatic fever is a caused if the bacteria that causes "strep throat" lingers in the body after the initial infection.
True
Secondary antibody responses are faster than the primary antibody responses.
True
The BCG vaccine is not administered to people in USA, because it interferes with the diagnostic test for TB detection.
True
Which of the following combination of tests would be most effective for detecting HIV infection?
Viral load RT-PCR tests within few weeks after exposure, and antibody tests at lease 3 months after exposure
Which of the following best describes the innate nonspecific immune system?
a generalized and nonspecific set of defenses against a class or group of pathogens
Salmonella infections are unique in comparison to most other bacterial infections because
Salmonella are intracellular pathogens
How does syphilis promote transmission of HIV
Syphilis can cause open sores on the skin
Name the T cell subset involved in antibody production.
T helper
Which type of cells does HIV infect and "hide" in during latency?
T helper cells
The genetic material of Hep A is ________, while that of Hep B is ________
RNA, DNA
The passage of antibodies from a mother to her child through breast milk is an example of ---------------
Natural Passive Immunity
Which of the following is NOT a virulence factors of Streptococcus pyrogenes:
P protein interferes with phagocytosis
The parasite that causes malaria is called __________
Plasmodium
Which of he following is FALSE about Tuberculosis?
Primary infection in the urinary tract
What kind of organism causes malaria?
Protozoan
